PEANUUS A Limited Review of

Some Worldwide Laboratory

and Field Research

University of Kentucky

UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

PILTf A 3WI

University of Kentucky Thailand Project UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

A-rn 4Lo

i

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Three main sources of information should be recognized Quotations from the publication The Peanut-The Unpredictable Legume A Symposium by the National Fertilizer Association are identified by reference number 256 in the literature citations

The Tropical Abstracts of the Royal Tropical Institute Amsterdam the Netherlands is not identified in text or references This one source accounted for a majority of the references listed and the author wishes to acknowledge use of this invaluable source Several references found through Tropical Abstracts have been read We have identified by an asterisk() references located through TropicalAbstractsand abstracts quoted

A third set of materials resulted from a form letter written to agricultural schools and research stations around the world There was a generous response to the requests for information on peanuts and tropical legshyumes These replies are deeply appreciated

University Contribution to Foreign Agricultural Development

The University of Kentucky has been involved in international agricultural development for many years A

major part of this effort has been by contracts through the technical foreign aid programs of agencies of the United States government From 1957 to 1963 the University of Kentucky and the University of San Carlos in Guatemala City Guatemala were involved in a cooperative agricultural education program sponsored by the United States Agency for International Developshyment A similar program started with the agricultural university at Bogor Indonesia in 1959 At the terminashytion of the Indonesiai contract in 1966 more than 200 Indonesian agricultural specialists had received advanced graduate training abroad Forty members of the Univershysity of Kentucky faculty had been in residence as visiting specialists in Bogor

After the termination of the Indonesian contract the author moved from Indonesia to Tha Phra Khon Kaen Thailand where the University of Kentucky had contracted with the ministry of agriculture to help with the development of a new regional agricultural research and extension center in Northeast Thailand This conshytract is scheduled to terminate in 1975 By that time about 125 Thai specialists will have received advance graduate training at several universities in the United States Twenty University of Kentucky faculty members have been in residence at Tha Phra Thailand

2

CONTENTS Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2

SUMMARY 4

INTRODUCTION 7

HISTORY ORIGIN AND CLASSIFICATION OF PEANUTS Most common names-Number of Species-Ploidy-Peanut

Classification 7

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT FROM SEED TO MATURITY

Seed Dormancy-Germination-Roots-Hypocotyl-Epicotyl-Leaf Development-Flowering-Pollination-Fertilization

and Fruit Development-Seeds-Plant Maturity - 8

CLIMATE AND SOILS

The Growing Season-Rainfall-Time of Planting-Soils for Peanuts-Soil pH 10

CROP SEQUENCES MANURES FERTILIZERS-AND OTHER SOIL AMENDMENTS

Peanuts in Rotation-Green Manure and Organic Matter-

Animal Manure-Fertilizer Response-Determining Fertilizer Needs-Side Dressing or Top Dressing Fertilizers-Calcium- -

Magesium-Sulfur-Phosphorus-Potassium-NitrogenshyAluminum-Boron-Copper-Iron-Manganese-Molybdenumshy

Zinc-Growth Substances 10

CULTURE Seed Treatments-Inoculation-Planting Rates-Row Spacing-

Ridge Planting-Mulching 13

PESTS AND DISEASES Weeding-Insecticides-Diseases of Peanuts-Virus-Aflotoxin-

Rust-Leaf Spots 13

HARVESTING HANDLING AND STORING

Harvesting-Threshing-Shelling-Washing-Artificial Drying-

Storing ofPeanuts 15

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Estimating Yields-Sampling for Oil-Use of Peanuts Tops-Use of

Surplus Peanut Shells-Use of Peanuts as a Source ofFood-Oil

from Peanuts-Quality ofPeanuts-Economics of Production-

Improving Production by Variety Improvement 16

GENERAL PAPERS 17

LITERATURE CITATIONS 18

ABBREVIATIONS AND ADDRESSES OF SOME SOURCES OF

LITERATURE CITATIONS 31

-1

3

SUMMARY

The peanut crop is grown under a wide variety of environmental conditions It is grown in the broad geoshy

graphical belt between 400 N and 4005 latitudes It is grown in wet and dry regions and the monsoonal area In the Tropics it is grown in winter as well as summer Peanuts are best suited to soils of a sandy nature which unfortunately are low in water-holding capacity organic matter and fertility Fertilizer and liming requirements are not easily determined Close spacing of plants makes weed control difficult with hand or mechanical cultivashytion and herbicides have not been found to be entirely reliable Insects are most damaging in storage but are responsible for some field losses and the transmission of some diseases Diseases of peanuts are numerous and may attack the plant from time of seeding to harvest and even during the curing process after harvest With all of the hazards of production it is a wonder that any peanuts are produced at all But where improved methods of production have been adopted peanut yields have been steadily increasing And the peanut crop conshytinues to spread into new areas

For those who are to work with the production of peanuts in any way some of the following points may be of help in trying to improve peanut production efficiency

1 Use varieties best adapted to the local situation and needs a Under improved management introduced

varieties with high-yield potential are needed

b Under adverse conditions locally developed strains may prove to be superior

2 Good quality planting seed is a must a Seed keeps best when stored in the-pod b Low moisture content of 7-8 is desirable

for storage c Do not expose drying seed to too much sun

or high temperatures d Consider sealed storage for seed to prevent

re-absorption of moisture and to keep out insects

e Shell planting seed carefully Consider chemical treatment before planting with fungicide andor insecticide

3 Proper inoculation with peanut Rhizobium can take care of all nitrogen needs of the peanut crop

4 Seedbed preparation requirements are similar to those of most row crops a However ridge planting seems to be better

than planting on flat ground b Complete burying of organic residues may

be necessary to aid in disease control 5 Time of planting can be critical

a Early planting is usually desirable for maximum length of growing season and to escape some disease damage by early maturity

b Where harvest time is critical varieties are available with different times to maturity of 90 to 180 days or more

6 Peanuts fit in well in rotation with many crops a Peanuts should be put on an area only once

in 3 to 4 years to avoid diseases b Peanuts do well after cereals such as corn

millet rice sorghum and wheat if weeds are controlled in these crops

c Because of common diseases peanuts may not do well after cowpeas soybeans cotton lespedeza or other similar crops

d If fallowing has been found desirable before peanuts it may have been needed for disease control if water and nutrient supplies are adequate

e If a green manure crop is necessary in a rotation it should probably be grown before other crops in the rotation

f If barnyard manure is used the manure may best be used before other crops because of weeds and disease hazard

g Where low calcium is at all likely apply potassium fertilizer to other crops in rotation

7 Determining fertilizer needs a A technical problem and difficult to detershy

mane b Analysis of seed is of little value as mineral

content is rather constant on poor or excelshylent soils

c Leaf analysis appears to be a good method

4

(See text for time and method of sampling) a If rainfall and fertility are adequate a high 8 Fertilization rate of planting is desirable

a If peanuts are grown in a rotation and other b If weeds can be controlled 30-cm rows are crops grow well phosphorus may be the most productive but 60-cm rows appear to only nutrient needed for peanuts be more practical

b Use of nitrogen questionable even as a c Bunch types can be seeded as close as 5 cm starter fertilizer and runner types 10 cm apart in the row

c Potassium supplies will be satisfactory if 13 Cultivation of crop for weed control can be applied to other crops in the rotation hazardous

d Because sulfur is low in many peanut soils a Main purpose of cultivation is for weed there may be a good response to ammonium control sulfate ordinary superphosphate or b Close and deep cultivation may damage gypsum plants by pruning roots

e If sulfur needs Are taken care of otherwise c Working close to plants to loosen soil to try high-analysis phosphates may be satisfactory - to aid pegging may cause harm because of and equivalent to ordinary superphosphate spreading diseases

f While most soil amendments need to be d Throwing dirt to the row to bury weeds in applied before planting or early in the the row and to furnish loosened soil for growth of the crop gypsum can be applied pegging may also complicate disease probshy

- at time of flowerng to benefit pegging and lems seed formation as the pod absorbs calcium e If not removed weeds compete for water

g Trace elements are not likely to be needed - and nutrients and space and make harvesting for peanuts unless other crops show a need difficult Weeds may also harbor insects and first disease

h At times animal manures may be very satisshy 14 Diseases probably cause much more damage than factory but will usually need a supplement is evident of phosphorus a Chemical treatment to protect damaged

9 Green manures are of questionable value As is planting seed may be very necessary espeshytrue of animal manures they may complicate the cially under cool wet conditions disease problem The nitrogen of green manure b Perennial weeds in and around the field crops is better used by other crops Humus from often serve as host of disease between sucshyorganic matter would be of value cessive plantings Insects often carry disease

10 The peanut crop is not a soil-improving crop to peanuts a From the standpoint of nitrogen the peanut c Virtises can be serious Insect and weed

crop does remove less nitrogen than nonshy control may help Rotations can also help legume crops d Some peanut diseases can produce comshy

b The peanut crop may tend to lead to soil pounds called aflotoxin harmful to man deterioration as little crop residue is and animals upon consumption Best preven returned to the soil and little is left on the tion is to harvest pods without damaging and surface to protect the soil to dry in 3 to 5 days

11 Use of calcium-supplying materials 15 Harvesting of a particular peanut crop may be a The pH of peanut soils is not as critical as extended over a 2-week period without serious

for most legumes The peanut is not as sensishy loss tive to acidity as are most temperate

legumes b Magnesium is seldom limiting and may do

harm C Dolomitic lime containing magnesium may

not be as effective as calcitic lime d Peanuts benefit from calcium and sulfur in

gypsum and low-analysis phosphates 12 Rate of planting may need to be varied according

to fertility

5 A

I

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8

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Three main sources of information should be recognized Quotations from the publication The Peanut-The Unpredictable Legume A Symposium by the National Fertilizer Association are identified by reference number 256 in the literature citations

The Tropical Abstracts of the Royal Tropical Institute Amsterdam the Netherlands is not identified in text or references This one source accounted for a majority of the references listed and the author wishes to acknowledge use of this invaluable source Several references found through Tropical Abstracts have been read We have identified by an asterisk() references located through TropicalAbstractsand abstracts quoted

A third set of materials resulted from a form letter written to agricultural schools and research stations around the world There was a generous response to the requests for information on peanuts and tropical legshyumes These replies are deeply appreciated

University Contribution to Foreign Agricultural Development

The University of Kentucky has been involved in international agricultural development for many years A

major part of this effort has been by contracts through the technical foreign aid programs of agencies of the United States government From 1957 to 1963 the University of Kentucky and the University of San Carlos in Guatemala City Guatemala were involved in a cooperative agricultural education program sponsored by the United States Agency for International Developshyment A similar program started with the agricultural university at Bogor Indonesia in 1959 At the terminashytion of the Indonesiai contract in 1966 more than 200 Indonesian agricultural specialists had received advanced graduate training abroad Forty members of the Univershysity of Kentucky faculty had been in residence as visiting specialists in Bogor

After the termination of the Indonesian contract the author moved from Indonesia to Tha Phra Khon Kaen Thailand where the University of Kentucky had contracted with the ministry of agriculture to help with the development of a new regional agricultural research and extension center in Northeast Thailand This conshytract is scheduled to terminate in 1975 By that time about 125 Thai specialists will have received advance graduate training at several universities in the United States Twenty University of Kentucky faculty members have been in residence at Tha Phra Thailand

2

CONTENTS Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2

SUMMARY 4

INTRODUCTION 7

HISTORY ORIGIN AND CLASSIFICATION OF PEANUTS Most common names-Number of Species-Ploidy-Peanut

Classification 7

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT FROM SEED TO MATURITY

Seed Dormancy-Germination-Roots-Hypocotyl-Epicotyl-Leaf Development-Flowering-Pollination-Fertilization

and Fruit Development-Seeds-Plant Maturity - 8

CLIMATE AND SOILS

The Growing Season-Rainfall-Time of Planting-Soils for Peanuts-Soil pH 10

CROP SEQUENCES MANURES FERTILIZERS-AND OTHER SOIL AMENDMENTS

Peanuts in Rotation-Green Manure and Organic Matter-

Animal Manure-Fertilizer Response-Determining Fertilizer Needs-Side Dressing or Top Dressing Fertilizers-Calcium- -

Magesium-Sulfur-Phosphorus-Potassium-NitrogenshyAluminum-Boron-Copper-Iron-Manganese-Molybdenumshy

Zinc-Growth Substances 10

CULTURE Seed Treatments-Inoculation-Planting Rates-Row Spacing-

Ridge Planting-Mulching 13

PESTS AND DISEASES Weeding-Insecticides-Diseases of Peanuts-Virus-Aflotoxin-

Rust-Leaf Spots 13

HARVESTING HANDLING AND STORING

Harvesting-Threshing-Shelling-Washing-Artificial Drying-

Storing ofPeanuts 15

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Estimating Yields-Sampling for Oil-Use of Peanuts Tops-Use of

Surplus Peanut Shells-Use of Peanuts as a Source ofFood-Oil

from Peanuts-Quality ofPeanuts-Economics of Production-

Improving Production by Variety Improvement 16

GENERAL PAPERS 17

LITERATURE CITATIONS 18

ABBREVIATIONS AND ADDRESSES OF SOME SOURCES OF

LITERATURE CITATIONS 31

-1

3

SUMMARY

The peanut crop is grown under a wide variety of environmental conditions It is grown in the broad geoshy

graphical belt between 400 N and 4005 latitudes It is grown in wet and dry regions and the monsoonal area In the Tropics it is grown in winter as well as summer Peanuts are best suited to soils of a sandy nature which unfortunately are low in water-holding capacity organic matter and fertility Fertilizer and liming requirements are not easily determined Close spacing of plants makes weed control difficult with hand or mechanical cultivashytion and herbicides have not been found to be entirely reliable Insects are most damaging in storage but are responsible for some field losses and the transmission of some diseases Diseases of peanuts are numerous and may attack the plant from time of seeding to harvest and even during the curing process after harvest With all of the hazards of production it is a wonder that any peanuts are produced at all But where improved methods of production have been adopted peanut yields have been steadily increasing And the peanut crop conshytinues to spread into new areas

For those who are to work with the production of peanuts in any way some of the following points may be of help in trying to improve peanut production efficiency

1 Use varieties best adapted to the local situation and needs a Under improved management introduced

varieties with high-yield potential are needed

b Under adverse conditions locally developed strains may prove to be superior

2 Good quality planting seed is a must a Seed keeps best when stored in the-pod b Low moisture content of 7-8 is desirable

for storage c Do not expose drying seed to too much sun

or high temperatures d Consider sealed storage for seed to prevent

re-absorption of moisture and to keep out insects

e Shell planting seed carefully Consider chemical treatment before planting with fungicide andor insecticide

3 Proper inoculation with peanut Rhizobium can take care of all nitrogen needs of the peanut crop

4 Seedbed preparation requirements are similar to those of most row crops a However ridge planting seems to be better

than planting on flat ground b Complete burying of organic residues may

be necessary to aid in disease control 5 Time of planting can be critical

a Early planting is usually desirable for maximum length of growing season and to escape some disease damage by early maturity

b Where harvest time is critical varieties are available with different times to maturity of 90 to 180 days or more

6 Peanuts fit in well in rotation with many crops a Peanuts should be put on an area only once

in 3 to 4 years to avoid diseases b Peanuts do well after cereals such as corn

millet rice sorghum and wheat if weeds are controlled in these crops

c Because of common diseases peanuts may not do well after cowpeas soybeans cotton lespedeza or other similar crops

d If fallowing has been found desirable before peanuts it may have been needed for disease control if water and nutrient supplies are adequate

e If a green manure crop is necessary in a rotation it should probably be grown before other crops in the rotation

f If barnyard manure is used the manure may best be used before other crops because of weeds and disease hazard

g Where low calcium is at all likely apply potassium fertilizer to other crops in rotation

7 Determining fertilizer needs a A technical problem and difficult to detershy

mane b Analysis of seed is of little value as mineral

content is rather constant on poor or excelshylent soils

c Leaf analysis appears to be a good method

4

(See text for time and method of sampling) a If rainfall and fertility are adequate a high 8 Fertilization rate of planting is desirable

a If peanuts are grown in a rotation and other b If weeds can be controlled 30-cm rows are crops grow well phosphorus may be the most productive but 60-cm rows appear to only nutrient needed for peanuts be more practical

b Use of nitrogen questionable even as a c Bunch types can be seeded as close as 5 cm starter fertilizer and runner types 10 cm apart in the row

c Potassium supplies will be satisfactory if 13 Cultivation of crop for weed control can be applied to other crops in the rotation hazardous

d Because sulfur is low in many peanut soils a Main purpose of cultivation is for weed there may be a good response to ammonium control sulfate ordinary superphosphate or b Close and deep cultivation may damage gypsum plants by pruning roots

e If sulfur needs Are taken care of otherwise c Working close to plants to loosen soil to try high-analysis phosphates may be satisfactory - to aid pegging may cause harm because of and equivalent to ordinary superphosphate spreading diseases

f While most soil amendments need to be d Throwing dirt to the row to bury weeds in applied before planting or early in the the row and to furnish loosened soil for growth of the crop gypsum can be applied pegging may also complicate disease probshy

- at time of flowerng to benefit pegging and lems seed formation as the pod absorbs calcium e If not removed weeds compete for water

g Trace elements are not likely to be needed - and nutrients and space and make harvesting for peanuts unless other crops show a need difficult Weeds may also harbor insects and first disease

h At times animal manures may be very satisshy 14 Diseases probably cause much more damage than factory but will usually need a supplement is evident of phosphorus a Chemical treatment to protect damaged

9 Green manures are of questionable value As is planting seed may be very necessary espeshytrue of animal manures they may complicate the cially under cool wet conditions disease problem The nitrogen of green manure b Perennial weeds in and around the field crops is better used by other crops Humus from often serve as host of disease between sucshyorganic matter would be of value cessive plantings Insects often carry disease

10 The peanut crop is not a soil-improving crop to peanuts a From the standpoint of nitrogen the peanut c Virtises can be serious Insect and weed

crop does remove less nitrogen than nonshy control may help Rotations can also help legume crops d Some peanut diseases can produce comshy

b The peanut crop may tend to lead to soil pounds called aflotoxin harmful to man deterioration as little crop residue is and animals upon consumption Best preven returned to the soil and little is left on the tion is to harvest pods without damaging and surface to protect the soil to dry in 3 to 5 days

11 Use of calcium-supplying materials 15 Harvesting of a particular peanut crop may be a The pH of peanut soils is not as critical as extended over a 2-week period without serious

for most legumes The peanut is not as sensishy loss tive to acidity as are most temperate

legumes b Magnesium is seldom limiting and may do

harm C Dolomitic lime containing magnesium may

not be as effective as calcitic lime d Peanuts benefit from calcium and sulfur in

gypsum and low-analysis phosphates 12 Rate of planting may need to be varied according

to fertility

5 A

I

spiarA MO ur slrnsoi uain jnoj moj 01 oflp stso14 uamp tuflB1 op p[TLom dap -oio11d jo junouin aip gullunld jo sowi MOj IV 004 pun asofo 001

2 UnsAin -pIBmumop Ulu 11014 pUn

(95z) dq muats am4 51040114033 jBIAOS 103 Agr400uoTIq M012 03430 sinJOir piuMOl GSeq aip t1013 soa9o 30q UO4JIJp oAIssoj2OId (s95 sgz) muoisAs 100 jodaap pun a-nl E2uJABI slueid u MiMy Al4umn ionic guAundmooogs Sae jo 5501 103 poonds Iopxamp T4mM 41121GM pod MuMv paenoiioo AIOAjj AOUapuo w-mnuu e 51010111 -uosaid oq AnmI sIIAildB4B -isod )q 01 21121M 4001 um0145 QAB14 sisol 2upudS SB UM0Tuj sauos Apio pun urioj jo ssouolaldmoo pun IWO) ua 06 m0lq 02 M~oj AlGA 40n 110 OCT

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8

CONTENTS Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2

SUMMARY 4

INTRODUCTION 7

HISTORY ORIGIN AND CLASSIFICATION OF PEANUTS Most common names-Number of Species-Ploidy-Peanut

Classification 7

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT FROM SEED TO MATURITY

Seed Dormancy-Germination-Roots-Hypocotyl-Epicotyl-Leaf Development-Flowering-Pollination-Fertilization

and Fruit Development-Seeds-Plant Maturity - 8

CLIMATE AND SOILS

The Growing Season-Rainfall-Time of Planting-Soils for Peanuts-Soil pH 10

CROP SEQUENCES MANURES FERTILIZERS-AND OTHER SOIL AMENDMENTS

Peanuts in Rotation-Green Manure and Organic Matter-

Animal Manure-Fertilizer Response-Determining Fertilizer Needs-Side Dressing or Top Dressing Fertilizers-Calcium- -

Magesium-Sulfur-Phosphorus-Potassium-NitrogenshyAluminum-Boron-Copper-Iron-Manganese-Molybdenumshy

Zinc-Growth Substances 10

CULTURE Seed Treatments-Inoculation-Planting Rates-Row Spacing-

Ridge Planting-Mulching 13

PESTS AND DISEASES Weeding-Insecticides-Diseases of Peanuts-Virus-Aflotoxin-

Rust-Leaf Spots 13

HARVESTING HANDLING AND STORING

Harvesting-Threshing-Shelling-Washing-Artificial Drying-

Storing ofPeanuts 15

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Estimating Yields-Sampling for Oil-Use of Peanuts Tops-Use of

Surplus Peanut Shells-Use of Peanuts as a Source ofFood-Oil

from Peanuts-Quality ofPeanuts-Economics of Production-

Improving Production by Variety Improvement 16

GENERAL PAPERS 17

LITERATURE CITATIONS 18

ABBREVIATIONS AND ADDRESSES OF SOME SOURCES OF

LITERATURE CITATIONS 31

-1

3

SUMMARY

The peanut crop is grown under a wide variety of environmental conditions It is grown in the broad geoshy

graphical belt between 400 N and 4005 latitudes It is grown in wet and dry regions and the monsoonal area In the Tropics it is grown in winter as well as summer Peanuts are best suited to soils of a sandy nature which unfortunately are low in water-holding capacity organic matter and fertility Fertilizer and liming requirements are not easily determined Close spacing of plants makes weed control difficult with hand or mechanical cultivashytion and herbicides have not been found to be entirely reliable Insects are most damaging in storage but are responsible for some field losses and the transmission of some diseases Diseases of peanuts are numerous and may attack the plant from time of seeding to harvest and even during the curing process after harvest With all of the hazards of production it is a wonder that any peanuts are produced at all But where improved methods of production have been adopted peanut yields have been steadily increasing And the peanut crop conshytinues to spread into new areas

For those who are to work with the production of peanuts in any way some of the following points may be of help in trying to improve peanut production efficiency

1 Use varieties best adapted to the local situation and needs a Under improved management introduced

varieties with high-yield potential are needed

b Under adverse conditions locally developed strains may prove to be superior

2 Good quality planting seed is a must a Seed keeps best when stored in the-pod b Low moisture content of 7-8 is desirable

for storage c Do not expose drying seed to too much sun

or high temperatures d Consider sealed storage for seed to prevent

re-absorption of moisture and to keep out insects

e Shell planting seed carefully Consider chemical treatment before planting with fungicide andor insecticide

3 Proper inoculation with peanut Rhizobium can take care of all nitrogen needs of the peanut crop

4 Seedbed preparation requirements are similar to those of most row crops a However ridge planting seems to be better

than planting on flat ground b Complete burying of organic residues may

be necessary to aid in disease control 5 Time of planting can be critical

a Early planting is usually desirable for maximum length of growing season and to escape some disease damage by early maturity

b Where harvest time is critical varieties are available with different times to maturity of 90 to 180 days or more

6 Peanuts fit in well in rotation with many crops a Peanuts should be put on an area only once

in 3 to 4 years to avoid diseases b Peanuts do well after cereals such as corn

millet rice sorghum and wheat if weeds are controlled in these crops

c Because of common diseases peanuts may not do well after cowpeas soybeans cotton lespedeza or other similar crops

d If fallowing has been found desirable before peanuts it may have been needed for disease control if water and nutrient supplies are adequate

e If a green manure crop is necessary in a rotation it should probably be grown before other crops in the rotation

f If barnyard manure is used the manure may best be used before other crops because of weeds and disease hazard

g Where low calcium is at all likely apply potassium fertilizer to other crops in rotation

7 Determining fertilizer needs a A technical problem and difficult to detershy

mane b Analysis of seed is of little value as mineral

content is rather constant on poor or excelshylent soils

c Leaf analysis appears to be a good method

4

(See text for time and method of sampling) a If rainfall and fertility are adequate a high 8 Fertilization rate of planting is desirable

a If peanuts are grown in a rotation and other b If weeds can be controlled 30-cm rows are crops grow well phosphorus may be the most productive but 60-cm rows appear to only nutrient needed for peanuts be more practical

b Use of nitrogen questionable even as a c Bunch types can be seeded as close as 5 cm starter fertilizer and runner types 10 cm apart in the row

c Potassium supplies will be satisfactory if 13 Cultivation of crop for weed control can be applied to other crops in the rotation hazardous

d Because sulfur is low in many peanut soils a Main purpose of cultivation is for weed there may be a good response to ammonium control sulfate ordinary superphosphate or b Close and deep cultivation may damage gypsum plants by pruning roots

e If sulfur needs Are taken care of otherwise c Working close to plants to loosen soil to try high-analysis phosphates may be satisfactory - to aid pegging may cause harm because of and equivalent to ordinary superphosphate spreading diseases

f While most soil amendments need to be d Throwing dirt to the row to bury weeds in applied before planting or early in the the row and to furnish loosened soil for growth of the crop gypsum can be applied pegging may also complicate disease probshy

- at time of flowerng to benefit pegging and lems seed formation as the pod absorbs calcium e If not removed weeds compete for water

g Trace elements are not likely to be needed - and nutrients and space and make harvesting for peanuts unless other crops show a need difficult Weeds may also harbor insects and first disease

h At times animal manures may be very satisshy 14 Diseases probably cause much more damage than factory but will usually need a supplement is evident of phosphorus a Chemical treatment to protect damaged

9 Green manures are of questionable value As is planting seed may be very necessary espeshytrue of animal manures they may complicate the cially under cool wet conditions disease problem The nitrogen of green manure b Perennial weeds in and around the field crops is better used by other crops Humus from often serve as host of disease between sucshyorganic matter would be of value cessive plantings Insects often carry disease

10 The peanut crop is not a soil-improving crop to peanuts a From the standpoint of nitrogen the peanut c Virtises can be serious Insect and weed

crop does remove less nitrogen than nonshy control may help Rotations can also help legume crops d Some peanut diseases can produce comshy

b The peanut crop may tend to lead to soil pounds called aflotoxin harmful to man deterioration as little crop residue is and animals upon consumption Best preven returned to the soil and little is left on the tion is to harvest pods without damaging and surface to protect the soil to dry in 3 to 5 days

11 Use of calcium-supplying materials 15 Harvesting of a particular peanut crop may be a The pH of peanut soils is not as critical as extended over a 2-week period without serious

for most legumes The peanut is not as sensishy loss tive to acidity as are most temperate

legumes b Magnesium is seldom limiting and may do

harm C Dolomitic lime containing magnesium may

not be as effective as calcitic lime d Peanuts benefit from calcium and sulfur in

gypsum and low-analysis phosphates 12 Rate of planting may need to be varied according

to fertility

5 A

I

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200l 10 UGAe GUT4 puB AntlPpaal4 s AOuuop poOs-Aoostuuou POS

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8

SUMMARY

The peanut crop is grown under a wide variety of environmental conditions It is grown in the broad geoshy

graphical belt between 400 N and 4005 latitudes It is grown in wet and dry regions and the monsoonal area In the Tropics it is grown in winter as well as summer Peanuts are best suited to soils of a sandy nature which unfortunately are low in water-holding capacity organic matter and fertility Fertilizer and liming requirements are not easily determined Close spacing of plants makes weed control difficult with hand or mechanical cultivashytion and herbicides have not been found to be entirely reliable Insects are most damaging in storage but are responsible for some field losses and the transmission of some diseases Diseases of peanuts are numerous and may attack the plant from time of seeding to harvest and even during the curing process after harvest With all of the hazards of production it is a wonder that any peanuts are produced at all But where improved methods of production have been adopted peanut yields have been steadily increasing And the peanut crop conshytinues to spread into new areas

For those who are to work with the production of peanuts in any way some of the following points may be of help in trying to improve peanut production efficiency

1 Use varieties best adapted to the local situation and needs a Under improved management introduced

varieties with high-yield potential are needed

b Under adverse conditions locally developed strains may prove to be superior

2 Good quality planting seed is a must a Seed keeps best when stored in the-pod b Low moisture content of 7-8 is desirable

for storage c Do not expose drying seed to too much sun

or high temperatures d Consider sealed storage for seed to prevent

re-absorption of moisture and to keep out insects

e Shell planting seed carefully Consider chemical treatment before planting with fungicide andor insecticide

3 Proper inoculation with peanut Rhizobium can take care of all nitrogen needs of the peanut crop

4 Seedbed preparation requirements are similar to those of most row crops a However ridge planting seems to be better

than planting on flat ground b Complete burying of organic residues may

be necessary to aid in disease control 5 Time of planting can be critical

a Early planting is usually desirable for maximum length of growing season and to escape some disease damage by early maturity

b Where harvest time is critical varieties are available with different times to maturity of 90 to 180 days or more

6 Peanuts fit in well in rotation with many crops a Peanuts should be put on an area only once

in 3 to 4 years to avoid diseases b Peanuts do well after cereals such as corn

millet rice sorghum and wheat if weeds are controlled in these crops

c Because of common diseases peanuts may not do well after cowpeas soybeans cotton lespedeza or other similar crops

d If fallowing has been found desirable before peanuts it may have been needed for disease control if water and nutrient supplies are adequate

e If a green manure crop is necessary in a rotation it should probably be grown before other crops in the rotation

f If barnyard manure is used the manure may best be used before other crops because of weeds and disease hazard

g Where low calcium is at all likely apply potassium fertilizer to other crops in rotation

7 Determining fertilizer needs a A technical problem and difficult to detershy

mane b Analysis of seed is of little value as mineral

content is rather constant on poor or excelshylent soils

c Leaf analysis appears to be a good method

4

(See text for time and method of sampling) a If rainfall and fertility are adequate a high 8 Fertilization rate of planting is desirable

a If peanuts are grown in a rotation and other b If weeds can be controlled 30-cm rows are crops grow well phosphorus may be the most productive but 60-cm rows appear to only nutrient needed for peanuts be more practical

b Use of nitrogen questionable even as a c Bunch types can be seeded as close as 5 cm starter fertilizer and runner types 10 cm apart in the row

c Potassium supplies will be satisfactory if 13 Cultivation of crop for weed control can be applied to other crops in the rotation hazardous

d Because sulfur is low in many peanut soils a Main purpose of cultivation is for weed there may be a good response to ammonium control sulfate ordinary superphosphate or b Close and deep cultivation may damage gypsum plants by pruning roots

e If sulfur needs Are taken care of otherwise c Working close to plants to loosen soil to try high-analysis phosphates may be satisfactory - to aid pegging may cause harm because of and equivalent to ordinary superphosphate spreading diseases

f While most soil amendments need to be d Throwing dirt to the row to bury weeds in applied before planting or early in the the row and to furnish loosened soil for growth of the crop gypsum can be applied pegging may also complicate disease probshy

- at time of flowerng to benefit pegging and lems seed formation as the pod absorbs calcium e If not removed weeds compete for water

g Trace elements are not likely to be needed - and nutrients and space and make harvesting for peanuts unless other crops show a need difficult Weeds may also harbor insects and first disease

h At times animal manures may be very satisshy 14 Diseases probably cause much more damage than factory but will usually need a supplement is evident of phosphorus a Chemical treatment to protect damaged

9 Green manures are of questionable value As is planting seed may be very necessary espeshytrue of animal manures they may complicate the cially under cool wet conditions disease problem The nitrogen of green manure b Perennial weeds in and around the field crops is better used by other crops Humus from often serve as host of disease between sucshyorganic matter would be of value cessive plantings Insects often carry disease

10 The peanut crop is not a soil-improving crop to peanuts a From the standpoint of nitrogen the peanut c Virtises can be serious Insect and weed

crop does remove less nitrogen than nonshy control may help Rotations can also help legume crops d Some peanut diseases can produce comshy

b The peanut crop may tend to lead to soil pounds called aflotoxin harmful to man deterioration as little crop residue is and animals upon consumption Best preven returned to the soil and little is left on the tion is to harvest pods without damaging and surface to protect the soil to dry in 3 to 5 days

11 Use of calcium-supplying materials 15 Harvesting of a particular peanut crop may be a The pH of peanut soils is not as critical as extended over a 2-week period without serious

for most legumes The peanut is not as sensishy loss tive to acidity as are most temperate

legumes b Magnesium is seldom limiting and may do

harm C Dolomitic lime containing magnesium may

not be as effective as calcitic lime d Peanuts benefit from calcium and sulfur in

gypsum and low-analysis phosphates 12 Rate of planting may need to be varied according

to fertility

5 A

I

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8

(See text for time and method of sampling) a If rainfall and fertility are adequate a high 8 Fertilization rate of planting is desirable

a If peanuts are grown in a rotation and other b If weeds can be controlled 30-cm rows are crops grow well phosphorus may be the most productive but 60-cm rows appear to only nutrient needed for peanuts be more practical

b Use of nitrogen questionable even as a c Bunch types can be seeded as close as 5 cm starter fertilizer and runner types 10 cm apart in the row

c Potassium supplies will be satisfactory if 13 Cultivation of crop for weed control can be applied to other crops in the rotation hazardous

d Because sulfur is low in many peanut soils a Main purpose of cultivation is for weed there may be a good response to ammonium control sulfate ordinary superphosphate or b Close and deep cultivation may damage gypsum plants by pruning roots

e If sulfur needs Are taken care of otherwise c Working close to plants to loosen soil to try high-analysis phosphates may be satisfactory - to aid pegging may cause harm because of and equivalent to ordinary superphosphate spreading diseases

f While most soil amendments need to be d Throwing dirt to the row to bury weeds in applied before planting or early in the the row and to furnish loosened soil for growth of the crop gypsum can be applied pegging may also complicate disease probshy

- at time of flowerng to benefit pegging and lems seed formation as the pod absorbs calcium e If not removed weeds compete for water

g Trace elements are not likely to be needed - and nutrients and space and make harvesting for peanuts unless other crops show a need difficult Weeds may also harbor insects and first disease

h At times animal manures may be very satisshy 14 Diseases probably cause much more damage than factory but will usually need a supplement is evident of phosphorus a Chemical treatment to protect damaged

9 Green manures are of questionable value As is planting seed may be very necessary espeshytrue of animal manures they may complicate the cially under cool wet conditions disease problem The nitrogen of green manure b Perennial weeds in and around the field crops is better used by other crops Humus from often serve as host of disease between sucshyorganic matter would be of value cessive plantings Insects often carry disease

10 The peanut crop is not a soil-improving crop to peanuts a From the standpoint of nitrogen the peanut c Virtises can be serious Insect and weed

crop does remove less nitrogen than nonshy control may help Rotations can also help legume crops d Some peanut diseases can produce comshy

b The peanut crop may tend to lead to soil pounds called aflotoxin harmful to man deterioration as little crop residue is and animals upon consumption Best preven returned to the soil and little is left on the tion is to harvest pods without damaging and surface to protect the soil to dry in 3 to 5 days

11 Use of calcium-supplying materials 15 Harvesting of a particular peanut crop may be a The pH of peanut soils is not as critical as extended over a 2-week period without serious

for most legumes The peanut is not as sensishy loss tive to acidity as are most temperate

legumes b Magnesium is seldom limiting and may do

harm C Dolomitic lime containing magnesium may

not be as effective as calcitic lime d Peanuts benefit from calcium and sulfur in

gypsum and low-analysis phosphates 12 Rate of planting may need to be varied according

to fertility

5 A

I

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21JA

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8

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21JA

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9

Planting rates high enough to reduce yields because of inter-plant competition apparently reduce yields beshycause of root competition not because of leaf shading (58) Leaves are increased in amounts when fertilization results in greater-seed yields (163)

Flowering-About 4 to 6 weeks after seeding the first flowers are formed Seemirigly there are four stages of flowering with only a few flowers produced in the first stage Then there is a rapid period of flowering a peak is reached followed by a decline in rate of flowershying (256)

Peanut flowers which are fresh and turgid at sunshyrise are usually wilted by midday and by the next day all flower parts but the ovary have withered The aerial flowers are able to mature fruit underground by means of an elongation to the ovary called the peg

Breeding and cultural practices have moved yields to a high plateau but future improvement in yield may come from attention to flowering Only 50 of the flowers produce the elongated ovary called a peg fewer than 20 produce fruit and only about 66 of these mature There may be as many as 1000 flowers per plant but of these only about one in seven produces mature fruit (118 256 286) Early flowering may inhibit later flowering (188) but developing pods do not seem to suppress flowering (425) and a suppression of flowering for 15 days did not reduce yields (276)

In many parts of the world early planting is necesshysary for high yields The level of flowering and pegging in early planted treatments has been nearly double that of delayed plantings (289) Fertilization that increases yield tends to extend the period of flowering (163) Different combinations of day and night temperatures in a phytotron showed that flowering was reduced by either increased day or night temperatures (425) At fullshybloom peanuts are most sensitive to drought (337)

Pollination-Anthesis takes place before daylight (64 65) Flower expansion starts to take place about daylight but pollen liberation may occur as much as 7-8 hours before expansion It has been estimated that pollen tubes grow at a rate of about 75 mm per hour The peanut is closely self-pollinated but in some varieshyties short styles were thought to prevent selfing (64) Out-crossing was found to be rare (81 146) but is thought to be greater than previously reported (180) Small bees are said to have induced the production of 25 more kernels and several kinds of bees have proshyduced as much as 50more kernels than resulted from plants protected from insects Hand tripping and rainshydrop tripping produced about 10 and 30 more pegs than originated on untripped flowers (161) Eighteen species of bees have been found to visit peanuts (181)

Fertilization and Fruit Development-The union of egg and sperm occurs 12 to 16 hours after pollination The zygote usually divides to form a two-celled embryo 36 hours after fertilization (256) Elongation of the ovary to produce the peg is usually-noticeable within 7 days after fertilization Pegs 15 cm or more from the ground seldom reach the ground Elongation of the peg usually stops after the peg has penetrated the soil to a depth of about 5-cm After penetration rapid embryo development starts-in 10 days Fruit is mature about 60 days after the appearance of the flowers (173 256 355) The formation of the peanut fruit has been well defined as to time of development (355) In the fruiting zone the element that is very beneficial is calcium Potassium magnesium sodium and the ammonium ion appear to be harmful if in excess in the fruiting zone (5467)

Seeds-The seed is variable in size color and shape The seed may vary from 02 to 2 g in weight The color may be purple pink flesh rose tan light brown red or white In shape the seed may be spherical elliptishycal or much elongated Percentages by weight of shell germ testa kernel moisture oil and free fatty acid of 121 strains of wide geographical origin are reported along with the protein content data on ash crude fiber and carbohydrate content (240)

Accumulation of materials in the seed seems to cease abruptly when the kernel is mature (36) Peanuts may not absorb the same nutrients in the spring and fall (97 98) About 75 of the nutrients in the plant are absorbed during the period from early flowering to soon after-fruit set About half of the dry matter of the plant is in the pod at harvest (97)

Plant Maturity-If a peanut plant produces more than one pod there will be a difference in the stage-of maturity of pods as the blooms are produced over a period of many days and the time from bloom to matushyrity is relatively constant The pod is mature when the seed coat is unwrinkled when there is a tannin discolorashytion of pods (126) when the stem has started to decay and the inside of the pod is dark (256) and if the kernel no longer accumulates weight (36) The best indicator of immaturity is the presence of beta-carotene and lutein carotinoids in the oil of the seed (126 172)

Harvesting before maturity lowers yield (36) oil percentage and quality (62) and there is much more chance of damage from Aspergillus (52) Delay of harshyvest after maturity will result in stem rot and many pods will be left in the soil (36) Several reports give general instructions as to how to determine when to harvest (62 153 256) Yellowing of foliage spotting of leaves and dropping of some leaves indicate maturity but may also be caused by a lack of nitrogen disease or some other factor (256 372)

10

CLIMATE AND SOILS

The Growing Season-The peanut crop requires at least 165 days of frost-free growing season (39) It is limited roughly to the area between 400 N and 400S latishytude (34) Peanuts do not seem to be sensitive to length of day In the USA plantings are made in late spring and fruit development is in the summer when days are shortshyening In India planting is often done in the fall and maximum fruiting occurs in the spring when days are lengthening Longer days do tend to produce more top growth and flowers (256) Use of a fungicide may proshylong the growing season as much as 3 weeks (372)

Rainfall-Many peanut areas have irregular rainfall and yields are often low if rainfall is not favorable (137 250 336 337 395) Minimum rainfall is about 500-650 mmwannually (39) Higher rainfall than this may produce extra top growth but not necessarily more seed (326) It is desirable to fit the planting to the rainfall pattern (17 132 137 149) Mulching has been shown to preserve moisture (250 337) as has ridging (78) In tests to detershymine when peanuts are most drought resistant no such period was found (50) but the 20-day period 60-80 days after sowing was found to be the most critical for the 120-day maturity peanuts

Time of Planting-In the temperate zones peanut planting needs to be sandwiched between the last frosts of spring and the first frosts of fall But in the tropical monsoon area without irrigation the time of the rains is the factor determining planting (2 10 78 331 347 372 378 384) Early planting tends to avoid diseases (2 43 68 202 354) or aphids (8 68) Early plantings

result in higher yields (2 10 68 289 308 331 347 372 378) and less damage from the rosette disease (2 43 68) With the Virginia bunch-type early planting was of no benefit (331)

Some varieties can be planted in either the wet or dry season (384) but there is a problem with early plantings if they mature before the end of the rainy season (2 78) Where two crops a year can be raised sanitation is essential as disease infection spreads from the late-planted early crop or from volunteer plants from the first crop (202) Early planting seems to have more effect on increasing the oil content than does the soil type (274) Early planting tends to increase the number of flowers produced and the amount of pegging (289)

Soils for Peanuts-The best soils for peanuts are well-drained light-colored loose friable sandy loams well supplied with calcium and with a moderate amount of organic matter (256) Heavier soils often produce higher yields but soil sticks to pods or stains them

Soil pH-The pH of soils is not as critical for peanuts as for most legumes At a high pH iron defishyciency has been shown (256) Peanuts are more tolerant of acid soils than cotton and in soils where cotton yields were reduced one-third by a pH of 50 peanuts were not affected (9) Little or no response has been shown to lime (21 23) (See the section on calcium and magnesium page 9)

CROP SEQUENCES MANURES FERTILIZERS AND OTHER SOIL AMENDMENTS

Peanuts in Rotation-It has been shown that peanuts will benefit from a green manure in the rotation but this is not due to nitrogen If a green manure is used in the rotation it should precede some crop other than the peanut crop (177 245) As a rotation crop peanuts were found to be superior to Crotalariafuncea and better than a fallow crop before wheat (221) Fallowing during a peanut rotation has been suggested With a weed fallow burning the weeds may be as good as plowshying them down (113) Under conditions oflow fertility only one year of fallow was not enough in a 4-year rotation (46 113)

The need for including peanuts in a rotation has been stressed (256 341 352 353 359 384) Crops that benefit from following peanuts include cotton (1) millet (330) rice (396) sorghum (329 330) and wheat (221)

Peanuts do well after corn (75 168 177) millet (46) rye (75) sorghum (1) tobacco (177) and wheat (298) Other reports indicate that the crop before peanuts does not have much effect on peanut performance (168 329 330) Peanuts have been reported as not doing well after cotton (75 256) cowpeas (256) or soybeans (75 256)

Fertility of the rotation can be maintained by the use of animal manure commercial fertilizer and green manure (177) A light application of fertilizer is not enough to prevent a decline in fertility but with adeshyquate fertilization a green manure is not needed (113 245) Although a fallow has been recommended in a rotation (46) peanuts are usually not recommended to be included more often than I to 3 years (78) or 1 of 4 or 5 (1 46) The rotation tends to prevent diseases (341) Cotton after peanuts did not do well because of a

(p

11

lack of potassium (256) Green Manure and Organic Matter-Because of the

need for the peanut peg to grow into the ground there has been some thought that a green manure would beneshyfit the peanut crop by increasing organic matter in the soil Research results indicate however that organic matter is of little benefit in getting germinating seeds established Green manures have been considered unshyprofitable (46 245) or unnecessary (113)

When the crop residue is carefully returned to the soil the peanut crop is generally considered a soil-buildshying crop mainly because it may fix more nitrogen than it removes from the soil But in many cases the peanut crop may lead to a deterioration of organic matter conshytent as there is little crop residue returned to the soil After harvest the soil is often left bare providing favorshyable conditions for oxidation of organic matter

Animal Manure-The value of manure seems to be due to its mineral elements (68 338) and manure has been replaced by using only nitrogen (349) Usually supplements are used with manure (48 113 338 349) as manure alone is not so effective without sulfur (338) or phosphate (113 338) Manure at 15-20 tonsha gave good results on some soils but required the addition of phosphate or other supplement (318 349) Seven tonsha of manure was about equal to 224 kgha of ordinary superphosphate (334) A definite response to manure only was observed (288 354)

Fertilizer Response-A review of fertilizer trials in several countries (14 15 167) indicates that there can be an excellent response in yield to properly applied fertilizers There is much evidence that the response of peanuts is not as readily seen as it is in corn cotton and a few other crops Results are often variable from field to field (256) Fertilizer recommendation levels fall in the range of 100 to 150 kgha of mixed fertilizers (27 46 59 61 63 158 318) The 6-20-10 grade was menshytioned frequently (27 59 63) The highest rates recomshymended were in Israel where 120 to 180 kgha of nitrogen and 100 to 120 kgha of P20 5 were suggested (244)

Determining Fertilizer Needs-To determine the need for fertilizers soil and plant analyses have been used Analysis of the peanut seed is felt to be of little value in determining fertility status as the content of the seed is quite constant Leaf nutrient content was felt to be of more use than analysis of the whole plant (256) If foliar analysis is to be used the sample must be taken properly At least 50 leaves must be collected and the sixth leaf on the main stem of bunch peanuts and the fourth leaf on runner types seem to be best Late varieshyties should be sampled at 4045 days and early ones at

30-35 days (272) or at the beginning of the flowering period (207) Responses in field trials and of-foliar diagshynosis correlations are given (148 157) A method of component analysis is explained relative to leaf analysis in six trials (200) and the use of leaf analysis is discussed (159)

Critical values for various elements have been determined If a certain plant nutrient content is above these -values there would be no response to additional amounts of that nutrient (157 158) From -120 trials in Senegal foliar diagnosis resulted in calculation of critical values of N=35 P=023 K=08-10 and Mg-05 The critical value of K in soils was found to be 10 mg (1100 g soil extract with an aqueous extract and 25 mg in ammonium acetate extract (362) Foliar analysis was found to be a better indicator of response to fertilizer than P extracted from soil with hot HNO3 or the exshychangeable K (316)

Side Dressing or Top Dressing Fertilizers-Side dressing offertilizer at 7-10 cm from the row was found to be more effective than broadcasting (56 59 158) Accurate side dressing was not needed Phosphorus put in the furrow before splitting ridges is more effective than an application along the top of the row at 4 weeks after planting (165 166) Small fertilizer spreaders have been developed which put down the fertilizer at time of seeding or during cultivation (56 127) -

Calcium-Reports of a good response to calcium (67 78 140 167 243 256 333 349 397) are more common than reports of little or no response (13 21 23) or an erratic response Response to gypsum where the pH is not changed is common (78 108 167 243) Because of their apparent ability of excluding aluminum peanuts may show less response than most legumes to calcium on acid soils Gypsum can be used when the plants begin to flower as the calcium is especially beneshyficial in the fruiting zone (23 67 78 256) and more pegs produce fruits and fewer empty pods (23 67167 256) Use of radioactive calcium revealed that little calcium from the root is deposited in pod or seed (256) Calcium in the fruit is picked up by the peg and developshying pod Empty pods have a higher content of N K and Mg than shells with well-developed seed With a defishyciency of Ca or Mg there is a high content of K Calcitic lime is better than dolomitic lime The response of peanuts is more closely related to the amount of exshychangeable calcium in the soil than to the percentage of calcium saturation (256) Plant content of S Ca and P was increased by the addition of gypsum (108) or supershyphosphate (349)

Magnesium-Magnesium has tended to decrease yields (256) and to be harmful if applied in the fruiting

12

zone (67) Pods with well developed seed contain less Mg than poorly filled pods Mineral fertilization tends to depress the Mg content in the leaves (349) Mg has been found useful in counteracting the depressing effect on nodule formation or nodule effectiveness when nitrogen fertilization is used (169) One report indicated that the only elements needed in that region were Ca K and Mg (333)

Sulfur-Many responses of peanuts to sulfur have been reported (12 47 60 78108 158 167224306 315 338) In only a few instances was there no response to sulfur (24 256) or to gypsum (24) In combination with other elements the sulfur was given creditfor response to ammonium sulfate (158 167) or to supershyphosphate (13 78 306 315) Where sulfur levels in the soil were adequate superphosphate gave no better response than double or triple forms (60) As little as 10 kgha of sulfur will give an immediate response as the sulfur is picked up quickly and spreads rapidly through the plant (79)

Phosphorus-Reports of good response to phosshyphorus (130 140 142 224 306 388) or to ordinary superphosphate (21 108 165 167 256 288 315) are common with ordinary super indicated as being better than double or triple forms (13 21 56 78 108 167 256 315) Slow uptake of P from triphosphates (56 60 61) is usual except where the rainfall is 8 00 mm or more (55) Even though the response to P may be good and the uptake of NPK is increased by the use of P the actual uptake of P is low (256 388) To determine P needs the exchangeable P in the soil is a better indicator than total P (130) The peanut can do well on residual fertilizer as there is very little response to P when the crop is grown in a well-fertilized rotation (256) A heavy basal rate of applied P is as good as the same quantity applied frequently (55) The use of nitrogen (especially ammonium sulfate) along with P is suggested (55 325) The lack of need for phosphate is rarely reported (55)

Potassium-In general potassium is not recomshymended for application directly to the peanut crop There is a tendency for it to depress yields (13 115 225) or to do harm in the fruiting zone (67) Reports of little or no response (21 57 78 140 142 256 325 354) or an erratic response are found (336) Although suggestions for use of potassium were few (55 148 164 246 333) it was said that if peanuts were to be grown for many years there would likely be a need for K and the application to other crops in the rotation was recomshymended (256) If much K is added there should be plenty of calcium present If Ca or Mg is deficient there is a higher content of K in the plant (256) Use of K above the needs of the plant often results in excellent

foliage production (130) and there is usually a reduced susceptibility to fungus disease (193)

Nitrogen-Nitrogen alone reduced yields (325) or did not give a response (78 130 140 329 354 388) When a response was reported (21 24 60 148 158 167 225 242 281 325) it was usually due to the use of ammonium sulfate although some reports showed no response to this source of nitrogen (78 256 329 336 354)

Nitrogen fertilizer has been recommended for peanuts (55 281) with no special form recommended but other workers specifically suggest the use ofammoshynium sulfate (60 148 164 244 325) Liquid ammonia and a solution of ammonium sulfate and Chilean nitrate have been stated as being more effective than urea (281)

Aluminum-Peanuts seem to be able to grow on soils high in aluminum because they do not take up much of it (9)

Boron-Boron appears to have some effect on the mobility of calcium but there have been few indications of a response to boron (256) The amount to use in nutrient solutions was determined (253)

Copper-In Florida (USA) 10 lb per acre of cupric chloride increased the yield of nuts and foliage (256) A definite deficiency of copper has been reported in Florida (186 187 256) When there was a lack of copper nitrogen metabolism was not normal (256)

Iron-A report on iron stated that when iron was added with nitrogen the depression of nodule activity was corrected (169)

Manganese-An application of 20 lb of MnSO 4 per acre increased yields and overcame the chlorotic condishytions brought about by heavy liming (256) Manganese toxicity symptoms are described (253)

Molybdenum-Ammonium molybdate at 28 g per ha applied in fungicide or to seed increased the yield (273)

Trace Elements-Chelated trace elements were used and a response was obtained in 75 of 53 trials (273) A dark green color and an increased shoot growth were the typical symptoms of a response (256) One report indicated that no response was found (140) Soaking seeds in a trace element solution has not been found to be an effective way for adding trace elements (337)

Zinc-No deficiency has been reported but an apparent yield response has been found in a few cases (256)

Growth Substances-Maleic hydrazide and naphthaleneacetic acid used on Spanish improved peanuts at the rate of 100 ppm as a spray at 54 to 97 days after planting increased yields by inducing more

13

kernels per plant and a greater kernel weight Indoleace- gation of internodes flowering and peg formation were tic acid indolepropionic acid methyl-3-indoleacetic or stimulated (343) Indoleacetic acid in lanolin (110) 24-D had either no effect or a depressing effect on yield hastened germination when applied to scratched testa of (237) Erect and runner varieties responded to gibber- seed of freshly harvested peanuts In a 002 solution ellic acid at a concentration of 10 There was an elon- sprouted seed soaked 12 to 2 hours and unsprouted

seed soaked 24 hours in water solution increased the number of flowers per plant (256)

Seed Treatments-Pesticides are often recommendshyed (16 132 403 404) with Thiram giving good results alone (32 85 95 132 150) but a combination of fungicide and insecticide has been better (32 132 150) Captan has been the best treatment on occasion (247) Where there has been mechanical damage such as with machine shelling and when conditions are adverse treatshyment is usually needed (32 404) In a monsoon climate area if peanuts are seeded within 48 hours after the rains start there is little need for fungicide treatment (132)

Inoculation-There are many reports of a response to nitrogen (21 55 148 164 244 281 306 345) A small quantity of N seems to increase the ability to proshyduce N symbiotically but large quantities of N fertilizer reduce the quantity of N fixed (306)

In Israel using 100-400 g of enriched peat inocushylant per ha in 50 liters of water and placing the inoculant in the planting furrow gave better results than putting the inoculant on the seed (358) Compared with the use of up to 180 kgha of N inoculated plants stayed green longer and the hay was higher in protein than that from the nitrated plots (164 356) Inoculant placed to the side of the row was effective at 8 cm depth but less effective when placed deeper (357) Soils rich in N produce good peanut yields even if nodulation is poor As with many legumes in view of the low cost of mocushylant it is suggested that if there is any doubt about natural inoculant being in the soil inoculant should be used (360)

Arachis strains of Rhizobia will not cross-inoculate with the cowpea (Vigna) group (176) Different types of inoculants have been suggested for acid and alkaline or near neutral soils as some Arachis strains have been found to be acidic and some alkaline (313)

CULTURE

Planting Rates-It is normally recommended that 20-25 more seed be planted than the number of plants expected in the stand (256) Seeding at a heavy rate is recommended (5 15 294 331 364) with two seeds per hill being better than one (78 287 288 294) Experishyments with several row and in-row spacings have given variabld results (37 118 131 138 141 203287294 331 348 354 364) Recommendations vary from 25000 plants per ha with the Virginia bunch varieties (354) If 120000ha is optimum for plantings on flat locations about 80000 would be recommended on ridges

Row Spacing-Close row spacings produced highshyest yields (122 131 331 364) With bunch varieties the optimum spacing seems to be about 60 cm between rows and 5 cm between plants in the row (222 373) Spreadshying varieties can also be put in 60 cm rows with 10 cm between plants in the row (223) Wider spacing than that for maximum yields may be used to accommodate tillshyage implements (141 256 373) Spacings closer than 3 cm tend to lower seed quality (372) Row width recomshymendations have varied from 45 cm (118) to 80 (138) or 90 cm (287 288)

Ridge Planting-Use of a ridge was better than flat planting (78 138 165 166 288 354 364) with the optimum distance between ridges being about 80-90 cm (78 138 287 288) The rate of seeding may be less on ridges than on flat areas (135) but if two rows are used per ridge the rate may be high (78)

Mulching-Mulclung tends to increase yields where rainfall may be as low as 685 min per year (78) Experishyments with mulching are reported (152 250 337) Mulching with grass tends to increase K in the plant and to reduce shelling percentage (25)

PESTS AND DISEASES

Weeding-Without herbicides three or four culti- and it is better to use a hoe than to pull weeds (5) vations seem to be necessary for each crop of peanuts Narrow-row spacing of 60 cm suppressed weeds (222 (37 78 238 272) Early cultivation is desirable (78) 373) Damage to foliage and disease may be accentushy

14

ated if soil is thrown toward the plant to try to control weeds by burying them in the row (256) For disease control it may be desirable to burn weeds or remove them from the surface of the soil (78) Land preparashytion before planting helps to bury plant residues and it was shown that a 20 cm depth of plowing was better than a 5 or 10 cm (37)

Herbicides are becoming more commonly used but are not completely safe or entirely satisfactory in respect to peanuts Differences in season will change the effectiveness and vary the potential harm to the crop Because the use of herbicides on peanuts is a rather complicated subject no attempt will be made here to summarize the findings References on herbishycides are given (171 227 234 235 251 252 283 345346348351406)

Insecticides-In treating seed with insecticides care is needed if the seed is intended for planting purshyposes Tests have been made of DDT dusts of 1 and 10 concentration used at 100 and 500 ppm Lindane at 15 and 100 ppm as dusts pyrethrins at 100 and 500 ppm and fumigants of carbon bisulphide at 100 500 and 1000 gcu meter with 1 and 3 days exposure and Phostoxin at 2045 and 60 gton for 3 to 5 days Only carbon bisulphide at 500 gfou meter and up hurt the germination of peanuts if the moisture content of the peanuts was 5 or lower When the moisture content was 10 all chemicals impaired germination rdgardless of rate (334)

DDT or Lindane dusted on peanuts stored in sealed containers at 220 C for 45 9 and 18 months did not reduce germination or seedling vigor (323) Malashythion at 66 ppm protected against most storage insects but had to be used at about 2-month intervals (90) Methyl bromide was effective as a fumigant but BHC had to be replaced by malathion when a local strain of insect developed tolerance to BHC (192) Other insects also showed tolerance to aldrin and heptachlor (73)

Low humidities and low moisture contents are often thought to be effective in insect control A relashytive humidity of 48 did not adversely affect oil qualishyty nor did it control Tribolium castaneum Even when the peanuts were dried to 7 moisture this insect was not controlled (179) and it developed a tolerance to BHC and had to be controlled by malathion (192)

Diseases of Peanuts-Aphis croccivora is the vector of several viruses (6 7 40 68 145 228 230 231) There are also other aphids that can transmit virus (6 7 40 51) Trifolium incanatum and Styloshysanthes spp are two major hosts of peanut viruses Another host is Euphorbiahirta (7 68 228)

Of 600 groundnut varieties tested few have shown tolerance to viruses (230) When exposed to the

chlorotic rosette virus by grafting or spreading by Aphis craccivora the tetraploid species A monticola A nambyquarae and A hypogaea all had the same symptoms Diploid A diogoi A rasteiro and A marginata showed symptoms of a different kind A glabrata and A prostata were symptomless carriers Some diploids seemed to be immune to certain viruses affecting domesticated peanuts More resistant plants develop symptoms slower than do susceptible plants (144) To avoid rosette virus it is suggested that early varieties should be used (2 43 107) and crops rotated as the virus is often serious if peanuts are grown on the same area for 2 or more years (88) Rosette virus causes abnormal flowering and reduces flowering (147) and has reduced yields by as much as 95 (233)

Only Aphis croccivora is reported to be able to transmit rosette virus (68 231) or vein-banding virus (228) although sap inoculation and grafting make it possible to transmit the latter A gossyppii (6) and A laburni(51) are able to transmit a virus similar to rosette virus which could not be transmitted by A croccivora (300) One report (204) indicated a need for a sympshytomless assistant virus in order for A croccivoraorA gossyppit to be able to transmit rosette virus

To infect plants with rosette virus half seed whole seed or 7-day and 21-day-old plants were tested The 21-day-old plants were most effective when A croccishyvora was used as a vector

Peanut mottle virus was found for the first time in Australia in 1970 Although one of the few viruses to be transmitted by seed it is also transmitted by at least five species ofAphis (40)

Five different peanut viruses can be distinguished by characteristic symptoms formed on the Natal Comshymon Variety (232)

Aspergillus flavus has been identified as causing seed rotting (92 94) afloroot (2) or other damage to seeds and seedlings (125) Aflotoxin is the name given to the toxic compounds produced by some strains ofA flavus under certain conditions Aflotoxin has been found in pods damaged by termites (258 260) rough handling hoeing threshing or by transplanting (257 259 261 262 376) There was a slight penetration of undamaged pods (210 258 260) Nematode damage to pods did not increase A flavus growth but did increase the contamination by other fungi (215) The best way to prevent aflotoxin is to store peanuts in the shell (30) ifter proper drying (52 82 112 162 185 257 261 369) A methyl cellulose seedcoat did little to protect the seed (94) Hand sorting can be used to separate damaged peanuts (30 112 162 185) and attempts have been made to use air or color sorting (162 327) Levels of aflotoxin of 002 to 026 ppm in unrefined oil were

15

not found in hydrogenated oils (123 376) Numerous studies of A flavus have been made It

is not the dominant fungus (259) as it may represent only 3 of total fungi present (292) About 5 days after harvest are required for the fungus to produce much growth (260) Much aflotoxin is produced at about 3000 with a relative humidity of 80-85 It can actually develop over the range of 125 to 5250C but not at 43-450 C (117) Three reviews (112 328 376) and a symposium (369) and a report on some chemistry studies give many of the details of aflotoxin with one report showing the chemical structure of eight forms (162)

Macrophominaphaseoli (70) and several species of Aspergillus have been studied including A fumigates (93) A niger (94) A amstelodaniandA wenti (369) Of 1626 isolates of Aspergillus studied 896 produced some toxin (218) Biological effects are given (11)

Aspergillus flavus is used in the making of soyshysauce (278) Peanut meal is subject to Aspergillus growth but the toxin production can be averted (248) if the meal moisture content is kept below 16 (30) Work has been done relative to the accuracy of sampling methods (401)

The dominant species of fungi on peanuts seem to be the Penicilliums 7)ichodermaand Fusariums(292) A review of fungi in stored products which included peanuts showed Aspergillus dominant in the Tropics but Penicillium in temperate regions (93) A study in Georgia (USA) listed the fungi present on the peanut pods and kernels (209) in windrowed peanuts (210) in artificially dried peanuts (211) and in the field in general (213) and control methods were recommended (212)

Botrytis (gray mold) causes serious damage under cold dry conditions in Sao Paulo Brazil Symptoms are discussed (33)

Leptosphaerdinacrassiascais a leaf disease characshyterized by pepper spots on both sides of the leaf and by marginal necrosis or leaf scorch and was first reported from Madagascar in 1955 and from Taiwan in 1956 Diagnosis of the species is given and the symptoms are described This disease is often obscured by Cercospora (214)

Macrophomina phaseoli is a fungus also found on cotton cowpeas sunflower as well as peanuts Direcshytions for chemical protection of crop rate of spread distribution and method of testing soils for study of the

pathogen are given (71) Peanut plants-may be infected without showing symptoms (70 247) The best fungishycide to increase germination was Captan (247)

Pucciniarust has been observed on certain varieties in South America (31) Of 254 varieties studied in Venezuela in 1959-61 the variety Tarapoto was the only one to escape damage from Pucciniaarachidiswith only 13 others classed as being resistant Tarapoto and 7 of the 13 were also tolerant to Cercospora(282)

Verticillium dahliae has been found on peanuts (125 341) and is hosted by potatoes and certain herbashyceous plants Rotations help in conrol

Cercospora arachidicolais the early form and C personata is the late form of leafspot diseases which exist as the imperfect forms Perfect forms are Mycoshysphaerella arachidicolaand M berkeleyii which are the official names according to rules of nomenclature A good description of symptoms distribution damage and control is given (144)

It is often necessary to control Cercosporaso that research or management studies will have a chance to influence maturity yields etc To control Cercospora several methods may be used such as burning of residues (144) rotations (144 393) and applying sulfur (103 105 131 380 398 402) copper (103 105 380 398) as well as copper and sulfur combinations (380 381 398 402) Results were not always satisfactory (202) Control programs vary One program suggests that growers start spraying 20 days after planting and repeat each 20 days (398) or from 3 to 13 weeks after planting at 14-day intervals (131) The spraying interval may be determined by rainfall by counting 8-10 cumulative rain days (103) or when 2 inches of rain has accumulated (103) Another report suggested that spraying should start about one week after symptoms appear and should be continued until about 18 days before harvest (105)

Early-maturing varieties seem to be the most susshyceptible to Cercospora (195) To delay planting may reduce the amount of the disease but it also reduces yield (347) Where successive crops are grown volunteer plants from the first crop increase contamination of the second crop (202) Resistance to the two diseases is inherited separately (144 196)

Listings and descriptions of major peanut diseases are given (12 96 321 342 352) Crop rotations for disease control are emphasized (342 352)

HARVESTING HANDLING AND STORING

Harvesting-In 1965 it was estimated that as much with simple tools Details of use of improved tools for as 75 of the world production of peanuts was handled hand cultivation and animal-drawn tools to mechanical

16

production are given Seedbed preparation planting and harvesting are processes that are suggested for mechanishyzation first (241) Drawings of hole-making devices an -ox-drawn lifter and a practical hand thresher are given elsewhere (354)

Harvesting by means of an animal-drawn lifter is described (20) With this device men can lift and stack 1 hectare in 15 hours or in half the time needed for manual lifting Time studies indicate that peanuts can be harvested about 10 days either side of the optimum time with little loss of peanuts (78) Systems of peanut harshyvesting are reviewed and details of a prototype once-over harvester are given The machine is designed to harvest up to 10 tons of nuts a day (189)

Peanuts are not usually grown on clay soils but a system has been worked out to harvest fairly clean pods from clay soils by irrigating to wet the soil 2 days before lifting and then waiting another 4-5 days before shaking surplus soil from the plants (391)

Threshing-Stripping pods from plants is often done by hand (128) Simple threshers are described (124 344) No difference in shelling percentage or seed size was found between immediate threshing and threshshying which was delayed up to 3 weeks (280)

Shelling-Machine shelling often results in damshyaged kernels which may not be effective in getting good stands when planted especially without seed protectants (404) Experimental shellers to be used to obtain samples for milling tests have been described (115) Hand-operated shellerscan produce as much as 95 kg of kernels in an hour (184 190)

Washing-Cleaning of non-husked peanuts has inshycreased selling price 50 With a simple washer made out of a section of barrel and a wire drum one can wash 400-600 kgday with only 200 liters of water (269)

Artificial Drying-Although the trend is toward more artificial drying natural methods are still widely used Natural methods (52 82) and artificial methods are reviewed (53 270 301) Combinations of natural and artificial methods are often desirable (116 270) For planting purposes seed must be dried carefully Air movement temperatures and times to dry are given (270) For long storage a maximum of only 8 moisture is recommended (271) Studies involving aflotoxin (52 82 116 301) verify the potential hazard if pods are improperly dried after harvest Seed needs to be dried to 8-9 and peanut cakes to below 16 or A flavus may grow (30 35) Simple devices for drying using wood or peanut hulls have been described (2 3 4 34) It is not advisable to dry seed for planting purposes in the sun or at temperatures over 450 C if heat is used (35) For comshymercial use Virginia and runner types have been dried successfully at 570C but Spanish types tend to split at 46-52 0 COther drying trials are reported (377)

Storing of Peanuts-Some areas have a dry season which is favorable for storing peanuts in open air or under tarpaulin (88 178 179) A low moisture content is desirable to decrease damage due to insects and losses due to oil deterioration (220 271 411) Fumigation or other treatment is often needed while the peanuts are in storage (191 271) Mechnical damage due to shelling is recognized (179 411) Treatments before storage will reduce some of the shelling damage (411)

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Estimating Yields-Estimated yields are often high because the operator tends to avoid the worst places in the field and the sample taken is usually harvested more carefully than the rest of the field Ten samples obtained by throwing a stick into the field at random to select sampling sites are suggested (155) A frame 15 m by 4 m can be used or if the plants are in definite rows 5 n of row at 10 random locations will give a good estimate of yield

Sampling for Oil-Oil samples need to be detershymined within one percentage point Different methods of sampling are compared (216) Care needs to be exershycised in reducing the original sample to a working sample A working sample might be 800 times the weight of one pod For an intact plant kernels taken near the base are higher in oil than those out on the branches (275) - -

Use of Peanut Tops-Peanut hay was judged to be not as good in nutrients as alfalfa and was said to be more comparable to grass hay (317) Peanut hay has been compared with other herbages and one researcher suggests that it be used for feed rather than being burned (297) A cutting and raking device has been designed that will cut and rake 8 ha in 10 hours (293)

Use of Surplus Peanut Shells-Shells may be used for fuel and also as a conditioner for heavy soils a filler in cattle feed a rawsource of activated carbon comshybustiblfe gases organic chemicals reducing sugars and alc6hlianextender-ofresins a cork substitute a comshyponent of building blocks and f Ed~oaaril (324) Its use as a mulch or manure is most beneficial when rain is scarce Grinding may be necessary Residue left after furfural extraction made good compost after treatment with sulfuric acid and neutralization with tricalcium phosphate (152)

17

Use of Peanuts as a Source of Food-No attempt will be made to cover this important subject Only a few references that deal with food are cited here A vegetable cheese made from peanut milk is described (236) An infant foof from peanut and milk solids (91) and the production of soysauce by fermentation are discussed (278) The details of quality factors and requirements for salting peanuts are given (226 366)

Oil from Peanuts-Peanuts are mainly grown for the oil and protein of the seed There is an indication that more oil crushing will be done in the area of proshyduction (44) Although the protein meal has been an excellent export product for foreign exchange this use may decrease as more use of the protein for livestock and as human food is stressed for the area of production (77296 394)

Oil content of the peanut decreased when planting was delayed but the protein was increased Oil yield is closely associated with seed yield Factors which tend to increase seed yield also increase oil yield (308 309 311) Closer spacing increases seed yields and oil but decreases protein (309)

Quality of Peanuts-Quality of peanut seed is affected by many factors (178 199) Proper shelling (184) and pest control are important (192) Free fatty acid level is an indication of quality A level of 6 free fatty acids was found in insect-damaged peanuts but only 13 when insects were controlled (192) Efforts have been made to remove undesirable peanuts mechanishycally as peanuts are moved (18) Grade standards of quality are listed (151 172)

Economics of Production-One country in Africa is reported to have half of its cultivated area in peanuts with 75 of farm income 42 of total industrial inshycome 23 of the gross national product and 65 of total value of exports credited to this one crop (350) Other countries seek to add peanuts to their cropping programs in order to diversify (86 266 390 391) and some that plan to switch to crops other than peanuts (5 16 42) to diversify are not intending to reduce peanut production

Some countries are trying to increase peanut proshyduction by stressing extension methods or by improving cultural practices These include helping farmers learn to select good seed and varieties to use disease-resistant varieties to treat seed to seed at a heavy rate to use

proper fertilization including animal and green manures to use proper weeding proper crop rotations to diversify cropping and to harvest at the right time (5 16 59 139 303319339)

Several countries have found it necessary to subshysidize the production of peanuts (134 199 374 395) and several African countries have recognized the need for a cooperative effort in marketing and meet once a year to discuss policy (102)

A survey of the peanut industry in the USA is given (400) The long-term outlook for the peanut is reviewed and uses of peanut and other oils are discussed (310) The world production of peanuts continues to expand even though the demand is variable from year to year (5 268 304 305 408409410) Problems of the processing industry are reviewed (84 239) Transportashytion and storage are serious problems and factors affecshyting quality are getting attention The quantity of peanuts that moves in export trade is a small percentage of total production Details and problems of exports are discussed (14 174445 77 88 119)

Improving Production by Variety Improvement-There is little doubt but that improved varieties have contributed to the gradually higher level of production around the world It takes 12 to 15 years for a variety to be available to growers after a cross has been made Of 24 varieties released in the USA during the last quartershycentury 11 selections came from commercial strains 2 from foreign introductions 9 from controlled crosses 1 from irradiation and 1 from interspecific hybridization (29)

No attempt will be made to list references to varieshyty comparisons Most experiments with peanuts involve variety comparisons It has been shown that an apparentshyly superior variety may be definitely inferior under certain environmental conditions It is essential in varieshyty evaluation that varieties be evaluated at different levels of soil fertility and under other variations in enshyvironmental conditions after preliminary screening to eliminate the most undesirable types (256) Examples of comparative yield tests are given (48 182 183) Blending of varieties for planting has been tested but has not been found to be of benefit (311)

GENERAL PAPERS

Numerous papers are general in nature and cover al methods are given in some detail (46 101 109 114 several topics Several factors that need to be considered 120 164) Mineral nutrition (397) variety improvement in over-all peanut production are discussed (28 101 (46) harvesting (153) seed treatment (46) and mechanishy106 138 160 179255353 368 370) General cultur- zation (121 371) are subjects in other general papers

18

LITERATURE CITATIONS (AbbreviationsandAddresses ofSome Sources of LiteratureCitations-pages31-32)

1 Abraham TP and Agarwal KN Yield effect on soil fertilshyity and economics of crop rotations with and without groundnut Indian J Agr Sci 37560-57 1 (1967)

2 ABrook J Artificial drying of groundnuts a method for the small farmer Trop Agric Trinidad 40241-245 (1963)

3 A cheap crop drier for the farmer Trop Stored Prod Inform 725-38 (1964)

4 A cheap crop drier for the farmer results and recommended design Trop Stored Prod Inform 8301-307 (1964)

5 Laction de developpement de la productivite arachidiere au Snigal en 1964 (Activity for the development of groundnut production in Senegal in 1964) 014agineux 20725-729 (1965)

6 Adams AN Groundnut Rosette Virus-Another vector Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 4125 (1966)

7 The vectors and alternative hosts of groundnut rosette virus in central province Molaioc Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res 5145-151 (1967)

8 - and JAK Farrell The seasonal occurrence of aphids in traps at Chitedge Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res Vol 5153-159 (1967)

9 Adams F and RW Pearson Differential response of cotton and peanuts to subsoil acidity AgronJ 629-12 (1970)

10 Akehurst BC and Sreedharan A Time of planting-a brief review of experimental work in Tanganyika E Afr Agr Forestry J 30189-201 (1965)

11 Alcroft R and Carnaghan RBA Toxic products in groundnuts Chemistry and Industry 250-61 (1963)

12 Amendoim pragas e doencas silo o n6 (Groundnuts pests and diseases are the problem) Dirigente Rural 412-32 (1965)shy

13 Anderson GD Fertility studies on a sandy loam in semishyarid Tanzania 11 Effects on phosphorus potassium and lime on yields of Groundnuts Expl Agric 6213-222 (1970)

14 Larachide au Senigal (Groundnut growing in Senegal) 016 agineux 14649-650 (1959)

15 Larachide au Senigal Rsultats des essais de confirmation (Groundnuts in Senegal Rep Results of confirmation trials) Oleagineux 17103-104 (1962)

16 Larachide au Senigal Risultats des essais de confirmation (Groundinuts in Senegal Results of demonstration trials) Olagineux 1972 (1964)

17 Les arachides du Nigeria (The groundrnuts of Nigeria)Kadouna (Nigeria) Ministere de PInformation 12 p Graph Photos Map (1966)

18 Ariztizabal L Bums EE and OR Kunze Physical chemical and organoleptic properties of peanuts separated in a controlled air stream Amer Soc Agr -Eng Trans 12298-304 (1969)

19 Arndt W The continuous cropping of peanuts at Kathshyarine NT Techn Paper Commonw Sci Industr Res Organiz Div Land Res Reg Survey Australia 161-11 (1961)

20 Larrachage de Parachide (Groundnut lifting) Olagineaux 18553-555 (1963)

21 Arroya J et al Ensayo de fertilizacidn en mani realizado en la Sabana de Londres Estado Lar (A groundnut fertilizer trial conducted in the Sabana de Londres State of Lara) Agron Trop Venezuela 17101-111 (1967)

22 Ashri A A second locus controlling red testa in peanuts (ArachishypogaeaL) Crop Sci 9514-517 (1969)

23 Ashrif M Effet du calcium sur larachide (Effect of calcium on groundnuts) Oleagineux 18681-683 (1963)

24 Effect of sulphur on groundnuts Olampgineux 20243-244 (1965)

25 and Thornton I Effects of grass mulch on groundnuts in the Gambia Expl Agric 1145-152 (1965)

26 Avadhani KK and Ramano Rao BV Studies of the effects of diethyl sulfate on TMV 2 groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Indian J of Science Indus 269-71 (1968)

27 Lavenir de larachide au Sinigal Doses dengrais et augshymentation de production (The future of the groundnut in Senegal Fertilizer rates for increased production) Olagishyneux 23528 (1968)

28 Bachy A Conduite de 1expirimentation agronomique a IRHO (Performance of agricultural research at IRHO)

Oleagineux 1675-80 (1961)

29 Bailey WK Peanut variety improvement in the USA Proc 5th Nat Peanut Res Conf (1968)

30 Bampton SS Growth of Aspergillusflavusand production of aflatoxin in groundinuts-Part I Trop Sci 574-81 (1963)

31 Barcenas VC Enfermedades del mani ajonjoli en El Tolima (Groundnut and sesame diseases in El Tolima) Bol Not Inst Fomento Algodonero 31-2 (1962)

32 and Montoya A A Efectividad de algunos fungicidas protectores en el tratarniento de la semilla de mani (Effectivity of some protective fungicides for the treatment of groundnut seed) Bol Not Inst Fomento Algodonero Columbia 46-8 (1964)

33 Barreto Figuciredo M and Cardoso RMG (Occurrence of grey mold in groundnuts in the State of Sao Paulo) Bioshylogico Brasil 34217-220(1968)

From TropicalAbstracts-seeAcknowledgments page 2

19

34 Barros Ferraz M de A secagem do amendoim (Drying of groundnuts) Brasil Rural 1377-79 (1959)

35 Preparo do amendoim das aguas (Drying of groundauts) Brasil Rural 1612-18 (1962)

36 Barrs HD The relation between kernel development and time of harvesting of peanuts at Katherine NT AustJ Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 2106-109 (1962)

37 Basinski JJ et al Some input-output relations in peanut cultivation at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 4295-299 (1964)

38 Bastos Cruz BP et al Nota preliminar s6bre a suscetishybilidade de variedades e hibridos de amendoim i algumas mollstias da folhagem (Preliminary note on the susceptibility of groundnut varieties and hybrids to some leaf diseases) Bioldgico Brasil 33191-195 (1967)

39 Bates WN Mechanization of Tropical Crops Temple Press London 410 p (1957)

40 Behncken GM The occurrence of Peanut mottle virus in Queensland AustJ Agr Res 21465-492 (1970)

41 Belloncle G Larachide an Senegal Mouvement cooperatif et developpement cononique (Groundnuts in Senegal coshyoperative movement and economic development) Ol1agineux 19439-444 (1964)

42 Bentin LA Das Problem der Monokultur in Senegal (The problem of mono-culture in Senegal) Int Afrika Forum 4615-619 (1968)

43 Berchoux Chr de La rosette de Iarachide en Houte-Volta (Rosette disease of groundnut in the Upper Volta) Olagishyneux 15229-233 (1960)

44 Berg ER Nigeria Senegal and the Congo (Kinshasa) Projected level of demand supply and exports of oilseed products to 1975 with implications for US exports to the European Economic Community Edmonton (Canada) Departments of Economics and Agricultural Economics University of Alberta 78 p tables maps (1967)

45 Berichten nit Afrika (Reports from Africa) Oli6n Vetten en Zeep 53215 (1969)

46 Bezot P La zone arachidiere au Tchad Etude densemble recherche dun syst me valable de rotation culturale (The groundnut zone in Chad A study on rotation systems) Agron Trop 2031-48 (1965)

47 Bhardwaj SP and Pathak AN Effect of sulphur on bacterial nodulation of groundnut roots Current Sci 37351-352 (1968)

48 Bhattacharjee TK et al W Bengal farmers can grow groundnut in irrigated summer fallow Indian Farming 1827-29 (1968)

49 Bielorai R Comparative digestibility of groundnut and soyshybean meal in vitro and in chicks J Sci Food Agr 20345-348 (1969)

50 Billaz R and Ochs R Stades de sensibilite de larachide a la secheresse (Developmental stages of the groundnut in relashytion to its susceptibility to drought) Olagineux 16605-611 (1961)

51 Bisht NS et al Groundnut rosette virus in Uttar Pradesh Indian OilseedsJ 7335-336 (1963)

52 Blatchford SM and Hall DW Methods of drying groundshynuts I Natural methods (Literature survey) Trop Sci 56-33 (1963)

53 and Methods of drying groundnuts II Artificial methods Trop Sci 582-98 (1963)

54 Bledsoe RW and Harris HC Leafspot of peanut associshyated with Magnesium deficiency Plant Physiol 21237-240 (1946)

55 Bockele-Morvan A Recherches de lIRHO sur 1utilishysation des phosphates du Sin6gal en fumure de fond pour Iarachide (Research of IRHO on the utilization of Senegal phosphates as a basal dressing for groundnut) Oleagineux 16685-691 (1961)

56 Etude explrimentale et pratique du placement des engrais (Experimental and practical studies on feftilizer placement) OlLagineux 18687-688 (1963)

57 Etudes sur la carence potasique de Iarachide an S~n-gal(A study o potash deficiency in the groundnut in Senegal) Olagineux 19603-609 (1964)

58 - Surface foliaire de Parachide et densite optishymum de semis (Folhar area of groundnuts and optimum sowing density) Ol4ageneux 201-12 (1965)

59 _ Application des engrais sur arachide au Sindgal (Application of fertilizers to groundnuts in Senegal) Oliagishyneux 20589-590 (1965)

60 Efficacit4 des diverses formes dapports des elements mineraux sur Parachide (The efficiency of different forms of mineral elements applied to groundnuts) Olagishyneux 21163-166 (1966)

61 Fumure annuelle et fumure de fond en zone arachidiere du Senegal (Annual and basal manuring in groundshynut-growing zones of Senegal) Oleagineux 23179-184 (1968)shy

62 _ La maturitede Iarachide (The maturity of the groundnut) Ollagineux 27457-459 (1968)

63 _ and Capitaine J Larachide de bouche dans le Sine-Saloum (Senegal) (The edible groundnut in the Sine-Saloum region of Senegal) Oliagineux 21285-291 (1966)

64 Bolhuis GG Observations on the flowering and fructificashytion of the groundnut Arachis hypogaea Neth J Agr Sci 7138-140 (1959)

65 et al Observations on the opening of flowers dehiscence of anthers and growth of pollen tubes in Arachis hypogaea NethJ Agr Sci 13361-365 (1965)

66 _ et al Occurrence of flowers with short styles in the groundnut Arachis hypogaea Oldagineux 20293-296 (1965)

67 and Stubbs RW The influence of calcium and other elements on the fructification of the peanut in connecshytion with the absorption capacity of its gynophores NethJ Agr Sci 3220-237 (1955)

I

20

68 Booker RH The effect of sowing date and spacing on rosette disease of groundnut in Northern Nigeria with obshyservations on the vector Aphus craccivoraSamarn Res Bull 30125-131 (1964)

69 Boswell TE Pathogenicity of Pratylenchus brachyrus to Spanish peanut Diss Abstr Sect B 29(10)3570 B (1969)

70 Bouhot D Etude du Macrophominaphaseoli sur arachide Mission an Sinigal du 27 septembre an 7 novembre 1966 (Study of Macrophomina phaseoll on groundnut Mission in Senegal from 27 Sept to 7 Nov 1966) Agron Trop 231165-1171 (1968)

71 Le Macrophomina phaseoli sur les plantes cultivees au Senedgal (Macrophomina phaseol on the cultivated plants in Senegal) Agron Trop 231172-1181 (1968)

72 terabougrissement de arachide Mission an Seng en 1966 (The shrivelling of the groundnut Mission in Senegal in 1966) Agron Trop 231126-1127 (1968)

73 Boush GM et al Field tests with new insecticides for control of the southern corn rootworm attacking peanuts in VirginiaJ Econ Entomol 5615-18 (1963)

74 Boyle LW Low-Gallonage applications of fungicides for control of Peanut leafspots Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 203 (1964)

75 A factonal study of certain schemes of peanut culture Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bull 18 (1967)

76 Brennan JR The peanut gynophore Biologist 5171-82 (1969)

77 Broche G Debouchs des produits des industries de transshyformation dol6agineux des Itats Africains et Malgache Associes (Outlets for the products of the oilseed processing industries in the Associated African and Malagasy States) Oldagineux 20419-423 (1965)

78 Brown P A review of Groundnut experiments in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 339-50 (1965)

79 Brzozowska J and Hanower P Absorption et distribution du 3 5 s chez quelques cultures tropicales I Arachide (Uptake and distribution of S35 in some tropical crops I Groundshynuts) Oleagineux 19663-672 (1964)

80 Buchanan GA Dickens R Burns ER and McCormick RM Performance of several herbicides for weed control in peanuts S Weed Sci Soc Proc 22D P 122-126 (1969)

81 Bunting AH A classification of cultivated groundnuts Empire J of Exper Agric 23158-170 (1955)

82 Eurrell NJ et al Growth of Aspergillus flavus and proshyduction of aflatoxin in groundnuts-Part V Trop Sci 674-90 (1964)

83 Bushnell DG The importance and prevention of mould on groundnuts Rhodesia Agr J61108-113 (1964)

84 Calil G De ontwikkeling van de aardnoten verwerkende industrie in Noord Nigeria Problemen en moeilijkheden (The development of the groundnut processing industry in N Nigeria Problems and difficulties) Olidn Vetten en Zeep 48211-213 (1964)

85 Compacci CA and Silveira Filho JP da Disinfecqgo de sementes de anendoim (Disinfection of groundnut seed) Biol6gico Brasil 30320-323 (1964)

86 Carneiro Fraga C Erradicaglio de caf6 e diversificaqio de culturas (Eradication of coffee and diversification of culshytures) Supl Agicola 85 (1962)

87 Carrire de Belgarric R and Bor F Le ddveloppement de Ia productivit6 de larachide au Sn~gl (Development of groundnut productivity in Senegal) O16agineux 18613-620 (1963)

88 Carter K Pyramids of the north W Afr Rev 3353-55 (1962)

89 Chalon G Une billonneuse-marquese pour les semis darachides (Sowing groundnuts by means of a ridge dammer) Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Beige 8141-146 (1959)

90 Champ BR and Cribb JN An investigation of peanut storage pests in Queensland 2 Insecticidal treatment of bulk nut-in-shell peanuts in silos Queensland J Agr Animal Sci 22241-257 (1965)

91 Chandrasekhara MR S Aswathanarayan SR Shurpaleshykar B11 Surba Ray Pilot plant production of infant food based on groundnut and milk solids J of Food Sci amp Technol 6267-271 (1969)

92 Chohan JS and Gupta VK Aflaroot A new disease of groundnut caused by Aspergillus flavs Indian J Agr Sci 38568-570 (1968)

93 Clarke JH Fungi in stored products Trop Stored Prod Inform 153-14 (1968)

94 Clinton PKS Seed-bed pathogens of groundnuts in the Sudan and an -attempt to control wth an artificial testa EmpJ Exp Agri 28211-222 (1960)

95 The control of soil-borne pests and diseases of groundnuts in the Sudan Central Rainlands Emp J Exp Agr 30145-154 (1962)

96 Causes of loss of yield in groundnuts in the Sudan Central Rainlands Emp J Exp Agr 30137-144 (1962)

97 Coelho FA Soares and Tella R de Absorcio de nutrishyentes por plantes de amendoim na cultura de outono (Nutrishyent absorption by groundnut plants grown in the autumn) Bragantia 26235-252 (1967)

98 and Absorg5o de nutrientes pela planta de amendoim em cultura de primavera (Nutrient uptake by springtime groundnuts) Bragantia 26393-408 (1967)

99 Collins ER and Morris HD Soil fertility studies with peanuts N Carolina Agr Exp Sta Bull 330 (1942)

100 Collins RF US peanut abroad Peanut J Nut World 4832-34 (1969)

101 Colwell WE and Brady NC The effect of calcium on certain characteristics of peanut fruit J Amer Soc Agron 37696-708 (1945)

21

102 Counseil Africain de larachide (African advisory body on groundinuts) Ol6 agineux 183-168 (1963)

103 Corbett DCM and Brown P Fungicidal control of cercospora leaf-spots of groundnuts in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 413-21 (1966)

104 Correia C Bento 0 amendoim na Guini Portuguesa (Groundnuts in Portuguese Guinea) Estud Pol Soclais 3217-322 (1965)

105 Cuellar I and Toler RW Control de la mancha foliar del mani (Control of leaf spot in groundnut) Foil Serv Nac Invest Agr Panama 301-13 (1957)

106 La culture de larachide en zone soudano-sahilienne (Groundnut cultivation in the Sudan-Sahelian zone of Africa) 0liagineux 1729-33 (1962)

107 Curtis DL and Harkness C Some aspects of crop improvement in relation to groundinuts and sorghum in the Northern Region of Nigeria CCTACSA Symposium Lagos-Bukavu Savannah 621-10 (1962)

108 Dalal JL et al Investigations on soil sulphur II Gypsum as a fertilizer for groundnut in the Punjab Indianj Agr Sc 33199-204 (1963)

109 Damiano A and Parrini U La coltivazione dellarachide in Tripolitania (Groundnut cultivation in Tripolitania) Riv Agr Subtrop Trop 55156-162 (1961)

110 Davey PM et al The effect of insect infestation on the quality of decorticated groundnuts with special reference to storage at high and low humidities Trop Sci 1296-307 (1959)

111 Davis VW et al Economic consequence of restricting the use of organochlorine insecticides on cotton corn peanuts and tobacco 52 p US Dept Agr Agr Econ Rept No 178 (1970)

112 Delassus M Etudes phytosanitaires sur Parachide et les cer6 ales alimentaires au Senegal (Phytosanitary studies on groundnut and cereals in Senegal) Agron Trop 221226-1234 (1967)

113 Delbosc G Etudes surla regeneration de la fertilite dusol dans la zone arachidiere du Senegal (Studies on the restorashytion of soil fertility in the groundnut zone of Senegal) Oleagineux 2327-33 (1968)

114 Dewez J la culture de Iarachide dans la plaine de Ia Ruzizi (Groundnut cultivation in the Ruzizi plain) Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Belge 8219-230 (1959)

115 Dickens JW Shelling equipment for samples of peanuts Marketing Res Rep US Dep Agr5281-11 (1962)

116 and Khalsa JS Windrow orientation and harvesting damage to peanuts Olagineux 22741-746 (1967)shy

117 Diener UL and Davis ND Effect of environment on aflatoxin production in freshly dug peanuts Trop Sci 1021-28 (1968)

119 Dragt HJ The marketingof South African edible groundshynuts in foreign markets Agrekon 89-13 (1969)

120 Ducker HC Groundnut growing in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland Part II Rhodesia Agr J5990-95 (1962)

121 1 and Spear AJ Groundnut growing in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland-Part IV Mechanization Rhodesia Agr J 59192-194 (1962)

122 Duke GB and Alexander M Effects of close-row spacings on peanut yield and on production equipment requirements Prod Res Rep US Dep Agr 771-14 (1964)

123 Dwarakanath CT Sreenivasamurth V and Parpia HAB Aflatoxin in Indian peanut oil J of Food Science and Technology 6107-109 (1969)

124 Agousseuse darachides (A groundnut stripper) 016agineux 2191-93 (1966)

125 El-Khaden M Untersuchungen fiber die durch Aspergillus-Arten an Erdnuszkeimlingen hervorgerufenen Schiden und deren Verhiitung (Investigations into the damage caused to groundnut seedlings by Aspergillus spp and its prevention) Gieszen Institut fir Phytopathologie der Justus Liebig-Universitiit 108 p Tables Graphs Fig Photos Ref Thesis (1967)

126 Emery DA and Gupton CL Reproductive efficiency of Virginia type peanuts II The influence of variety and seasonal growth period upon fruit and kernel maturation 0l6agineux 2399-104 (1968)

127 Epandeur dengrais A faible ddbit pour les cultures darachides (An apparatus for the application of small quantishyties of fertilizer in groundnut cultivation) Oldagineux 13881-883 (1958)

128 Esteves JD Aspetos da cultura do amendoim em Inshyharrime (Aspects of groundnut cultivation in Inharrime) Rev Aricola Mocambique 517-20 (1963)

129 Ettori OJT and Falcao MJ Aspectos econ6micos da producao de amendoim em S Paulo (Economic aspects of groundnut production in Sio Paulo) Agricultura Slo Paulo 121-48 (1965)

130 Evelyn SH and Thornton I Soil fertility and the response of groundnuts to fertilizers in the Gambia EmpJ Exp Agr 32153-160 (1964)

131 Farrell JAK et al The effects of planting spacing and fungicide on Cercospora leaf spots of groundnuts in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 5241-247 (1967)

132 Fauche J Compte rendu dun essai de semis 6chelonnes sur anachide avec ou sans d6snfection des semences (Report on a trial on groundnuts with successive sowing dates with and without seed treatment) Agron Trop 171089-1809 (1962)

133 Figueiredo M et al Mancha barrenta da f6lba do amendoim (Mud spot of the groundnut leaf) Biol6gico 27164-165 (1961)

118 Donovan PA Groundnut investigation at Matopos 134 Fouquet J la traite des arachides dans le pays de Research Station Rhodesia AgrJ 60121-122 (1963) Kaolack et ses consequences 6 conomiques sociales et

22

juridiques (The groundnut trade in Knolack and its ecoshynomic social and juridical consequences) Etud Sindplaises 81-262 (1958)

135 Frank ZR and Krikun J Verticilium wilt of groundnut in Israel screening for varietal resistance Israel J Agr Res 1888-85 (1968)

136 Fraps GS The composition of peanuts and peanut by-products Texas Agr Exp Sta Bull 222 (1917)

137 French West Africa has smaller peanut crop Foreign Crops and Markets 8015 (1960)

138 Galland Ph Amilioration des conditions de culture de Parachide sur billions (Improvement of the conditions of ridge-cultivated groundnuts) OlEagineux 17929-932 (1962)

139 Vulgarisation aupres des cultivateurs voltashyrques des r6 sultats de Ia recherche agronomique sur Iarachide (Extension work concerning the results of agriculshytural research on groundnuts among the farmers of the Upper Volta Rep) 016agineux 18771-775 (1963)

140 Garcia RF and Castillo Z J Observacion preliminar sobre el efecto de los fertilizantes la cal y la materia orginica en mani (Arachishypogaeo) (Preliminary observation on the effect of fertilizers lime and organic matter on groundnuts) Cenicafe 1169-82 (1960)

141 Garg KP et al Effect of varying spacing on yield of groundnut Indian OilseedsJ934-37 (1965)

142 Gargantini H et al Ensaio de adubatilo N-P-K em amendoim (N P K fertilizer test with groundnuts) Bragantia 171-12 (1958)shy

143 Gibbons RW The branching habit of Arachis monticola Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 49-11 (1966)

144 Mycosphaerella Leafspots of groundnuts FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 14(2) April 1966

145 and Farrell JAK Test plant age and the transmission of groundnut Rosette virus by the vector Aphis craccivora Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 423-33 (1966)

146 and Tattersfield JR Outcrossing trials with groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res 771-75 (1969)

147 and Turley AC The effect of rosette virus on flowering in the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 5139-143 (1967)

148 Gillier P Utilisation du diagnostic foliaire pour la cartoshygraphic des besoins en engrais de larachide au Sn 6 gal (Foliar diagnosis used for the cartography of the fertilizer requireshyments of groundnuts in Senegal) Oleagineinx 15147-151 (1960)

149 Semoirset pandeurs dengrais pour Iarachide (Sowing machines and fertilizer spreaders for groundnuts) Olagineux 17697-699 (1962)

150 Germination et djsinfection des semences darachide (Germination and disinfection of groundnut seed) O1agineux 18243-245 (1963)

Iib1 _ Le triage de larachide de bouche bigraine

Rappel des normes de qualit6 (The grading of 2-seeded groundnuts for human consumption Review of quality standards) Oleagineux 19455-458 (1964) I

152 _ Ls coques darachides leur utilisation en agrishyculture (Groundnut shells their use in agriculture) Oltagishyneux 19473-475 (1964)

153 ___ Quand r6colter comment trater les ricoltes darachide (When to harvest how to treat the groundnut harvests) Ol6agineux 19681-682 (1964)

154 Ls exportations en e1ements minampaux dune culture darachide dans les diff6rentes zones du Sampngal (Removal of mineral nutrients by a crop of groundnuts in the different zones of Senegal) Oldagineux 19745-746 (1964)

155 Comment proceder a lvaluation des rendeshyments dans une culture darachides (How to assess the yield of a groundnut field) Olagineux 20591-593 (1965)

156 Les exportations en 614ments minraux dune culture darachide dans les diffirentes zones du Senigal (Removal of mineral elements by a groundnut crop in the different zones of Senegal) Oleagineux 2113-15 (1966)

157 and Prevot P Fumures minerales d 1arachide au Senegal (Inorganic fertilizers for groundnuts in Senegal) Bull Res CouncilIsrael Sect D Botany SD 3-4 (1960)

158 _ and Prevot P Fumures minerales de Parachide au Sdn6gal (Groundnut fertilizer in Senegal) Olbagineux 15783-791 (1960)

159 and Prevot P Bull Res Council Israel 8D131 (1960)

160 Silvestre P Arnould JP Breniere J and Mauboussin JC 1969 The peanut (in French) Tech Agr Prod Trop 15292

161 Girardeau JH and Leuck DB Effect of mechanical and bee tripping on yield of the peanut J Econ Entomol 601454-1455 (1967)

162 Goldblatt LA Aflatoxin and its control Econ Botany 2251-62 (1968)

163 Goldin B and Har-Tzook A The effect of fertilization on the vegetative and reproductive development of Virginia bunch improved groundnuts Olagineux 2117-20 (1966)

164 - and_ Groundnut cultivation in Israel World Crops 1868-71 (1966)

165 Goldsworthy PR Methods of applying superphosphate to groundnuts Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Min Agr N Region Nigeria 151-5 (1961)

166 _ Methods of applying superphosphate to groundnuts in Northern Nigeria Emp J Exp Agr 32231-234 (1964)

167 and Heathcote R Fertilizer trials with groundshynuts in Northern Nigeria Emp J Exp Agr 31351-366 (1963)

168 Gonzales TT Crop Rotation studies with corn as the main crop in the Lamao experiment station Limay Bataan Philippines PhdippineJ Plant Industry 31165-176 (1966)

r

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169 Gopalakrishnan S et al Mineral nutrition and nitroge fixation in groundnut Current Sci 33391-393 (1964)

170 Gornat B and Goldberg D Effect of sprinkler irrigation intensity on the flowering and yield of peanuts grown in three different soils Israel J Agr Res 17187-191 (1967)

171 Greer HA Trpp L and Santlemen PW The influence of environmental conditions on weed control and spanish peanut injury by herbicides S Weed Sci Soc Proc 22D145-149 (1969)

172 (Groundnut season Northern Region of Nigeria) Ann Rep Dep Agr Nothern Region Nigeria 1958-59 p 25-30 (1960)shy

173 Gupton CL et al Reproductive efficiency of Virginia type peanuts III Relating the time of peg placement to the branching pattern of the plant Ol6agineux 23247-250 (1958)shy

174 and Emery DA Heritability estimates of the maturity of fruit from specific growth periods in Virginia type peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) Crop Sci 19127-129 (1970)

175 Gisten R Die Rentabilitat der Verwendung von Mineralshydinger bei Erdnissen in Senegal Nordnigeria und Niger (The profitability of the application of mineral fertilizers to groundnuts in Senegal N Nigeria and Niger) Z Auslindische Landwirtsch 4149-153 (1965)

176 Habish HA and Sh M Khairi Nodulation of legumes in the Sudan Cross-inoculation groups and the associated Rhizobium strains Expl Agr 4227-234 (1968)

177 Hadfield J The peasant farming scheme in Northern Rhodesia Agr Econ Bull Africa 156-57 (1962)

178 Hall DW Storage of produce in the Gambia Trop Sci 1293-299 (1959)

179 Halliday D Build-up of free fatty acid in Northern Nigerian groundnuts Trop Sci 9211-237 (1967)

180 Hammons RO Artificial cross-pollination of the peanut with bee-collected pollen Crop Sci 3562-563 (1963)

181 et al Some bees (Apoidea) associated with peanut flowering J Econ Entomol 56905 (1963)

182 _ Bailey WK Parham SA and HF Harrison Comparative performance of the Spanish peanut Argentine in cooperative tests in Georgia Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 72 (1959)

183 WK Bailey SA Parham and HF Harrison Comparative performance of four varieties of peanuts in cooperative tests in Georgia Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 76 (1958)

184 Hand sheller transforms Nigerias peanut industry Foreign Agr US Dep Agr 2321 (1959)

185 Harkness C et al The problem of mycotoxins in groundshynuts (peanuts) and other food crops of tropical Africa Samaru Res Bull 771-5 (1967)

186 Harris HC Copper deficiency of peanuts Proc Southern Agr Workers 46139 (1949)

187 Effect of minor elements particularly copper on peanuts Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull 494 (1952)

188 Har-Tzook A and Goldin E On the problem of producshytivity in groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) Ol6agineux 22677-678 (1967)

189 Hawkins JC The mechanisation of groundnut harvesting World Crops 14181-185 (1962)

190 Haynes DWM Mechanical tests of groundnut decortishycators 1960-1961 Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Mn Agr N Region Nigeria 221-7 (1962)

191 Hayward LAW Infestation control in stored groundnuts in Northern Nigeria World Crops 1563-67 (1963)

192 et al Technical aspects of groundnut storage in Northern Nigeria CCTAFAO Symposium on stored Food Freetown 20-24 February 1962 SF (62) 3 15th Dec p 1-6 (1961)

193 Heimann H and Ratner R The irrigation with saline water and the ionic environment Field experiments with groundnuts and cowpeas Oldagineux 20157-162 (1965)

194 Helms H et a Peanut plants in Queensland infected with tomato spotted wilt virus AustJ Agr Res 12239-246 (1961)

195 Hemingway JS The resistance of groundnuts to Cercoshyspora leafspots EmpJ Exp Agr 2560-68 (1957)

196 Higgins BB Peanut Breeding Proc 39th Ann Conf Assoc South Agr Workers Atlanta Ga (1938)

197 Relation of breeding and varieties to quality for specific uses Proc Peanut Res Conference pp 13-20 (1957)

198 and Bailey WK Peanut seed and seed treatshyments Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeograph Series NS 70 (1959)

199 Hogendorn JS Response to price change A Nigerian example Economica 34325 (1967)

200 Holland DA The component analysis approach to the interpretation of plant analysis data from groundnuts and sugar cane Exp Agr 4179-185 (1968)

201 Holley KT Strain and seasonal effects on peanut characshyteristics Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bull 32 27 p (1968)

202 Horst K ter Enige proeven ter bestrijding van de Cercoshyspora-bladvlekkenziekte van de aardnoot (Some experiments on the control of the Cercospora leaf spot disease of the groundnut) Surinaamse Iandbouw 9103-117 (1961)

203 utt Het optimale plantverband voor pinda van het ras Matjan (The optimum spacing for the Matjan variety of groundnuts) Surinaamse Landbouw 7121-128 (1959)

204 Hull R and Adams AN Groundnut rosette and its assistor virus The Annals of Applied Biology 62 (1968)

205 Hutchison RS Recherches sur le sechage des arachides stockers par les cultivateurs (Research on drying of groundshynuts stocked by farmers) Oleagineux 22737-740 (1967)

24

206 Inforzato R and Tella R de Sistema radicular do amendoim (The root system of the groundnut) Bragantia 19119-123 (1960)

207 Instruc6es para a colheita de material destinado ia analise foliar do amendoim (Instructions on the collection of mateshyrial for foliar analysis of the groundnut) Gaz Agr Angola 7201-203 211 (1962)

208 Intercropping sugarcane with legumes Exp Stat Bull Victorias Milling Co Inc 148-9 (1967)

209 Jackson CR A list of fungi reported on peanut pods and kernels Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 234 (1965)

210 Growth of Aspergllusflavus and other fungi in windrowed peanuts in Georgia-Part VII Trop Sci 227-34 (1965)

__ Development of fungi in peanuts during artishyicial drying Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Report 19 (1967)

112 studies on control of peanut pod fungi Georgia Exp Sta Res Report 11 p 18 (1967)

213 A field study of funer gtciations on peanut truit Georgia Agr hxp Sta Res BT (1968)

214 _ and Bell DK Lptosphaerulina erassiasca The cause of leaf scorch and pepper spot of peanut (Oldagishyneux 23387-388 (1968)

215 _ and Minton NA Peanut pod invasion by fungi in the presence of lesion nematodes in Georgia Oleagishyneux 23531-534 (194)

216 Jacquot M Echantillonnage dun lot darachides pour le calcul du rend-ent au ddcorticae (Sampling of a parcel of groundnuts foL the calculation of yield after shelling) Agron Trop17 1-181 (1962)

217 Observations de quelques caractres morphoshylogiques floraux sur Arachis hypogaea Liaisons naturelles de ces caractives Remarques sur I classification des machides cultivies (Observations on some floral morphological characshyters in Ararhis hypogaea Natural combinations of these characters Remark on the classification of the cultivated groundnuts) Agron Trop 17817-827 (1962)

218 Joffe AZ Aflatoxin produced by 1626 isolates of Aspergillusflaus from groundnut kernels and soils in Israel Nature 22149sect2 (1969)

219 Johnson FR The peanut story Murfreesboro NC Johnson Publishing Co 192 p Tables Figs Photos Maps Refs (1964)

220 Johnson MB and Gilhland CB Changes in farmers stock peanuts in storage Marketing Res Rep USDep Agr 381 p 1-34 (1960)

221 Joshi SN and Joshi HU Study of rotation of groundshynut-wheat under irrigated conditions in Saurashtra Indian OilseedsJ 8133-135 (1964)

222 _ and _ Spacing experiments on bunch variety of groundnut in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State Indian OilseedsJ 8162-166 (1964)

223 _ and _ Study of spacing on spreading groundnut in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State Indian OilseedsJ 8214-217 (1964)

224 Kanwar JS Investigations on sulphur in soils I Sulphur deficiency in groundnut soils of Samrala (Ludhiana) Indian J Agr Sci 33196-198 (1963)

225 Katarki BH and Banahatti AL Effect of N P and K on yields of groundnut in black soils of Mysore State Indian OilseedsJ 950-57 (1965)

226 Kay DE Production darachides de bouche pour le Royaume-Uni (Production of comestible groundnuts for the United Kingdom) Oleagineux 20105-107 (1965)

227 Kirinde STW Some effects of PIC and CIPC on groundshynuts Trop Agr Ceylon 1157-13 (1959)

228 Klesser PJ A veinbanding virus of groundnuts Arachis hypogaea S AfrJ Agr Sci 10515-528 (1967)

229 Mwitunde groundnuts and their reaction to virus infection in South Africa S Afr J Agr Sci 10675-686 (1967)

230 Arachis species and their reaction to virus infection S Aft J Agr Sc 10919-927 (1967)

231 Green rosette virus of groadnuts in South Africa S AfrJ Agr Sci 1177-85 (196R1

232 Reactions of groundnut varieties to the groundnut viruses S Afr J Agr Sci 11415-421 (1968)

233 Kousalya G et al Assessment of crop losses caused by rosette disease of groundnut Indian J AgrSci 37356-361 (1967)

234 Kramer M Resultados de dois anos do emprEgo de herbishycidas parao contr~le de ervas no amendoin nas condic-es de Sfo Paulo (Results of 2 years use of herbicides for weed control in groundnuts under SSo Paulo conditions) Anais III Semindrio Bras Herbicidas Ervas Daninhas 1960 p 237-248 (1961)

235 and Liederman I Controle de ervas daninhas do amendoim pela aplicacao de herbicidas de preshyemergencia (Weed control in groundnuts by the application of pre-emergence herbicides) Arq Inst Biol 28175-184 (1961)

236 Krishnaswamy MA and Johar DS Vegetable cheese from groundnut milk Food Sci 9235-240 (1960)

237 Krishnamurthy K Differential effect of hormones as follar applications on the yield of groundnut IndianJ Sci amp Industry 179-82 (1967)

238 Kulkarni LG et al Studies on weeding and interculture in relation to weed control in the yield of groundnut Indian OilseedsJ 7126-129 (1963)

239 Kutumba Rao S et al Pilot plant studies on processing of groundnuts Some factors influencing the quality of products and efficiency of processing Indian Oilseeds J 8106-109 (1964)

240 et al Compositional studies in Idnian groundshynuts Indian Oilseeds J 95-13 (19 65)

25

241 Labrousse G and Godron E Michanisation de la culture study of mineral nutrition of groundnuts Effects of boron de larachide notamment dans lea pays francophones and manganese toxicity) Agron Trop 14657-711 (1959) dAfrique tropicale et 1 Madagascar (Mechanization of groundnut production with special reference to the French- 254 Lin H FW Ho and Wang JS Studies on the yield spealang countries of tropical Africa and to Madagascar) components of peanuts II The path coefficient of yield Machinisme Agr Trop 113-103 (1965) components in different crops of peanuts (In Chinese) Agr

Assn ChinaJ 6522-31 (1969) 242 Lachover D Influence de ldpandage fractionnd de sulfate

dammoniaque sur le rendement et I qualit6 des arachides de 255 Lins R de and Ramos JAB Producio e comercialshybouche en terre limonsablonneuse rouge (Effect of split izado de amendoim no Estado de Sto Paulo (Production of applicat9a pf-t MIhrmPrm m i yeldNag4lyp and tra i sectorpd1f ql a Af ul- aia)PCPntle l a ) of cornestihle groundit oa W turn em S Paulo141-54(196

256 Lung DDl Whe petan the uapredhctable legume A 243_ La i sponse de Larachide debouche en nture sympnsm)Thc Tqtinal io V ng U

irrigup jpppt pr4uits rp ( DC ( edible roundnuts under irrigation to the application of calciumcompounds) 6agnuxiY- (i6 257 McDonald D and AArouk J Giowth u Apergflus

flavus and production of aflatoxia in groudnuts -Part I 244 et al Influencodengrais azatdsliquides surle Trop Scd20S-24(93)

rendement ot lIqualitd des arachides (Effect pf liquid nitroshygen feFizrs on yie~d and 9q9lity of g n ) a 258 et al Growth of spergillus andproducshyneux1107-111 (1962) tion of aflatoxm in groundnuits-PIart f Trop Sci

131-154 (1964) 245 et al Influence dengrais verts et dengrais

azot e etla qualit4 des arachides(The 1 259 __ and Harknqs C Growth of Aspejgilus flavusleendement effect f grepn W g arira i e lz 9 he and production of aflatoxin inggundat- II Trop Sc yield and quality of groundnuts) Ol6agineux 18153-156 5148-154 196) (19 63) 0C l--0A4M

an a nss row o pg s

24b _ and Arnon I Influence sur Parachide du and production of aflatoxin ir groundnuts-Part IV Trop unanque de potassium de potassium de certains sols Determai- Sd 612-27 (1964) l nation de~la deficience (Influence on groundnuts of potassishyum de iepsy pqegi3 spa 261 t and Hffkne ss 9 7Groth94 r 1 avusefr pq rraipAtheq e ciencyqeaineux$9117 (1964 and production ot hatox nn groundnuts5-Pa 91i fop

8d7P2-A(1 Jl Il 247 Lal SP ad Ma~tha SD Studies on Icd-buinc fungi of IN gwgrliuut LA frew rltbod far 1ntectipg fungi nsnad 262 za and H g qfltoii f g9gyndBrjr

isamples f yee1sperp elrngp4lapprp crop at harest fig Northey p Sci9j4 8-161igeria-1 61

ph paseol(ubl hby (sys cs otium ataticolaTub) (1967) I Laboratory assay ot fungicides for controlhng seca-borne

infections CR Assuc flt Essis Semncuces 32a5-606 203 MelGtUesick N A nams aluck on low pnoduclivity in (1067)e peasant agriculture TntDevelopmeetRe9 -G6 (19r7)kI

248 Lancaster MC et al Toxicity associated with certain 264 Al mani mecanizado nuevo cultivo de la zona algodonera samples of gronuts Nature 1921095-1097 (19U1 (Mechanized groundnut a new crop for the cotton area)

0 I --o Iass1 I Igt e1-1 Rev Nhc Agr Culuhnbia 705-706 p 43 (1964) 249 Langfoad WR Spanucoss Geosgia Agr Expt Sta Res

Report 76 (1970) 265 Mahapatra LN Preliminary studies on corzelatipn of yield with other characters of groundnut Indian Agriculturist

250 Laes DA Rainfall conservatin nd he yields of 1097-106 (1966) sorghum and grownthuts impNorthernigeria Egp Agr 2139-146(1966) 266 Maize whats the alternative crop 1 Groundnts

-Rhodesia Agr J5928-269 (1962) 251 Liedernws L et al Aplicauil desherbiidas em ieshy

emergencia no amendoim em terra arenosa (Pro-emergence 267 MaPtellA and Gqalin E Th9 influence ofirrigatiq applicagn pffberbicidest groundpytson an ay oi) frequency and intensity on the yield and quality of peanuts

(Arachis liypogaea) Israel j Agr Res 14203-21 (1964)ABioldg~cy rasp1 206J6sectj19)d

it 252 and SnUs CALtlos Cunit5k de garneaica 268 MarlrifmrgrouadoutsandgroundaytcoLStud4 group a rltuxaArQanaudoimcemmistaiu exfiuinedipn Oilsee4sQIfr apg Fp (4O 9ti Sess (3POF g8

it em trJp t u s Ieill (1968)1l1 groundnut fields with mixtures of triflumlin and dauron in

In Iii three rego of tie State o So Paulo)Bsoldgco a 269 Mattin G 1 Lavage dlt Patathide de bouchc (Thst wash Iii 332Wt-222 (1907)0 big of graodudius fo direct consumtptiou Olgineuxhi

r ii Iii

253 Ifeqqe54 And BelqyjCpntrikyi~p I4tp4e dgJ nutritios mindale de larachide (Arachis hypogaea) Effets 270 te sechage artificiel des arachides en coques des to citis bifue et man aque (Contributin to the (The artificiAl drying of groundnuts in the shell) Oldagineux

N Ill

1 iii thin hilts

if

26

271 Conservation des semences darachide (Storshyage of groundnut seeds) Olagineux 1985-87 (1964)

272 Diagnostic follaire de larachide (Foliar diagshynosis of the groundnut) Olagineux 20241-242 (1965)

273 _ and Fourrier P Les oligo-lnements dans la culture de larachide du Nord S6 ndgal (Trace elements in the cultivation of groundnuts in Northern Senegal) 01oagineux 20287-291 (1965)

274 Martin JP Influence de I date de semis et de la longueur de cycle sur la richesse en huile et sur quelques autres cameshyteres de larachide (The effect of sowing date and growing period on the oil content and other characteristics of the groundnut) Oleagineux 23315-316 (1968)

275 Differences de richesse en huile des graines darachide selon leur position dans Ia gousse avec observation simultande do Ia grosseur des graines (Differences in oil conshytent between groundnut kernels according to their position in

- the pod with simultaneous observations on kernel sizes) OlWagineux 27453-455 (1968)

276 and Bilquez AF Nouvelle contribution a la connaissance de la floraison et de la fructification de azachide (New contribution to the knowledge of the flowering and fruiting of groundnuts) Oleagineux 17469-471 (1962)

277 Martinez JA and Bastos Cruz BP Contrle quimico da murcha do amendoim (Chemical control of groundnut wilt)Bioldgico Brasil 27191-193 (1961)

278 Masilungan VA et al Studies on some important factors involved in the mold process of making soy sauce Philippine J Sci 89149-162 (1960)

279 Mazzani B El mani en Venequela (The groundnut in Venezuela) Monogr Centro Invest Agron 11-138 (1961)

280 _ and Allievi J Efectos de varias pocas de despegue de los frutos sobre algunas caracteristicas del mani (Effect of various times of pod removal on some groundnut characteristics) Agron Trop Venezuela 17127-132 (1967)

281 _ et al Quelques aspects de la fertilisation minarale de Iarachide au Venequela (Some aspects of the application of mineral fertilizers to groundnuts in Veneshyzuela) Olagineux 23383-385 (1968)

282 _ and Inojosa S Diferencias varietales de suscepshytibilidad a Ia roya del mani en Venezuela (Varietal differshyences in susceptibility to rust of groundnuts in Venezuela)Agron Trop Venezuela 114145 (1961)

283 _ and Inojosa S Resultados de la aplicacion pregerminativa del herbicida prometrin en mani (Results of pre-germination application of the herbicide prometrine in groundnuts) Agron Trop Venezuela 12137-142 (1962)

284 Mazzei Patrone I Siembras experimentales con variedades de mani (Experimental sowings with groundnut varieties) Bol Inform Uruguay 177-10 (1961)

285 Meikle J0 A survey of African-grown groundnut varieshyties in Rhodesia Rhodesia Agr J 62109-113 (1965)

286 Mendes Conagin CHT and Conagin A EficiEncia reproshyductiva no amendoim cultivado (Arachis hypogaea) (Effishyciency of reproduction in the cultivated groundnut) Bragantia 191081-1104 (1960)

287 Meredith RM The effects of population density and manuring on groundnut yields in Northern Nigeria Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Min Agr N Region Nigeria 251-12 (1962)

288 The effects of planting density and manuring on the yields of bunch-type groundnuts Enmp J Exp Agr 32136-140 (1964)

289 Metelerkamp HRR Response to early planting and irrishygation of a late maturing groudnut variety Rhodesia Age J 64127 (1967)

290 Mixon AC Effect of seed size on vigor and yield of runner peanuts Alabama Age Exp Sta Bul 346 (1963)

291 Mohan JC and Ali AM Yield response of irrigated groundnut to organic mulches Indian J Agr Sci 39196-199 (1969)

292 Morris Porter D and Garren KH An analysis of the endogeocarpic microflora of peanuts in Virginia Trop Sci 10100-106 (1968)

293 Mortiss PD Peanut cutter-rake Queensland Agr J f8889-90 (1962)

294 Moursi MA and Abd EI-Gawad AA Production of peanut crop in UAR Growth and yield response to plant population Ann Agric Sci Univ Ain shams 10281-305 (1967)

295 Muhammad SV and Dorairaj MS Screening the genetic stock of Arachis hypogaea for seed dormancy in Madras State IndianjAgr Sci 3873-75 (1968)

296 Murty AGK Exports of groundnut extractions a price study Indianj Agr Econ 23184-191 (1968)

297 Musangi RS and Soneji SV Feeding groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) haulms to dairy cows in Uganda E Afr Agr Forestryj 33170-174 (1967)

298 Muthiah C and Rao MP Shifting of area under culture Agr Situation India 17337-341 (1962)

299 Myers JM and Rogers F Mechanical drying and harvesshyting peanuts Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull 507 (1952)

300 Nariani TK and Dhingra KL A mosaic disease of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Indian J Age Sci 3325-27 (1963)

301 Nelson GL et al Vacuum techniques for mycotoxin-free peanut drying Oklahoma Agr Res Prog Rep Processed Series P-608 14 p (1969)

302 Nicholaides JJand Cox FR Effect of mineral nutrition on chemical composition and early reproductive development of Virginia type peanuts Arachis hypogaea Agron J 62262-264 (1970)

303 Niger Levolution du rendement de larachide (Nigera

27

Development of the yield of groundnuts) Chron dOutre-Mer 5138-39 (1958)

304 Nigerian peanut output drops sharply Foreign Crops and Markets 8015 (1960)

305 Nigerian peanut purchases down sharply palm products forecast at 1959 level Foreign Crops and Markets 8116-17 (1960)

306 Nijhawan HL Response of groundnut to fertilizers Indian OilseedsJ 6185-192 (1962)

307 Effect of time of harvesting on the quality of groundnut crop Indian OilseedsJ 6298-302 (1962)

308 Effect of time of planting on the quality of groundnut crop Indian OilseedsJ 71-3 (1963)

- 309 Effect of sowing groundnut in different spashycings on the chemical composition of the crop Indian Oilshyseedsj 7133-135 (1963)

310 Njao N Groundinuts and groundnut oil Agr Econ Bull Africa 344-47 (1 9 6 3)

311 Norden AJ and Block DH Variety BlendsA considershyation in peanut oil improvement and production Oleagineux 23583-585 (1969)

312 RLipscomb and WA Carver Florunner-A new peanut variety Florida Agr Exp Sta Circ S-196 (1969)

313 Norris DO Acid Production by Rhizobium Plant and Soil 22143-166 (1965)

314 Nutnan FJ FM Roberts andjG Williamson Studies on varietal resistance in the groundnut (Arachis hypogeae) to Rosette disease RhodJ Agric Res 263-77 (1964)

315 Ofori CS Response of groundnuts to phosphatic fertilishyzers on the granitic soils of the Upper Region in Ghana Agron Trop 20489-494 (1965)

316 Ollagnier M and Gillier P Comparaison du diagnostic foliarire et de lanalyse des sols pour ia determination des besoins en engrais de Iarachide an S~ndgal (phosphore et potassium) (Comparison of foliai diagnosis and soil analysis for the assessment of P and K fertilizer requirements of groundnuts in Senegal) Ollagineux20513-516 (1965)

317 Oosthuizen SA Grondbonehooi is arm ann protene (Groundnut hay is poor in protein) Boerdery S-Afrika 3247-64 (1957)

318 Operations de pr6vulgarisation sur arachide conduites par IlRHO en Hiute-Volta et au Sengal (Demonstration experiments with groundnuts conducted by the IRHO in Upper-Volta and Senegal) Bul Engrais 461 pp 141-144 (1963)

319 Oram PA High-quality groundnuts for direct consumpshytion I Production research and development in Libya World Crops 9159-162 (1957)

320 Oram PA Recent developments in groundnut producshytion with specialreference to Africa Field Crop Abstracts Part 111-6 PartlI 1175-84 (1958)

321 Ordish G Pest Control in groundnuts Pest articles and news summaries No 2 Ministry of Overseas Development London p 138 (1967)

322 Parker RC Wynne JC and Embry DA 1970 Comshybining ability estimates in Arachis hypogaea I F1 seedling responses in a controlled environment Crop Sci 10429-432 (1970)

323 Parkin EA and Scott EIC The germination of foodshycrop seeds stored in contact with lindane and DDT dusts Trop Sci 1206-211 (1959)

324 Patel MS et al Wealth from groundnut waste-a review Indian Oilseeds J 8380-382 (1964)

325 Pathak GN and Verma G Studies on the cultural and manurial requirements of groundnut in Uttar Pradesh Indian Oilseeds J 8167-174 (1964)

326 Patil SH and Desai BM Introduction of groundnut cultivation in high rainfall regions of Bombay Indian OilshyseedsJ 8218-221 (1964)

327 Pattinson L et al The separation of aflatoxin infected groundnut kernels Trop Sci 10212-221 (1968)

328 Peers FG Aflatoxin-A summary of recent work Trop Sci 9186-203 (1967)

329 Phillips LJ and Norman MJT Sorghum-peanut crop sequences at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 1144-149 (1 9 6 1)

330 - - and - Fodder crop-cash crop sequences at Katherine NT Techn Paper Commonwealth Sci Industr Res Organiz Australia 203-12 (1962)

331 and The influence of inter-row spacing and plant population on the yield of peanuts at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 254-60 (1962)

332 _ and The response of peanuts to phosphate fertilizers at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 5470-474 (1965)

333 Piggott CJ The effect of fertilizers on the yield and quality of groundnuts in Sierra Leone Emp J Exp Agr 2859-64 (1960)

334 Pinto de Matos AH Influtncia dos tratamentos insectishycidas no poder germinativo das sementes de amendoim (Effect of insecticidal treatments on the germinative power of groundnut seed) Garcia de Orta 9471-477 (1961)

335 Pothecary BP Handling groundnuts with auger conveyer World Crops 21180-182 (1969)

336 Prabhakara Reddy G and Sanyasi Rao C Fertilizer response in groundnut Indian Oilseedsj 9274-279 (1965)

337 Prevot P and Billaz R Recherches agrophysiologiques sur le probl6me de la r6sistance de larachide baIa sdcheresse (Agro-physiological investigations into the problem of drought resistance of groundnuts) Oldagineux 17911-917 (1962)

28

338 and Martin G Comparaison des fumures organiques et mindrales pour Parachide en Haute-Volta (Comparison between organic and mineral manures for groundnuts in Upper Volta) Olagineux 19533-537 (1964)

339 Pugnat C Rapport au Gouvernement du Cameroune sur lamelioration des cultures vivrieres (Report to the governshyment of Cameroon on the improvement of subsistence crops) Progr Elargi Assist Techn FAO 1834 p 1-17143 (1964)

340 Pursglove JW Tropical Crops Dicotyledons Longmans Press (1968)

341 Punrss GS Wilt of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in Queensshyland with particular reference to Verticillium wilt Queens landJ Agr Sci 18453-462 (1961)

342 Peanut diseases in Queensland Queensland Agr J 88540-543 (1962)

343 Rebechault H and Guenin G Effects de Pacide gibbershyellique sur deux varietes darachide (Arachis hypogaea) (Effects of gibberellic acid on two groundnut varieties) Cah ORSTOM Ser Biologic 43-29 (1967)

344 Ramly AWH A simple groundnut stripper World Crops 1834-35 (1966)

345 Rawson JE Susceptibility of Virginia Bunch peanut to post-emergence application of 24-D and related herbicides Queensland JAgr Sci 20463-470 (1963)

346 Controlling weeds in peanuts Queensland Agr J90656-661 (1964)

347 Ravindra Nath V and Kulkarni LG Effect of different dates of sowing of groundnut on the development and intensity of leaf-spot disease by Cercospora spp Indian J Agr Sci 37362-368 (1967)

348 Rickards CE Mechanised groundnut cultivation Farming Zambia 45-7 (1968)

349 Roche P and Velly J Etudes de fertilisation sur arachides dans la rcgion du Lac Alaotra (1957-60) (Studies on fertilizer application to groundnuts in the Lake Alaotra region 1957-60) Agron Trop 18477-510 (1963)

350 Le r6le de larachide dans ]a croissance iconomique du Senigal (The role of the groundnut in Senegals economic growth) Ed by JB Mas Rep du Senegal Ministampre du Plan et due Developpement Service de la Statistique 16 p Tables Appendix (1964)

351 Rosher PH and Sheldrick RD The effect of postshyemergence applications of MCPB on groundnuts Trop Agr Trinidad 36211-217 (1959)

352 Rothwell A Diseases of groundnuts in Southern Rhoshydesia Rhodesia AgrJ 59199-201 (1962)

353 Sardone LT The groundnut industry of Queensland World Crops 12351-354 (1960)

354 Scaife A Groundnut cultivation in Western Tanzania Ukiriguru Progress Rep Tanzania 21-6 (1966)

855 Schenk RV Development of the peanut fruit Georgia Agr Expt Sta Tech Bull ns 22 (19 61)

356 Schiffman J Field experiments on inoculation of peanuts in Northern Negev soils Israel J Agr Res 11151-158 (1961)

357 and Y Alper 1968 Effects of Rhizobiumshyinoculum placement on peanut inoculation Expl Agric 4203-208 (1968)

358 and Alper Y Inoculation of peanut by applishycation of Rhizobium suspension into the planting furrows Exp Agr 4219-226 (1968)

359 Schilling R Larachide en cultures associes avec les c6 r~ales (Groundnuts in association with cereals) Oldagineux 20673-676 (1965)

360 Seeger JR Essais dinoculation artificielle de Parachide - au Congo (Experiments on the artificial inoculation of

groundnuts in Congo) Ann Gembloux 67220-241 (1961)

361 Sen S and Ghosh M Influence of time of harvesting on the quantity of oil in groundnut Indian Oilseeds J 9260-265 (1965)

362 Serry A and EI-Banna E A study of correlation beshytween rapid soil tests and response of groundnut to potassishyum application on some Sharkeia sandy soils in pot experishyments Agr Res Rev Egypt 4040-47 (1962)

363 Seshadri CR et al Studies on root development in groundnut Indianj Agr Sci 28211-215 (1958)

364 Shekhawat GS et al Studies on the effect of methods of sowing row spacing and seed-rate on the yield of groundshynut Indian OilseedsJ9280-282 (1965)

365 Shiralipour A Harris HC West SH Boron deficiency and amino acid and protein contents of peanut leaves Crop Sci 9455-456 (1969)

366 Siewart Sara and JG Woodroof Nouveau proced6 de salage des arachides en coques (New procedure for salting groundnuts in their shells) Oleagineux 8230-231 (1953)

367 Silvestre P Monographie des recherches conduites Ia Bambey sur larachide (Monograph of the research work on groundnuts conducted at Bombey) Agron Trop 16623-733 (1961)

368 La production de larachide h Madagascar (Groundnut production in Madagascar) Agron Trop 18511-526 (1963)

369 Simposium oor makotoksiene in voedselsoorte landshyboukundige aspekte gehou te Pretoria 25-26 Februari 1965 (Symposium on mycotoxins in foodstuffs agricultural aspects held at Pretoria February 25-26 1965) Techn Commun Dep Agr Techn Serv Rep S Africa 351-60 (1965)

370 Smartt J Groundnuts in Northern Rhodesia Rhodesia AgrJ 5769-72 (1960)

371 A guide to groundnut cultivation in Northern Rhodesia Rhodesia AgrJ5894-102 (1961)

372 Factors influencing yield and quality of groundnuts in Northern Rhodesia Emp J Exp Agr 32343-351 (1964)

29

373 Snyman JW The secret of higher groundnut yields Farming S Africa 4334-37 (1968)

374 Soudan me caisse de stabilisation des prix de larachide (A price Stabilization Fund for Groundauts) Marches Trop du Monde 141251 (1958)

375 South China area interplants peanuts and sugar cane to raise outputs of both Surv China Mainland Press 3536 p 19 (1965)

376 Spensley PC Aflatoxin the active principle in Turkey I disease Endeavour 2275-79 (1963)

377 Stead PRS Groundnut drying trials Rhod Agr J 6651-53 (1969)

378 Stem WR The influence of sowing date on the yield of peanuts in a short summer rainfall environment Aust J Exp Agr and Animal Husbandry 8594-598 (1968)

379 Strauss JL and Gizzard AL The effect of calcium magnesium and potassium on peanut yields Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 12348-352 (1948)

380 Sulaiman M Investigations on the control of tikka disease of groundnut in the Maharashtra State Beitrige Trop Subshytrop Landwirtsch u Tropenveterindrmedizin 251-54 (1964)

381 and Agashe NG Influence of climate on the incidence of tikka disease of groundnut Indian Oilseeds J 9176-179 (1965)

382 Sundaran NV Note on creation of tikka leaf spot of groundnut Indian Oilseeds J998-101 (1965)

383 Tella R de and Bacchi 0 Longevidade das sementes de amendoin (Longevity of groundnut seed) Bragantia 2121-23 (1962)

384 and Canecchio Filho V Instrucoes praticas-a cultura do amendoim (Practical instructions for groundnut cultivation) Agronomico 117-11 (1959)

385 Terblanche M and Rabie CJ A toxic fungus (Scerotshyium rolfsii) isolated from groundnuts S Afr J Agr Sci 10253-261 (1967)

386 Thompson SS Peanut leafspot diseases Ga Univ Ext Leafl 25 Res 8 p (1969)

387 Thornton I Quelques observations sur la nodulation de larachide en Gambie (Some observations on root nodule formation of groundnuts in Gambia) Oleagineux 18781-783 (1963)

388 The effect of fertilizers on the uptake of nitroshygen phosphorus and potassium by the groundnut EmpJ Exp Agr 32235-240 (1964)

389 Tippins HH Morgan LW and CM Beckham Biology of Derobrachusbrevicollis a pest of Bahiagrass and peanuts Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bul 33 (1968)

390 Toms AM Agricultural progress in the Sudan World Crops 14200-202 (1962)

391 Irrigated groundnuts in the Sudan Gezira World Crops 1539-42 (1963)

392 Toole VL WK Bailey EH Toole Factors influencing dormancy of peanut seeds Plant Physiol 308Z2-832 (1964)

398 Tuelieres R Larachide an Sud-Vitnam (The groundnut in South Viet Nam) Bull Soc Et Indochinoises 37435-463 (1962)

394 Une alimentation saine et abondante grace 1a (A healthy and abundant alimentation thanks to ) Sin6gal Magazine Aug p 16-9 (1961)

395 Uptrend in Brazils peanut production temporarily halted by dry weather Foreign Crops and Markets 7916-17 (1959)

396 Vachhani MV et al Crop rotations double cropping and cropping pattern in the rice areas in India News Letter Int Rice Comm 1119-23 (1962)

397 Verma JK and Bajpai MR A brief review of mineral nutrition of groundnut in relation to its growth yield and quality Indian Oilseeds J 8222-229 (1964)

398 Vidhyasekaran P and lothandaraman R Fungicidal control of tikka leaf-spot of groundnut Indian J Agr Sci 38373-377 (1968)

399 Wadhwa ND Mechanical cultivation of groundnut in Northern Ghana Ghana Farmer 85-13 (1964)

400 Weiss EA Castor Sesame and Safflower 901 p Leonard Hill London (1971)

401 Whitaker RB and Wiser EH Theoretical investigations into the accuracy of sampling shelled peanuts for aflatoxin Amer Oil Chem SocJ 46377-379 (1969)

402 Whiteside JD and Bailey RA Application of fungicides for the control of Cercospora leaf-spot of groundnuts Rhoshydesia Agr J 64128-132 (1967)

403 Wilson C Peanut seed treatments Plant Disease Reptr 3487-95 (1950)

404 Wood IMW The effects of seed size seed treatment method of shelling and organic matter on the establishment of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 881-84 (1968)

405 The effect of temperature at early flowering on the growth and development of peanuts (Arachis hyposhygaea) AustJ Agr Res 19241-251 (1968)

406 Chemical weed control in peanut crops at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr and Animal Husbandry 8762-766 (1968)

407 Woodroof JG Peanuts Production processing products The AVI Publishing Company Westport Connecticut p 291 (1966)

408 World peanut production second largest of record World Summaries Crops and Livestock Nov 24 p 16-18 (1960)

409 World peanut production sets new record Foreign Agr Carc US Dept Agr FFO 16-65 p 1-29 (1965)

410 World peanut production at near-record high in 1966 exports at record level Foreign Agr arc US Dep Agr FPO 7-67 p 1-28 (1967)

30

411 Zink E et al Estudos s8bre a conservacio de sementes X-Amendoin (Studies on seed storage X Groundnuts) Bragantia 21159-165 (1962)

Additional Reference

This manuscript has been a long time in preparation After the manuscript was put in final form and most of the typing had been done asignificant book on peanuts was publishedPeanuts-Cultureand Uses a Symposium was published by the American Peanut Research and Education Association Inc (Executive Secretary-Treasurer Leland

Tripp Agronomy Department Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma 74074) Thirty-eight authors contributed to the 20 chapters and in the 684 pages of the book there are over 2000 references listed This book covers in considerable detail all the topics that have been

briefly summarized in this manuscript Peanut proteins and the physicoshychemical and nutritional properties of peanuts are well covered

31

ABBREVIATIONS AND ADDRESSES OF SOME SOURCES OF LITERATURE CITATIONS

Agr Assn China J-Agricultural Association of China Journal Taipei Taiwan

Agrekon-Agrekon Department of Agricultural Economics and Marketing Pretoria South Africa

Agricultura em Sio Paulo-Instituto de Economia Agricola Caixa Postal 8083 Sio Paulo Brazil

Agron J-Agronomy Journal American Society of Agronomy 677 S Segoc Road Madison Wisconsin 53711 (USA)

Agronomico-Agronomico Instituto Agronomico Caixa Postal 28 Campanis Brazil

Agron Trop-Agronomia Tropical Centro de Investigaciones Agronomicas Maracay Venezuela

Agr Res Rev Egypt-Agricultural Research Review Dokki

Egypt Agr Situation India-Agricultural Situation in India Ministry of

Food and Agriculture Delhi 6 India Agr Trop-Agricultura Tropical Asociacion Columbiana de

Ingenieros Agronomo Bogota Columbia Alabama Age Exp Sta Bul-Alabama Agricultural Experiment

Station-Bulletin Auburn Alabama 36830 (USA) Amer Oil Chem Soc J-American Oil Chemists Society

Journal 35 East WackerNDrive Chicago Illinois 60601 (USA)

Amer Soc Agr Eng Trans-American Society of Agricultural Engineers Transactions St Joseph Michigan 49085 (USA)

Ann Agric Sci Univ Ain Shams-Annals of Agricultural Science University of Ain Shams Cairo Egypt

Arq Inst Biol-Arquivos do Instituto Biolgico Baixa Postal 7119 Sao Paulo Brazil

Aust J Agr Res-Australian Journal of Agricultural Research MelbourneAustralia

Beitrige Trop Subtrop Landwirtsch u Tropenveterinarshymedizin-Beitrige zur Tropischen und Subtropischen Landwirtschaft and Tropenveteriniirmedizin Karl Marx University Leipzig

Biolodgico-Biologico Caixa Postal 4185 Sao Paulo Brazil Biologist-Biologist Denver Colorado (USA) Bragantia-Bragantia Boletim Technico do Instituto Agronomshy

ico do Estado de Sgo Paulo Sgo Paulo Brazil Bull Engrais-Bulletin des Engrais Paris Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Belge-Bulletin

deinformation de Institut National pour IEtude Agroshynomique du Congo Beige Brussels

Cah ORSTOM Ser Biologi-Cahiers Office de In Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer Series Biologi Paris

CCTACSA Symposium Lagos-Bukavu Savannah-Commission for Technical Cooperation in Africa Scientific Council for Africa

CCTAFAO Symposium-Commission pour la Cooperation Technique en Afrique (Commission for Technical Coopershyation in Africa South of the Sahara) Food and Agriculshytune Organization Symposium

Cenicafe-Cenicafe Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Cafe Chinchina Columbia

Chemistry and Industry London

Crop Sci-Crop Science Society of America 677 S Segoe Road Madison Wisconsin 53711 (USA)

Current Sci-Current Science Raman Research Institute Bangalore India

Diss Abstr Sect B-Dissertation Abstracts Section B Sciences and Engineering University Microfilms Ann Arbor Michigan 48106 (USA)

E Afr Agr Forestry J-East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal PO Box 30148 Nairobi

Econ Botany-Economic Botany The New York Botanical Garden New York New York 10458 (USA)

Economica-Economica London Empire J of Exper Agric-Empire Journal of Experimental

Agriculture London Emp J Exp Agr Gambia-Empire Journal of Experimental

Agriculture Gambia Endeavour-Endeavour Thames House London Etud Senegelaises-Etudes Senegelaises Dakar Expl Agric-Experimental Agriculture London FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome Italy FAO Plant Protection Bulletin-Food and Agriculture Organizashy

tion International Documents Service 136 S Broadway Irvington on Hudson New York 10533 (USA)

FAO 4th Sess CCP OF-Food and Agricultural Organization 4th Session Committee on Commodity Problems Oils and Fats

Farming S Africa-Famning in South Africa Agricultural Technical Services Private Bag 144 Pretoria South Africa

Field Crop Abstracts-Field Crop Abstracts Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux Farnham Royal England

Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull-Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin Gainesville Florida 32601 (USA)

Florida Agr Exp Sta Crc-Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Circular Gainesville Florida 32601 (USA)

Foreign Agr Circ U S Dept Agr FFO-Foreign Agricultural Circular United States Department of Agriculture Fats and Oils

Garcia de Orta-Garcia de Orta Junta de Investigacces do Ultrashymar Lisbon Portugal

Ga Univ Ext Ixafl-Georgia University Extension Leaflet Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Gaz Agr Angola-Gazeta Agricola de Angola Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 203-Georgia Agriculshy

tural Experiment Station Mimeo Series (New Series) Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Report-Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Ghana Farmer-Ghana Farmer Accra Ghana Indian Agriculturist-Indian Agriculturist Agricultural Society

of India Ballygunge Circular Road Calcutta India Indian Farming-Indian Council of Agricultural Research New

Delhi India Indian J Agr Sci-Indian Journal of Agricultural Science

Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi India

32

Indian J Sci amp Industry-Indian Journal of Science and Indusshytry Karnal India

Indian Oilseeds J-Indian Oilseeds Journal Hyderabad India Israel J Agr Res-Israel Journal of Agricultural Research J Amer Soc Agron-Journal of the American Society of

Agronomy Geneva New York 14456 (USA) J Econ Entomol-Joumnal of Economic Entomology Entoshy

mological Society of America Baltimore Maryland 21201 (USA)

J of Food Sci amp Technol-Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore India

J Sci Food Age-Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculshyture London

Marketing Res Rep U S Dept Agr-Marketing Research Reports Publications Division Office of Information United States Department of Agriculture Washington DC 20250 (USA)

Nature-Nature London N Carolina Agr Exp Sta BuU-North Carolina Agricultural

Experiment Station Bulletin Raleigh North Carolina 27607 (USA)

Neth J Age Sci-Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science Wageningen

Newsletter Int Rice Comm-Newsletter of the International Rice Commission Bangkok Thailand

NT Aust J Exp Agr-Northern Territories Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture

Okla Agr Res Prog Rep Processed Series-Oklahoma Agriculshytural Research Project Report Processed Series Stillwater Oklahoma 74074 (USA)

Oleagineux-Oleagineux LInstitut de Recherches pour les

Huiles et Oleagineux 8 Square Petrarque Paris Peanut J Nut World-Peanut Journal and Nut World Philippine J Plant Industry-Philippine Journal of Plant Indusshy

try Manila Philippine J Sci-Philippine Journal of Science Manila Plantand Soil-Plant and Soil The Hague Netherlands Plant Disease Reptr-Plant Disease Reporter Washington DC

(USA) Plant Physiol-Plant Physiology American Society of Plant

Physiologists PO Box 5706 Washington DC 20014 (USA)

Proc Peanut Res Conference-Proceedings Peanut Research Conference

Proc Southern Agr Workers-Proceedings of Southern Agriculshytural Workers Conference

Proc 5th Nat Peanut Res Conf-Proceedings of the 5th National Peanut Research Conference

Prod Res Rep US Dept Agr-Production Research Reports United States Department of Agriculture

Queensland J Agr Animal Sci-Queensland Journal of Agriculshytural and Animal Sciences Brisbane Australia

Rev Nac Agr Columbia-Revista Nacional de Agricultura Bogota Columbia

Rhodesia Agr J-Rhodesia Agricultural Journal Salisbury Rhodesia

Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res-Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi Journal of Agricultural Research Salisbury Rhodesia

Riv Agr Subtrop Trop-Rivista di Agricultura Subtropicale e Tropicale Florence Italy

S Ar J Agr Sci-South African Journal of Agricultural Science Pretoria South Africa

Samarm Research Bulletin-Samaru Research Bulletin Institute for Agricultural Research Ahmada Bello University Zaria Nigeria

Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc-Soil Science Society of America Proceedings

Surinaamse Landbouw-Surinaamse Landbouw Paramaribo Surinam

S Weed Sci Soc Proc-Southern Weed Science Society Proshyceedings

Techn Commun Dept Agr Techn Serv Rep S Africa-Technical Communications Department Technical Services Republic of South Africa Pretoria South Africa

Techn Paper Commonw Scl Industr Res Organiz Land Res Reg Survey-Technical Paper Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Land Research Regional Survey Canberra Australia

Texas Agr Exp Sta Bull-Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin College Station Texas 77843 (USA)

Trop Agr Ceylon-Tropical Agriculture Peradeniya Ceylon Trop Agric Trinidad-Tropical Agriculture The Journal of the

Imperial College of Agriculture University of the West Indies St Augustine Trinidad

Trop Sci-Tropical Science London Trop Stored Prod Inform-Tropical Stored Products Informashy

tion US Dept Agr Agr Econ Rept-United States Department of

Agriculture Agricultural Economics Reports Superintenshydent of Documents Washington DC 20250 (USA)

W Afr Rev-West Africian Review Liverpool World Crops-World Crops 28Essex St Strand London WD 2

England

1M-10-73

10

CLIMATE AND SOILS

The Growing Season-The peanut crop requires at least 165 days of frost-free growing season (39) It is limited roughly to the area between 400 N and 400S latishytude (34) Peanuts do not seem to be sensitive to length of day In the USA plantings are made in late spring and fruit development is in the summer when days are shortshyening In India planting is often done in the fall and maximum fruiting occurs in the spring when days are lengthening Longer days do tend to produce more top growth and flowers (256) Use of a fungicide may proshylong the growing season as much as 3 weeks (372)

Rainfall-Many peanut areas have irregular rainfall and yields are often low if rainfall is not favorable (137 250 336 337 395) Minimum rainfall is about 500-650 mmwannually (39) Higher rainfall than this may produce extra top growth but not necessarily more seed (326) It is desirable to fit the planting to the rainfall pattern (17 132 137 149) Mulching has been shown to preserve moisture (250 337) as has ridging (78) In tests to detershymine when peanuts are most drought resistant no such period was found (50) but the 20-day period 60-80 days after sowing was found to be the most critical for the 120-day maturity peanuts

Time of Planting-In the temperate zones peanut planting needs to be sandwiched between the last frosts of spring and the first frosts of fall But in the tropical monsoon area without irrigation the time of the rains is the factor determining planting (2 10 78 331 347 372 378 384) Early planting tends to avoid diseases (2 43 68 202 354) or aphids (8 68) Early plantings

result in higher yields (2 10 68 289 308 331 347 372 378) and less damage from the rosette disease (2 43 68) With the Virginia bunch-type early planting was of no benefit (331)

Some varieties can be planted in either the wet or dry season (384) but there is a problem with early plantings if they mature before the end of the rainy season (2 78) Where two crops a year can be raised sanitation is essential as disease infection spreads from the late-planted early crop or from volunteer plants from the first crop (202) Early planting seems to have more effect on increasing the oil content than does the soil type (274) Early planting tends to increase the number of flowers produced and the amount of pegging (289)

Soils for Peanuts-The best soils for peanuts are well-drained light-colored loose friable sandy loams well supplied with calcium and with a moderate amount of organic matter (256) Heavier soils often produce higher yields but soil sticks to pods or stains them

Soil pH-The pH of soils is not as critical for peanuts as for most legumes At a high pH iron defishyciency has been shown (256) Peanuts are more tolerant of acid soils than cotton and in soils where cotton yields were reduced one-third by a pH of 50 peanuts were not affected (9) Little or no response has been shown to lime (21 23) (See the section on calcium and magnesium page 9)

CROP SEQUENCES MANURES FERTILIZERS AND OTHER SOIL AMENDMENTS

Peanuts in Rotation-It has been shown that peanuts will benefit from a green manure in the rotation but this is not due to nitrogen If a green manure is used in the rotation it should precede some crop other than the peanut crop (177 245) As a rotation crop peanuts were found to be superior to Crotalariafuncea and better than a fallow crop before wheat (221) Fallowing during a peanut rotation has been suggested With a weed fallow burning the weeds may be as good as plowshying them down (113) Under conditions oflow fertility only one year of fallow was not enough in a 4-year rotation (46 113)

The need for including peanuts in a rotation has been stressed (256 341 352 353 359 384) Crops that benefit from following peanuts include cotton (1) millet (330) rice (396) sorghum (329 330) and wheat (221)

Peanuts do well after corn (75 168 177) millet (46) rye (75) sorghum (1) tobacco (177) and wheat (298) Other reports indicate that the crop before peanuts does not have much effect on peanut performance (168 329 330) Peanuts have been reported as not doing well after cotton (75 256) cowpeas (256) or soybeans (75 256)

Fertility of the rotation can be maintained by the use of animal manure commercial fertilizer and green manure (177) A light application of fertilizer is not enough to prevent a decline in fertility but with adeshyquate fertilization a green manure is not needed (113 245) Although a fallow has been recommended in a rotation (46) peanuts are usually not recommended to be included more often than I to 3 years (78) or 1 of 4 or 5 (1 46) The rotation tends to prevent diseases (341) Cotton after peanuts did not do well because of a

(p

11

lack of potassium (256) Green Manure and Organic Matter-Because of the

need for the peanut peg to grow into the ground there has been some thought that a green manure would beneshyfit the peanut crop by increasing organic matter in the soil Research results indicate however that organic matter is of little benefit in getting germinating seeds established Green manures have been considered unshyprofitable (46 245) or unnecessary (113)

When the crop residue is carefully returned to the soil the peanut crop is generally considered a soil-buildshying crop mainly because it may fix more nitrogen than it removes from the soil But in many cases the peanut crop may lead to a deterioration of organic matter conshytent as there is little crop residue returned to the soil After harvest the soil is often left bare providing favorshyable conditions for oxidation of organic matter

Animal Manure-The value of manure seems to be due to its mineral elements (68 338) and manure has been replaced by using only nitrogen (349) Usually supplements are used with manure (48 113 338 349) as manure alone is not so effective without sulfur (338) or phosphate (113 338) Manure at 15-20 tonsha gave good results on some soils but required the addition of phosphate or other supplement (318 349) Seven tonsha of manure was about equal to 224 kgha of ordinary superphosphate (334) A definite response to manure only was observed (288 354)

Fertilizer Response-A review of fertilizer trials in several countries (14 15 167) indicates that there can be an excellent response in yield to properly applied fertilizers There is much evidence that the response of peanuts is not as readily seen as it is in corn cotton and a few other crops Results are often variable from field to field (256) Fertilizer recommendation levels fall in the range of 100 to 150 kgha of mixed fertilizers (27 46 59 61 63 158 318) The 6-20-10 grade was menshytioned frequently (27 59 63) The highest rates recomshymended were in Israel where 120 to 180 kgha of nitrogen and 100 to 120 kgha of P20 5 were suggested (244)

Determining Fertilizer Needs-To determine the need for fertilizers soil and plant analyses have been used Analysis of the peanut seed is felt to be of little value in determining fertility status as the content of the seed is quite constant Leaf nutrient content was felt to be of more use than analysis of the whole plant (256) If foliar analysis is to be used the sample must be taken properly At least 50 leaves must be collected and the sixth leaf on the main stem of bunch peanuts and the fourth leaf on runner types seem to be best Late varieshyties should be sampled at 4045 days and early ones at

30-35 days (272) or at the beginning of the flowering period (207) Responses in field trials and of-foliar diagshynosis correlations are given (148 157) A method of component analysis is explained relative to leaf analysis in six trials (200) and the use of leaf analysis is discussed (159)

Critical values for various elements have been determined If a certain plant nutrient content is above these -values there would be no response to additional amounts of that nutrient (157 158) From -120 trials in Senegal foliar diagnosis resulted in calculation of critical values of N=35 P=023 K=08-10 and Mg-05 The critical value of K in soils was found to be 10 mg (1100 g soil extract with an aqueous extract and 25 mg in ammonium acetate extract (362) Foliar analysis was found to be a better indicator of response to fertilizer than P extracted from soil with hot HNO3 or the exshychangeable K (316)

Side Dressing or Top Dressing Fertilizers-Side dressing offertilizer at 7-10 cm from the row was found to be more effective than broadcasting (56 59 158) Accurate side dressing was not needed Phosphorus put in the furrow before splitting ridges is more effective than an application along the top of the row at 4 weeks after planting (165 166) Small fertilizer spreaders have been developed which put down the fertilizer at time of seeding or during cultivation (56 127) -

Calcium-Reports of a good response to calcium (67 78 140 167 243 256 333 349 397) are more common than reports of little or no response (13 21 23) or an erratic response Response to gypsum where the pH is not changed is common (78 108 167 243) Because of their apparent ability of excluding aluminum peanuts may show less response than most legumes to calcium on acid soils Gypsum can be used when the plants begin to flower as the calcium is especially beneshyficial in the fruiting zone (23 67 78 256) and more pegs produce fruits and fewer empty pods (23 67167 256) Use of radioactive calcium revealed that little calcium from the root is deposited in pod or seed (256) Calcium in the fruit is picked up by the peg and developshying pod Empty pods have a higher content of N K and Mg than shells with well-developed seed With a defishyciency of Ca or Mg there is a high content of K Calcitic lime is better than dolomitic lime The response of peanuts is more closely related to the amount of exshychangeable calcium in the soil than to the percentage of calcium saturation (256) Plant content of S Ca and P was increased by the addition of gypsum (108) or supershyphosphate (349)

Magnesium-Magnesium has tended to decrease yields (256) and to be harmful if applied in the fruiting

12

zone (67) Pods with well developed seed contain less Mg than poorly filled pods Mineral fertilization tends to depress the Mg content in the leaves (349) Mg has been found useful in counteracting the depressing effect on nodule formation or nodule effectiveness when nitrogen fertilization is used (169) One report indicated that the only elements needed in that region were Ca K and Mg (333)

Sulfur-Many responses of peanuts to sulfur have been reported (12 47 60 78108 158 167224306 315 338) In only a few instances was there no response to sulfur (24 256) or to gypsum (24) In combination with other elements the sulfur was given creditfor response to ammonium sulfate (158 167) or to supershyphosphate (13 78 306 315) Where sulfur levels in the soil were adequate superphosphate gave no better response than double or triple forms (60) As little as 10 kgha of sulfur will give an immediate response as the sulfur is picked up quickly and spreads rapidly through the plant (79)

Phosphorus-Reports of good response to phosshyphorus (130 140 142 224 306 388) or to ordinary superphosphate (21 108 165 167 256 288 315) are common with ordinary super indicated as being better than double or triple forms (13 21 56 78 108 167 256 315) Slow uptake of P from triphosphates (56 60 61) is usual except where the rainfall is 8 00 mm or more (55) Even though the response to P may be good and the uptake of NPK is increased by the use of P the actual uptake of P is low (256 388) To determine P needs the exchangeable P in the soil is a better indicator than total P (130) The peanut can do well on residual fertilizer as there is very little response to P when the crop is grown in a well-fertilized rotation (256) A heavy basal rate of applied P is as good as the same quantity applied frequently (55) The use of nitrogen (especially ammonium sulfate) along with P is suggested (55 325) The lack of need for phosphate is rarely reported (55)

Potassium-In general potassium is not recomshymended for application directly to the peanut crop There is a tendency for it to depress yields (13 115 225) or to do harm in the fruiting zone (67) Reports of little or no response (21 57 78 140 142 256 325 354) or an erratic response are found (336) Although suggestions for use of potassium were few (55 148 164 246 333) it was said that if peanuts were to be grown for many years there would likely be a need for K and the application to other crops in the rotation was recomshymended (256) If much K is added there should be plenty of calcium present If Ca or Mg is deficient there is a higher content of K in the plant (256) Use of K above the needs of the plant often results in excellent

foliage production (130) and there is usually a reduced susceptibility to fungus disease (193)

Nitrogen-Nitrogen alone reduced yields (325) or did not give a response (78 130 140 329 354 388) When a response was reported (21 24 60 148 158 167 225 242 281 325) it was usually due to the use of ammonium sulfate although some reports showed no response to this source of nitrogen (78 256 329 336 354)

Nitrogen fertilizer has been recommended for peanuts (55 281) with no special form recommended but other workers specifically suggest the use ofammoshynium sulfate (60 148 164 244 325) Liquid ammonia and a solution of ammonium sulfate and Chilean nitrate have been stated as being more effective than urea (281)

Aluminum-Peanuts seem to be able to grow on soils high in aluminum because they do not take up much of it (9)

Boron-Boron appears to have some effect on the mobility of calcium but there have been few indications of a response to boron (256) The amount to use in nutrient solutions was determined (253)

Copper-In Florida (USA) 10 lb per acre of cupric chloride increased the yield of nuts and foliage (256) A definite deficiency of copper has been reported in Florida (186 187 256) When there was a lack of copper nitrogen metabolism was not normal (256)

Iron-A report on iron stated that when iron was added with nitrogen the depression of nodule activity was corrected (169)

Manganese-An application of 20 lb of MnSO 4 per acre increased yields and overcame the chlorotic condishytions brought about by heavy liming (256) Manganese toxicity symptoms are described (253)

Molybdenum-Ammonium molybdate at 28 g per ha applied in fungicide or to seed increased the yield (273)

Trace Elements-Chelated trace elements were used and a response was obtained in 75 of 53 trials (273) A dark green color and an increased shoot growth were the typical symptoms of a response (256) One report indicated that no response was found (140) Soaking seeds in a trace element solution has not been found to be an effective way for adding trace elements (337)

Zinc-No deficiency has been reported but an apparent yield response has been found in a few cases (256)

Growth Substances-Maleic hydrazide and naphthaleneacetic acid used on Spanish improved peanuts at the rate of 100 ppm as a spray at 54 to 97 days after planting increased yields by inducing more

13

kernels per plant and a greater kernel weight Indoleace- gation of internodes flowering and peg formation were tic acid indolepropionic acid methyl-3-indoleacetic or stimulated (343) Indoleacetic acid in lanolin (110) 24-D had either no effect or a depressing effect on yield hastened germination when applied to scratched testa of (237) Erect and runner varieties responded to gibber- seed of freshly harvested peanuts In a 002 solution ellic acid at a concentration of 10 There was an elon- sprouted seed soaked 12 to 2 hours and unsprouted

seed soaked 24 hours in water solution increased the number of flowers per plant (256)

Seed Treatments-Pesticides are often recommendshyed (16 132 403 404) with Thiram giving good results alone (32 85 95 132 150) but a combination of fungicide and insecticide has been better (32 132 150) Captan has been the best treatment on occasion (247) Where there has been mechanical damage such as with machine shelling and when conditions are adverse treatshyment is usually needed (32 404) In a monsoon climate area if peanuts are seeded within 48 hours after the rains start there is little need for fungicide treatment (132)

Inoculation-There are many reports of a response to nitrogen (21 55 148 164 244 281 306 345) A small quantity of N seems to increase the ability to proshyduce N symbiotically but large quantities of N fertilizer reduce the quantity of N fixed (306)

In Israel using 100-400 g of enriched peat inocushylant per ha in 50 liters of water and placing the inoculant in the planting furrow gave better results than putting the inoculant on the seed (358) Compared with the use of up to 180 kgha of N inoculated plants stayed green longer and the hay was higher in protein than that from the nitrated plots (164 356) Inoculant placed to the side of the row was effective at 8 cm depth but less effective when placed deeper (357) Soils rich in N produce good peanut yields even if nodulation is poor As with many legumes in view of the low cost of mocushylant it is suggested that if there is any doubt about natural inoculant being in the soil inoculant should be used (360)

Arachis strains of Rhizobia will not cross-inoculate with the cowpea (Vigna) group (176) Different types of inoculants have been suggested for acid and alkaline or near neutral soils as some Arachis strains have been found to be acidic and some alkaline (313)

CULTURE

Planting Rates-It is normally recommended that 20-25 more seed be planted than the number of plants expected in the stand (256) Seeding at a heavy rate is recommended (5 15 294 331 364) with two seeds per hill being better than one (78 287 288 294) Experishyments with several row and in-row spacings have given variabld results (37 118 131 138 141 203287294 331 348 354 364) Recommendations vary from 25000 plants per ha with the Virginia bunch varieties (354) If 120000ha is optimum for plantings on flat locations about 80000 would be recommended on ridges

Row Spacing-Close row spacings produced highshyest yields (122 131 331 364) With bunch varieties the optimum spacing seems to be about 60 cm between rows and 5 cm between plants in the row (222 373) Spreadshying varieties can also be put in 60 cm rows with 10 cm between plants in the row (223) Wider spacing than that for maximum yields may be used to accommodate tillshyage implements (141 256 373) Spacings closer than 3 cm tend to lower seed quality (372) Row width recomshymendations have varied from 45 cm (118) to 80 (138) or 90 cm (287 288)

Ridge Planting-Use of a ridge was better than flat planting (78 138 165 166 288 354 364) with the optimum distance between ridges being about 80-90 cm (78 138 287 288) The rate of seeding may be less on ridges than on flat areas (135) but if two rows are used per ridge the rate may be high (78)

Mulching-Mulclung tends to increase yields where rainfall may be as low as 685 min per year (78) Experishyments with mulching are reported (152 250 337) Mulching with grass tends to increase K in the plant and to reduce shelling percentage (25)

PESTS AND DISEASES

Weeding-Without herbicides three or four culti- and it is better to use a hoe than to pull weeds (5) vations seem to be necessary for each crop of peanuts Narrow-row spacing of 60 cm suppressed weeds (222 (37 78 238 272) Early cultivation is desirable (78) 373) Damage to foliage and disease may be accentushy

14

ated if soil is thrown toward the plant to try to control weeds by burying them in the row (256) For disease control it may be desirable to burn weeds or remove them from the surface of the soil (78) Land preparashytion before planting helps to bury plant residues and it was shown that a 20 cm depth of plowing was better than a 5 or 10 cm (37)

Herbicides are becoming more commonly used but are not completely safe or entirely satisfactory in respect to peanuts Differences in season will change the effectiveness and vary the potential harm to the crop Because the use of herbicides on peanuts is a rather complicated subject no attempt will be made here to summarize the findings References on herbishycides are given (171 227 234 235 251 252 283 345346348351406)

Insecticides-In treating seed with insecticides care is needed if the seed is intended for planting purshyposes Tests have been made of DDT dusts of 1 and 10 concentration used at 100 and 500 ppm Lindane at 15 and 100 ppm as dusts pyrethrins at 100 and 500 ppm and fumigants of carbon bisulphide at 100 500 and 1000 gcu meter with 1 and 3 days exposure and Phostoxin at 2045 and 60 gton for 3 to 5 days Only carbon bisulphide at 500 gfou meter and up hurt the germination of peanuts if the moisture content of the peanuts was 5 or lower When the moisture content was 10 all chemicals impaired germination rdgardless of rate (334)

DDT or Lindane dusted on peanuts stored in sealed containers at 220 C for 45 9 and 18 months did not reduce germination or seedling vigor (323) Malashythion at 66 ppm protected against most storage insects but had to be used at about 2-month intervals (90) Methyl bromide was effective as a fumigant but BHC had to be replaced by malathion when a local strain of insect developed tolerance to BHC (192) Other insects also showed tolerance to aldrin and heptachlor (73)

Low humidities and low moisture contents are often thought to be effective in insect control A relashytive humidity of 48 did not adversely affect oil qualishyty nor did it control Tribolium castaneum Even when the peanuts were dried to 7 moisture this insect was not controlled (179) and it developed a tolerance to BHC and had to be controlled by malathion (192)

Diseases of Peanuts-Aphis croccivora is the vector of several viruses (6 7 40 68 145 228 230 231) There are also other aphids that can transmit virus (6 7 40 51) Trifolium incanatum and Styloshysanthes spp are two major hosts of peanut viruses Another host is Euphorbiahirta (7 68 228)

Of 600 groundnut varieties tested few have shown tolerance to viruses (230) When exposed to the

chlorotic rosette virus by grafting or spreading by Aphis craccivora the tetraploid species A monticola A nambyquarae and A hypogaea all had the same symptoms Diploid A diogoi A rasteiro and A marginata showed symptoms of a different kind A glabrata and A prostata were symptomless carriers Some diploids seemed to be immune to certain viruses affecting domesticated peanuts More resistant plants develop symptoms slower than do susceptible plants (144) To avoid rosette virus it is suggested that early varieties should be used (2 43 107) and crops rotated as the virus is often serious if peanuts are grown on the same area for 2 or more years (88) Rosette virus causes abnormal flowering and reduces flowering (147) and has reduced yields by as much as 95 (233)

Only Aphis croccivora is reported to be able to transmit rosette virus (68 231) or vein-banding virus (228) although sap inoculation and grafting make it possible to transmit the latter A gossyppii (6) and A laburni(51) are able to transmit a virus similar to rosette virus which could not be transmitted by A croccivora (300) One report (204) indicated a need for a sympshytomless assistant virus in order for A croccivoraorA gossyppit to be able to transmit rosette virus

To infect plants with rosette virus half seed whole seed or 7-day and 21-day-old plants were tested The 21-day-old plants were most effective when A croccishyvora was used as a vector

Peanut mottle virus was found for the first time in Australia in 1970 Although one of the few viruses to be transmitted by seed it is also transmitted by at least five species ofAphis (40)

Five different peanut viruses can be distinguished by characteristic symptoms formed on the Natal Comshymon Variety (232)

Aspergillus flavus has been identified as causing seed rotting (92 94) afloroot (2) or other damage to seeds and seedlings (125) Aflotoxin is the name given to the toxic compounds produced by some strains ofA flavus under certain conditions Aflotoxin has been found in pods damaged by termites (258 260) rough handling hoeing threshing or by transplanting (257 259 261 262 376) There was a slight penetration of undamaged pods (210 258 260) Nematode damage to pods did not increase A flavus growth but did increase the contamination by other fungi (215) The best way to prevent aflotoxin is to store peanuts in the shell (30) ifter proper drying (52 82 112 162 185 257 261 369) A methyl cellulose seedcoat did little to protect the seed (94) Hand sorting can be used to separate damaged peanuts (30 112 162 185) and attempts have been made to use air or color sorting (162 327) Levels of aflotoxin of 002 to 026 ppm in unrefined oil were

15

not found in hydrogenated oils (123 376) Numerous studies of A flavus have been made It

is not the dominant fungus (259) as it may represent only 3 of total fungi present (292) About 5 days after harvest are required for the fungus to produce much growth (260) Much aflotoxin is produced at about 3000 with a relative humidity of 80-85 It can actually develop over the range of 125 to 5250C but not at 43-450 C (117) Three reviews (112 328 376) and a symposium (369) and a report on some chemistry studies give many of the details of aflotoxin with one report showing the chemical structure of eight forms (162)

Macrophominaphaseoli (70) and several species of Aspergillus have been studied including A fumigates (93) A niger (94) A amstelodaniandA wenti (369) Of 1626 isolates of Aspergillus studied 896 produced some toxin (218) Biological effects are given (11)

Aspergillus flavus is used in the making of soyshysauce (278) Peanut meal is subject to Aspergillus growth but the toxin production can be averted (248) if the meal moisture content is kept below 16 (30) Work has been done relative to the accuracy of sampling methods (401)

The dominant species of fungi on peanuts seem to be the Penicilliums 7)ichodermaand Fusariums(292) A review of fungi in stored products which included peanuts showed Aspergillus dominant in the Tropics but Penicillium in temperate regions (93) A study in Georgia (USA) listed the fungi present on the peanut pods and kernels (209) in windrowed peanuts (210) in artificially dried peanuts (211) and in the field in general (213) and control methods were recommended (212)

Botrytis (gray mold) causes serious damage under cold dry conditions in Sao Paulo Brazil Symptoms are discussed (33)

Leptosphaerdinacrassiascais a leaf disease characshyterized by pepper spots on both sides of the leaf and by marginal necrosis or leaf scorch and was first reported from Madagascar in 1955 and from Taiwan in 1956 Diagnosis of the species is given and the symptoms are described This disease is often obscured by Cercospora (214)

Macrophomina phaseoli is a fungus also found on cotton cowpeas sunflower as well as peanuts Direcshytions for chemical protection of crop rate of spread distribution and method of testing soils for study of the

pathogen are given (71) Peanut plants-may be infected without showing symptoms (70 247) The best fungishycide to increase germination was Captan (247)

Pucciniarust has been observed on certain varieties in South America (31) Of 254 varieties studied in Venezuela in 1959-61 the variety Tarapoto was the only one to escape damage from Pucciniaarachidiswith only 13 others classed as being resistant Tarapoto and 7 of the 13 were also tolerant to Cercospora(282)

Verticillium dahliae has been found on peanuts (125 341) and is hosted by potatoes and certain herbashyceous plants Rotations help in conrol

Cercospora arachidicolais the early form and C personata is the late form of leafspot diseases which exist as the imperfect forms Perfect forms are Mycoshysphaerella arachidicolaand M berkeleyii which are the official names according to rules of nomenclature A good description of symptoms distribution damage and control is given (144)

It is often necessary to control Cercosporaso that research or management studies will have a chance to influence maturity yields etc To control Cercospora several methods may be used such as burning of residues (144) rotations (144 393) and applying sulfur (103 105 131 380 398 402) copper (103 105 380 398) as well as copper and sulfur combinations (380 381 398 402) Results were not always satisfactory (202) Control programs vary One program suggests that growers start spraying 20 days after planting and repeat each 20 days (398) or from 3 to 13 weeks after planting at 14-day intervals (131) The spraying interval may be determined by rainfall by counting 8-10 cumulative rain days (103) or when 2 inches of rain has accumulated (103) Another report suggested that spraying should start about one week after symptoms appear and should be continued until about 18 days before harvest (105)

Early-maturing varieties seem to be the most susshyceptible to Cercospora (195) To delay planting may reduce the amount of the disease but it also reduces yield (347) Where successive crops are grown volunteer plants from the first crop increase contamination of the second crop (202) Resistance to the two diseases is inherited separately (144 196)

Listings and descriptions of major peanut diseases are given (12 96 321 342 352) Crop rotations for disease control are emphasized (342 352)

HARVESTING HANDLING AND STORING

Harvesting-In 1965 it was estimated that as much with simple tools Details of use of improved tools for as 75 of the world production of peanuts was handled hand cultivation and animal-drawn tools to mechanical

16

production are given Seedbed preparation planting and harvesting are processes that are suggested for mechanishyzation first (241) Drawings of hole-making devices an -ox-drawn lifter and a practical hand thresher are given elsewhere (354)

Harvesting by means of an animal-drawn lifter is described (20) With this device men can lift and stack 1 hectare in 15 hours or in half the time needed for manual lifting Time studies indicate that peanuts can be harvested about 10 days either side of the optimum time with little loss of peanuts (78) Systems of peanut harshyvesting are reviewed and details of a prototype once-over harvester are given The machine is designed to harvest up to 10 tons of nuts a day (189)

Peanuts are not usually grown on clay soils but a system has been worked out to harvest fairly clean pods from clay soils by irrigating to wet the soil 2 days before lifting and then waiting another 4-5 days before shaking surplus soil from the plants (391)

Threshing-Stripping pods from plants is often done by hand (128) Simple threshers are described (124 344) No difference in shelling percentage or seed size was found between immediate threshing and threshshying which was delayed up to 3 weeks (280)

Shelling-Machine shelling often results in damshyaged kernels which may not be effective in getting good stands when planted especially without seed protectants (404) Experimental shellers to be used to obtain samples for milling tests have been described (115) Hand-operated shellerscan produce as much as 95 kg of kernels in an hour (184 190)

Washing-Cleaning of non-husked peanuts has inshycreased selling price 50 With a simple washer made out of a section of barrel and a wire drum one can wash 400-600 kgday with only 200 liters of water (269)

Artificial Drying-Although the trend is toward more artificial drying natural methods are still widely used Natural methods (52 82) and artificial methods are reviewed (53 270 301) Combinations of natural and artificial methods are often desirable (116 270) For planting purposes seed must be dried carefully Air movement temperatures and times to dry are given (270) For long storage a maximum of only 8 moisture is recommended (271) Studies involving aflotoxin (52 82 116 301) verify the potential hazard if pods are improperly dried after harvest Seed needs to be dried to 8-9 and peanut cakes to below 16 or A flavus may grow (30 35) Simple devices for drying using wood or peanut hulls have been described (2 3 4 34) It is not advisable to dry seed for planting purposes in the sun or at temperatures over 450 C if heat is used (35) For comshymercial use Virginia and runner types have been dried successfully at 570C but Spanish types tend to split at 46-52 0 COther drying trials are reported (377)

Storing of Peanuts-Some areas have a dry season which is favorable for storing peanuts in open air or under tarpaulin (88 178 179) A low moisture content is desirable to decrease damage due to insects and losses due to oil deterioration (220 271 411) Fumigation or other treatment is often needed while the peanuts are in storage (191 271) Mechnical damage due to shelling is recognized (179 411) Treatments before storage will reduce some of the shelling damage (411)

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Estimating Yields-Estimated yields are often high because the operator tends to avoid the worst places in the field and the sample taken is usually harvested more carefully than the rest of the field Ten samples obtained by throwing a stick into the field at random to select sampling sites are suggested (155) A frame 15 m by 4 m can be used or if the plants are in definite rows 5 n of row at 10 random locations will give a good estimate of yield

Sampling for Oil-Oil samples need to be detershymined within one percentage point Different methods of sampling are compared (216) Care needs to be exershycised in reducing the original sample to a working sample A working sample might be 800 times the weight of one pod For an intact plant kernels taken near the base are higher in oil than those out on the branches (275) - -

Use of Peanut Tops-Peanut hay was judged to be not as good in nutrients as alfalfa and was said to be more comparable to grass hay (317) Peanut hay has been compared with other herbages and one researcher suggests that it be used for feed rather than being burned (297) A cutting and raking device has been designed that will cut and rake 8 ha in 10 hours (293)

Use of Surplus Peanut Shells-Shells may be used for fuel and also as a conditioner for heavy soils a filler in cattle feed a rawsource of activated carbon comshybustiblfe gases organic chemicals reducing sugars and alc6hlianextender-ofresins a cork substitute a comshyponent of building blocks and f Ed~oaaril (324) Its use as a mulch or manure is most beneficial when rain is scarce Grinding may be necessary Residue left after furfural extraction made good compost after treatment with sulfuric acid and neutralization with tricalcium phosphate (152)

17

Use of Peanuts as a Source of Food-No attempt will be made to cover this important subject Only a few references that deal with food are cited here A vegetable cheese made from peanut milk is described (236) An infant foof from peanut and milk solids (91) and the production of soysauce by fermentation are discussed (278) The details of quality factors and requirements for salting peanuts are given (226 366)

Oil from Peanuts-Peanuts are mainly grown for the oil and protein of the seed There is an indication that more oil crushing will be done in the area of proshyduction (44) Although the protein meal has been an excellent export product for foreign exchange this use may decrease as more use of the protein for livestock and as human food is stressed for the area of production (77296 394)

Oil content of the peanut decreased when planting was delayed but the protein was increased Oil yield is closely associated with seed yield Factors which tend to increase seed yield also increase oil yield (308 309 311) Closer spacing increases seed yields and oil but decreases protein (309)

Quality of Peanuts-Quality of peanut seed is affected by many factors (178 199) Proper shelling (184) and pest control are important (192) Free fatty acid level is an indication of quality A level of 6 free fatty acids was found in insect-damaged peanuts but only 13 when insects were controlled (192) Efforts have been made to remove undesirable peanuts mechanishycally as peanuts are moved (18) Grade standards of quality are listed (151 172)

Economics of Production-One country in Africa is reported to have half of its cultivated area in peanuts with 75 of farm income 42 of total industrial inshycome 23 of the gross national product and 65 of total value of exports credited to this one crop (350) Other countries seek to add peanuts to their cropping programs in order to diversify (86 266 390 391) and some that plan to switch to crops other than peanuts (5 16 42) to diversify are not intending to reduce peanut production

Some countries are trying to increase peanut proshyduction by stressing extension methods or by improving cultural practices These include helping farmers learn to select good seed and varieties to use disease-resistant varieties to treat seed to seed at a heavy rate to use

proper fertilization including animal and green manures to use proper weeding proper crop rotations to diversify cropping and to harvest at the right time (5 16 59 139 303319339)

Several countries have found it necessary to subshysidize the production of peanuts (134 199 374 395) and several African countries have recognized the need for a cooperative effort in marketing and meet once a year to discuss policy (102)

A survey of the peanut industry in the USA is given (400) The long-term outlook for the peanut is reviewed and uses of peanut and other oils are discussed (310) The world production of peanuts continues to expand even though the demand is variable from year to year (5 268 304 305 408409410) Problems of the processing industry are reviewed (84 239) Transportashytion and storage are serious problems and factors affecshyting quality are getting attention The quantity of peanuts that moves in export trade is a small percentage of total production Details and problems of exports are discussed (14 174445 77 88 119)

Improving Production by Variety Improvement-There is little doubt but that improved varieties have contributed to the gradually higher level of production around the world It takes 12 to 15 years for a variety to be available to growers after a cross has been made Of 24 varieties released in the USA during the last quartershycentury 11 selections came from commercial strains 2 from foreign introductions 9 from controlled crosses 1 from irradiation and 1 from interspecific hybridization (29)

No attempt will be made to list references to varieshyty comparisons Most experiments with peanuts involve variety comparisons It has been shown that an apparentshyly superior variety may be definitely inferior under certain environmental conditions It is essential in varieshyty evaluation that varieties be evaluated at different levels of soil fertility and under other variations in enshyvironmental conditions after preliminary screening to eliminate the most undesirable types (256) Examples of comparative yield tests are given (48 182 183) Blending of varieties for planting has been tested but has not been found to be of benefit (311)

GENERAL PAPERS

Numerous papers are general in nature and cover al methods are given in some detail (46 101 109 114 several topics Several factors that need to be considered 120 164) Mineral nutrition (397) variety improvement in over-all peanut production are discussed (28 101 (46) harvesting (153) seed treatment (46) and mechanishy106 138 160 179255353 368 370) General cultur- zation (121 371) are subjects in other general papers

18

LITERATURE CITATIONS (AbbreviationsandAddresses ofSome Sources of LiteratureCitations-pages31-32)

1 Abraham TP and Agarwal KN Yield effect on soil fertilshyity and economics of crop rotations with and without groundnut Indian J Agr Sci 37560-57 1 (1967)

2 ABrook J Artificial drying of groundnuts a method for the small farmer Trop Agric Trinidad 40241-245 (1963)

3 A cheap crop drier for the farmer Trop Stored Prod Inform 725-38 (1964)

4 A cheap crop drier for the farmer results and recommended design Trop Stored Prod Inform 8301-307 (1964)

5 Laction de developpement de la productivite arachidiere au Snigal en 1964 (Activity for the development of groundnut production in Senegal in 1964) 014agineux 20725-729 (1965)

6 Adams AN Groundnut Rosette Virus-Another vector Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 4125 (1966)

7 The vectors and alternative hosts of groundnut rosette virus in central province Molaioc Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res 5145-151 (1967)

8 - and JAK Farrell The seasonal occurrence of aphids in traps at Chitedge Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res Vol 5153-159 (1967)

9 Adams F and RW Pearson Differential response of cotton and peanuts to subsoil acidity AgronJ 629-12 (1970)

10 Akehurst BC and Sreedharan A Time of planting-a brief review of experimental work in Tanganyika E Afr Agr Forestry J 30189-201 (1965)

11 Alcroft R and Carnaghan RBA Toxic products in groundnuts Chemistry and Industry 250-61 (1963)

12 Amendoim pragas e doencas silo o n6 (Groundnuts pests and diseases are the problem) Dirigente Rural 412-32 (1965)shy

13 Anderson GD Fertility studies on a sandy loam in semishyarid Tanzania 11 Effects on phosphorus potassium and lime on yields of Groundnuts Expl Agric 6213-222 (1970)

14 Larachide au Senigal (Groundnut growing in Senegal) 016 agineux 14649-650 (1959)

15 Larachide au Senigal Rsultats des essais de confirmation (Groundnuts in Senegal Rep Results of confirmation trials) Oleagineux 17103-104 (1962)

16 Larachide au Senigal Risultats des essais de confirmation (Groundinuts in Senegal Results of demonstration trials) Olagineux 1972 (1964)

17 Les arachides du Nigeria (The groundrnuts of Nigeria)Kadouna (Nigeria) Ministere de PInformation 12 p Graph Photos Map (1966)

18 Ariztizabal L Bums EE and OR Kunze Physical chemical and organoleptic properties of peanuts separated in a controlled air stream Amer Soc Agr -Eng Trans 12298-304 (1969)

19 Arndt W The continuous cropping of peanuts at Kathshyarine NT Techn Paper Commonw Sci Industr Res Organiz Div Land Res Reg Survey Australia 161-11 (1961)

20 Larrachage de Parachide (Groundnut lifting) Olagineaux 18553-555 (1963)

21 Arroya J et al Ensayo de fertilizacidn en mani realizado en la Sabana de Londres Estado Lar (A groundnut fertilizer trial conducted in the Sabana de Londres State of Lara) Agron Trop Venezuela 17101-111 (1967)

22 Ashri A A second locus controlling red testa in peanuts (ArachishypogaeaL) Crop Sci 9514-517 (1969)

23 Ashrif M Effet du calcium sur larachide (Effect of calcium on groundnuts) Oleagineux 18681-683 (1963)

24 Effect of sulphur on groundnuts Olampgineux 20243-244 (1965)

25 and Thornton I Effects of grass mulch on groundnuts in the Gambia Expl Agric 1145-152 (1965)

26 Avadhani KK and Ramano Rao BV Studies of the effects of diethyl sulfate on TMV 2 groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Indian J of Science Indus 269-71 (1968)

27 Lavenir de larachide au Sinigal Doses dengrais et augshymentation de production (The future of the groundnut in Senegal Fertilizer rates for increased production) Olagishyneux 23528 (1968)

28 Bachy A Conduite de 1expirimentation agronomique a IRHO (Performance of agricultural research at IRHO)

Oleagineux 1675-80 (1961)

29 Bailey WK Peanut variety improvement in the USA Proc 5th Nat Peanut Res Conf (1968)

30 Bampton SS Growth of Aspergillusflavusand production of aflatoxin in groundinuts-Part I Trop Sci 574-81 (1963)

31 Barcenas VC Enfermedades del mani ajonjoli en El Tolima (Groundnut and sesame diseases in El Tolima) Bol Not Inst Fomento Algodonero 31-2 (1962)

32 and Montoya A A Efectividad de algunos fungicidas protectores en el tratarniento de la semilla de mani (Effectivity of some protective fungicides for the treatment of groundnut seed) Bol Not Inst Fomento Algodonero Columbia 46-8 (1964)

33 Barreto Figuciredo M and Cardoso RMG (Occurrence of grey mold in groundnuts in the State of Sao Paulo) Bioshylogico Brasil 34217-220(1968)

From TropicalAbstracts-seeAcknowledgments page 2

19

34 Barros Ferraz M de A secagem do amendoim (Drying of groundnuts) Brasil Rural 1377-79 (1959)

35 Preparo do amendoim das aguas (Drying of groundauts) Brasil Rural 1612-18 (1962)

36 Barrs HD The relation between kernel development and time of harvesting of peanuts at Katherine NT AustJ Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 2106-109 (1962)

37 Basinski JJ et al Some input-output relations in peanut cultivation at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 4295-299 (1964)

38 Bastos Cruz BP et al Nota preliminar s6bre a suscetishybilidade de variedades e hibridos de amendoim i algumas mollstias da folhagem (Preliminary note on the susceptibility of groundnut varieties and hybrids to some leaf diseases) Bioldgico Brasil 33191-195 (1967)

39 Bates WN Mechanization of Tropical Crops Temple Press London 410 p (1957)

40 Behncken GM The occurrence of Peanut mottle virus in Queensland AustJ Agr Res 21465-492 (1970)

41 Belloncle G Larachide an Senegal Mouvement cooperatif et developpement cononique (Groundnuts in Senegal coshyoperative movement and economic development) Ol1agineux 19439-444 (1964)

42 Bentin LA Das Problem der Monokultur in Senegal (The problem of mono-culture in Senegal) Int Afrika Forum 4615-619 (1968)

43 Berchoux Chr de La rosette de Iarachide en Houte-Volta (Rosette disease of groundnut in the Upper Volta) Olagishyneux 15229-233 (1960)

44 Berg ER Nigeria Senegal and the Congo (Kinshasa) Projected level of demand supply and exports of oilseed products to 1975 with implications for US exports to the European Economic Community Edmonton (Canada) Departments of Economics and Agricultural Economics University of Alberta 78 p tables maps (1967)

45 Berichten nit Afrika (Reports from Africa) Oli6n Vetten en Zeep 53215 (1969)

46 Bezot P La zone arachidiere au Tchad Etude densemble recherche dun syst me valable de rotation culturale (The groundnut zone in Chad A study on rotation systems) Agron Trop 2031-48 (1965)

47 Bhardwaj SP and Pathak AN Effect of sulphur on bacterial nodulation of groundnut roots Current Sci 37351-352 (1968)

48 Bhattacharjee TK et al W Bengal farmers can grow groundnut in irrigated summer fallow Indian Farming 1827-29 (1968)

49 Bielorai R Comparative digestibility of groundnut and soyshybean meal in vitro and in chicks J Sci Food Agr 20345-348 (1969)

50 Billaz R and Ochs R Stades de sensibilite de larachide a la secheresse (Developmental stages of the groundnut in relashytion to its susceptibility to drought) Olagineux 16605-611 (1961)

51 Bisht NS et al Groundnut rosette virus in Uttar Pradesh Indian OilseedsJ 7335-336 (1963)

52 Blatchford SM and Hall DW Methods of drying groundshynuts I Natural methods (Literature survey) Trop Sci 56-33 (1963)

53 and Methods of drying groundnuts II Artificial methods Trop Sci 582-98 (1963)

54 Bledsoe RW and Harris HC Leafspot of peanut associshyated with Magnesium deficiency Plant Physiol 21237-240 (1946)

55 Bockele-Morvan A Recherches de lIRHO sur 1utilishysation des phosphates du Sin6gal en fumure de fond pour Iarachide (Research of IRHO on the utilization of Senegal phosphates as a basal dressing for groundnut) Oleagineux 16685-691 (1961)

56 Etude explrimentale et pratique du placement des engrais (Experimental and practical studies on feftilizer placement) OlLagineux 18687-688 (1963)

57 Etudes sur la carence potasique de Iarachide an S~n-gal(A study o potash deficiency in the groundnut in Senegal) Olagineux 19603-609 (1964)

58 - Surface foliaire de Parachide et densite optishymum de semis (Folhar area of groundnuts and optimum sowing density) Ol4ageneux 201-12 (1965)

59 _ Application des engrais sur arachide au Sindgal (Application of fertilizers to groundnuts in Senegal) Oliagishyneux 20589-590 (1965)

60 Efficacit4 des diverses formes dapports des elements mineraux sur Parachide (The efficiency of different forms of mineral elements applied to groundnuts) Olagishyneux 21163-166 (1966)

61 Fumure annuelle et fumure de fond en zone arachidiere du Senegal (Annual and basal manuring in groundshynut-growing zones of Senegal) Oleagineux 23179-184 (1968)shy

62 _ La maturitede Iarachide (The maturity of the groundnut) Ollagineux 27457-459 (1968)

63 _ and Capitaine J Larachide de bouche dans le Sine-Saloum (Senegal) (The edible groundnut in the Sine-Saloum region of Senegal) Oliagineux 21285-291 (1966)

64 Bolhuis GG Observations on the flowering and fructificashytion of the groundnut Arachis hypogaea Neth J Agr Sci 7138-140 (1959)

65 et al Observations on the opening of flowers dehiscence of anthers and growth of pollen tubes in Arachis hypogaea NethJ Agr Sci 13361-365 (1965)

66 _ et al Occurrence of flowers with short styles in the groundnut Arachis hypogaea Oldagineux 20293-296 (1965)

67 and Stubbs RW The influence of calcium and other elements on the fructification of the peanut in connecshytion with the absorption capacity of its gynophores NethJ Agr Sci 3220-237 (1955)

I

20

68 Booker RH The effect of sowing date and spacing on rosette disease of groundnut in Northern Nigeria with obshyservations on the vector Aphus craccivoraSamarn Res Bull 30125-131 (1964)

69 Boswell TE Pathogenicity of Pratylenchus brachyrus to Spanish peanut Diss Abstr Sect B 29(10)3570 B (1969)

70 Bouhot D Etude du Macrophominaphaseoli sur arachide Mission an Sinigal du 27 septembre an 7 novembre 1966 (Study of Macrophomina phaseoll on groundnut Mission in Senegal from 27 Sept to 7 Nov 1966) Agron Trop 231165-1171 (1968)

71 Le Macrophomina phaseoli sur les plantes cultivees au Senedgal (Macrophomina phaseol on the cultivated plants in Senegal) Agron Trop 231172-1181 (1968)

72 terabougrissement de arachide Mission an Seng en 1966 (The shrivelling of the groundnut Mission in Senegal in 1966) Agron Trop 231126-1127 (1968)

73 Boush GM et al Field tests with new insecticides for control of the southern corn rootworm attacking peanuts in VirginiaJ Econ Entomol 5615-18 (1963)

74 Boyle LW Low-Gallonage applications of fungicides for control of Peanut leafspots Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 203 (1964)

75 A factonal study of certain schemes of peanut culture Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bull 18 (1967)

76 Brennan JR The peanut gynophore Biologist 5171-82 (1969)

77 Broche G Debouchs des produits des industries de transshyformation dol6agineux des Itats Africains et Malgache Associes (Outlets for the products of the oilseed processing industries in the Associated African and Malagasy States) Oldagineux 20419-423 (1965)

78 Brown P A review of Groundnut experiments in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 339-50 (1965)

79 Brzozowska J and Hanower P Absorption et distribution du 3 5 s chez quelques cultures tropicales I Arachide (Uptake and distribution of S35 in some tropical crops I Groundshynuts) Oleagineux 19663-672 (1964)

80 Buchanan GA Dickens R Burns ER and McCormick RM Performance of several herbicides for weed control in peanuts S Weed Sci Soc Proc 22D P 122-126 (1969)

81 Bunting AH A classification of cultivated groundnuts Empire J of Exper Agric 23158-170 (1955)

82 Eurrell NJ et al Growth of Aspergillus flavus and proshyduction of aflatoxin in groundnuts-Part V Trop Sci 674-90 (1964)

83 Bushnell DG The importance and prevention of mould on groundnuts Rhodesia Agr J61108-113 (1964)

84 Calil G De ontwikkeling van de aardnoten verwerkende industrie in Noord Nigeria Problemen en moeilijkheden (The development of the groundnut processing industry in N Nigeria Problems and difficulties) Olidn Vetten en Zeep 48211-213 (1964)

85 Compacci CA and Silveira Filho JP da Disinfecqgo de sementes de anendoim (Disinfection of groundnut seed) Biol6gico Brasil 30320-323 (1964)

86 Carneiro Fraga C Erradicaglio de caf6 e diversificaqio de culturas (Eradication of coffee and diversification of culshytures) Supl Agicola 85 (1962)

87 Carrire de Belgarric R and Bor F Le ddveloppement de Ia productivit6 de larachide au Sn~gl (Development of groundnut productivity in Senegal) O16agineux 18613-620 (1963)

88 Carter K Pyramids of the north W Afr Rev 3353-55 (1962)

89 Chalon G Une billonneuse-marquese pour les semis darachides (Sowing groundnuts by means of a ridge dammer) Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Beige 8141-146 (1959)

90 Champ BR and Cribb JN An investigation of peanut storage pests in Queensland 2 Insecticidal treatment of bulk nut-in-shell peanuts in silos Queensland J Agr Animal Sci 22241-257 (1965)

91 Chandrasekhara MR S Aswathanarayan SR Shurpaleshykar B11 Surba Ray Pilot plant production of infant food based on groundnut and milk solids J of Food Sci amp Technol 6267-271 (1969)

92 Chohan JS and Gupta VK Aflaroot A new disease of groundnut caused by Aspergillus flavs Indian J Agr Sci 38568-570 (1968)

93 Clarke JH Fungi in stored products Trop Stored Prod Inform 153-14 (1968)

94 Clinton PKS Seed-bed pathogens of groundnuts in the Sudan and an -attempt to control wth an artificial testa EmpJ Exp Agri 28211-222 (1960)

95 The control of soil-borne pests and diseases of groundnuts in the Sudan Central Rainlands Emp J Exp Agr 30145-154 (1962)

96 Causes of loss of yield in groundnuts in the Sudan Central Rainlands Emp J Exp Agr 30137-144 (1962)

97 Coelho FA Soares and Tella R de Absorcio de nutrishyentes por plantes de amendoim na cultura de outono (Nutrishyent absorption by groundnut plants grown in the autumn) Bragantia 26235-252 (1967)

98 and Absorg5o de nutrientes pela planta de amendoim em cultura de primavera (Nutrient uptake by springtime groundnuts) Bragantia 26393-408 (1967)

99 Collins ER and Morris HD Soil fertility studies with peanuts N Carolina Agr Exp Sta Bull 330 (1942)

100 Collins RF US peanut abroad Peanut J Nut World 4832-34 (1969)

101 Colwell WE and Brady NC The effect of calcium on certain characteristics of peanut fruit J Amer Soc Agron 37696-708 (1945)

21

102 Counseil Africain de larachide (African advisory body on groundinuts) Ol6 agineux 183-168 (1963)

103 Corbett DCM and Brown P Fungicidal control of cercospora leaf-spots of groundnuts in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 413-21 (1966)

104 Correia C Bento 0 amendoim na Guini Portuguesa (Groundnuts in Portuguese Guinea) Estud Pol Soclais 3217-322 (1965)

105 Cuellar I and Toler RW Control de la mancha foliar del mani (Control of leaf spot in groundnut) Foil Serv Nac Invest Agr Panama 301-13 (1957)

106 La culture de larachide en zone soudano-sahilienne (Groundnut cultivation in the Sudan-Sahelian zone of Africa) 0liagineux 1729-33 (1962)

107 Curtis DL and Harkness C Some aspects of crop improvement in relation to groundinuts and sorghum in the Northern Region of Nigeria CCTACSA Symposium Lagos-Bukavu Savannah 621-10 (1962)

108 Dalal JL et al Investigations on soil sulphur II Gypsum as a fertilizer for groundnut in the Punjab Indianj Agr Sc 33199-204 (1963)

109 Damiano A and Parrini U La coltivazione dellarachide in Tripolitania (Groundnut cultivation in Tripolitania) Riv Agr Subtrop Trop 55156-162 (1961)

110 Davey PM et al The effect of insect infestation on the quality of decorticated groundnuts with special reference to storage at high and low humidities Trop Sci 1296-307 (1959)

111 Davis VW et al Economic consequence of restricting the use of organochlorine insecticides on cotton corn peanuts and tobacco 52 p US Dept Agr Agr Econ Rept No 178 (1970)

112 Delassus M Etudes phytosanitaires sur Parachide et les cer6 ales alimentaires au Senegal (Phytosanitary studies on groundnut and cereals in Senegal) Agron Trop 221226-1234 (1967)

113 Delbosc G Etudes surla regeneration de la fertilite dusol dans la zone arachidiere du Senegal (Studies on the restorashytion of soil fertility in the groundnut zone of Senegal) Oleagineux 2327-33 (1968)

114 Dewez J la culture de Iarachide dans la plaine de Ia Ruzizi (Groundnut cultivation in the Ruzizi plain) Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Belge 8219-230 (1959)

115 Dickens JW Shelling equipment for samples of peanuts Marketing Res Rep US Dep Agr5281-11 (1962)

116 and Khalsa JS Windrow orientation and harvesting damage to peanuts Olagineux 22741-746 (1967)shy

117 Diener UL and Davis ND Effect of environment on aflatoxin production in freshly dug peanuts Trop Sci 1021-28 (1968)

119 Dragt HJ The marketingof South African edible groundshynuts in foreign markets Agrekon 89-13 (1969)

120 Ducker HC Groundnut growing in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland Part II Rhodesia Agr J5990-95 (1962)

121 1 and Spear AJ Groundnut growing in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland-Part IV Mechanization Rhodesia Agr J 59192-194 (1962)

122 Duke GB and Alexander M Effects of close-row spacings on peanut yield and on production equipment requirements Prod Res Rep US Dep Agr 771-14 (1964)

123 Dwarakanath CT Sreenivasamurth V and Parpia HAB Aflatoxin in Indian peanut oil J of Food Science and Technology 6107-109 (1969)

124 Agousseuse darachides (A groundnut stripper) 016agineux 2191-93 (1966)

125 El-Khaden M Untersuchungen fiber die durch Aspergillus-Arten an Erdnuszkeimlingen hervorgerufenen Schiden und deren Verhiitung (Investigations into the damage caused to groundnut seedlings by Aspergillus spp and its prevention) Gieszen Institut fir Phytopathologie der Justus Liebig-Universitiit 108 p Tables Graphs Fig Photos Ref Thesis (1967)

126 Emery DA and Gupton CL Reproductive efficiency of Virginia type peanuts II The influence of variety and seasonal growth period upon fruit and kernel maturation 0l6agineux 2399-104 (1968)

127 Epandeur dengrais A faible ddbit pour les cultures darachides (An apparatus for the application of small quantishyties of fertilizer in groundnut cultivation) Oldagineux 13881-883 (1958)

128 Esteves JD Aspetos da cultura do amendoim em Inshyharrime (Aspects of groundnut cultivation in Inharrime) Rev Aricola Mocambique 517-20 (1963)

129 Ettori OJT and Falcao MJ Aspectos econ6micos da producao de amendoim em S Paulo (Economic aspects of groundnut production in Sio Paulo) Agricultura Slo Paulo 121-48 (1965)

130 Evelyn SH and Thornton I Soil fertility and the response of groundnuts to fertilizers in the Gambia EmpJ Exp Agr 32153-160 (1964)

131 Farrell JAK et al The effects of planting spacing and fungicide on Cercospora leaf spots of groundnuts in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 5241-247 (1967)

132 Fauche J Compte rendu dun essai de semis 6chelonnes sur anachide avec ou sans d6snfection des semences (Report on a trial on groundnuts with successive sowing dates with and without seed treatment) Agron Trop 171089-1809 (1962)

133 Figueiredo M et al Mancha barrenta da f6lba do amendoim (Mud spot of the groundnut leaf) Biol6gico 27164-165 (1961)

118 Donovan PA Groundnut investigation at Matopos 134 Fouquet J la traite des arachides dans le pays de Research Station Rhodesia AgrJ 60121-122 (1963) Kaolack et ses consequences 6 conomiques sociales et

22

juridiques (The groundnut trade in Knolack and its ecoshynomic social and juridical consequences) Etud Sindplaises 81-262 (1958)

135 Frank ZR and Krikun J Verticilium wilt of groundnut in Israel screening for varietal resistance Israel J Agr Res 1888-85 (1968)

136 Fraps GS The composition of peanuts and peanut by-products Texas Agr Exp Sta Bull 222 (1917)

137 French West Africa has smaller peanut crop Foreign Crops and Markets 8015 (1960)

138 Galland Ph Amilioration des conditions de culture de Parachide sur billions (Improvement of the conditions of ridge-cultivated groundnuts) OlEagineux 17929-932 (1962)

139 Vulgarisation aupres des cultivateurs voltashyrques des r6 sultats de Ia recherche agronomique sur Iarachide (Extension work concerning the results of agriculshytural research on groundnuts among the farmers of the Upper Volta Rep) 016agineux 18771-775 (1963)

140 Garcia RF and Castillo Z J Observacion preliminar sobre el efecto de los fertilizantes la cal y la materia orginica en mani (Arachishypogaeo) (Preliminary observation on the effect of fertilizers lime and organic matter on groundnuts) Cenicafe 1169-82 (1960)

141 Garg KP et al Effect of varying spacing on yield of groundnut Indian OilseedsJ934-37 (1965)

142 Gargantini H et al Ensaio de adubatilo N-P-K em amendoim (N P K fertilizer test with groundnuts) Bragantia 171-12 (1958)shy

143 Gibbons RW The branching habit of Arachis monticola Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 49-11 (1966)

144 Mycosphaerella Leafspots of groundnuts FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 14(2) April 1966

145 and Farrell JAK Test plant age and the transmission of groundnut Rosette virus by the vector Aphis craccivora Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 423-33 (1966)

146 and Tattersfield JR Outcrossing trials with groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res 771-75 (1969)

147 and Turley AC The effect of rosette virus on flowering in the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 5139-143 (1967)

148 Gillier P Utilisation du diagnostic foliaire pour la cartoshygraphic des besoins en engrais de larachide au Sn 6 gal (Foliar diagnosis used for the cartography of the fertilizer requireshyments of groundnuts in Senegal) Oleagineinx 15147-151 (1960)

149 Semoirset pandeurs dengrais pour Iarachide (Sowing machines and fertilizer spreaders for groundnuts) Olagineux 17697-699 (1962)

150 Germination et djsinfection des semences darachide (Germination and disinfection of groundnut seed) O1agineux 18243-245 (1963)

Iib1 _ Le triage de larachide de bouche bigraine

Rappel des normes de qualit6 (The grading of 2-seeded groundnuts for human consumption Review of quality standards) Oleagineux 19455-458 (1964) I

152 _ Ls coques darachides leur utilisation en agrishyculture (Groundnut shells their use in agriculture) Oltagishyneux 19473-475 (1964)

153 ___ Quand r6colter comment trater les ricoltes darachide (When to harvest how to treat the groundnut harvests) Ol6agineux 19681-682 (1964)

154 Ls exportations en e1ements minampaux dune culture darachide dans les diff6rentes zones du Sampngal (Removal of mineral nutrients by a crop of groundnuts in the different zones of Senegal) Oldagineux 19745-746 (1964)

155 Comment proceder a lvaluation des rendeshyments dans une culture darachides (How to assess the yield of a groundnut field) Olagineux 20591-593 (1965)

156 Les exportations en 614ments minraux dune culture darachide dans les diffirentes zones du Senigal (Removal of mineral elements by a groundnut crop in the different zones of Senegal) Oleagineux 2113-15 (1966)

157 and Prevot P Fumures minerales d 1arachide au Senegal (Inorganic fertilizers for groundnuts in Senegal) Bull Res CouncilIsrael Sect D Botany SD 3-4 (1960)

158 _ and Prevot P Fumures minerales de Parachide au Sdn6gal (Groundnut fertilizer in Senegal) Olbagineux 15783-791 (1960)

159 and Prevot P Bull Res Council Israel 8D131 (1960)

160 Silvestre P Arnould JP Breniere J and Mauboussin JC 1969 The peanut (in French) Tech Agr Prod Trop 15292

161 Girardeau JH and Leuck DB Effect of mechanical and bee tripping on yield of the peanut J Econ Entomol 601454-1455 (1967)

162 Goldblatt LA Aflatoxin and its control Econ Botany 2251-62 (1968)

163 Goldin B and Har-Tzook A The effect of fertilization on the vegetative and reproductive development of Virginia bunch improved groundnuts Olagineux 2117-20 (1966)

164 - and_ Groundnut cultivation in Israel World Crops 1868-71 (1966)

165 Goldsworthy PR Methods of applying superphosphate to groundnuts Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Min Agr N Region Nigeria 151-5 (1961)

166 _ Methods of applying superphosphate to groundnuts in Northern Nigeria Emp J Exp Agr 32231-234 (1964)

167 and Heathcote R Fertilizer trials with groundshynuts in Northern Nigeria Emp J Exp Agr 31351-366 (1963)

168 Gonzales TT Crop Rotation studies with corn as the main crop in the Lamao experiment station Limay Bataan Philippines PhdippineJ Plant Industry 31165-176 (1966)

r

23

169 Gopalakrishnan S et al Mineral nutrition and nitroge fixation in groundnut Current Sci 33391-393 (1964)

170 Gornat B and Goldberg D Effect of sprinkler irrigation intensity on the flowering and yield of peanuts grown in three different soils Israel J Agr Res 17187-191 (1967)

171 Greer HA Trpp L and Santlemen PW The influence of environmental conditions on weed control and spanish peanut injury by herbicides S Weed Sci Soc Proc 22D145-149 (1969)

172 (Groundnut season Northern Region of Nigeria) Ann Rep Dep Agr Nothern Region Nigeria 1958-59 p 25-30 (1960)shy

173 Gupton CL et al Reproductive efficiency of Virginia type peanuts III Relating the time of peg placement to the branching pattern of the plant Ol6agineux 23247-250 (1958)shy

174 and Emery DA Heritability estimates of the maturity of fruit from specific growth periods in Virginia type peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) Crop Sci 19127-129 (1970)

175 Gisten R Die Rentabilitat der Verwendung von Mineralshydinger bei Erdnissen in Senegal Nordnigeria und Niger (The profitability of the application of mineral fertilizers to groundnuts in Senegal N Nigeria and Niger) Z Auslindische Landwirtsch 4149-153 (1965)

176 Habish HA and Sh M Khairi Nodulation of legumes in the Sudan Cross-inoculation groups and the associated Rhizobium strains Expl Agr 4227-234 (1968)

177 Hadfield J The peasant farming scheme in Northern Rhodesia Agr Econ Bull Africa 156-57 (1962)

178 Hall DW Storage of produce in the Gambia Trop Sci 1293-299 (1959)

179 Halliday D Build-up of free fatty acid in Northern Nigerian groundnuts Trop Sci 9211-237 (1967)

180 Hammons RO Artificial cross-pollination of the peanut with bee-collected pollen Crop Sci 3562-563 (1963)

181 et al Some bees (Apoidea) associated with peanut flowering J Econ Entomol 56905 (1963)

182 _ Bailey WK Parham SA and HF Harrison Comparative performance of the Spanish peanut Argentine in cooperative tests in Georgia Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 72 (1959)

183 WK Bailey SA Parham and HF Harrison Comparative performance of four varieties of peanuts in cooperative tests in Georgia Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 76 (1958)

184 Hand sheller transforms Nigerias peanut industry Foreign Agr US Dep Agr 2321 (1959)

185 Harkness C et al The problem of mycotoxins in groundshynuts (peanuts) and other food crops of tropical Africa Samaru Res Bull 771-5 (1967)

186 Harris HC Copper deficiency of peanuts Proc Southern Agr Workers 46139 (1949)

187 Effect of minor elements particularly copper on peanuts Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull 494 (1952)

188 Har-Tzook A and Goldin E On the problem of producshytivity in groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) Ol6agineux 22677-678 (1967)

189 Hawkins JC The mechanisation of groundnut harvesting World Crops 14181-185 (1962)

190 Haynes DWM Mechanical tests of groundnut decortishycators 1960-1961 Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Mn Agr N Region Nigeria 221-7 (1962)

191 Hayward LAW Infestation control in stored groundnuts in Northern Nigeria World Crops 1563-67 (1963)

192 et al Technical aspects of groundnut storage in Northern Nigeria CCTAFAO Symposium on stored Food Freetown 20-24 February 1962 SF (62) 3 15th Dec p 1-6 (1961)

193 Heimann H and Ratner R The irrigation with saline water and the ionic environment Field experiments with groundnuts and cowpeas Oldagineux 20157-162 (1965)

194 Helms H et a Peanut plants in Queensland infected with tomato spotted wilt virus AustJ Agr Res 12239-246 (1961)

195 Hemingway JS The resistance of groundnuts to Cercoshyspora leafspots EmpJ Exp Agr 2560-68 (1957)

196 Higgins BB Peanut Breeding Proc 39th Ann Conf Assoc South Agr Workers Atlanta Ga (1938)

197 Relation of breeding and varieties to quality for specific uses Proc Peanut Res Conference pp 13-20 (1957)

198 and Bailey WK Peanut seed and seed treatshyments Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeograph Series NS 70 (1959)

199 Hogendorn JS Response to price change A Nigerian example Economica 34325 (1967)

200 Holland DA The component analysis approach to the interpretation of plant analysis data from groundnuts and sugar cane Exp Agr 4179-185 (1968)

201 Holley KT Strain and seasonal effects on peanut characshyteristics Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bull 32 27 p (1968)

202 Horst K ter Enige proeven ter bestrijding van de Cercoshyspora-bladvlekkenziekte van de aardnoot (Some experiments on the control of the Cercospora leaf spot disease of the groundnut) Surinaamse Iandbouw 9103-117 (1961)

203 utt Het optimale plantverband voor pinda van het ras Matjan (The optimum spacing for the Matjan variety of groundnuts) Surinaamse Landbouw 7121-128 (1959)

204 Hull R and Adams AN Groundnut rosette and its assistor virus The Annals of Applied Biology 62 (1968)

205 Hutchison RS Recherches sur le sechage des arachides stockers par les cultivateurs (Research on drying of groundshynuts stocked by farmers) Oleagineux 22737-740 (1967)

24

206 Inforzato R and Tella R de Sistema radicular do amendoim (The root system of the groundnut) Bragantia 19119-123 (1960)

207 Instruc6es para a colheita de material destinado ia analise foliar do amendoim (Instructions on the collection of mateshyrial for foliar analysis of the groundnut) Gaz Agr Angola 7201-203 211 (1962)

208 Intercropping sugarcane with legumes Exp Stat Bull Victorias Milling Co Inc 148-9 (1967)

209 Jackson CR A list of fungi reported on peanut pods and kernels Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 234 (1965)

210 Growth of Aspergllusflavus and other fungi in windrowed peanuts in Georgia-Part VII Trop Sci 227-34 (1965)

__ Development of fungi in peanuts during artishyicial drying Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Report 19 (1967)

112 studies on control of peanut pod fungi Georgia Exp Sta Res Report 11 p 18 (1967)

213 A field study of funer gtciations on peanut truit Georgia Agr hxp Sta Res BT (1968)

214 _ and Bell DK Lptosphaerulina erassiasca The cause of leaf scorch and pepper spot of peanut (Oldagishyneux 23387-388 (1968)

215 _ and Minton NA Peanut pod invasion by fungi in the presence of lesion nematodes in Georgia Oleagishyneux 23531-534 (194)

216 Jacquot M Echantillonnage dun lot darachides pour le calcul du rend-ent au ddcorticae (Sampling of a parcel of groundnuts foL the calculation of yield after shelling) Agron Trop17 1-181 (1962)

217 Observations de quelques caractres morphoshylogiques floraux sur Arachis hypogaea Liaisons naturelles de ces caractives Remarques sur I classification des machides cultivies (Observations on some floral morphological characshyters in Ararhis hypogaea Natural combinations of these characters Remark on the classification of the cultivated groundnuts) Agron Trop 17817-827 (1962)

218 Joffe AZ Aflatoxin produced by 1626 isolates of Aspergillusflaus from groundnut kernels and soils in Israel Nature 22149sect2 (1969)

219 Johnson FR The peanut story Murfreesboro NC Johnson Publishing Co 192 p Tables Figs Photos Maps Refs (1964)

220 Johnson MB and Gilhland CB Changes in farmers stock peanuts in storage Marketing Res Rep USDep Agr 381 p 1-34 (1960)

221 Joshi SN and Joshi HU Study of rotation of groundshynut-wheat under irrigated conditions in Saurashtra Indian OilseedsJ 8133-135 (1964)

222 _ and _ Spacing experiments on bunch variety of groundnut in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State Indian OilseedsJ 8162-166 (1964)

223 _ and _ Study of spacing on spreading groundnut in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State Indian OilseedsJ 8214-217 (1964)

224 Kanwar JS Investigations on sulphur in soils I Sulphur deficiency in groundnut soils of Samrala (Ludhiana) Indian J Agr Sci 33196-198 (1963)

225 Katarki BH and Banahatti AL Effect of N P and K on yields of groundnut in black soils of Mysore State Indian OilseedsJ 950-57 (1965)

226 Kay DE Production darachides de bouche pour le Royaume-Uni (Production of comestible groundnuts for the United Kingdom) Oleagineux 20105-107 (1965)

227 Kirinde STW Some effects of PIC and CIPC on groundshynuts Trop Agr Ceylon 1157-13 (1959)

228 Klesser PJ A veinbanding virus of groundnuts Arachis hypogaea S AfrJ Agr Sci 10515-528 (1967)

229 Mwitunde groundnuts and their reaction to virus infection in South Africa S Afr J Agr Sci 10675-686 (1967)

230 Arachis species and their reaction to virus infection S Aft J Agr Sc 10919-927 (1967)

231 Green rosette virus of groadnuts in South Africa S AfrJ Agr Sci 1177-85 (196R1

232 Reactions of groundnut varieties to the groundnut viruses S Afr J Agr Sci 11415-421 (1968)

233 Kousalya G et al Assessment of crop losses caused by rosette disease of groundnut Indian J AgrSci 37356-361 (1967)

234 Kramer M Resultados de dois anos do emprEgo de herbishycidas parao contr~le de ervas no amendoin nas condic-es de Sfo Paulo (Results of 2 years use of herbicides for weed control in groundnuts under SSo Paulo conditions) Anais III Semindrio Bras Herbicidas Ervas Daninhas 1960 p 237-248 (1961)

235 and Liederman I Controle de ervas daninhas do amendoim pela aplicacao de herbicidas de preshyemergencia (Weed control in groundnuts by the application of pre-emergence herbicides) Arq Inst Biol 28175-184 (1961)

236 Krishnaswamy MA and Johar DS Vegetable cheese from groundnut milk Food Sci 9235-240 (1960)

237 Krishnamurthy K Differential effect of hormones as follar applications on the yield of groundnut IndianJ Sci amp Industry 179-82 (1967)

238 Kulkarni LG et al Studies on weeding and interculture in relation to weed control in the yield of groundnut Indian OilseedsJ 7126-129 (1963)

239 Kutumba Rao S et al Pilot plant studies on processing of groundnuts Some factors influencing the quality of products and efficiency of processing Indian Oilseeds J 8106-109 (1964)

240 et al Compositional studies in Idnian groundshynuts Indian Oilseeds J 95-13 (19 65)

25

241 Labrousse G and Godron E Michanisation de la culture study of mineral nutrition of groundnuts Effects of boron de larachide notamment dans lea pays francophones and manganese toxicity) Agron Trop 14657-711 (1959) dAfrique tropicale et 1 Madagascar (Mechanization of groundnut production with special reference to the French- 254 Lin H FW Ho and Wang JS Studies on the yield spealang countries of tropical Africa and to Madagascar) components of peanuts II The path coefficient of yield Machinisme Agr Trop 113-103 (1965) components in different crops of peanuts (In Chinese) Agr

Assn ChinaJ 6522-31 (1969) 242 Lachover D Influence de ldpandage fractionnd de sulfate

dammoniaque sur le rendement et I qualit6 des arachides de 255 Lins R de and Ramos JAB Producio e comercialshybouche en terre limonsablonneuse rouge (Effect of split izado de amendoim no Estado de Sto Paulo (Production of applicat9a pf-t MIhrmPrm m i yeldNag4lyp and tra i sectorpd1f ql a Af ul- aia)PCPntle l a ) of cornestihle groundit oa W turn em S Paulo141-54(196

256 Lung DDl Whe petan the uapredhctable legume A 243_ La i sponse de Larachide debouche en nture sympnsm)Thc Tqtinal io V ng U

irrigup jpppt pr4uits rp ( DC ( edible roundnuts under irrigation to the application of calciumcompounds) 6agnuxiY- (i6 257 McDonald D and AArouk J Giowth u Apergflus

flavus and production of aflatoxia in groudnuts -Part I 244 et al Influencodengrais azatdsliquides surle Trop Scd20S-24(93)

rendement ot lIqualitd des arachides (Effect pf liquid nitroshygen feFizrs on yie~d and 9q9lity of g n ) a 258 et al Growth of spergillus andproducshyneux1107-111 (1962) tion of aflatoxm in groundnuits-PIart f Trop Sci

131-154 (1964) 245 et al Influence dengrais verts et dengrais

azot e etla qualit4 des arachides(The 1 259 __ and Harknqs C Growth of Aspejgilus flavusleendement effect f grepn W g arira i e lz 9 he and production of aflatoxin inggundat- II Trop Sc yield and quality of groundnuts) Ol6agineux 18153-156 5148-154 196) (19 63) 0C l--0A4M

an a nss row o pg s

24b _ and Arnon I Influence sur Parachide du and production of aflatoxin ir groundnuts-Part IV Trop unanque de potassium de potassium de certains sols Determai- Sd 612-27 (1964) l nation de~la deficience (Influence on groundnuts of potassishyum de iepsy pqegi3 spa 261 t and Hffkne ss 9 7Groth94 r 1 avusefr pq rraipAtheq e ciencyqeaineux$9117 (1964 and production ot hatox nn groundnuts5-Pa 91i fop

8d7P2-A(1 Jl Il 247 Lal SP ad Ma~tha SD Studies on Icd-buinc fungi of IN gwgrliuut LA frew rltbod far 1ntectipg fungi nsnad 262 za and H g qfltoii f g9gyndBrjr

isamples f yee1sperp elrngp4lapprp crop at harest fig Northey p Sci9j4 8-161igeria-1 61

ph paseol(ubl hby (sys cs otium ataticolaTub) (1967) I Laboratory assay ot fungicides for controlhng seca-borne

infections CR Assuc flt Essis Semncuces 32a5-606 203 MelGtUesick N A nams aluck on low pnoduclivity in (1067)e peasant agriculture TntDevelopmeetRe9 -G6 (19r7)kI

248 Lancaster MC et al Toxicity associated with certain 264 Al mani mecanizado nuevo cultivo de la zona algodonera samples of gronuts Nature 1921095-1097 (19U1 (Mechanized groundnut a new crop for the cotton area)

0 I --o Iass1 I Igt e1-1 Rev Nhc Agr Culuhnbia 705-706 p 43 (1964) 249 Langfoad WR Spanucoss Geosgia Agr Expt Sta Res

Report 76 (1970) 265 Mahapatra LN Preliminary studies on corzelatipn of yield with other characters of groundnut Indian Agriculturist

250 Laes DA Rainfall conservatin nd he yields of 1097-106 (1966) sorghum and grownthuts impNorthernigeria Egp Agr 2139-146(1966) 266 Maize whats the alternative crop 1 Groundnts

-Rhodesia Agr J5928-269 (1962) 251 Liedernws L et al Aplicauil desherbiidas em ieshy

emergencia no amendoim em terra arenosa (Pro-emergence 267 MaPtellA and Gqalin E Th9 influence ofirrigatiq applicagn pffberbicidest groundpytson an ay oi) frequency and intensity on the yield and quality of peanuts

(Arachis liypogaea) Israel j Agr Res 14203-21 (1964)ABioldg~cy rasp1 206J6sectj19)d

it 252 and SnUs CALtlos Cunit5k de garneaica 268 MarlrifmrgrouadoutsandgroundaytcoLStud4 group a rltuxaArQanaudoimcemmistaiu exfiuinedipn Oilsee4sQIfr apg Fp (4O 9ti Sess (3POF g8

it em trJp t u s Ieill (1968)1l1 groundnut fields with mixtures of triflumlin and dauron in

In Iii three rego of tie State o So Paulo)Bsoldgco a 269 Mattin G 1 Lavage dlt Patathide de bouchc (Thst wash Iii 332Wt-222 (1907)0 big of graodudius fo direct consumtptiou Olgineuxhi

r ii Iii

253 Ifeqqe54 And BelqyjCpntrikyi~p I4tp4e dgJ nutritios mindale de larachide (Arachis hypogaea) Effets 270 te sechage artificiel des arachides en coques des to citis bifue et man aque (Contributin to the (The artificiAl drying of groundnuts in the shell) Oldagineux

N Ill

1 iii thin hilts

if

26

271 Conservation des semences darachide (Storshyage of groundnut seeds) Olagineux 1985-87 (1964)

272 Diagnostic follaire de larachide (Foliar diagshynosis of the groundnut) Olagineux 20241-242 (1965)

273 _ and Fourrier P Les oligo-lnements dans la culture de larachide du Nord S6 ndgal (Trace elements in the cultivation of groundnuts in Northern Senegal) 01oagineux 20287-291 (1965)

274 Martin JP Influence de I date de semis et de la longueur de cycle sur la richesse en huile et sur quelques autres cameshyteres de larachide (The effect of sowing date and growing period on the oil content and other characteristics of the groundnut) Oleagineux 23315-316 (1968)

275 Differences de richesse en huile des graines darachide selon leur position dans Ia gousse avec observation simultande do Ia grosseur des graines (Differences in oil conshytent between groundnut kernels according to their position in

- the pod with simultaneous observations on kernel sizes) OlWagineux 27453-455 (1968)

276 and Bilquez AF Nouvelle contribution a la connaissance de la floraison et de la fructification de azachide (New contribution to the knowledge of the flowering and fruiting of groundnuts) Oleagineux 17469-471 (1962)

277 Martinez JA and Bastos Cruz BP Contrle quimico da murcha do amendoim (Chemical control of groundnut wilt)Bioldgico Brasil 27191-193 (1961)

278 Masilungan VA et al Studies on some important factors involved in the mold process of making soy sauce Philippine J Sci 89149-162 (1960)

279 Mazzani B El mani en Venequela (The groundnut in Venezuela) Monogr Centro Invest Agron 11-138 (1961)

280 _ and Allievi J Efectos de varias pocas de despegue de los frutos sobre algunas caracteristicas del mani (Effect of various times of pod removal on some groundnut characteristics) Agron Trop Venezuela 17127-132 (1967)

281 _ et al Quelques aspects de la fertilisation minarale de Iarachide au Venequela (Some aspects of the application of mineral fertilizers to groundnuts in Veneshyzuela) Olagineux 23383-385 (1968)

282 _ and Inojosa S Diferencias varietales de suscepshytibilidad a Ia roya del mani en Venezuela (Varietal differshyences in susceptibility to rust of groundnuts in Venezuela)Agron Trop Venezuela 114145 (1961)

283 _ and Inojosa S Resultados de la aplicacion pregerminativa del herbicida prometrin en mani (Results of pre-germination application of the herbicide prometrine in groundnuts) Agron Trop Venezuela 12137-142 (1962)

284 Mazzei Patrone I Siembras experimentales con variedades de mani (Experimental sowings with groundnut varieties) Bol Inform Uruguay 177-10 (1961)

285 Meikle J0 A survey of African-grown groundnut varieshyties in Rhodesia Rhodesia Agr J 62109-113 (1965)

286 Mendes Conagin CHT and Conagin A EficiEncia reproshyductiva no amendoim cultivado (Arachis hypogaea) (Effishyciency of reproduction in the cultivated groundnut) Bragantia 191081-1104 (1960)

287 Meredith RM The effects of population density and manuring on groundnut yields in Northern Nigeria Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Min Agr N Region Nigeria 251-12 (1962)

288 The effects of planting density and manuring on the yields of bunch-type groundnuts Enmp J Exp Agr 32136-140 (1964)

289 Metelerkamp HRR Response to early planting and irrishygation of a late maturing groudnut variety Rhodesia Age J 64127 (1967)

290 Mixon AC Effect of seed size on vigor and yield of runner peanuts Alabama Age Exp Sta Bul 346 (1963)

291 Mohan JC and Ali AM Yield response of irrigated groundnut to organic mulches Indian J Agr Sci 39196-199 (1969)

292 Morris Porter D and Garren KH An analysis of the endogeocarpic microflora of peanuts in Virginia Trop Sci 10100-106 (1968)

293 Mortiss PD Peanut cutter-rake Queensland Agr J f8889-90 (1962)

294 Moursi MA and Abd EI-Gawad AA Production of peanut crop in UAR Growth and yield response to plant population Ann Agric Sci Univ Ain shams 10281-305 (1967)

295 Muhammad SV and Dorairaj MS Screening the genetic stock of Arachis hypogaea for seed dormancy in Madras State IndianjAgr Sci 3873-75 (1968)

296 Murty AGK Exports of groundnut extractions a price study Indianj Agr Econ 23184-191 (1968)

297 Musangi RS and Soneji SV Feeding groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) haulms to dairy cows in Uganda E Afr Agr Forestryj 33170-174 (1967)

298 Muthiah C and Rao MP Shifting of area under culture Agr Situation India 17337-341 (1962)

299 Myers JM and Rogers F Mechanical drying and harvesshyting peanuts Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull 507 (1952)

300 Nariani TK and Dhingra KL A mosaic disease of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Indian J Age Sci 3325-27 (1963)

301 Nelson GL et al Vacuum techniques for mycotoxin-free peanut drying Oklahoma Agr Res Prog Rep Processed Series P-608 14 p (1969)

302 Nicholaides JJand Cox FR Effect of mineral nutrition on chemical composition and early reproductive development of Virginia type peanuts Arachis hypogaea Agron J 62262-264 (1970)

303 Niger Levolution du rendement de larachide (Nigera

27

Development of the yield of groundnuts) Chron dOutre-Mer 5138-39 (1958)

304 Nigerian peanut output drops sharply Foreign Crops and Markets 8015 (1960)

305 Nigerian peanut purchases down sharply palm products forecast at 1959 level Foreign Crops and Markets 8116-17 (1960)

306 Nijhawan HL Response of groundnut to fertilizers Indian OilseedsJ 6185-192 (1962)

307 Effect of time of harvesting on the quality of groundnut crop Indian OilseedsJ 6298-302 (1962)

308 Effect of time of planting on the quality of groundnut crop Indian OilseedsJ 71-3 (1963)

- 309 Effect of sowing groundnut in different spashycings on the chemical composition of the crop Indian Oilshyseedsj 7133-135 (1963)

310 Njao N Groundinuts and groundnut oil Agr Econ Bull Africa 344-47 (1 9 6 3)

311 Norden AJ and Block DH Variety BlendsA considershyation in peanut oil improvement and production Oleagineux 23583-585 (1969)

312 RLipscomb and WA Carver Florunner-A new peanut variety Florida Agr Exp Sta Circ S-196 (1969)

313 Norris DO Acid Production by Rhizobium Plant and Soil 22143-166 (1965)

314 Nutnan FJ FM Roberts andjG Williamson Studies on varietal resistance in the groundnut (Arachis hypogeae) to Rosette disease RhodJ Agric Res 263-77 (1964)

315 Ofori CS Response of groundnuts to phosphatic fertilishyzers on the granitic soils of the Upper Region in Ghana Agron Trop 20489-494 (1965)

316 Ollagnier M and Gillier P Comparaison du diagnostic foliarire et de lanalyse des sols pour ia determination des besoins en engrais de Iarachide an S~ndgal (phosphore et potassium) (Comparison of foliai diagnosis and soil analysis for the assessment of P and K fertilizer requirements of groundnuts in Senegal) Ollagineux20513-516 (1965)

317 Oosthuizen SA Grondbonehooi is arm ann protene (Groundnut hay is poor in protein) Boerdery S-Afrika 3247-64 (1957)

318 Operations de pr6vulgarisation sur arachide conduites par IlRHO en Hiute-Volta et au Sengal (Demonstration experiments with groundnuts conducted by the IRHO in Upper-Volta and Senegal) Bul Engrais 461 pp 141-144 (1963)

319 Oram PA High-quality groundnuts for direct consumpshytion I Production research and development in Libya World Crops 9159-162 (1957)

320 Oram PA Recent developments in groundnut producshytion with specialreference to Africa Field Crop Abstracts Part 111-6 PartlI 1175-84 (1958)

321 Ordish G Pest Control in groundnuts Pest articles and news summaries No 2 Ministry of Overseas Development London p 138 (1967)

322 Parker RC Wynne JC and Embry DA 1970 Comshybining ability estimates in Arachis hypogaea I F1 seedling responses in a controlled environment Crop Sci 10429-432 (1970)

323 Parkin EA and Scott EIC The germination of foodshycrop seeds stored in contact with lindane and DDT dusts Trop Sci 1206-211 (1959)

324 Patel MS et al Wealth from groundnut waste-a review Indian Oilseeds J 8380-382 (1964)

325 Pathak GN and Verma G Studies on the cultural and manurial requirements of groundnut in Uttar Pradesh Indian Oilseeds J 8167-174 (1964)

326 Patil SH and Desai BM Introduction of groundnut cultivation in high rainfall regions of Bombay Indian OilshyseedsJ 8218-221 (1964)

327 Pattinson L et al The separation of aflatoxin infected groundnut kernels Trop Sci 10212-221 (1968)

328 Peers FG Aflatoxin-A summary of recent work Trop Sci 9186-203 (1967)

329 Phillips LJ and Norman MJT Sorghum-peanut crop sequences at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 1144-149 (1 9 6 1)

330 - - and - Fodder crop-cash crop sequences at Katherine NT Techn Paper Commonwealth Sci Industr Res Organiz Australia 203-12 (1962)

331 and The influence of inter-row spacing and plant population on the yield of peanuts at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 254-60 (1962)

332 _ and The response of peanuts to phosphate fertilizers at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 5470-474 (1965)

333 Piggott CJ The effect of fertilizers on the yield and quality of groundnuts in Sierra Leone Emp J Exp Agr 2859-64 (1960)

334 Pinto de Matos AH Influtncia dos tratamentos insectishycidas no poder germinativo das sementes de amendoim (Effect of insecticidal treatments on the germinative power of groundnut seed) Garcia de Orta 9471-477 (1961)

335 Pothecary BP Handling groundnuts with auger conveyer World Crops 21180-182 (1969)

336 Prabhakara Reddy G and Sanyasi Rao C Fertilizer response in groundnut Indian Oilseedsj 9274-279 (1965)

337 Prevot P and Billaz R Recherches agrophysiologiques sur le probl6me de la r6sistance de larachide baIa sdcheresse (Agro-physiological investigations into the problem of drought resistance of groundnuts) Oldagineux 17911-917 (1962)

28

338 and Martin G Comparaison des fumures organiques et mindrales pour Parachide en Haute-Volta (Comparison between organic and mineral manures for groundnuts in Upper Volta) Olagineux 19533-537 (1964)

339 Pugnat C Rapport au Gouvernement du Cameroune sur lamelioration des cultures vivrieres (Report to the governshyment of Cameroon on the improvement of subsistence crops) Progr Elargi Assist Techn FAO 1834 p 1-17143 (1964)

340 Pursglove JW Tropical Crops Dicotyledons Longmans Press (1968)

341 Punrss GS Wilt of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in Queensshyland with particular reference to Verticillium wilt Queens landJ Agr Sci 18453-462 (1961)

342 Peanut diseases in Queensland Queensland Agr J 88540-543 (1962)

343 Rebechault H and Guenin G Effects de Pacide gibbershyellique sur deux varietes darachide (Arachis hypogaea) (Effects of gibberellic acid on two groundnut varieties) Cah ORSTOM Ser Biologic 43-29 (1967)

344 Ramly AWH A simple groundnut stripper World Crops 1834-35 (1966)

345 Rawson JE Susceptibility of Virginia Bunch peanut to post-emergence application of 24-D and related herbicides Queensland JAgr Sci 20463-470 (1963)

346 Controlling weeds in peanuts Queensland Agr J90656-661 (1964)

347 Ravindra Nath V and Kulkarni LG Effect of different dates of sowing of groundnut on the development and intensity of leaf-spot disease by Cercospora spp Indian J Agr Sci 37362-368 (1967)

348 Rickards CE Mechanised groundnut cultivation Farming Zambia 45-7 (1968)

349 Roche P and Velly J Etudes de fertilisation sur arachides dans la rcgion du Lac Alaotra (1957-60) (Studies on fertilizer application to groundnuts in the Lake Alaotra region 1957-60) Agron Trop 18477-510 (1963)

350 Le r6le de larachide dans ]a croissance iconomique du Senigal (The role of the groundnut in Senegals economic growth) Ed by JB Mas Rep du Senegal Ministampre du Plan et due Developpement Service de la Statistique 16 p Tables Appendix (1964)

351 Rosher PH and Sheldrick RD The effect of postshyemergence applications of MCPB on groundnuts Trop Agr Trinidad 36211-217 (1959)

352 Rothwell A Diseases of groundnuts in Southern Rhoshydesia Rhodesia AgrJ 59199-201 (1962)

353 Sardone LT The groundnut industry of Queensland World Crops 12351-354 (1960)

354 Scaife A Groundnut cultivation in Western Tanzania Ukiriguru Progress Rep Tanzania 21-6 (1966)

855 Schenk RV Development of the peanut fruit Georgia Agr Expt Sta Tech Bull ns 22 (19 61)

356 Schiffman J Field experiments on inoculation of peanuts in Northern Negev soils Israel J Agr Res 11151-158 (1961)

357 and Y Alper 1968 Effects of Rhizobiumshyinoculum placement on peanut inoculation Expl Agric 4203-208 (1968)

358 and Alper Y Inoculation of peanut by applishycation of Rhizobium suspension into the planting furrows Exp Agr 4219-226 (1968)

359 Schilling R Larachide en cultures associes avec les c6 r~ales (Groundnuts in association with cereals) Oldagineux 20673-676 (1965)

360 Seeger JR Essais dinoculation artificielle de Parachide - au Congo (Experiments on the artificial inoculation of

groundnuts in Congo) Ann Gembloux 67220-241 (1961)

361 Sen S and Ghosh M Influence of time of harvesting on the quantity of oil in groundnut Indian Oilseeds J 9260-265 (1965)

362 Serry A and EI-Banna E A study of correlation beshytween rapid soil tests and response of groundnut to potassishyum application on some Sharkeia sandy soils in pot experishyments Agr Res Rev Egypt 4040-47 (1962)

363 Seshadri CR et al Studies on root development in groundnut Indianj Agr Sci 28211-215 (1958)

364 Shekhawat GS et al Studies on the effect of methods of sowing row spacing and seed-rate on the yield of groundshynut Indian OilseedsJ9280-282 (1965)

365 Shiralipour A Harris HC West SH Boron deficiency and amino acid and protein contents of peanut leaves Crop Sci 9455-456 (1969)

366 Siewart Sara and JG Woodroof Nouveau proced6 de salage des arachides en coques (New procedure for salting groundnuts in their shells) Oleagineux 8230-231 (1953)

367 Silvestre P Monographie des recherches conduites Ia Bambey sur larachide (Monograph of the research work on groundnuts conducted at Bombey) Agron Trop 16623-733 (1961)

368 La production de larachide h Madagascar (Groundnut production in Madagascar) Agron Trop 18511-526 (1963)

369 Simposium oor makotoksiene in voedselsoorte landshyboukundige aspekte gehou te Pretoria 25-26 Februari 1965 (Symposium on mycotoxins in foodstuffs agricultural aspects held at Pretoria February 25-26 1965) Techn Commun Dep Agr Techn Serv Rep S Africa 351-60 (1965)

370 Smartt J Groundnuts in Northern Rhodesia Rhodesia AgrJ 5769-72 (1960)

371 A guide to groundnut cultivation in Northern Rhodesia Rhodesia AgrJ5894-102 (1961)

372 Factors influencing yield and quality of groundnuts in Northern Rhodesia Emp J Exp Agr 32343-351 (1964)

29

373 Snyman JW The secret of higher groundnut yields Farming S Africa 4334-37 (1968)

374 Soudan me caisse de stabilisation des prix de larachide (A price Stabilization Fund for Groundauts) Marches Trop du Monde 141251 (1958)

375 South China area interplants peanuts and sugar cane to raise outputs of both Surv China Mainland Press 3536 p 19 (1965)

376 Spensley PC Aflatoxin the active principle in Turkey I disease Endeavour 2275-79 (1963)

377 Stead PRS Groundnut drying trials Rhod Agr J 6651-53 (1969)

378 Stem WR The influence of sowing date on the yield of peanuts in a short summer rainfall environment Aust J Exp Agr and Animal Husbandry 8594-598 (1968)

379 Strauss JL and Gizzard AL The effect of calcium magnesium and potassium on peanut yields Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 12348-352 (1948)

380 Sulaiman M Investigations on the control of tikka disease of groundnut in the Maharashtra State Beitrige Trop Subshytrop Landwirtsch u Tropenveterindrmedizin 251-54 (1964)

381 and Agashe NG Influence of climate on the incidence of tikka disease of groundnut Indian Oilseeds J 9176-179 (1965)

382 Sundaran NV Note on creation of tikka leaf spot of groundnut Indian Oilseeds J998-101 (1965)

383 Tella R de and Bacchi 0 Longevidade das sementes de amendoin (Longevity of groundnut seed) Bragantia 2121-23 (1962)

384 and Canecchio Filho V Instrucoes praticas-a cultura do amendoim (Practical instructions for groundnut cultivation) Agronomico 117-11 (1959)

385 Terblanche M and Rabie CJ A toxic fungus (Scerotshyium rolfsii) isolated from groundnuts S Afr J Agr Sci 10253-261 (1967)

386 Thompson SS Peanut leafspot diseases Ga Univ Ext Leafl 25 Res 8 p (1969)

387 Thornton I Quelques observations sur la nodulation de larachide en Gambie (Some observations on root nodule formation of groundnuts in Gambia) Oleagineux 18781-783 (1963)

388 The effect of fertilizers on the uptake of nitroshygen phosphorus and potassium by the groundnut EmpJ Exp Agr 32235-240 (1964)

389 Tippins HH Morgan LW and CM Beckham Biology of Derobrachusbrevicollis a pest of Bahiagrass and peanuts Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bul 33 (1968)

390 Toms AM Agricultural progress in the Sudan World Crops 14200-202 (1962)

391 Irrigated groundnuts in the Sudan Gezira World Crops 1539-42 (1963)

392 Toole VL WK Bailey EH Toole Factors influencing dormancy of peanut seeds Plant Physiol 308Z2-832 (1964)

398 Tuelieres R Larachide an Sud-Vitnam (The groundnut in South Viet Nam) Bull Soc Et Indochinoises 37435-463 (1962)

394 Une alimentation saine et abondante grace 1a (A healthy and abundant alimentation thanks to ) Sin6gal Magazine Aug p 16-9 (1961)

395 Uptrend in Brazils peanut production temporarily halted by dry weather Foreign Crops and Markets 7916-17 (1959)

396 Vachhani MV et al Crop rotations double cropping and cropping pattern in the rice areas in India News Letter Int Rice Comm 1119-23 (1962)

397 Verma JK and Bajpai MR A brief review of mineral nutrition of groundnut in relation to its growth yield and quality Indian Oilseeds J 8222-229 (1964)

398 Vidhyasekaran P and lothandaraman R Fungicidal control of tikka leaf-spot of groundnut Indian J Agr Sci 38373-377 (1968)

399 Wadhwa ND Mechanical cultivation of groundnut in Northern Ghana Ghana Farmer 85-13 (1964)

400 Weiss EA Castor Sesame and Safflower 901 p Leonard Hill London (1971)

401 Whitaker RB and Wiser EH Theoretical investigations into the accuracy of sampling shelled peanuts for aflatoxin Amer Oil Chem SocJ 46377-379 (1969)

402 Whiteside JD and Bailey RA Application of fungicides for the control of Cercospora leaf-spot of groundnuts Rhoshydesia Agr J 64128-132 (1967)

403 Wilson C Peanut seed treatments Plant Disease Reptr 3487-95 (1950)

404 Wood IMW The effects of seed size seed treatment method of shelling and organic matter on the establishment of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 881-84 (1968)

405 The effect of temperature at early flowering on the growth and development of peanuts (Arachis hyposhygaea) AustJ Agr Res 19241-251 (1968)

406 Chemical weed control in peanut crops at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr and Animal Husbandry 8762-766 (1968)

407 Woodroof JG Peanuts Production processing products The AVI Publishing Company Westport Connecticut p 291 (1966)

408 World peanut production second largest of record World Summaries Crops and Livestock Nov 24 p 16-18 (1960)

409 World peanut production sets new record Foreign Agr Carc US Dept Agr FFO 16-65 p 1-29 (1965)

410 World peanut production at near-record high in 1966 exports at record level Foreign Agr arc US Dep Agr FPO 7-67 p 1-28 (1967)

30

411 Zink E et al Estudos s8bre a conservacio de sementes X-Amendoin (Studies on seed storage X Groundnuts) Bragantia 21159-165 (1962)

Additional Reference

This manuscript has been a long time in preparation After the manuscript was put in final form and most of the typing had been done asignificant book on peanuts was publishedPeanuts-Cultureand Uses a Symposium was published by the American Peanut Research and Education Association Inc (Executive Secretary-Treasurer Leland

Tripp Agronomy Department Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma 74074) Thirty-eight authors contributed to the 20 chapters and in the 684 pages of the book there are over 2000 references listed This book covers in considerable detail all the topics that have been

briefly summarized in this manuscript Peanut proteins and the physicoshychemical and nutritional properties of peanuts are well covered

31

ABBREVIATIONS AND ADDRESSES OF SOME SOURCES OF LITERATURE CITATIONS

Agr Assn China J-Agricultural Association of China Journal Taipei Taiwan

Agrekon-Agrekon Department of Agricultural Economics and Marketing Pretoria South Africa

Agricultura em Sio Paulo-Instituto de Economia Agricola Caixa Postal 8083 Sio Paulo Brazil

Agron J-Agronomy Journal American Society of Agronomy 677 S Segoc Road Madison Wisconsin 53711 (USA)

Agronomico-Agronomico Instituto Agronomico Caixa Postal 28 Campanis Brazil

Agron Trop-Agronomia Tropical Centro de Investigaciones Agronomicas Maracay Venezuela

Agr Res Rev Egypt-Agricultural Research Review Dokki

Egypt Agr Situation India-Agricultural Situation in India Ministry of

Food and Agriculture Delhi 6 India Agr Trop-Agricultura Tropical Asociacion Columbiana de

Ingenieros Agronomo Bogota Columbia Alabama Age Exp Sta Bul-Alabama Agricultural Experiment

Station-Bulletin Auburn Alabama 36830 (USA) Amer Oil Chem Soc J-American Oil Chemists Society

Journal 35 East WackerNDrive Chicago Illinois 60601 (USA)

Amer Soc Agr Eng Trans-American Society of Agricultural Engineers Transactions St Joseph Michigan 49085 (USA)

Ann Agric Sci Univ Ain Shams-Annals of Agricultural Science University of Ain Shams Cairo Egypt

Arq Inst Biol-Arquivos do Instituto Biolgico Baixa Postal 7119 Sao Paulo Brazil

Aust J Agr Res-Australian Journal of Agricultural Research MelbourneAustralia

Beitrige Trop Subtrop Landwirtsch u Tropenveterinarshymedizin-Beitrige zur Tropischen und Subtropischen Landwirtschaft and Tropenveteriniirmedizin Karl Marx University Leipzig

Biolodgico-Biologico Caixa Postal 4185 Sao Paulo Brazil Biologist-Biologist Denver Colorado (USA) Bragantia-Bragantia Boletim Technico do Instituto Agronomshy

ico do Estado de Sgo Paulo Sgo Paulo Brazil Bull Engrais-Bulletin des Engrais Paris Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Belge-Bulletin

deinformation de Institut National pour IEtude Agroshynomique du Congo Beige Brussels

Cah ORSTOM Ser Biologi-Cahiers Office de In Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer Series Biologi Paris

CCTACSA Symposium Lagos-Bukavu Savannah-Commission for Technical Cooperation in Africa Scientific Council for Africa

CCTAFAO Symposium-Commission pour la Cooperation Technique en Afrique (Commission for Technical Coopershyation in Africa South of the Sahara) Food and Agriculshytune Organization Symposium

Cenicafe-Cenicafe Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Cafe Chinchina Columbia

Chemistry and Industry London

Crop Sci-Crop Science Society of America 677 S Segoe Road Madison Wisconsin 53711 (USA)

Current Sci-Current Science Raman Research Institute Bangalore India

Diss Abstr Sect B-Dissertation Abstracts Section B Sciences and Engineering University Microfilms Ann Arbor Michigan 48106 (USA)

E Afr Agr Forestry J-East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal PO Box 30148 Nairobi

Econ Botany-Economic Botany The New York Botanical Garden New York New York 10458 (USA)

Economica-Economica London Empire J of Exper Agric-Empire Journal of Experimental

Agriculture London Emp J Exp Agr Gambia-Empire Journal of Experimental

Agriculture Gambia Endeavour-Endeavour Thames House London Etud Senegelaises-Etudes Senegelaises Dakar Expl Agric-Experimental Agriculture London FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome Italy FAO Plant Protection Bulletin-Food and Agriculture Organizashy

tion International Documents Service 136 S Broadway Irvington on Hudson New York 10533 (USA)

FAO 4th Sess CCP OF-Food and Agricultural Organization 4th Session Committee on Commodity Problems Oils and Fats

Farming S Africa-Famning in South Africa Agricultural Technical Services Private Bag 144 Pretoria South Africa

Field Crop Abstracts-Field Crop Abstracts Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux Farnham Royal England

Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull-Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin Gainesville Florida 32601 (USA)

Florida Agr Exp Sta Crc-Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Circular Gainesville Florida 32601 (USA)

Foreign Agr Circ U S Dept Agr FFO-Foreign Agricultural Circular United States Department of Agriculture Fats and Oils

Garcia de Orta-Garcia de Orta Junta de Investigacces do Ultrashymar Lisbon Portugal

Ga Univ Ext Ixafl-Georgia University Extension Leaflet Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Gaz Agr Angola-Gazeta Agricola de Angola Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 203-Georgia Agriculshy

tural Experiment Station Mimeo Series (New Series) Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Report-Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Ghana Farmer-Ghana Farmer Accra Ghana Indian Agriculturist-Indian Agriculturist Agricultural Society

of India Ballygunge Circular Road Calcutta India Indian Farming-Indian Council of Agricultural Research New

Delhi India Indian J Agr Sci-Indian Journal of Agricultural Science

Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi India

32

Indian J Sci amp Industry-Indian Journal of Science and Indusshytry Karnal India

Indian Oilseeds J-Indian Oilseeds Journal Hyderabad India Israel J Agr Res-Israel Journal of Agricultural Research J Amer Soc Agron-Journal of the American Society of

Agronomy Geneva New York 14456 (USA) J Econ Entomol-Joumnal of Economic Entomology Entoshy

mological Society of America Baltimore Maryland 21201 (USA)

J of Food Sci amp Technol-Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore India

J Sci Food Age-Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculshyture London

Marketing Res Rep U S Dept Agr-Marketing Research Reports Publications Division Office of Information United States Department of Agriculture Washington DC 20250 (USA)

Nature-Nature London N Carolina Agr Exp Sta BuU-North Carolina Agricultural

Experiment Station Bulletin Raleigh North Carolina 27607 (USA)

Neth J Age Sci-Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science Wageningen

Newsletter Int Rice Comm-Newsletter of the International Rice Commission Bangkok Thailand

NT Aust J Exp Agr-Northern Territories Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture

Okla Agr Res Prog Rep Processed Series-Oklahoma Agriculshytural Research Project Report Processed Series Stillwater Oklahoma 74074 (USA)

Oleagineux-Oleagineux LInstitut de Recherches pour les

Huiles et Oleagineux 8 Square Petrarque Paris Peanut J Nut World-Peanut Journal and Nut World Philippine J Plant Industry-Philippine Journal of Plant Indusshy

try Manila Philippine J Sci-Philippine Journal of Science Manila Plantand Soil-Plant and Soil The Hague Netherlands Plant Disease Reptr-Plant Disease Reporter Washington DC

(USA) Plant Physiol-Plant Physiology American Society of Plant

Physiologists PO Box 5706 Washington DC 20014 (USA)

Proc Peanut Res Conference-Proceedings Peanut Research Conference

Proc Southern Agr Workers-Proceedings of Southern Agriculshytural Workers Conference

Proc 5th Nat Peanut Res Conf-Proceedings of the 5th National Peanut Research Conference

Prod Res Rep US Dept Agr-Production Research Reports United States Department of Agriculture

Queensland J Agr Animal Sci-Queensland Journal of Agriculshytural and Animal Sciences Brisbane Australia

Rev Nac Agr Columbia-Revista Nacional de Agricultura Bogota Columbia

Rhodesia Agr J-Rhodesia Agricultural Journal Salisbury Rhodesia

Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res-Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi Journal of Agricultural Research Salisbury Rhodesia

Riv Agr Subtrop Trop-Rivista di Agricultura Subtropicale e Tropicale Florence Italy

S Ar J Agr Sci-South African Journal of Agricultural Science Pretoria South Africa

Samarm Research Bulletin-Samaru Research Bulletin Institute for Agricultural Research Ahmada Bello University Zaria Nigeria

Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc-Soil Science Society of America Proceedings

Surinaamse Landbouw-Surinaamse Landbouw Paramaribo Surinam

S Weed Sci Soc Proc-Southern Weed Science Society Proshyceedings

Techn Commun Dept Agr Techn Serv Rep S Africa-Technical Communications Department Technical Services Republic of South Africa Pretoria South Africa

Techn Paper Commonw Scl Industr Res Organiz Land Res Reg Survey-Technical Paper Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Land Research Regional Survey Canberra Australia

Texas Agr Exp Sta Bull-Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin College Station Texas 77843 (USA)

Trop Agr Ceylon-Tropical Agriculture Peradeniya Ceylon Trop Agric Trinidad-Tropical Agriculture The Journal of the

Imperial College of Agriculture University of the West Indies St Augustine Trinidad

Trop Sci-Tropical Science London Trop Stored Prod Inform-Tropical Stored Products Informashy

tion US Dept Agr Agr Econ Rept-United States Department of

Agriculture Agricultural Economics Reports Superintenshydent of Documents Washington DC 20250 (USA)

W Afr Rev-West Africian Review Liverpool World Crops-World Crops 28Essex St Strand London WD 2

England

1M-10-73

11

lack of potassium (256) Green Manure and Organic Matter-Because of the

need for the peanut peg to grow into the ground there has been some thought that a green manure would beneshyfit the peanut crop by increasing organic matter in the soil Research results indicate however that organic matter is of little benefit in getting germinating seeds established Green manures have been considered unshyprofitable (46 245) or unnecessary (113)

When the crop residue is carefully returned to the soil the peanut crop is generally considered a soil-buildshying crop mainly because it may fix more nitrogen than it removes from the soil But in many cases the peanut crop may lead to a deterioration of organic matter conshytent as there is little crop residue returned to the soil After harvest the soil is often left bare providing favorshyable conditions for oxidation of organic matter

Animal Manure-The value of manure seems to be due to its mineral elements (68 338) and manure has been replaced by using only nitrogen (349) Usually supplements are used with manure (48 113 338 349) as manure alone is not so effective without sulfur (338) or phosphate (113 338) Manure at 15-20 tonsha gave good results on some soils but required the addition of phosphate or other supplement (318 349) Seven tonsha of manure was about equal to 224 kgha of ordinary superphosphate (334) A definite response to manure only was observed (288 354)

Fertilizer Response-A review of fertilizer trials in several countries (14 15 167) indicates that there can be an excellent response in yield to properly applied fertilizers There is much evidence that the response of peanuts is not as readily seen as it is in corn cotton and a few other crops Results are often variable from field to field (256) Fertilizer recommendation levels fall in the range of 100 to 150 kgha of mixed fertilizers (27 46 59 61 63 158 318) The 6-20-10 grade was menshytioned frequently (27 59 63) The highest rates recomshymended were in Israel where 120 to 180 kgha of nitrogen and 100 to 120 kgha of P20 5 were suggested (244)

Determining Fertilizer Needs-To determine the need for fertilizers soil and plant analyses have been used Analysis of the peanut seed is felt to be of little value in determining fertility status as the content of the seed is quite constant Leaf nutrient content was felt to be of more use than analysis of the whole plant (256) If foliar analysis is to be used the sample must be taken properly At least 50 leaves must be collected and the sixth leaf on the main stem of bunch peanuts and the fourth leaf on runner types seem to be best Late varieshyties should be sampled at 4045 days and early ones at

30-35 days (272) or at the beginning of the flowering period (207) Responses in field trials and of-foliar diagshynosis correlations are given (148 157) A method of component analysis is explained relative to leaf analysis in six trials (200) and the use of leaf analysis is discussed (159)

Critical values for various elements have been determined If a certain plant nutrient content is above these -values there would be no response to additional amounts of that nutrient (157 158) From -120 trials in Senegal foliar diagnosis resulted in calculation of critical values of N=35 P=023 K=08-10 and Mg-05 The critical value of K in soils was found to be 10 mg (1100 g soil extract with an aqueous extract and 25 mg in ammonium acetate extract (362) Foliar analysis was found to be a better indicator of response to fertilizer than P extracted from soil with hot HNO3 or the exshychangeable K (316)

Side Dressing or Top Dressing Fertilizers-Side dressing offertilizer at 7-10 cm from the row was found to be more effective than broadcasting (56 59 158) Accurate side dressing was not needed Phosphorus put in the furrow before splitting ridges is more effective than an application along the top of the row at 4 weeks after planting (165 166) Small fertilizer spreaders have been developed which put down the fertilizer at time of seeding or during cultivation (56 127) -

Calcium-Reports of a good response to calcium (67 78 140 167 243 256 333 349 397) are more common than reports of little or no response (13 21 23) or an erratic response Response to gypsum where the pH is not changed is common (78 108 167 243) Because of their apparent ability of excluding aluminum peanuts may show less response than most legumes to calcium on acid soils Gypsum can be used when the plants begin to flower as the calcium is especially beneshyficial in the fruiting zone (23 67 78 256) and more pegs produce fruits and fewer empty pods (23 67167 256) Use of radioactive calcium revealed that little calcium from the root is deposited in pod or seed (256) Calcium in the fruit is picked up by the peg and developshying pod Empty pods have a higher content of N K and Mg than shells with well-developed seed With a defishyciency of Ca or Mg there is a high content of K Calcitic lime is better than dolomitic lime The response of peanuts is more closely related to the amount of exshychangeable calcium in the soil than to the percentage of calcium saturation (256) Plant content of S Ca and P was increased by the addition of gypsum (108) or supershyphosphate (349)

Magnesium-Magnesium has tended to decrease yields (256) and to be harmful if applied in the fruiting

12

zone (67) Pods with well developed seed contain less Mg than poorly filled pods Mineral fertilization tends to depress the Mg content in the leaves (349) Mg has been found useful in counteracting the depressing effect on nodule formation or nodule effectiveness when nitrogen fertilization is used (169) One report indicated that the only elements needed in that region were Ca K and Mg (333)

Sulfur-Many responses of peanuts to sulfur have been reported (12 47 60 78108 158 167224306 315 338) In only a few instances was there no response to sulfur (24 256) or to gypsum (24) In combination with other elements the sulfur was given creditfor response to ammonium sulfate (158 167) or to supershyphosphate (13 78 306 315) Where sulfur levels in the soil were adequate superphosphate gave no better response than double or triple forms (60) As little as 10 kgha of sulfur will give an immediate response as the sulfur is picked up quickly and spreads rapidly through the plant (79)

Phosphorus-Reports of good response to phosshyphorus (130 140 142 224 306 388) or to ordinary superphosphate (21 108 165 167 256 288 315) are common with ordinary super indicated as being better than double or triple forms (13 21 56 78 108 167 256 315) Slow uptake of P from triphosphates (56 60 61) is usual except where the rainfall is 8 00 mm or more (55) Even though the response to P may be good and the uptake of NPK is increased by the use of P the actual uptake of P is low (256 388) To determine P needs the exchangeable P in the soil is a better indicator than total P (130) The peanut can do well on residual fertilizer as there is very little response to P when the crop is grown in a well-fertilized rotation (256) A heavy basal rate of applied P is as good as the same quantity applied frequently (55) The use of nitrogen (especially ammonium sulfate) along with P is suggested (55 325) The lack of need for phosphate is rarely reported (55)

Potassium-In general potassium is not recomshymended for application directly to the peanut crop There is a tendency for it to depress yields (13 115 225) or to do harm in the fruiting zone (67) Reports of little or no response (21 57 78 140 142 256 325 354) or an erratic response are found (336) Although suggestions for use of potassium were few (55 148 164 246 333) it was said that if peanuts were to be grown for many years there would likely be a need for K and the application to other crops in the rotation was recomshymended (256) If much K is added there should be plenty of calcium present If Ca or Mg is deficient there is a higher content of K in the plant (256) Use of K above the needs of the plant often results in excellent

foliage production (130) and there is usually a reduced susceptibility to fungus disease (193)

Nitrogen-Nitrogen alone reduced yields (325) or did not give a response (78 130 140 329 354 388) When a response was reported (21 24 60 148 158 167 225 242 281 325) it was usually due to the use of ammonium sulfate although some reports showed no response to this source of nitrogen (78 256 329 336 354)

Nitrogen fertilizer has been recommended for peanuts (55 281) with no special form recommended but other workers specifically suggest the use ofammoshynium sulfate (60 148 164 244 325) Liquid ammonia and a solution of ammonium sulfate and Chilean nitrate have been stated as being more effective than urea (281)

Aluminum-Peanuts seem to be able to grow on soils high in aluminum because they do not take up much of it (9)

Boron-Boron appears to have some effect on the mobility of calcium but there have been few indications of a response to boron (256) The amount to use in nutrient solutions was determined (253)

Copper-In Florida (USA) 10 lb per acre of cupric chloride increased the yield of nuts and foliage (256) A definite deficiency of copper has been reported in Florida (186 187 256) When there was a lack of copper nitrogen metabolism was not normal (256)

Iron-A report on iron stated that when iron was added with nitrogen the depression of nodule activity was corrected (169)

Manganese-An application of 20 lb of MnSO 4 per acre increased yields and overcame the chlorotic condishytions brought about by heavy liming (256) Manganese toxicity symptoms are described (253)

Molybdenum-Ammonium molybdate at 28 g per ha applied in fungicide or to seed increased the yield (273)

Trace Elements-Chelated trace elements were used and a response was obtained in 75 of 53 trials (273) A dark green color and an increased shoot growth were the typical symptoms of a response (256) One report indicated that no response was found (140) Soaking seeds in a trace element solution has not been found to be an effective way for adding trace elements (337)

Zinc-No deficiency has been reported but an apparent yield response has been found in a few cases (256)

Growth Substances-Maleic hydrazide and naphthaleneacetic acid used on Spanish improved peanuts at the rate of 100 ppm as a spray at 54 to 97 days after planting increased yields by inducing more

13

kernels per plant and a greater kernel weight Indoleace- gation of internodes flowering and peg formation were tic acid indolepropionic acid methyl-3-indoleacetic or stimulated (343) Indoleacetic acid in lanolin (110) 24-D had either no effect or a depressing effect on yield hastened germination when applied to scratched testa of (237) Erect and runner varieties responded to gibber- seed of freshly harvested peanuts In a 002 solution ellic acid at a concentration of 10 There was an elon- sprouted seed soaked 12 to 2 hours and unsprouted

seed soaked 24 hours in water solution increased the number of flowers per plant (256)

Seed Treatments-Pesticides are often recommendshyed (16 132 403 404) with Thiram giving good results alone (32 85 95 132 150) but a combination of fungicide and insecticide has been better (32 132 150) Captan has been the best treatment on occasion (247) Where there has been mechanical damage such as with machine shelling and when conditions are adverse treatshyment is usually needed (32 404) In a monsoon climate area if peanuts are seeded within 48 hours after the rains start there is little need for fungicide treatment (132)

Inoculation-There are many reports of a response to nitrogen (21 55 148 164 244 281 306 345) A small quantity of N seems to increase the ability to proshyduce N symbiotically but large quantities of N fertilizer reduce the quantity of N fixed (306)

In Israel using 100-400 g of enriched peat inocushylant per ha in 50 liters of water and placing the inoculant in the planting furrow gave better results than putting the inoculant on the seed (358) Compared with the use of up to 180 kgha of N inoculated plants stayed green longer and the hay was higher in protein than that from the nitrated plots (164 356) Inoculant placed to the side of the row was effective at 8 cm depth but less effective when placed deeper (357) Soils rich in N produce good peanut yields even if nodulation is poor As with many legumes in view of the low cost of mocushylant it is suggested that if there is any doubt about natural inoculant being in the soil inoculant should be used (360)

Arachis strains of Rhizobia will not cross-inoculate with the cowpea (Vigna) group (176) Different types of inoculants have been suggested for acid and alkaline or near neutral soils as some Arachis strains have been found to be acidic and some alkaline (313)

CULTURE

Planting Rates-It is normally recommended that 20-25 more seed be planted than the number of plants expected in the stand (256) Seeding at a heavy rate is recommended (5 15 294 331 364) with two seeds per hill being better than one (78 287 288 294) Experishyments with several row and in-row spacings have given variabld results (37 118 131 138 141 203287294 331 348 354 364) Recommendations vary from 25000 plants per ha with the Virginia bunch varieties (354) If 120000ha is optimum for plantings on flat locations about 80000 would be recommended on ridges

Row Spacing-Close row spacings produced highshyest yields (122 131 331 364) With bunch varieties the optimum spacing seems to be about 60 cm between rows and 5 cm between plants in the row (222 373) Spreadshying varieties can also be put in 60 cm rows with 10 cm between plants in the row (223) Wider spacing than that for maximum yields may be used to accommodate tillshyage implements (141 256 373) Spacings closer than 3 cm tend to lower seed quality (372) Row width recomshymendations have varied from 45 cm (118) to 80 (138) or 90 cm (287 288)

Ridge Planting-Use of a ridge was better than flat planting (78 138 165 166 288 354 364) with the optimum distance between ridges being about 80-90 cm (78 138 287 288) The rate of seeding may be less on ridges than on flat areas (135) but if two rows are used per ridge the rate may be high (78)

Mulching-Mulclung tends to increase yields where rainfall may be as low as 685 min per year (78) Experishyments with mulching are reported (152 250 337) Mulching with grass tends to increase K in the plant and to reduce shelling percentage (25)

PESTS AND DISEASES

Weeding-Without herbicides three or four culti- and it is better to use a hoe than to pull weeds (5) vations seem to be necessary for each crop of peanuts Narrow-row spacing of 60 cm suppressed weeds (222 (37 78 238 272) Early cultivation is desirable (78) 373) Damage to foliage and disease may be accentushy

14

ated if soil is thrown toward the plant to try to control weeds by burying them in the row (256) For disease control it may be desirable to burn weeds or remove them from the surface of the soil (78) Land preparashytion before planting helps to bury plant residues and it was shown that a 20 cm depth of plowing was better than a 5 or 10 cm (37)

Herbicides are becoming more commonly used but are not completely safe or entirely satisfactory in respect to peanuts Differences in season will change the effectiveness and vary the potential harm to the crop Because the use of herbicides on peanuts is a rather complicated subject no attempt will be made here to summarize the findings References on herbishycides are given (171 227 234 235 251 252 283 345346348351406)

Insecticides-In treating seed with insecticides care is needed if the seed is intended for planting purshyposes Tests have been made of DDT dusts of 1 and 10 concentration used at 100 and 500 ppm Lindane at 15 and 100 ppm as dusts pyrethrins at 100 and 500 ppm and fumigants of carbon bisulphide at 100 500 and 1000 gcu meter with 1 and 3 days exposure and Phostoxin at 2045 and 60 gton for 3 to 5 days Only carbon bisulphide at 500 gfou meter and up hurt the germination of peanuts if the moisture content of the peanuts was 5 or lower When the moisture content was 10 all chemicals impaired germination rdgardless of rate (334)

DDT or Lindane dusted on peanuts stored in sealed containers at 220 C for 45 9 and 18 months did not reduce germination or seedling vigor (323) Malashythion at 66 ppm protected against most storage insects but had to be used at about 2-month intervals (90) Methyl bromide was effective as a fumigant but BHC had to be replaced by malathion when a local strain of insect developed tolerance to BHC (192) Other insects also showed tolerance to aldrin and heptachlor (73)

Low humidities and low moisture contents are often thought to be effective in insect control A relashytive humidity of 48 did not adversely affect oil qualishyty nor did it control Tribolium castaneum Even when the peanuts were dried to 7 moisture this insect was not controlled (179) and it developed a tolerance to BHC and had to be controlled by malathion (192)

Diseases of Peanuts-Aphis croccivora is the vector of several viruses (6 7 40 68 145 228 230 231) There are also other aphids that can transmit virus (6 7 40 51) Trifolium incanatum and Styloshysanthes spp are two major hosts of peanut viruses Another host is Euphorbiahirta (7 68 228)

Of 600 groundnut varieties tested few have shown tolerance to viruses (230) When exposed to the

chlorotic rosette virus by grafting or spreading by Aphis craccivora the tetraploid species A monticola A nambyquarae and A hypogaea all had the same symptoms Diploid A diogoi A rasteiro and A marginata showed symptoms of a different kind A glabrata and A prostata were symptomless carriers Some diploids seemed to be immune to certain viruses affecting domesticated peanuts More resistant plants develop symptoms slower than do susceptible plants (144) To avoid rosette virus it is suggested that early varieties should be used (2 43 107) and crops rotated as the virus is often serious if peanuts are grown on the same area for 2 or more years (88) Rosette virus causes abnormal flowering and reduces flowering (147) and has reduced yields by as much as 95 (233)

Only Aphis croccivora is reported to be able to transmit rosette virus (68 231) or vein-banding virus (228) although sap inoculation and grafting make it possible to transmit the latter A gossyppii (6) and A laburni(51) are able to transmit a virus similar to rosette virus which could not be transmitted by A croccivora (300) One report (204) indicated a need for a sympshytomless assistant virus in order for A croccivoraorA gossyppit to be able to transmit rosette virus

To infect plants with rosette virus half seed whole seed or 7-day and 21-day-old plants were tested The 21-day-old plants were most effective when A croccishyvora was used as a vector

Peanut mottle virus was found for the first time in Australia in 1970 Although one of the few viruses to be transmitted by seed it is also transmitted by at least five species ofAphis (40)

Five different peanut viruses can be distinguished by characteristic symptoms formed on the Natal Comshymon Variety (232)

Aspergillus flavus has been identified as causing seed rotting (92 94) afloroot (2) or other damage to seeds and seedlings (125) Aflotoxin is the name given to the toxic compounds produced by some strains ofA flavus under certain conditions Aflotoxin has been found in pods damaged by termites (258 260) rough handling hoeing threshing or by transplanting (257 259 261 262 376) There was a slight penetration of undamaged pods (210 258 260) Nematode damage to pods did not increase A flavus growth but did increase the contamination by other fungi (215) The best way to prevent aflotoxin is to store peanuts in the shell (30) ifter proper drying (52 82 112 162 185 257 261 369) A methyl cellulose seedcoat did little to protect the seed (94) Hand sorting can be used to separate damaged peanuts (30 112 162 185) and attempts have been made to use air or color sorting (162 327) Levels of aflotoxin of 002 to 026 ppm in unrefined oil were

15

not found in hydrogenated oils (123 376) Numerous studies of A flavus have been made It

is not the dominant fungus (259) as it may represent only 3 of total fungi present (292) About 5 days after harvest are required for the fungus to produce much growth (260) Much aflotoxin is produced at about 3000 with a relative humidity of 80-85 It can actually develop over the range of 125 to 5250C but not at 43-450 C (117) Three reviews (112 328 376) and a symposium (369) and a report on some chemistry studies give many of the details of aflotoxin with one report showing the chemical structure of eight forms (162)

Macrophominaphaseoli (70) and several species of Aspergillus have been studied including A fumigates (93) A niger (94) A amstelodaniandA wenti (369) Of 1626 isolates of Aspergillus studied 896 produced some toxin (218) Biological effects are given (11)

Aspergillus flavus is used in the making of soyshysauce (278) Peanut meal is subject to Aspergillus growth but the toxin production can be averted (248) if the meal moisture content is kept below 16 (30) Work has been done relative to the accuracy of sampling methods (401)

The dominant species of fungi on peanuts seem to be the Penicilliums 7)ichodermaand Fusariums(292) A review of fungi in stored products which included peanuts showed Aspergillus dominant in the Tropics but Penicillium in temperate regions (93) A study in Georgia (USA) listed the fungi present on the peanut pods and kernels (209) in windrowed peanuts (210) in artificially dried peanuts (211) and in the field in general (213) and control methods were recommended (212)

Botrytis (gray mold) causes serious damage under cold dry conditions in Sao Paulo Brazil Symptoms are discussed (33)

Leptosphaerdinacrassiascais a leaf disease characshyterized by pepper spots on both sides of the leaf and by marginal necrosis or leaf scorch and was first reported from Madagascar in 1955 and from Taiwan in 1956 Diagnosis of the species is given and the symptoms are described This disease is often obscured by Cercospora (214)

Macrophomina phaseoli is a fungus also found on cotton cowpeas sunflower as well as peanuts Direcshytions for chemical protection of crop rate of spread distribution and method of testing soils for study of the

pathogen are given (71) Peanut plants-may be infected without showing symptoms (70 247) The best fungishycide to increase germination was Captan (247)

Pucciniarust has been observed on certain varieties in South America (31) Of 254 varieties studied in Venezuela in 1959-61 the variety Tarapoto was the only one to escape damage from Pucciniaarachidiswith only 13 others classed as being resistant Tarapoto and 7 of the 13 were also tolerant to Cercospora(282)

Verticillium dahliae has been found on peanuts (125 341) and is hosted by potatoes and certain herbashyceous plants Rotations help in conrol

Cercospora arachidicolais the early form and C personata is the late form of leafspot diseases which exist as the imperfect forms Perfect forms are Mycoshysphaerella arachidicolaand M berkeleyii which are the official names according to rules of nomenclature A good description of symptoms distribution damage and control is given (144)

It is often necessary to control Cercosporaso that research or management studies will have a chance to influence maturity yields etc To control Cercospora several methods may be used such as burning of residues (144) rotations (144 393) and applying sulfur (103 105 131 380 398 402) copper (103 105 380 398) as well as copper and sulfur combinations (380 381 398 402) Results were not always satisfactory (202) Control programs vary One program suggests that growers start spraying 20 days after planting and repeat each 20 days (398) or from 3 to 13 weeks after planting at 14-day intervals (131) The spraying interval may be determined by rainfall by counting 8-10 cumulative rain days (103) or when 2 inches of rain has accumulated (103) Another report suggested that spraying should start about one week after symptoms appear and should be continued until about 18 days before harvest (105)

Early-maturing varieties seem to be the most susshyceptible to Cercospora (195) To delay planting may reduce the amount of the disease but it also reduces yield (347) Where successive crops are grown volunteer plants from the first crop increase contamination of the second crop (202) Resistance to the two diseases is inherited separately (144 196)

Listings and descriptions of major peanut diseases are given (12 96 321 342 352) Crop rotations for disease control are emphasized (342 352)

HARVESTING HANDLING AND STORING

Harvesting-In 1965 it was estimated that as much with simple tools Details of use of improved tools for as 75 of the world production of peanuts was handled hand cultivation and animal-drawn tools to mechanical

16

production are given Seedbed preparation planting and harvesting are processes that are suggested for mechanishyzation first (241) Drawings of hole-making devices an -ox-drawn lifter and a practical hand thresher are given elsewhere (354)

Harvesting by means of an animal-drawn lifter is described (20) With this device men can lift and stack 1 hectare in 15 hours or in half the time needed for manual lifting Time studies indicate that peanuts can be harvested about 10 days either side of the optimum time with little loss of peanuts (78) Systems of peanut harshyvesting are reviewed and details of a prototype once-over harvester are given The machine is designed to harvest up to 10 tons of nuts a day (189)

Peanuts are not usually grown on clay soils but a system has been worked out to harvest fairly clean pods from clay soils by irrigating to wet the soil 2 days before lifting and then waiting another 4-5 days before shaking surplus soil from the plants (391)

Threshing-Stripping pods from plants is often done by hand (128) Simple threshers are described (124 344) No difference in shelling percentage or seed size was found between immediate threshing and threshshying which was delayed up to 3 weeks (280)

Shelling-Machine shelling often results in damshyaged kernels which may not be effective in getting good stands when planted especially without seed protectants (404) Experimental shellers to be used to obtain samples for milling tests have been described (115) Hand-operated shellerscan produce as much as 95 kg of kernels in an hour (184 190)

Washing-Cleaning of non-husked peanuts has inshycreased selling price 50 With a simple washer made out of a section of barrel and a wire drum one can wash 400-600 kgday with only 200 liters of water (269)

Artificial Drying-Although the trend is toward more artificial drying natural methods are still widely used Natural methods (52 82) and artificial methods are reviewed (53 270 301) Combinations of natural and artificial methods are often desirable (116 270) For planting purposes seed must be dried carefully Air movement temperatures and times to dry are given (270) For long storage a maximum of only 8 moisture is recommended (271) Studies involving aflotoxin (52 82 116 301) verify the potential hazard if pods are improperly dried after harvest Seed needs to be dried to 8-9 and peanut cakes to below 16 or A flavus may grow (30 35) Simple devices for drying using wood or peanut hulls have been described (2 3 4 34) It is not advisable to dry seed for planting purposes in the sun or at temperatures over 450 C if heat is used (35) For comshymercial use Virginia and runner types have been dried successfully at 570C but Spanish types tend to split at 46-52 0 COther drying trials are reported (377)

Storing of Peanuts-Some areas have a dry season which is favorable for storing peanuts in open air or under tarpaulin (88 178 179) A low moisture content is desirable to decrease damage due to insects and losses due to oil deterioration (220 271 411) Fumigation or other treatment is often needed while the peanuts are in storage (191 271) Mechnical damage due to shelling is recognized (179 411) Treatments before storage will reduce some of the shelling damage (411)

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Estimating Yields-Estimated yields are often high because the operator tends to avoid the worst places in the field and the sample taken is usually harvested more carefully than the rest of the field Ten samples obtained by throwing a stick into the field at random to select sampling sites are suggested (155) A frame 15 m by 4 m can be used or if the plants are in definite rows 5 n of row at 10 random locations will give a good estimate of yield

Sampling for Oil-Oil samples need to be detershymined within one percentage point Different methods of sampling are compared (216) Care needs to be exershycised in reducing the original sample to a working sample A working sample might be 800 times the weight of one pod For an intact plant kernels taken near the base are higher in oil than those out on the branches (275) - -

Use of Peanut Tops-Peanut hay was judged to be not as good in nutrients as alfalfa and was said to be more comparable to grass hay (317) Peanut hay has been compared with other herbages and one researcher suggests that it be used for feed rather than being burned (297) A cutting and raking device has been designed that will cut and rake 8 ha in 10 hours (293)

Use of Surplus Peanut Shells-Shells may be used for fuel and also as a conditioner for heavy soils a filler in cattle feed a rawsource of activated carbon comshybustiblfe gases organic chemicals reducing sugars and alc6hlianextender-ofresins a cork substitute a comshyponent of building blocks and f Ed~oaaril (324) Its use as a mulch or manure is most beneficial when rain is scarce Grinding may be necessary Residue left after furfural extraction made good compost after treatment with sulfuric acid and neutralization with tricalcium phosphate (152)

17

Use of Peanuts as a Source of Food-No attempt will be made to cover this important subject Only a few references that deal with food are cited here A vegetable cheese made from peanut milk is described (236) An infant foof from peanut and milk solids (91) and the production of soysauce by fermentation are discussed (278) The details of quality factors and requirements for salting peanuts are given (226 366)

Oil from Peanuts-Peanuts are mainly grown for the oil and protein of the seed There is an indication that more oil crushing will be done in the area of proshyduction (44) Although the protein meal has been an excellent export product for foreign exchange this use may decrease as more use of the protein for livestock and as human food is stressed for the area of production (77296 394)

Oil content of the peanut decreased when planting was delayed but the protein was increased Oil yield is closely associated with seed yield Factors which tend to increase seed yield also increase oil yield (308 309 311) Closer spacing increases seed yields and oil but decreases protein (309)

Quality of Peanuts-Quality of peanut seed is affected by many factors (178 199) Proper shelling (184) and pest control are important (192) Free fatty acid level is an indication of quality A level of 6 free fatty acids was found in insect-damaged peanuts but only 13 when insects were controlled (192) Efforts have been made to remove undesirable peanuts mechanishycally as peanuts are moved (18) Grade standards of quality are listed (151 172)

Economics of Production-One country in Africa is reported to have half of its cultivated area in peanuts with 75 of farm income 42 of total industrial inshycome 23 of the gross national product and 65 of total value of exports credited to this one crop (350) Other countries seek to add peanuts to their cropping programs in order to diversify (86 266 390 391) and some that plan to switch to crops other than peanuts (5 16 42) to diversify are not intending to reduce peanut production

Some countries are trying to increase peanut proshyduction by stressing extension methods or by improving cultural practices These include helping farmers learn to select good seed and varieties to use disease-resistant varieties to treat seed to seed at a heavy rate to use

proper fertilization including animal and green manures to use proper weeding proper crop rotations to diversify cropping and to harvest at the right time (5 16 59 139 303319339)

Several countries have found it necessary to subshysidize the production of peanuts (134 199 374 395) and several African countries have recognized the need for a cooperative effort in marketing and meet once a year to discuss policy (102)

A survey of the peanut industry in the USA is given (400) The long-term outlook for the peanut is reviewed and uses of peanut and other oils are discussed (310) The world production of peanuts continues to expand even though the demand is variable from year to year (5 268 304 305 408409410) Problems of the processing industry are reviewed (84 239) Transportashytion and storage are serious problems and factors affecshyting quality are getting attention The quantity of peanuts that moves in export trade is a small percentage of total production Details and problems of exports are discussed (14 174445 77 88 119)

Improving Production by Variety Improvement-There is little doubt but that improved varieties have contributed to the gradually higher level of production around the world It takes 12 to 15 years for a variety to be available to growers after a cross has been made Of 24 varieties released in the USA during the last quartershycentury 11 selections came from commercial strains 2 from foreign introductions 9 from controlled crosses 1 from irradiation and 1 from interspecific hybridization (29)

No attempt will be made to list references to varieshyty comparisons Most experiments with peanuts involve variety comparisons It has been shown that an apparentshyly superior variety may be definitely inferior under certain environmental conditions It is essential in varieshyty evaluation that varieties be evaluated at different levels of soil fertility and under other variations in enshyvironmental conditions after preliminary screening to eliminate the most undesirable types (256) Examples of comparative yield tests are given (48 182 183) Blending of varieties for planting has been tested but has not been found to be of benefit (311)

GENERAL PAPERS

Numerous papers are general in nature and cover al methods are given in some detail (46 101 109 114 several topics Several factors that need to be considered 120 164) Mineral nutrition (397) variety improvement in over-all peanut production are discussed (28 101 (46) harvesting (153) seed treatment (46) and mechanishy106 138 160 179255353 368 370) General cultur- zation (121 371) are subjects in other general papers

18

LITERATURE CITATIONS (AbbreviationsandAddresses ofSome Sources of LiteratureCitations-pages31-32)

1 Abraham TP and Agarwal KN Yield effect on soil fertilshyity and economics of crop rotations with and without groundnut Indian J Agr Sci 37560-57 1 (1967)

2 ABrook J Artificial drying of groundnuts a method for the small farmer Trop Agric Trinidad 40241-245 (1963)

3 A cheap crop drier for the farmer Trop Stored Prod Inform 725-38 (1964)

4 A cheap crop drier for the farmer results and recommended design Trop Stored Prod Inform 8301-307 (1964)

5 Laction de developpement de la productivite arachidiere au Snigal en 1964 (Activity for the development of groundnut production in Senegal in 1964) 014agineux 20725-729 (1965)

6 Adams AN Groundnut Rosette Virus-Another vector Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 4125 (1966)

7 The vectors and alternative hosts of groundnut rosette virus in central province Molaioc Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res 5145-151 (1967)

8 - and JAK Farrell The seasonal occurrence of aphids in traps at Chitedge Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res Vol 5153-159 (1967)

9 Adams F and RW Pearson Differential response of cotton and peanuts to subsoil acidity AgronJ 629-12 (1970)

10 Akehurst BC and Sreedharan A Time of planting-a brief review of experimental work in Tanganyika E Afr Agr Forestry J 30189-201 (1965)

11 Alcroft R and Carnaghan RBA Toxic products in groundnuts Chemistry and Industry 250-61 (1963)

12 Amendoim pragas e doencas silo o n6 (Groundnuts pests and diseases are the problem) Dirigente Rural 412-32 (1965)shy

13 Anderson GD Fertility studies on a sandy loam in semishyarid Tanzania 11 Effects on phosphorus potassium and lime on yields of Groundnuts Expl Agric 6213-222 (1970)

14 Larachide au Senigal (Groundnut growing in Senegal) 016 agineux 14649-650 (1959)

15 Larachide au Senigal Rsultats des essais de confirmation (Groundnuts in Senegal Rep Results of confirmation trials) Oleagineux 17103-104 (1962)

16 Larachide au Senigal Risultats des essais de confirmation (Groundinuts in Senegal Results of demonstration trials) Olagineux 1972 (1964)

17 Les arachides du Nigeria (The groundrnuts of Nigeria)Kadouna (Nigeria) Ministere de PInformation 12 p Graph Photos Map (1966)

18 Ariztizabal L Bums EE and OR Kunze Physical chemical and organoleptic properties of peanuts separated in a controlled air stream Amer Soc Agr -Eng Trans 12298-304 (1969)

19 Arndt W The continuous cropping of peanuts at Kathshyarine NT Techn Paper Commonw Sci Industr Res Organiz Div Land Res Reg Survey Australia 161-11 (1961)

20 Larrachage de Parachide (Groundnut lifting) Olagineaux 18553-555 (1963)

21 Arroya J et al Ensayo de fertilizacidn en mani realizado en la Sabana de Londres Estado Lar (A groundnut fertilizer trial conducted in the Sabana de Londres State of Lara) Agron Trop Venezuela 17101-111 (1967)

22 Ashri A A second locus controlling red testa in peanuts (ArachishypogaeaL) Crop Sci 9514-517 (1969)

23 Ashrif M Effet du calcium sur larachide (Effect of calcium on groundnuts) Oleagineux 18681-683 (1963)

24 Effect of sulphur on groundnuts Olampgineux 20243-244 (1965)

25 and Thornton I Effects of grass mulch on groundnuts in the Gambia Expl Agric 1145-152 (1965)

26 Avadhani KK and Ramano Rao BV Studies of the effects of diethyl sulfate on TMV 2 groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Indian J of Science Indus 269-71 (1968)

27 Lavenir de larachide au Sinigal Doses dengrais et augshymentation de production (The future of the groundnut in Senegal Fertilizer rates for increased production) Olagishyneux 23528 (1968)

28 Bachy A Conduite de 1expirimentation agronomique a IRHO (Performance of agricultural research at IRHO)

Oleagineux 1675-80 (1961)

29 Bailey WK Peanut variety improvement in the USA Proc 5th Nat Peanut Res Conf (1968)

30 Bampton SS Growth of Aspergillusflavusand production of aflatoxin in groundinuts-Part I Trop Sci 574-81 (1963)

31 Barcenas VC Enfermedades del mani ajonjoli en El Tolima (Groundnut and sesame diseases in El Tolima) Bol Not Inst Fomento Algodonero 31-2 (1962)

32 and Montoya A A Efectividad de algunos fungicidas protectores en el tratarniento de la semilla de mani (Effectivity of some protective fungicides for the treatment of groundnut seed) Bol Not Inst Fomento Algodonero Columbia 46-8 (1964)

33 Barreto Figuciredo M and Cardoso RMG (Occurrence of grey mold in groundnuts in the State of Sao Paulo) Bioshylogico Brasil 34217-220(1968)

From TropicalAbstracts-seeAcknowledgments page 2

19

34 Barros Ferraz M de A secagem do amendoim (Drying of groundnuts) Brasil Rural 1377-79 (1959)

35 Preparo do amendoim das aguas (Drying of groundauts) Brasil Rural 1612-18 (1962)

36 Barrs HD The relation between kernel development and time of harvesting of peanuts at Katherine NT AustJ Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 2106-109 (1962)

37 Basinski JJ et al Some input-output relations in peanut cultivation at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 4295-299 (1964)

38 Bastos Cruz BP et al Nota preliminar s6bre a suscetishybilidade de variedades e hibridos de amendoim i algumas mollstias da folhagem (Preliminary note on the susceptibility of groundnut varieties and hybrids to some leaf diseases) Bioldgico Brasil 33191-195 (1967)

39 Bates WN Mechanization of Tropical Crops Temple Press London 410 p (1957)

40 Behncken GM The occurrence of Peanut mottle virus in Queensland AustJ Agr Res 21465-492 (1970)

41 Belloncle G Larachide an Senegal Mouvement cooperatif et developpement cononique (Groundnuts in Senegal coshyoperative movement and economic development) Ol1agineux 19439-444 (1964)

42 Bentin LA Das Problem der Monokultur in Senegal (The problem of mono-culture in Senegal) Int Afrika Forum 4615-619 (1968)

43 Berchoux Chr de La rosette de Iarachide en Houte-Volta (Rosette disease of groundnut in the Upper Volta) Olagishyneux 15229-233 (1960)

44 Berg ER Nigeria Senegal and the Congo (Kinshasa) Projected level of demand supply and exports of oilseed products to 1975 with implications for US exports to the European Economic Community Edmonton (Canada) Departments of Economics and Agricultural Economics University of Alberta 78 p tables maps (1967)

45 Berichten nit Afrika (Reports from Africa) Oli6n Vetten en Zeep 53215 (1969)

46 Bezot P La zone arachidiere au Tchad Etude densemble recherche dun syst me valable de rotation culturale (The groundnut zone in Chad A study on rotation systems) Agron Trop 2031-48 (1965)

47 Bhardwaj SP and Pathak AN Effect of sulphur on bacterial nodulation of groundnut roots Current Sci 37351-352 (1968)

48 Bhattacharjee TK et al W Bengal farmers can grow groundnut in irrigated summer fallow Indian Farming 1827-29 (1968)

49 Bielorai R Comparative digestibility of groundnut and soyshybean meal in vitro and in chicks J Sci Food Agr 20345-348 (1969)

50 Billaz R and Ochs R Stades de sensibilite de larachide a la secheresse (Developmental stages of the groundnut in relashytion to its susceptibility to drought) Olagineux 16605-611 (1961)

51 Bisht NS et al Groundnut rosette virus in Uttar Pradesh Indian OilseedsJ 7335-336 (1963)

52 Blatchford SM and Hall DW Methods of drying groundshynuts I Natural methods (Literature survey) Trop Sci 56-33 (1963)

53 and Methods of drying groundnuts II Artificial methods Trop Sci 582-98 (1963)

54 Bledsoe RW and Harris HC Leafspot of peanut associshyated with Magnesium deficiency Plant Physiol 21237-240 (1946)

55 Bockele-Morvan A Recherches de lIRHO sur 1utilishysation des phosphates du Sin6gal en fumure de fond pour Iarachide (Research of IRHO on the utilization of Senegal phosphates as a basal dressing for groundnut) Oleagineux 16685-691 (1961)

56 Etude explrimentale et pratique du placement des engrais (Experimental and practical studies on feftilizer placement) OlLagineux 18687-688 (1963)

57 Etudes sur la carence potasique de Iarachide an S~n-gal(A study o potash deficiency in the groundnut in Senegal) Olagineux 19603-609 (1964)

58 - Surface foliaire de Parachide et densite optishymum de semis (Folhar area of groundnuts and optimum sowing density) Ol4ageneux 201-12 (1965)

59 _ Application des engrais sur arachide au Sindgal (Application of fertilizers to groundnuts in Senegal) Oliagishyneux 20589-590 (1965)

60 Efficacit4 des diverses formes dapports des elements mineraux sur Parachide (The efficiency of different forms of mineral elements applied to groundnuts) Olagishyneux 21163-166 (1966)

61 Fumure annuelle et fumure de fond en zone arachidiere du Senegal (Annual and basal manuring in groundshynut-growing zones of Senegal) Oleagineux 23179-184 (1968)shy

62 _ La maturitede Iarachide (The maturity of the groundnut) Ollagineux 27457-459 (1968)

63 _ and Capitaine J Larachide de bouche dans le Sine-Saloum (Senegal) (The edible groundnut in the Sine-Saloum region of Senegal) Oliagineux 21285-291 (1966)

64 Bolhuis GG Observations on the flowering and fructificashytion of the groundnut Arachis hypogaea Neth J Agr Sci 7138-140 (1959)

65 et al Observations on the opening of flowers dehiscence of anthers and growth of pollen tubes in Arachis hypogaea NethJ Agr Sci 13361-365 (1965)

66 _ et al Occurrence of flowers with short styles in the groundnut Arachis hypogaea Oldagineux 20293-296 (1965)

67 and Stubbs RW The influence of calcium and other elements on the fructification of the peanut in connecshytion with the absorption capacity of its gynophores NethJ Agr Sci 3220-237 (1955)

I

20

68 Booker RH The effect of sowing date and spacing on rosette disease of groundnut in Northern Nigeria with obshyservations on the vector Aphus craccivoraSamarn Res Bull 30125-131 (1964)

69 Boswell TE Pathogenicity of Pratylenchus brachyrus to Spanish peanut Diss Abstr Sect B 29(10)3570 B (1969)

70 Bouhot D Etude du Macrophominaphaseoli sur arachide Mission an Sinigal du 27 septembre an 7 novembre 1966 (Study of Macrophomina phaseoll on groundnut Mission in Senegal from 27 Sept to 7 Nov 1966) Agron Trop 231165-1171 (1968)

71 Le Macrophomina phaseoli sur les plantes cultivees au Senedgal (Macrophomina phaseol on the cultivated plants in Senegal) Agron Trop 231172-1181 (1968)

72 terabougrissement de arachide Mission an Seng en 1966 (The shrivelling of the groundnut Mission in Senegal in 1966) Agron Trop 231126-1127 (1968)

73 Boush GM et al Field tests with new insecticides for control of the southern corn rootworm attacking peanuts in VirginiaJ Econ Entomol 5615-18 (1963)

74 Boyle LW Low-Gallonage applications of fungicides for control of Peanut leafspots Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 203 (1964)

75 A factonal study of certain schemes of peanut culture Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bull 18 (1967)

76 Brennan JR The peanut gynophore Biologist 5171-82 (1969)

77 Broche G Debouchs des produits des industries de transshyformation dol6agineux des Itats Africains et Malgache Associes (Outlets for the products of the oilseed processing industries in the Associated African and Malagasy States) Oldagineux 20419-423 (1965)

78 Brown P A review of Groundnut experiments in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 339-50 (1965)

79 Brzozowska J and Hanower P Absorption et distribution du 3 5 s chez quelques cultures tropicales I Arachide (Uptake and distribution of S35 in some tropical crops I Groundshynuts) Oleagineux 19663-672 (1964)

80 Buchanan GA Dickens R Burns ER and McCormick RM Performance of several herbicides for weed control in peanuts S Weed Sci Soc Proc 22D P 122-126 (1969)

81 Bunting AH A classification of cultivated groundnuts Empire J of Exper Agric 23158-170 (1955)

82 Eurrell NJ et al Growth of Aspergillus flavus and proshyduction of aflatoxin in groundnuts-Part V Trop Sci 674-90 (1964)

83 Bushnell DG The importance and prevention of mould on groundnuts Rhodesia Agr J61108-113 (1964)

84 Calil G De ontwikkeling van de aardnoten verwerkende industrie in Noord Nigeria Problemen en moeilijkheden (The development of the groundnut processing industry in N Nigeria Problems and difficulties) Olidn Vetten en Zeep 48211-213 (1964)

85 Compacci CA and Silveira Filho JP da Disinfecqgo de sementes de anendoim (Disinfection of groundnut seed) Biol6gico Brasil 30320-323 (1964)

86 Carneiro Fraga C Erradicaglio de caf6 e diversificaqio de culturas (Eradication of coffee and diversification of culshytures) Supl Agicola 85 (1962)

87 Carrire de Belgarric R and Bor F Le ddveloppement de Ia productivit6 de larachide au Sn~gl (Development of groundnut productivity in Senegal) O16agineux 18613-620 (1963)

88 Carter K Pyramids of the north W Afr Rev 3353-55 (1962)

89 Chalon G Une billonneuse-marquese pour les semis darachides (Sowing groundnuts by means of a ridge dammer) Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Beige 8141-146 (1959)

90 Champ BR and Cribb JN An investigation of peanut storage pests in Queensland 2 Insecticidal treatment of bulk nut-in-shell peanuts in silos Queensland J Agr Animal Sci 22241-257 (1965)

91 Chandrasekhara MR S Aswathanarayan SR Shurpaleshykar B11 Surba Ray Pilot plant production of infant food based on groundnut and milk solids J of Food Sci amp Technol 6267-271 (1969)

92 Chohan JS and Gupta VK Aflaroot A new disease of groundnut caused by Aspergillus flavs Indian J Agr Sci 38568-570 (1968)

93 Clarke JH Fungi in stored products Trop Stored Prod Inform 153-14 (1968)

94 Clinton PKS Seed-bed pathogens of groundnuts in the Sudan and an -attempt to control wth an artificial testa EmpJ Exp Agri 28211-222 (1960)

95 The control of soil-borne pests and diseases of groundnuts in the Sudan Central Rainlands Emp J Exp Agr 30145-154 (1962)

96 Causes of loss of yield in groundnuts in the Sudan Central Rainlands Emp J Exp Agr 30137-144 (1962)

97 Coelho FA Soares and Tella R de Absorcio de nutrishyentes por plantes de amendoim na cultura de outono (Nutrishyent absorption by groundnut plants grown in the autumn) Bragantia 26235-252 (1967)

98 and Absorg5o de nutrientes pela planta de amendoim em cultura de primavera (Nutrient uptake by springtime groundnuts) Bragantia 26393-408 (1967)

99 Collins ER and Morris HD Soil fertility studies with peanuts N Carolina Agr Exp Sta Bull 330 (1942)

100 Collins RF US peanut abroad Peanut J Nut World 4832-34 (1969)

101 Colwell WE and Brady NC The effect of calcium on certain characteristics of peanut fruit J Amer Soc Agron 37696-708 (1945)

21

102 Counseil Africain de larachide (African advisory body on groundinuts) Ol6 agineux 183-168 (1963)

103 Corbett DCM and Brown P Fungicidal control of cercospora leaf-spots of groundnuts in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 413-21 (1966)

104 Correia C Bento 0 amendoim na Guini Portuguesa (Groundnuts in Portuguese Guinea) Estud Pol Soclais 3217-322 (1965)

105 Cuellar I and Toler RW Control de la mancha foliar del mani (Control of leaf spot in groundnut) Foil Serv Nac Invest Agr Panama 301-13 (1957)

106 La culture de larachide en zone soudano-sahilienne (Groundnut cultivation in the Sudan-Sahelian zone of Africa) 0liagineux 1729-33 (1962)

107 Curtis DL and Harkness C Some aspects of crop improvement in relation to groundinuts and sorghum in the Northern Region of Nigeria CCTACSA Symposium Lagos-Bukavu Savannah 621-10 (1962)

108 Dalal JL et al Investigations on soil sulphur II Gypsum as a fertilizer for groundnut in the Punjab Indianj Agr Sc 33199-204 (1963)

109 Damiano A and Parrini U La coltivazione dellarachide in Tripolitania (Groundnut cultivation in Tripolitania) Riv Agr Subtrop Trop 55156-162 (1961)

110 Davey PM et al The effect of insect infestation on the quality of decorticated groundnuts with special reference to storage at high and low humidities Trop Sci 1296-307 (1959)

111 Davis VW et al Economic consequence of restricting the use of organochlorine insecticides on cotton corn peanuts and tobacco 52 p US Dept Agr Agr Econ Rept No 178 (1970)

112 Delassus M Etudes phytosanitaires sur Parachide et les cer6 ales alimentaires au Senegal (Phytosanitary studies on groundnut and cereals in Senegal) Agron Trop 221226-1234 (1967)

113 Delbosc G Etudes surla regeneration de la fertilite dusol dans la zone arachidiere du Senegal (Studies on the restorashytion of soil fertility in the groundnut zone of Senegal) Oleagineux 2327-33 (1968)

114 Dewez J la culture de Iarachide dans la plaine de Ia Ruzizi (Groundnut cultivation in the Ruzizi plain) Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Belge 8219-230 (1959)

115 Dickens JW Shelling equipment for samples of peanuts Marketing Res Rep US Dep Agr5281-11 (1962)

116 and Khalsa JS Windrow orientation and harvesting damage to peanuts Olagineux 22741-746 (1967)shy

117 Diener UL and Davis ND Effect of environment on aflatoxin production in freshly dug peanuts Trop Sci 1021-28 (1968)

119 Dragt HJ The marketingof South African edible groundshynuts in foreign markets Agrekon 89-13 (1969)

120 Ducker HC Groundnut growing in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland Part II Rhodesia Agr J5990-95 (1962)

121 1 and Spear AJ Groundnut growing in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland-Part IV Mechanization Rhodesia Agr J 59192-194 (1962)

122 Duke GB and Alexander M Effects of close-row spacings on peanut yield and on production equipment requirements Prod Res Rep US Dep Agr 771-14 (1964)

123 Dwarakanath CT Sreenivasamurth V and Parpia HAB Aflatoxin in Indian peanut oil J of Food Science and Technology 6107-109 (1969)

124 Agousseuse darachides (A groundnut stripper) 016agineux 2191-93 (1966)

125 El-Khaden M Untersuchungen fiber die durch Aspergillus-Arten an Erdnuszkeimlingen hervorgerufenen Schiden und deren Verhiitung (Investigations into the damage caused to groundnut seedlings by Aspergillus spp and its prevention) Gieszen Institut fir Phytopathologie der Justus Liebig-Universitiit 108 p Tables Graphs Fig Photos Ref Thesis (1967)

126 Emery DA and Gupton CL Reproductive efficiency of Virginia type peanuts II The influence of variety and seasonal growth period upon fruit and kernel maturation 0l6agineux 2399-104 (1968)

127 Epandeur dengrais A faible ddbit pour les cultures darachides (An apparatus for the application of small quantishyties of fertilizer in groundnut cultivation) Oldagineux 13881-883 (1958)

128 Esteves JD Aspetos da cultura do amendoim em Inshyharrime (Aspects of groundnut cultivation in Inharrime) Rev Aricola Mocambique 517-20 (1963)

129 Ettori OJT and Falcao MJ Aspectos econ6micos da producao de amendoim em S Paulo (Economic aspects of groundnut production in Sio Paulo) Agricultura Slo Paulo 121-48 (1965)

130 Evelyn SH and Thornton I Soil fertility and the response of groundnuts to fertilizers in the Gambia EmpJ Exp Agr 32153-160 (1964)

131 Farrell JAK et al The effects of planting spacing and fungicide on Cercospora leaf spots of groundnuts in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 5241-247 (1967)

132 Fauche J Compte rendu dun essai de semis 6chelonnes sur anachide avec ou sans d6snfection des semences (Report on a trial on groundnuts with successive sowing dates with and without seed treatment) Agron Trop 171089-1809 (1962)

133 Figueiredo M et al Mancha barrenta da f6lba do amendoim (Mud spot of the groundnut leaf) Biol6gico 27164-165 (1961)

118 Donovan PA Groundnut investigation at Matopos 134 Fouquet J la traite des arachides dans le pays de Research Station Rhodesia AgrJ 60121-122 (1963) Kaolack et ses consequences 6 conomiques sociales et

22

juridiques (The groundnut trade in Knolack and its ecoshynomic social and juridical consequences) Etud Sindplaises 81-262 (1958)

135 Frank ZR and Krikun J Verticilium wilt of groundnut in Israel screening for varietal resistance Israel J Agr Res 1888-85 (1968)

136 Fraps GS The composition of peanuts and peanut by-products Texas Agr Exp Sta Bull 222 (1917)

137 French West Africa has smaller peanut crop Foreign Crops and Markets 8015 (1960)

138 Galland Ph Amilioration des conditions de culture de Parachide sur billions (Improvement of the conditions of ridge-cultivated groundnuts) OlEagineux 17929-932 (1962)

139 Vulgarisation aupres des cultivateurs voltashyrques des r6 sultats de Ia recherche agronomique sur Iarachide (Extension work concerning the results of agriculshytural research on groundnuts among the farmers of the Upper Volta Rep) 016agineux 18771-775 (1963)

140 Garcia RF and Castillo Z J Observacion preliminar sobre el efecto de los fertilizantes la cal y la materia orginica en mani (Arachishypogaeo) (Preliminary observation on the effect of fertilizers lime and organic matter on groundnuts) Cenicafe 1169-82 (1960)

141 Garg KP et al Effect of varying spacing on yield of groundnut Indian OilseedsJ934-37 (1965)

142 Gargantini H et al Ensaio de adubatilo N-P-K em amendoim (N P K fertilizer test with groundnuts) Bragantia 171-12 (1958)shy

143 Gibbons RW The branching habit of Arachis monticola Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 49-11 (1966)

144 Mycosphaerella Leafspots of groundnuts FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 14(2) April 1966

145 and Farrell JAK Test plant age and the transmission of groundnut Rosette virus by the vector Aphis craccivora Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 423-33 (1966)

146 and Tattersfield JR Outcrossing trials with groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res 771-75 (1969)

147 and Turley AC The effect of rosette virus on flowering in the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 5139-143 (1967)

148 Gillier P Utilisation du diagnostic foliaire pour la cartoshygraphic des besoins en engrais de larachide au Sn 6 gal (Foliar diagnosis used for the cartography of the fertilizer requireshyments of groundnuts in Senegal) Oleagineinx 15147-151 (1960)

149 Semoirset pandeurs dengrais pour Iarachide (Sowing machines and fertilizer spreaders for groundnuts) Olagineux 17697-699 (1962)

150 Germination et djsinfection des semences darachide (Germination and disinfection of groundnut seed) O1agineux 18243-245 (1963)

Iib1 _ Le triage de larachide de bouche bigraine

Rappel des normes de qualit6 (The grading of 2-seeded groundnuts for human consumption Review of quality standards) Oleagineux 19455-458 (1964) I

152 _ Ls coques darachides leur utilisation en agrishyculture (Groundnut shells their use in agriculture) Oltagishyneux 19473-475 (1964)

153 ___ Quand r6colter comment trater les ricoltes darachide (When to harvest how to treat the groundnut harvests) Ol6agineux 19681-682 (1964)

154 Ls exportations en e1ements minampaux dune culture darachide dans les diff6rentes zones du Sampngal (Removal of mineral nutrients by a crop of groundnuts in the different zones of Senegal) Oldagineux 19745-746 (1964)

155 Comment proceder a lvaluation des rendeshyments dans une culture darachides (How to assess the yield of a groundnut field) Olagineux 20591-593 (1965)

156 Les exportations en 614ments minraux dune culture darachide dans les diffirentes zones du Senigal (Removal of mineral elements by a groundnut crop in the different zones of Senegal) Oleagineux 2113-15 (1966)

157 and Prevot P Fumures minerales d 1arachide au Senegal (Inorganic fertilizers for groundnuts in Senegal) Bull Res CouncilIsrael Sect D Botany SD 3-4 (1960)

158 _ and Prevot P Fumures minerales de Parachide au Sdn6gal (Groundnut fertilizer in Senegal) Olbagineux 15783-791 (1960)

159 and Prevot P Bull Res Council Israel 8D131 (1960)

160 Silvestre P Arnould JP Breniere J and Mauboussin JC 1969 The peanut (in French) Tech Agr Prod Trop 15292

161 Girardeau JH and Leuck DB Effect of mechanical and bee tripping on yield of the peanut J Econ Entomol 601454-1455 (1967)

162 Goldblatt LA Aflatoxin and its control Econ Botany 2251-62 (1968)

163 Goldin B and Har-Tzook A The effect of fertilization on the vegetative and reproductive development of Virginia bunch improved groundnuts Olagineux 2117-20 (1966)

164 - and_ Groundnut cultivation in Israel World Crops 1868-71 (1966)

165 Goldsworthy PR Methods of applying superphosphate to groundnuts Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Min Agr N Region Nigeria 151-5 (1961)

166 _ Methods of applying superphosphate to groundnuts in Northern Nigeria Emp J Exp Agr 32231-234 (1964)

167 and Heathcote R Fertilizer trials with groundshynuts in Northern Nigeria Emp J Exp Agr 31351-366 (1963)

168 Gonzales TT Crop Rotation studies with corn as the main crop in the Lamao experiment station Limay Bataan Philippines PhdippineJ Plant Industry 31165-176 (1966)

r

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169 Gopalakrishnan S et al Mineral nutrition and nitroge fixation in groundnut Current Sci 33391-393 (1964)

170 Gornat B and Goldberg D Effect of sprinkler irrigation intensity on the flowering and yield of peanuts grown in three different soils Israel J Agr Res 17187-191 (1967)

171 Greer HA Trpp L and Santlemen PW The influence of environmental conditions on weed control and spanish peanut injury by herbicides S Weed Sci Soc Proc 22D145-149 (1969)

172 (Groundnut season Northern Region of Nigeria) Ann Rep Dep Agr Nothern Region Nigeria 1958-59 p 25-30 (1960)shy

173 Gupton CL et al Reproductive efficiency of Virginia type peanuts III Relating the time of peg placement to the branching pattern of the plant Ol6agineux 23247-250 (1958)shy

174 and Emery DA Heritability estimates of the maturity of fruit from specific growth periods in Virginia type peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) Crop Sci 19127-129 (1970)

175 Gisten R Die Rentabilitat der Verwendung von Mineralshydinger bei Erdnissen in Senegal Nordnigeria und Niger (The profitability of the application of mineral fertilizers to groundnuts in Senegal N Nigeria and Niger) Z Auslindische Landwirtsch 4149-153 (1965)

176 Habish HA and Sh M Khairi Nodulation of legumes in the Sudan Cross-inoculation groups and the associated Rhizobium strains Expl Agr 4227-234 (1968)

177 Hadfield J The peasant farming scheme in Northern Rhodesia Agr Econ Bull Africa 156-57 (1962)

178 Hall DW Storage of produce in the Gambia Trop Sci 1293-299 (1959)

179 Halliday D Build-up of free fatty acid in Northern Nigerian groundnuts Trop Sci 9211-237 (1967)

180 Hammons RO Artificial cross-pollination of the peanut with bee-collected pollen Crop Sci 3562-563 (1963)

181 et al Some bees (Apoidea) associated with peanut flowering J Econ Entomol 56905 (1963)

182 _ Bailey WK Parham SA and HF Harrison Comparative performance of the Spanish peanut Argentine in cooperative tests in Georgia Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 72 (1959)

183 WK Bailey SA Parham and HF Harrison Comparative performance of four varieties of peanuts in cooperative tests in Georgia Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 76 (1958)

184 Hand sheller transforms Nigerias peanut industry Foreign Agr US Dep Agr 2321 (1959)

185 Harkness C et al The problem of mycotoxins in groundshynuts (peanuts) and other food crops of tropical Africa Samaru Res Bull 771-5 (1967)

186 Harris HC Copper deficiency of peanuts Proc Southern Agr Workers 46139 (1949)

187 Effect of minor elements particularly copper on peanuts Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull 494 (1952)

188 Har-Tzook A and Goldin E On the problem of producshytivity in groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) Ol6agineux 22677-678 (1967)

189 Hawkins JC The mechanisation of groundnut harvesting World Crops 14181-185 (1962)

190 Haynes DWM Mechanical tests of groundnut decortishycators 1960-1961 Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Mn Agr N Region Nigeria 221-7 (1962)

191 Hayward LAW Infestation control in stored groundnuts in Northern Nigeria World Crops 1563-67 (1963)

192 et al Technical aspects of groundnut storage in Northern Nigeria CCTAFAO Symposium on stored Food Freetown 20-24 February 1962 SF (62) 3 15th Dec p 1-6 (1961)

193 Heimann H and Ratner R The irrigation with saline water and the ionic environment Field experiments with groundnuts and cowpeas Oldagineux 20157-162 (1965)

194 Helms H et a Peanut plants in Queensland infected with tomato spotted wilt virus AustJ Agr Res 12239-246 (1961)

195 Hemingway JS The resistance of groundnuts to Cercoshyspora leafspots EmpJ Exp Agr 2560-68 (1957)

196 Higgins BB Peanut Breeding Proc 39th Ann Conf Assoc South Agr Workers Atlanta Ga (1938)

197 Relation of breeding and varieties to quality for specific uses Proc Peanut Res Conference pp 13-20 (1957)

198 and Bailey WK Peanut seed and seed treatshyments Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeograph Series NS 70 (1959)

199 Hogendorn JS Response to price change A Nigerian example Economica 34325 (1967)

200 Holland DA The component analysis approach to the interpretation of plant analysis data from groundnuts and sugar cane Exp Agr 4179-185 (1968)

201 Holley KT Strain and seasonal effects on peanut characshyteristics Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bull 32 27 p (1968)

202 Horst K ter Enige proeven ter bestrijding van de Cercoshyspora-bladvlekkenziekte van de aardnoot (Some experiments on the control of the Cercospora leaf spot disease of the groundnut) Surinaamse Iandbouw 9103-117 (1961)

203 utt Het optimale plantverband voor pinda van het ras Matjan (The optimum spacing for the Matjan variety of groundnuts) Surinaamse Landbouw 7121-128 (1959)

204 Hull R and Adams AN Groundnut rosette and its assistor virus The Annals of Applied Biology 62 (1968)

205 Hutchison RS Recherches sur le sechage des arachides stockers par les cultivateurs (Research on drying of groundshynuts stocked by farmers) Oleagineux 22737-740 (1967)

24

206 Inforzato R and Tella R de Sistema radicular do amendoim (The root system of the groundnut) Bragantia 19119-123 (1960)

207 Instruc6es para a colheita de material destinado ia analise foliar do amendoim (Instructions on the collection of mateshyrial for foliar analysis of the groundnut) Gaz Agr Angola 7201-203 211 (1962)

208 Intercropping sugarcane with legumes Exp Stat Bull Victorias Milling Co Inc 148-9 (1967)

209 Jackson CR A list of fungi reported on peanut pods and kernels Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 234 (1965)

210 Growth of Aspergllusflavus and other fungi in windrowed peanuts in Georgia-Part VII Trop Sci 227-34 (1965)

__ Development of fungi in peanuts during artishyicial drying Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Report 19 (1967)

112 studies on control of peanut pod fungi Georgia Exp Sta Res Report 11 p 18 (1967)

213 A field study of funer gtciations on peanut truit Georgia Agr hxp Sta Res BT (1968)

214 _ and Bell DK Lptosphaerulina erassiasca The cause of leaf scorch and pepper spot of peanut (Oldagishyneux 23387-388 (1968)

215 _ and Minton NA Peanut pod invasion by fungi in the presence of lesion nematodes in Georgia Oleagishyneux 23531-534 (194)

216 Jacquot M Echantillonnage dun lot darachides pour le calcul du rend-ent au ddcorticae (Sampling of a parcel of groundnuts foL the calculation of yield after shelling) Agron Trop17 1-181 (1962)

217 Observations de quelques caractres morphoshylogiques floraux sur Arachis hypogaea Liaisons naturelles de ces caractives Remarques sur I classification des machides cultivies (Observations on some floral morphological characshyters in Ararhis hypogaea Natural combinations of these characters Remark on the classification of the cultivated groundnuts) Agron Trop 17817-827 (1962)

218 Joffe AZ Aflatoxin produced by 1626 isolates of Aspergillusflaus from groundnut kernels and soils in Israel Nature 22149sect2 (1969)

219 Johnson FR The peanut story Murfreesboro NC Johnson Publishing Co 192 p Tables Figs Photos Maps Refs (1964)

220 Johnson MB and Gilhland CB Changes in farmers stock peanuts in storage Marketing Res Rep USDep Agr 381 p 1-34 (1960)

221 Joshi SN and Joshi HU Study of rotation of groundshynut-wheat under irrigated conditions in Saurashtra Indian OilseedsJ 8133-135 (1964)

222 _ and _ Spacing experiments on bunch variety of groundnut in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State Indian OilseedsJ 8162-166 (1964)

223 _ and _ Study of spacing on spreading groundnut in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State Indian OilseedsJ 8214-217 (1964)

224 Kanwar JS Investigations on sulphur in soils I Sulphur deficiency in groundnut soils of Samrala (Ludhiana) Indian J Agr Sci 33196-198 (1963)

225 Katarki BH and Banahatti AL Effect of N P and K on yields of groundnut in black soils of Mysore State Indian OilseedsJ 950-57 (1965)

226 Kay DE Production darachides de bouche pour le Royaume-Uni (Production of comestible groundnuts for the United Kingdom) Oleagineux 20105-107 (1965)

227 Kirinde STW Some effects of PIC and CIPC on groundshynuts Trop Agr Ceylon 1157-13 (1959)

228 Klesser PJ A veinbanding virus of groundnuts Arachis hypogaea S AfrJ Agr Sci 10515-528 (1967)

229 Mwitunde groundnuts and their reaction to virus infection in South Africa S Afr J Agr Sci 10675-686 (1967)

230 Arachis species and their reaction to virus infection S Aft J Agr Sc 10919-927 (1967)

231 Green rosette virus of groadnuts in South Africa S AfrJ Agr Sci 1177-85 (196R1

232 Reactions of groundnut varieties to the groundnut viruses S Afr J Agr Sci 11415-421 (1968)

233 Kousalya G et al Assessment of crop losses caused by rosette disease of groundnut Indian J AgrSci 37356-361 (1967)

234 Kramer M Resultados de dois anos do emprEgo de herbishycidas parao contr~le de ervas no amendoin nas condic-es de Sfo Paulo (Results of 2 years use of herbicides for weed control in groundnuts under SSo Paulo conditions) Anais III Semindrio Bras Herbicidas Ervas Daninhas 1960 p 237-248 (1961)

235 and Liederman I Controle de ervas daninhas do amendoim pela aplicacao de herbicidas de preshyemergencia (Weed control in groundnuts by the application of pre-emergence herbicides) Arq Inst Biol 28175-184 (1961)

236 Krishnaswamy MA and Johar DS Vegetable cheese from groundnut milk Food Sci 9235-240 (1960)

237 Krishnamurthy K Differential effect of hormones as follar applications on the yield of groundnut IndianJ Sci amp Industry 179-82 (1967)

238 Kulkarni LG et al Studies on weeding and interculture in relation to weed control in the yield of groundnut Indian OilseedsJ 7126-129 (1963)

239 Kutumba Rao S et al Pilot plant studies on processing of groundnuts Some factors influencing the quality of products and efficiency of processing Indian Oilseeds J 8106-109 (1964)

240 et al Compositional studies in Idnian groundshynuts Indian Oilseeds J 95-13 (19 65)

25

241 Labrousse G and Godron E Michanisation de la culture study of mineral nutrition of groundnuts Effects of boron de larachide notamment dans lea pays francophones and manganese toxicity) Agron Trop 14657-711 (1959) dAfrique tropicale et 1 Madagascar (Mechanization of groundnut production with special reference to the French- 254 Lin H FW Ho and Wang JS Studies on the yield spealang countries of tropical Africa and to Madagascar) components of peanuts II The path coefficient of yield Machinisme Agr Trop 113-103 (1965) components in different crops of peanuts (In Chinese) Agr

Assn ChinaJ 6522-31 (1969) 242 Lachover D Influence de ldpandage fractionnd de sulfate

dammoniaque sur le rendement et I qualit6 des arachides de 255 Lins R de and Ramos JAB Producio e comercialshybouche en terre limonsablonneuse rouge (Effect of split izado de amendoim no Estado de Sto Paulo (Production of applicat9a pf-t MIhrmPrm m i yeldNag4lyp and tra i sectorpd1f ql a Af ul- aia)PCPntle l a ) of cornestihle groundit oa W turn em S Paulo141-54(196

256 Lung DDl Whe petan the uapredhctable legume A 243_ La i sponse de Larachide debouche en nture sympnsm)Thc Tqtinal io V ng U

irrigup jpppt pr4uits rp ( DC ( edible roundnuts under irrigation to the application of calciumcompounds) 6agnuxiY- (i6 257 McDonald D and AArouk J Giowth u Apergflus

flavus and production of aflatoxia in groudnuts -Part I 244 et al Influencodengrais azatdsliquides surle Trop Scd20S-24(93)

rendement ot lIqualitd des arachides (Effect pf liquid nitroshygen feFizrs on yie~d and 9q9lity of g n ) a 258 et al Growth of spergillus andproducshyneux1107-111 (1962) tion of aflatoxm in groundnuits-PIart f Trop Sci

131-154 (1964) 245 et al Influence dengrais verts et dengrais

azot e etla qualit4 des arachides(The 1 259 __ and Harknqs C Growth of Aspejgilus flavusleendement effect f grepn W g arira i e lz 9 he and production of aflatoxin inggundat- II Trop Sc yield and quality of groundnuts) Ol6agineux 18153-156 5148-154 196) (19 63) 0C l--0A4M

an a nss row o pg s

24b _ and Arnon I Influence sur Parachide du and production of aflatoxin ir groundnuts-Part IV Trop unanque de potassium de potassium de certains sols Determai- Sd 612-27 (1964) l nation de~la deficience (Influence on groundnuts of potassishyum de iepsy pqegi3 spa 261 t and Hffkne ss 9 7Groth94 r 1 avusefr pq rraipAtheq e ciencyqeaineux$9117 (1964 and production ot hatox nn groundnuts5-Pa 91i fop

8d7P2-A(1 Jl Il 247 Lal SP ad Ma~tha SD Studies on Icd-buinc fungi of IN gwgrliuut LA frew rltbod far 1ntectipg fungi nsnad 262 za and H g qfltoii f g9gyndBrjr

isamples f yee1sperp elrngp4lapprp crop at harest fig Northey p Sci9j4 8-161igeria-1 61

ph paseol(ubl hby (sys cs otium ataticolaTub) (1967) I Laboratory assay ot fungicides for controlhng seca-borne

infections CR Assuc flt Essis Semncuces 32a5-606 203 MelGtUesick N A nams aluck on low pnoduclivity in (1067)e peasant agriculture TntDevelopmeetRe9 -G6 (19r7)kI

248 Lancaster MC et al Toxicity associated with certain 264 Al mani mecanizado nuevo cultivo de la zona algodonera samples of gronuts Nature 1921095-1097 (19U1 (Mechanized groundnut a new crop for the cotton area)

0 I --o Iass1 I Igt e1-1 Rev Nhc Agr Culuhnbia 705-706 p 43 (1964) 249 Langfoad WR Spanucoss Geosgia Agr Expt Sta Res

Report 76 (1970) 265 Mahapatra LN Preliminary studies on corzelatipn of yield with other characters of groundnut Indian Agriculturist

250 Laes DA Rainfall conservatin nd he yields of 1097-106 (1966) sorghum and grownthuts impNorthernigeria Egp Agr 2139-146(1966) 266 Maize whats the alternative crop 1 Groundnts

-Rhodesia Agr J5928-269 (1962) 251 Liedernws L et al Aplicauil desherbiidas em ieshy

emergencia no amendoim em terra arenosa (Pro-emergence 267 MaPtellA and Gqalin E Th9 influence ofirrigatiq applicagn pffberbicidest groundpytson an ay oi) frequency and intensity on the yield and quality of peanuts

(Arachis liypogaea) Israel j Agr Res 14203-21 (1964)ABioldg~cy rasp1 206J6sectj19)d

it 252 and SnUs CALtlos Cunit5k de garneaica 268 MarlrifmrgrouadoutsandgroundaytcoLStud4 group a rltuxaArQanaudoimcemmistaiu exfiuinedipn Oilsee4sQIfr apg Fp (4O 9ti Sess (3POF g8

it em trJp t u s Ieill (1968)1l1 groundnut fields with mixtures of triflumlin and dauron in

In Iii three rego of tie State o So Paulo)Bsoldgco a 269 Mattin G 1 Lavage dlt Patathide de bouchc (Thst wash Iii 332Wt-222 (1907)0 big of graodudius fo direct consumtptiou Olgineuxhi

r ii Iii

253 Ifeqqe54 And BelqyjCpntrikyi~p I4tp4e dgJ nutritios mindale de larachide (Arachis hypogaea) Effets 270 te sechage artificiel des arachides en coques des to citis bifue et man aque (Contributin to the (The artificiAl drying of groundnuts in the shell) Oldagineux

N Ill

1 iii thin hilts

if

26

271 Conservation des semences darachide (Storshyage of groundnut seeds) Olagineux 1985-87 (1964)

272 Diagnostic follaire de larachide (Foliar diagshynosis of the groundnut) Olagineux 20241-242 (1965)

273 _ and Fourrier P Les oligo-lnements dans la culture de larachide du Nord S6 ndgal (Trace elements in the cultivation of groundnuts in Northern Senegal) 01oagineux 20287-291 (1965)

274 Martin JP Influence de I date de semis et de la longueur de cycle sur la richesse en huile et sur quelques autres cameshyteres de larachide (The effect of sowing date and growing period on the oil content and other characteristics of the groundnut) Oleagineux 23315-316 (1968)

275 Differences de richesse en huile des graines darachide selon leur position dans Ia gousse avec observation simultande do Ia grosseur des graines (Differences in oil conshytent between groundnut kernels according to their position in

- the pod with simultaneous observations on kernel sizes) OlWagineux 27453-455 (1968)

276 and Bilquez AF Nouvelle contribution a la connaissance de la floraison et de la fructification de azachide (New contribution to the knowledge of the flowering and fruiting of groundnuts) Oleagineux 17469-471 (1962)

277 Martinez JA and Bastos Cruz BP Contrle quimico da murcha do amendoim (Chemical control of groundnut wilt)Bioldgico Brasil 27191-193 (1961)

278 Masilungan VA et al Studies on some important factors involved in the mold process of making soy sauce Philippine J Sci 89149-162 (1960)

279 Mazzani B El mani en Venequela (The groundnut in Venezuela) Monogr Centro Invest Agron 11-138 (1961)

280 _ and Allievi J Efectos de varias pocas de despegue de los frutos sobre algunas caracteristicas del mani (Effect of various times of pod removal on some groundnut characteristics) Agron Trop Venezuela 17127-132 (1967)

281 _ et al Quelques aspects de la fertilisation minarale de Iarachide au Venequela (Some aspects of the application of mineral fertilizers to groundnuts in Veneshyzuela) Olagineux 23383-385 (1968)

282 _ and Inojosa S Diferencias varietales de suscepshytibilidad a Ia roya del mani en Venezuela (Varietal differshyences in susceptibility to rust of groundnuts in Venezuela)Agron Trop Venezuela 114145 (1961)

283 _ and Inojosa S Resultados de la aplicacion pregerminativa del herbicida prometrin en mani (Results of pre-germination application of the herbicide prometrine in groundnuts) Agron Trop Venezuela 12137-142 (1962)

284 Mazzei Patrone I Siembras experimentales con variedades de mani (Experimental sowings with groundnut varieties) Bol Inform Uruguay 177-10 (1961)

285 Meikle J0 A survey of African-grown groundnut varieshyties in Rhodesia Rhodesia Agr J 62109-113 (1965)

286 Mendes Conagin CHT and Conagin A EficiEncia reproshyductiva no amendoim cultivado (Arachis hypogaea) (Effishyciency of reproduction in the cultivated groundnut) Bragantia 191081-1104 (1960)

287 Meredith RM The effects of population density and manuring on groundnut yields in Northern Nigeria Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Min Agr N Region Nigeria 251-12 (1962)

288 The effects of planting density and manuring on the yields of bunch-type groundnuts Enmp J Exp Agr 32136-140 (1964)

289 Metelerkamp HRR Response to early planting and irrishygation of a late maturing groudnut variety Rhodesia Age J 64127 (1967)

290 Mixon AC Effect of seed size on vigor and yield of runner peanuts Alabama Age Exp Sta Bul 346 (1963)

291 Mohan JC and Ali AM Yield response of irrigated groundnut to organic mulches Indian J Agr Sci 39196-199 (1969)

292 Morris Porter D and Garren KH An analysis of the endogeocarpic microflora of peanuts in Virginia Trop Sci 10100-106 (1968)

293 Mortiss PD Peanut cutter-rake Queensland Agr J f8889-90 (1962)

294 Moursi MA and Abd EI-Gawad AA Production of peanut crop in UAR Growth and yield response to plant population Ann Agric Sci Univ Ain shams 10281-305 (1967)

295 Muhammad SV and Dorairaj MS Screening the genetic stock of Arachis hypogaea for seed dormancy in Madras State IndianjAgr Sci 3873-75 (1968)

296 Murty AGK Exports of groundnut extractions a price study Indianj Agr Econ 23184-191 (1968)

297 Musangi RS and Soneji SV Feeding groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) haulms to dairy cows in Uganda E Afr Agr Forestryj 33170-174 (1967)

298 Muthiah C and Rao MP Shifting of area under culture Agr Situation India 17337-341 (1962)

299 Myers JM and Rogers F Mechanical drying and harvesshyting peanuts Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull 507 (1952)

300 Nariani TK and Dhingra KL A mosaic disease of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Indian J Age Sci 3325-27 (1963)

301 Nelson GL et al Vacuum techniques for mycotoxin-free peanut drying Oklahoma Agr Res Prog Rep Processed Series P-608 14 p (1969)

302 Nicholaides JJand Cox FR Effect of mineral nutrition on chemical composition and early reproductive development of Virginia type peanuts Arachis hypogaea Agron J 62262-264 (1970)

303 Niger Levolution du rendement de larachide (Nigera

27

Development of the yield of groundnuts) Chron dOutre-Mer 5138-39 (1958)

304 Nigerian peanut output drops sharply Foreign Crops and Markets 8015 (1960)

305 Nigerian peanut purchases down sharply palm products forecast at 1959 level Foreign Crops and Markets 8116-17 (1960)

306 Nijhawan HL Response of groundnut to fertilizers Indian OilseedsJ 6185-192 (1962)

307 Effect of time of harvesting on the quality of groundnut crop Indian OilseedsJ 6298-302 (1962)

308 Effect of time of planting on the quality of groundnut crop Indian OilseedsJ 71-3 (1963)

- 309 Effect of sowing groundnut in different spashycings on the chemical composition of the crop Indian Oilshyseedsj 7133-135 (1963)

310 Njao N Groundinuts and groundnut oil Agr Econ Bull Africa 344-47 (1 9 6 3)

311 Norden AJ and Block DH Variety BlendsA considershyation in peanut oil improvement and production Oleagineux 23583-585 (1969)

312 RLipscomb and WA Carver Florunner-A new peanut variety Florida Agr Exp Sta Circ S-196 (1969)

313 Norris DO Acid Production by Rhizobium Plant and Soil 22143-166 (1965)

314 Nutnan FJ FM Roberts andjG Williamson Studies on varietal resistance in the groundnut (Arachis hypogeae) to Rosette disease RhodJ Agric Res 263-77 (1964)

315 Ofori CS Response of groundnuts to phosphatic fertilishyzers on the granitic soils of the Upper Region in Ghana Agron Trop 20489-494 (1965)

316 Ollagnier M and Gillier P Comparaison du diagnostic foliarire et de lanalyse des sols pour ia determination des besoins en engrais de Iarachide an S~ndgal (phosphore et potassium) (Comparison of foliai diagnosis and soil analysis for the assessment of P and K fertilizer requirements of groundnuts in Senegal) Ollagineux20513-516 (1965)

317 Oosthuizen SA Grondbonehooi is arm ann protene (Groundnut hay is poor in protein) Boerdery S-Afrika 3247-64 (1957)

318 Operations de pr6vulgarisation sur arachide conduites par IlRHO en Hiute-Volta et au Sengal (Demonstration experiments with groundnuts conducted by the IRHO in Upper-Volta and Senegal) Bul Engrais 461 pp 141-144 (1963)

319 Oram PA High-quality groundnuts for direct consumpshytion I Production research and development in Libya World Crops 9159-162 (1957)

320 Oram PA Recent developments in groundnut producshytion with specialreference to Africa Field Crop Abstracts Part 111-6 PartlI 1175-84 (1958)

321 Ordish G Pest Control in groundnuts Pest articles and news summaries No 2 Ministry of Overseas Development London p 138 (1967)

322 Parker RC Wynne JC and Embry DA 1970 Comshybining ability estimates in Arachis hypogaea I F1 seedling responses in a controlled environment Crop Sci 10429-432 (1970)

323 Parkin EA and Scott EIC The germination of foodshycrop seeds stored in contact with lindane and DDT dusts Trop Sci 1206-211 (1959)

324 Patel MS et al Wealth from groundnut waste-a review Indian Oilseeds J 8380-382 (1964)

325 Pathak GN and Verma G Studies on the cultural and manurial requirements of groundnut in Uttar Pradesh Indian Oilseeds J 8167-174 (1964)

326 Patil SH and Desai BM Introduction of groundnut cultivation in high rainfall regions of Bombay Indian OilshyseedsJ 8218-221 (1964)

327 Pattinson L et al The separation of aflatoxin infected groundnut kernels Trop Sci 10212-221 (1968)

328 Peers FG Aflatoxin-A summary of recent work Trop Sci 9186-203 (1967)

329 Phillips LJ and Norman MJT Sorghum-peanut crop sequences at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 1144-149 (1 9 6 1)

330 - - and - Fodder crop-cash crop sequences at Katherine NT Techn Paper Commonwealth Sci Industr Res Organiz Australia 203-12 (1962)

331 and The influence of inter-row spacing and plant population on the yield of peanuts at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 254-60 (1962)

332 _ and The response of peanuts to phosphate fertilizers at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 5470-474 (1965)

333 Piggott CJ The effect of fertilizers on the yield and quality of groundnuts in Sierra Leone Emp J Exp Agr 2859-64 (1960)

334 Pinto de Matos AH Influtncia dos tratamentos insectishycidas no poder germinativo das sementes de amendoim (Effect of insecticidal treatments on the germinative power of groundnut seed) Garcia de Orta 9471-477 (1961)

335 Pothecary BP Handling groundnuts with auger conveyer World Crops 21180-182 (1969)

336 Prabhakara Reddy G and Sanyasi Rao C Fertilizer response in groundnut Indian Oilseedsj 9274-279 (1965)

337 Prevot P and Billaz R Recherches agrophysiologiques sur le probl6me de la r6sistance de larachide baIa sdcheresse (Agro-physiological investigations into the problem of drought resistance of groundnuts) Oldagineux 17911-917 (1962)

28

338 and Martin G Comparaison des fumures organiques et mindrales pour Parachide en Haute-Volta (Comparison between organic and mineral manures for groundnuts in Upper Volta) Olagineux 19533-537 (1964)

339 Pugnat C Rapport au Gouvernement du Cameroune sur lamelioration des cultures vivrieres (Report to the governshyment of Cameroon on the improvement of subsistence crops) Progr Elargi Assist Techn FAO 1834 p 1-17143 (1964)

340 Pursglove JW Tropical Crops Dicotyledons Longmans Press (1968)

341 Punrss GS Wilt of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in Queensshyland with particular reference to Verticillium wilt Queens landJ Agr Sci 18453-462 (1961)

342 Peanut diseases in Queensland Queensland Agr J 88540-543 (1962)

343 Rebechault H and Guenin G Effects de Pacide gibbershyellique sur deux varietes darachide (Arachis hypogaea) (Effects of gibberellic acid on two groundnut varieties) Cah ORSTOM Ser Biologic 43-29 (1967)

344 Ramly AWH A simple groundnut stripper World Crops 1834-35 (1966)

345 Rawson JE Susceptibility of Virginia Bunch peanut to post-emergence application of 24-D and related herbicides Queensland JAgr Sci 20463-470 (1963)

346 Controlling weeds in peanuts Queensland Agr J90656-661 (1964)

347 Ravindra Nath V and Kulkarni LG Effect of different dates of sowing of groundnut on the development and intensity of leaf-spot disease by Cercospora spp Indian J Agr Sci 37362-368 (1967)

348 Rickards CE Mechanised groundnut cultivation Farming Zambia 45-7 (1968)

349 Roche P and Velly J Etudes de fertilisation sur arachides dans la rcgion du Lac Alaotra (1957-60) (Studies on fertilizer application to groundnuts in the Lake Alaotra region 1957-60) Agron Trop 18477-510 (1963)

350 Le r6le de larachide dans ]a croissance iconomique du Senigal (The role of the groundnut in Senegals economic growth) Ed by JB Mas Rep du Senegal Ministampre du Plan et due Developpement Service de la Statistique 16 p Tables Appendix (1964)

351 Rosher PH and Sheldrick RD The effect of postshyemergence applications of MCPB on groundnuts Trop Agr Trinidad 36211-217 (1959)

352 Rothwell A Diseases of groundnuts in Southern Rhoshydesia Rhodesia AgrJ 59199-201 (1962)

353 Sardone LT The groundnut industry of Queensland World Crops 12351-354 (1960)

354 Scaife A Groundnut cultivation in Western Tanzania Ukiriguru Progress Rep Tanzania 21-6 (1966)

855 Schenk RV Development of the peanut fruit Georgia Agr Expt Sta Tech Bull ns 22 (19 61)

356 Schiffman J Field experiments on inoculation of peanuts in Northern Negev soils Israel J Agr Res 11151-158 (1961)

357 and Y Alper 1968 Effects of Rhizobiumshyinoculum placement on peanut inoculation Expl Agric 4203-208 (1968)

358 and Alper Y Inoculation of peanut by applishycation of Rhizobium suspension into the planting furrows Exp Agr 4219-226 (1968)

359 Schilling R Larachide en cultures associes avec les c6 r~ales (Groundnuts in association with cereals) Oldagineux 20673-676 (1965)

360 Seeger JR Essais dinoculation artificielle de Parachide - au Congo (Experiments on the artificial inoculation of

groundnuts in Congo) Ann Gembloux 67220-241 (1961)

361 Sen S and Ghosh M Influence of time of harvesting on the quantity of oil in groundnut Indian Oilseeds J 9260-265 (1965)

362 Serry A and EI-Banna E A study of correlation beshytween rapid soil tests and response of groundnut to potassishyum application on some Sharkeia sandy soils in pot experishyments Agr Res Rev Egypt 4040-47 (1962)

363 Seshadri CR et al Studies on root development in groundnut Indianj Agr Sci 28211-215 (1958)

364 Shekhawat GS et al Studies on the effect of methods of sowing row spacing and seed-rate on the yield of groundshynut Indian OilseedsJ9280-282 (1965)

365 Shiralipour A Harris HC West SH Boron deficiency and amino acid and protein contents of peanut leaves Crop Sci 9455-456 (1969)

366 Siewart Sara and JG Woodroof Nouveau proced6 de salage des arachides en coques (New procedure for salting groundnuts in their shells) Oleagineux 8230-231 (1953)

367 Silvestre P Monographie des recherches conduites Ia Bambey sur larachide (Monograph of the research work on groundnuts conducted at Bombey) Agron Trop 16623-733 (1961)

368 La production de larachide h Madagascar (Groundnut production in Madagascar) Agron Trop 18511-526 (1963)

369 Simposium oor makotoksiene in voedselsoorte landshyboukundige aspekte gehou te Pretoria 25-26 Februari 1965 (Symposium on mycotoxins in foodstuffs agricultural aspects held at Pretoria February 25-26 1965) Techn Commun Dep Agr Techn Serv Rep S Africa 351-60 (1965)

370 Smartt J Groundnuts in Northern Rhodesia Rhodesia AgrJ 5769-72 (1960)

371 A guide to groundnut cultivation in Northern Rhodesia Rhodesia AgrJ5894-102 (1961)

372 Factors influencing yield and quality of groundnuts in Northern Rhodesia Emp J Exp Agr 32343-351 (1964)

29

373 Snyman JW The secret of higher groundnut yields Farming S Africa 4334-37 (1968)

374 Soudan me caisse de stabilisation des prix de larachide (A price Stabilization Fund for Groundauts) Marches Trop du Monde 141251 (1958)

375 South China area interplants peanuts and sugar cane to raise outputs of both Surv China Mainland Press 3536 p 19 (1965)

376 Spensley PC Aflatoxin the active principle in Turkey I disease Endeavour 2275-79 (1963)

377 Stead PRS Groundnut drying trials Rhod Agr J 6651-53 (1969)

378 Stem WR The influence of sowing date on the yield of peanuts in a short summer rainfall environment Aust J Exp Agr and Animal Husbandry 8594-598 (1968)

379 Strauss JL and Gizzard AL The effect of calcium magnesium and potassium on peanut yields Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 12348-352 (1948)

380 Sulaiman M Investigations on the control of tikka disease of groundnut in the Maharashtra State Beitrige Trop Subshytrop Landwirtsch u Tropenveterindrmedizin 251-54 (1964)

381 and Agashe NG Influence of climate on the incidence of tikka disease of groundnut Indian Oilseeds J 9176-179 (1965)

382 Sundaran NV Note on creation of tikka leaf spot of groundnut Indian Oilseeds J998-101 (1965)

383 Tella R de and Bacchi 0 Longevidade das sementes de amendoin (Longevity of groundnut seed) Bragantia 2121-23 (1962)

384 and Canecchio Filho V Instrucoes praticas-a cultura do amendoim (Practical instructions for groundnut cultivation) Agronomico 117-11 (1959)

385 Terblanche M and Rabie CJ A toxic fungus (Scerotshyium rolfsii) isolated from groundnuts S Afr J Agr Sci 10253-261 (1967)

386 Thompson SS Peanut leafspot diseases Ga Univ Ext Leafl 25 Res 8 p (1969)

387 Thornton I Quelques observations sur la nodulation de larachide en Gambie (Some observations on root nodule formation of groundnuts in Gambia) Oleagineux 18781-783 (1963)

388 The effect of fertilizers on the uptake of nitroshygen phosphorus and potassium by the groundnut EmpJ Exp Agr 32235-240 (1964)

389 Tippins HH Morgan LW and CM Beckham Biology of Derobrachusbrevicollis a pest of Bahiagrass and peanuts Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bul 33 (1968)

390 Toms AM Agricultural progress in the Sudan World Crops 14200-202 (1962)

391 Irrigated groundnuts in the Sudan Gezira World Crops 1539-42 (1963)

392 Toole VL WK Bailey EH Toole Factors influencing dormancy of peanut seeds Plant Physiol 308Z2-832 (1964)

398 Tuelieres R Larachide an Sud-Vitnam (The groundnut in South Viet Nam) Bull Soc Et Indochinoises 37435-463 (1962)

394 Une alimentation saine et abondante grace 1a (A healthy and abundant alimentation thanks to ) Sin6gal Magazine Aug p 16-9 (1961)

395 Uptrend in Brazils peanut production temporarily halted by dry weather Foreign Crops and Markets 7916-17 (1959)

396 Vachhani MV et al Crop rotations double cropping and cropping pattern in the rice areas in India News Letter Int Rice Comm 1119-23 (1962)

397 Verma JK and Bajpai MR A brief review of mineral nutrition of groundnut in relation to its growth yield and quality Indian Oilseeds J 8222-229 (1964)

398 Vidhyasekaran P and lothandaraman R Fungicidal control of tikka leaf-spot of groundnut Indian J Agr Sci 38373-377 (1968)

399 Wadhwa ND Mechanical cultivation of groundnut in Northern Ghana Ghana Farmer 85-13 (1964)

400 Weiss EA Castor Sesame and Safflower 901 p Leonard Hill London (1971)

401 Whitaker RB and Wiser EH Theoretical investigations into the accuracy of sampling shelled peanuts for aflatoxin Amer Oil Chem SocJ 46377-379 (1969)

402 Whiteside JD and Bailey RA Application of fungicides for the control of Cercospora leaf-spot of groundnuts Rhoshydesia Agr J 64128-132 (1967)

403 Wilson C Peanut seed treatments Plant Disease Reptr 3487-95 (1950)

404 Wood IMW The effects of seed size seed treatment method of shelling and organic matter on the establishment of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 881-84 (1968)

405 The effect of temperature at early flowering on the growth and development of peanuts (Arachis hyposhygaea) AustJ Agr Res 19241-251 (1968)

406 Chemical weed control in peanut crops at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr and Animal Husbandry 8762-766 (1968)

407 Woodroof JG Peanuts Production processing products The AVI Publishing Company Westport Connecticut p 291 (1966)

408 World peanut production second largest of record World Summaries Crops and Livestock Nov 24 p 16-18 (1960)

409 World peanut production sets new record Foreign Agr Carc US Dept Agr FFO 16-65 p 1-29 (1965)

410 World peanut production at near-record high in 1966 exports at record level Foreign Agr arc US Dep Agr FPO 7-67 p 1-28 (1967)

30

411 Zink E et al Estudos s8bre a conservacio de sementes X-Amendoin (Studies on seed storage X Groundnuts) Bragantia 21159-165 (1962)

Additional Reference

This manuscript has been a long time in preparation After the manuscript was put in final form and most of the typing had been done asignificant book on peanuts was publishedPeanuts-Cultureand Uses a Symposium was published by the American Peanut Research and Education Association Inc (Executive Secretary-Treasurer Leland

Tripp Agronomy Department Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma 74074) Thirty-eight authors contributed to the 20 chapters and in the 684 pages of the book there are over 2000 references listed This book covers in considerable detail all the topics that have been

briefly summarized in this manuscript Peanut proteins and the physicoshychemical and nutritional properties of peanuts are well covered

31

ABBREVIATIONS AND ADDRESSES OF SOME SOURCES OF LITERATURE CITATIONS

Agr Assn China J-Agricultural Association of China Journal Taipei Taiwan

Agrekon-Agrekon Department of Agricultural Economics and Marketing Pretoria South Africa

Agricultura em Sio Paulo-Instituto de Economia Agricola Caixa Postal 8083 Sio Paulo Brazil

Agron J-Agronomy Journal American Society of Agronomy 677 S Segoc Road Madison Wisconsin 53711 (USA)

Agronomico-Agronomico Instituto Agronomico Caixa Postal 28 Campanis Brazil

Agron Trop-Agronomia Tropical Centro de Investigaciones Agronomicas Maracay Venezuela

Agr Res Rev Egypt-Agricultural Research Review Dokki

Egypt Agr Situation India-Agricultural Situation in India Ministry of

Food and Agriculture Delhi 6 India Agr Trop-Agricultura Tropical Asociacion Columbiana de

Ingenieros Agronomo Bogota Columbia Alabama Age Exp Sta Bul-Alabama Agricultural Experiment

Station-Bulletin Auburn Alabama 36830 (USA) Amer Oil Chem Soc J-American Oil Chemists Society

Journal 35 East WackerNDrive Chicago Illinois 60601 (USA)

Amer Soc Agr Eng Trans-American Society of Agricultural Engineers Transactions St Joseph Michigan 49085 (USA)

Ann Agric Sci Univ Ain Shams-Annals of Agricultural Science University of Ain Shams Cairo Egypt

Arq Inst Biol-Arquivos do Instituto Biolgico Baixa Postal 7119 Sao Paulo Brazil

Aust J Agr Res-Australian Journal of Agricultural Research MelbourneAustralia

Beitrige Trop Subtrop Landwirtsch u Tropenveterinarshymedizin-Beitrige zur Tropischen und Subtropischen Landwirtschaft and Tropenveteriniirmedizin Karl Marx University Leipzig

Biolodgico-Biologico Caixa Postal 4185 Sao Paulo Brazil Biologist-Biologist Denver Colorado (USA) Bragantia-Bragantia Boletim Technico do Instituto Agronomshy

ico do Estado de Sgo Paulo Sgo Paulo Brazil Bull Engrais-Bulletin des Engrais Paris Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Belge-Bulletin

deinformation de Institut National pour IEtude Agroshynomique du Congo Beige Brussels

Cah ORSTOM Ser Biologi-Cahiers Office de In Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer Series Biologi Paris

CCTACSA Symposium Lagos-Bukavu Savannah-Commission for Technical Cooperation in Africa Scientific Council for Africa

CCTAFAO Symposium-Commission pour la Cooperation Technique en Afrique (Commission for Technical Coopershyation in Africa South of the Sahara) Food and Agriculshytune Organization Symposium

Cenicafe-Cenicafe Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Cafe Chinchina Columbia

Chemistry and Industry London

Crop Sci-Crop Science Society of America 677 S Segoe Road Madison Wisconsin 53711 (USA)

Current Sci-Current Science Raman Research Institute Bangalore India

Diss Abstr Sect B-Dissertation Abstracts Section B Sciences and Engineering University Microfilms Ann Arbor Michigan 48106 (USA)

E Afr Agr Forestry J-East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal PO Box 30148 Nairobi

Econ Botany-Economic Botany The New York Botanical Garden New York New York 10458 (USA)

Economica-Economica London Empire J of Exper Agric-Empire Journal of Experimental

Agriculture London Emp J Exp Agr Gambia-Empire Journal of Experimental

Agriculture Gambia Endeavour-Endeavour Thames House London Etud Senegelaises-Etudes Senegelaises Dakar Expl Agric-Experimental Agriculture London FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome Italy FAO Plant Protection Bulletin-Food and Agriculture Organizashy

tion International Documents Service 136 S Broadway Irvington on Hudson New York 10533 (USA)

FAO 4th Sess CCP OF-Food and Agricultural Organization 4th Session Committee on Commodity Problems Oils and Fats

Farming S Africa-Famning in South Africa Agricultural Technical Services Private Bag 144 Pretoria South Africa

Field Crop Abstracts-Field Crop Abstracts Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux Farnham Royal England

Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull-Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin Gainesville Florida 32601 (USA)

Florida Agr Exp Sta Crc-Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Circular Gainesville Florida 32601 (USA)

Foreign Agr Circ U S Dept Agr FFO-Foreign Agricultural Circular United States Department of Agriculture Fats and Oils

Garcia de Orta-Garcia de Orta Junta de Investigacces do Ultrashymar Lisbon Portugal

Ga Univ Ext Ixafl-Georgia University Extension Leaflet Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Gaz Agr Angola-Gazeta Agricola de Angola Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 203-Georgia Agriculshy

tural Experiment Station Mimeo Series (New Series) Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Report-Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Ghana Farmer-Ghana Farmer Accra Ghana Indian Agriculturist-Indian Agriculturist Agricultural Society

of India Ballygunge Circular Road Calcutta India Indian Farming-Indian Council of Agricultural Research New

Delhi India Indian J Agr Sci-Indian Journal of Agricultural Science

Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi India

32

Indian J Sci amp Industry-Indian Journal of Science and Indusshytry Karnal India

Indian Oilseeds J-Indian Oilseeds Journal Hyderabad India Israel J Agr Res-Israel Journal of Agricultural Research J Amer Soc Agron-Journal of the American Society of

Agronomy Geneva New York 14456 (USA) J Econ Entomol-Joumnal of Economic Entomology Entoshy

mological Society of America Baltimore Maryland 21201 (USA)

J of Food Sci amp Technol-Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore India

J Sci Food Age-Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculshyture London

Marketing Res Rep U S Dept Agr-Marketing Research Reports Publications Division Office of Information United States Department of Agriculture Washington DC 20250 (USA)

Nature-Nature London N Carolina Agr Exp Sta BuU-North Carolina Agricultural

Experiment Station Bulletin Raleigh North Carolina 27607 (USA)

Neth J Age Sci-Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science Wageningen

Newsletter Int Rice Comm-Newsletter of the International Rice Commission Bangkok Thailand

NT Aust J Exp Agr-Northern Territories Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture

Okla Agr Res Prog Rep Processed Series-Oklahoma Agriculshytural Research Project Report Processed Series Stillwater Oklahoma 74074 (USA)

Oleagineux-Oleagineux LInstitut de Recherches pour les

Huiles et Oleagineux 8 Square Petrarque Paris Peanut J Nut World-Peanut Journal and Nut World Philippine J Plant Industry-Philippine Journal of Plant Indusshy

try Manila Philippine J Sci-Philippine Journal of Science Manila Plantand Soil-Plant and Soil The Hague Netherlands Plant Disease Reptr-Plant Disease Reporter Washington DC

(USA) Plant Physiol-Plant Physiology American Society of Plant

Physiologists PO Box 5706 Washington DC 20014 (USA)

Proc Peanut Res Conference-Proceedings Peanut Research Conference

Proc Southern Agr Workers-Proceedings of Southern Agriculshytural Workers Conference

Proc 5th Nat Peanut Res Conf-Proceedings of the 5th National Peanut Research Conference

Prod Res Rep US Dept Agr-Production Research Reports United States Department of Agriculture

Queensland J Agr Animal Sci-Queensland Journal of Agriculshytural and Animal Sciences Brisbane Australia

Rev Nac Agr Columbia-Revista Nacional de Agricultura Bogota Columbia

Rhodesia Agr J-Rhodesia Agricultural Journal Salisbury Rhodesia

Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res-Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi Journal of Agricultural Research Salisbury Rhodesia

Riv Agr Subtrop Trop-Rivista di Agricultura Subtropicale e Tropicale Florence Italy

S Ar J Agr Sci-South African Journal of Agricultural Science Pretoria South Africa

Samarm Research Bulletin-Samaru Research Bulletin Institute for Agricultural Research Ahmada Bello University Zaria Nigeria

Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc-Soil Science Society of America Proceedings

Surinaamse Landbouw-Surinaamse Landbouw Paramaribo Surinam

S Weed Sci Soc Proc-Southern Weed Science Society Proshyceedings

Techn Commun Dept Agr Techn Serv Rep S Africa-Technical Communications Department Technical Services Republic of South Africa Pretoria South Africa

Techn Paper Commonw Scl Industr Res Organiz Land Res Reg Survey-Technical Paper Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Land Research Regional Survey Canberra Australia

Texas Agr Exp Sta Bull-Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin College Station Texas 77843 (USA)

Trop Agr Ceylon-Tropical Agriculture Peradeniya Ceylon Trop Agric Trinidad-Tropical Agriculture The Journal of the

Imperial College of Agriculture University of the West Indies St Augustine Trinidad

Trop Sci-Tropical Science London Trop Stored Prod Inform-Tropical Stored Products Informashy

tion US Dept Agr Agr Econ Rept-United States Department of

Agriculture Agricultural Economics Reports Superintenshydent of Documents Washington DC 20250 (USA)

W Afr Rev-West Africian Review Liverpool World Crops-World Crops 28Essex St Strand London WD 2

England

1M-10-73

12

zone (67) Pods with well developed seed contain less Mg than poorly filled pods Mineral fertilization tends to depress the Mg content in the leaves (349) Mg has been found useful in counteracting the depressing effect on nodule formation or nodule effectiveness when nitrogen fertilization is used (169) One report indicated that the only elements needed in that region were Ca K and Mg (333)

Sulfur-Many responses of peanuts to sulfur have been reported (12 47 60 78108 158 167224306 315 338) In only a few instances was there no response to sulfur (24 256) or to gypsum (24) In combination with other elements the sulfur was given creditfor response to ammonium sulfate (158 167) or to supershyphosphate (13 78 306 315) Where sulfur levels in the soil were adequate superphosphate gave no better response than double or triple forms (60) As little as 10 kgha of sulfur will give an immediate response as the sulfur is picked up quickly and spreads rapidly through the plant (79)

Phosphorus-Reports of good response to phosshyphorus (130 140 142 224 306 388) or to ordinary superphosphate (21 108 165 167 256 288 315) are common with ordinary super indicated as being better than double or triple forms (13 21 56 78 108 167 256 315) Slow uptake of P from triphosphates (56 60 61) is usual except where the rainfall is 8 00 mm or more (55) Even though the response to P may be good and the uptake of NPK is increased by the use of P the actual uptake of P is low (256 388) To determine P needs the exchangeable P in the soil is a better indicator than total P (130) The peanut can do well on residual fertilizer as there is very little response to P when the crop is grown in a well-fertilized rotation (256) A heavy basal rate of applied P is as good as the same quantity applied frequently (55) The use of nitrogen (especially ammonium sulfate) along with P is suggested (55 325) The lack of need for phosphate is rarely reported (55)

Potassium-In general potassium is not recomshymended for application directly to the peanut crop There is a tendency for it to depress yields (13 115 225) or to do harm in the fruiting zone (67) Reports of little or no response (21 57 78 140 142 256 325 354) or an erratic response are found (336) Although suggestions for use of potassium were few (55 148 164 246 333) it was said that if peanuts were to be grown for many years there would likely be a need for K and the application to other crops in the rotation was recomshymended (256) If much K is added there should be plenty of calcium present If Ca or Mg is deficient there is a higher content of K in the plant (256) Use of K above the needs of the plant often results in excellent

foliage production (130) and there is usually a reduced susceptibility to fungus disease (193)

Nitrogen-Nitrogen alone reduced yields (325) or did not give a response (78 130 140 329 354 388) When a response was reported (21 24 60 148 158 167 225 242 281 325) it was usually due to the use of ammonium sulfate although some reports showed no response to this source of nitrogen (78 256 329 336 354)

Nitrogen fertilizer has been recommended for peanuts (55 281) with no special form recommended but other workers specifically suggest the use ofammoshynium sulfate (60 148 164 244 325) Liquid ammonia and a solution of ammonium sulfate and Chilean nitrate have been stated as being more effective than urea (281)

Aluminum-Peanuts seem to be able to grow on soils high in aluminum because they do not take up much of it (9)

Boron-Boron appears to have some effect on the mobility of calcium but there have been few indications of a response to boron (256) The amount to use in nutrient solutions was determined (253)

Copper-In Florida (USA) 10 lb per acre of cupric chloride increased the yield of nuts and foliage (256) A definite deficiency of copper has been reported in Florida (186 187 256) When there was a lack of copper nitrogen metabolism was not normal (256)

Iron-A report on iron stated that when iron was added with nitrogen the depression of nodule activity was corrected (169)

Manganese-An application of 20 lb of MnSO 4 per acre increased yields and overcame the chlorotic condishytions brought about by heavy liming (256) Manganese toxicity symptoms are described (253)

Molybdenum-Ammonium molybdate at 28 g per ha applied in fungicide or to seed increased the yield (273)

Trace Elements-Chelated trace elements were used and a response was obtained in 75 of 53 trials (273) A dark green color and an increased shoot growth were the typical symptoms of a response (256) One report indicated that no response was found (140) Soaking seeds in a trace element solution has not been found to be an effective way for adding trace elements (337)

Zinc-No deficiency has been reported but an apparent yield response has been found in a few cases (256)

Growth Substances-Maleic hydrazide and naphthaleneacetic acid used on Spanish improved peanuts at the rate of 100 ppm as a spray at 54 to 97 days after planting increased yields by inducing more

13

kernels per plant and a greater kernel weight Indoleace- gation of internodes flowering and peg formation were tic acid indolepropionic acid methyl-3-indoleacetic or stimulated (343) Indoleacetic acid in lanolin (110) 24-D had either no effect or a depressing effect on yield hastened germination when applied to scratched testa of (237) Erect and runner varieties responded to gibber- seed of freshly harvested peanuts In a 002 solution ellic acid at a concentration of 10 There was an elon- sprouted seed soaked 12 to 2 hours and unsprouted

seed soaked 24 hours in water solution increased the number of flowers per plant (256)

Seed Treatments-Pesticides are often recommendshyed (16 132 403 404) with Thiram giving good results alone (32 85 95 132 150) but a combination of fungicide and insecticide has been better (32 132 150) Captan has been the best treatment on occasion (247) Where there has been mechanical damage such as with machine shelling and when conditions are adverse treatshyment is usually needed (32 404) In a monsoon climate area if peanuts are seeded within 48 hours after the rains start there is little need for fungicide treatment (132)

Inoculation-There are many reports of a response to nitrogen (21 55 148 164 244 281 306 345) A small quantity of N seems to increase the ability to proshyduce N symbiotically but large quantities of N fertilizer reduce the quantity of N fixed (306)

In Israel using 100-400 g of enriched peat inocushylant per ha in 50 liters of water and placing the inoculant in the planting furrow gave better results than putting the inoculant on the seed (358) Compared with the use of up to 180 kgha of N inoculated plants stayed green longer and the hay was higher in protein than that from the nitrated plots (164 356) Inoculant placed to the side of the row was effective at 8 cm depth but less effective when placed deeper (357) Soils rich in N produce good peanut yields even if nodulation is poor As with many legumes in view of the low cost of mocushylant it is suggested that if there is any doubt about natural inoculant being in the soil inoculant should be used (360)

Arachis strains of Rhizobia will not cross-inoculate with the cowpea (Vigna) group (176) Different types of inoculants have been suggested for acid and alkaline or near neutral soils as some Arachis strains have been found to be acidic and some alkaline (313)

CULTURE

Planting Rates-It is normally recommended that 20-25 more seed be planted than the number of plants expected in the stand (256) Seeding at a heavy rate is recommended (5 15 294 331 364) with two seeds per hill being better than one (78 287 288 294) Experishyments with several row and in-row spacings have given variabld results (37 118 131 138 141 203287294 331 348 354 364) Recommendations vary from 25000 plants per ha with the Virginia bunch varieties (354) If 120000ha is optimum for plantings on flat locations about 80000 would be recommended on ridges

Row Spacing-Close row spacings produced highshyest yields (122 131 331 364) With bunch varieties the optimum spacing seems to be about 60 cm between rows and 5 cm between plants in the row (222 373) Spreadshying varieties can also be put in 60 cm rows with 10 cm between plants in the row (223) Wider spacing than that for maximum yields may be used to accommodate tillshyage implements (141 256 373) Spacings closer than 3 cm tend to lower seed quality (372) Row width recomshymendations have varied from 45 cm (118) to 80 (138) or 90 cm (287 288)

Ridge Planting-Use of a ridge was better than flat planting (78 138 165 166 288 354 364) with the optimum distance between ridges being about 80-90 cm (78 138 287 288) The rate of seeding may be less on ridges than on flat areas (135) but if two rows are used per ridge the rate may be high (78)

Mulching-Mulclung tends to increase yields where rainfall may be as low as 685 min per year (78) Experishyments with mulching are reported (152 250 337) Mulching with grass tends to increase K in the plant and to reduce shelling percentage (25)

PESTS AND DISEASES

Weeding-Without herbicides three or four culti- and it is better to use a hoe than to pull weeds (5) vations seem to be necessary for each crop of peanuts Narrow-row spacing of 60 cm suppressed weeds (222 (37 78 238 272) Early cultivation is desirable (78) 373) Damage to foliage and disease may be accentushy

14

ated if soil is thrown toward the plant to try to control weeds by burying them in the row (256) For disease control it may be desirable to burn weeds or remove them from the surface of the soil (78) Land preparashytion before planting helps to bury plant residues and it was shown that a 20 cm depth of plowing was better than a 5 or 10 cm (37)

Herbicides are becoming more commonly used but are not completely safe or entirely satisfactory in respect to peanuts Differences in season will change the effectiveness and vary the potential harm to the crop Because the use of herbicides on peanuts is a rather complicated subject no attempt will be made here to summarize the findings References on herbishycides are given (171 227 234 235 251 252 283 345346348351406)

Insecticides-In treating seed with insecticides care is needed if the seed is intended for planting purshyposes Tests have been made of DDT dusts of 1 and 10 concentration used at 100 and 500 ppm Lindane at 15 and 100 ppm as dusts pyrethrins at 100 and 500 ppm and fumigants of carbon bisulphide at 100 500 and 1000 gcu meter with 1 and 3 days exposure and Phostoxin at 2045 and 60 gton for 3 to 5 days Only carbon bisulphide at 500 gfou meter and up hurt the germination of peanuts if the moisture content of the peanuts was 5 or lower When the moisture content was 10 all chemicals impaired germination rdgardless of rate (334)

DDT or Lindane dusted on peanuts stored in sealed containers at 220 C for 45 9 and 18 months did not reduce germination or seedling vigor (323) Malashythion at 66 ppm protected against most storage insects but had to be used at about 2-month intervals (90) Methyl bromide was effective as a fumigant but BHC had to be replaced by malathion when a local strain of insect developed tolerance to BHC (192) Other insects also showed tolerance to aldrin and heptachlor (73)

Low humidities and low moisture contents are often thought to be effective in insect control A relashytive humidity of 48 did not adversely affect oil qualishyty nor did it control Tribolium castaneum Even when the peanuts were dried to 7 moisture this insect was not controlled (179) and it developed a tolerance to BHC and had to be controlled by malathion (192)

Diseases of Peanuts-Aphis croccivora is the vector of several viruses (6 7 40 68 145 228 230 231) There are also other aphids that can transmit virus (6 7 40 51) Trifolium incanatum and Styloshysanthes spp are two major hosts of peanut viruses Another host is Euphorbiahirta (7 68 228)

Of 600 groundnut varieties tested few have shown tolerance to viruses (230) When exposed to the

chlorotic rosette virus by grafting or spreading by Aphis craccivora the tetraploid species A monticola A nambyquarae and A hypogaea all had the same symptoms Diploid A diogoi A rasteiro and A marginata showed symptoms of a different kind A glabrata and A prostata were symptomless carriers Some diploids seemed to be immune to certain viruses affecting domesticated peanuts More resistant plants develop symptoms slower than do susceptible plants (144) To avoid rosette virus it is suggested that early varieties should be used (2 43 107) and crops rotated as the virus is often serious if peanuts are grown on the same area for 2 or more years (88) Rosette virus causes abnormal flowering and reduces flowering (147) and has reduced yields by as much as 95 (233)

Only Aphis croccivora is reported to be able to transmit rosette virus (68 231) or vein-banding virus (228) although sap inoculation and grafting make it possible to transmit the latter A gossyppii (6) and A laburni(51) are able to transmit a virus similar to rosette virus which could not be transmitted by A croccivora (300) One report (204) indicated a need for a sympshytomless assistant virus in order for A croccivoraorA gossyppit to be able to transmit rosette virus

To infect plants with rosette virus half seed whole seed or 7-day and 21-day-old plants were tested The 21-day-old plants were most effective when A croccishyvora was used as a vector

Peanut mottle virus was found for the first time in Australia in 1970 Although one of the few viruses to be transmitted by seed it is also transmitted by at least five species ofAphis (40)

Five different peanut viruses can be distinguished by characteristic symptoms formed on the Natal Comshymon Variety (232)

Aspergillus flavus has been identified as causing seed rotting (92 94) afloroot (2) or other damage to seeds and seedlings (125) Aflotoxin is the name given to the toxic compounds produced by some strains ofA flavus under certain conditions Aflotoxin has been found in pods damaged by termites (258 260) rough handling hoeing threshing or by transplanting (257 259 261 262 376) There was a slight penetration of undamaged pods (210 258 260) Nematode damage to pods did not increase A flavus growth but did increase the contamination by other fungi (215) The best way to prevent aflotoxin is to store peanuts in the shell (30) ifter proper drying (52 82 112 162 185 257 261 369) A methyl cellulose seedcoat did little to protect the seed (94) Hand sorting can be used to separate damaged peanuts (30 112 162 185) and attempts have been made to use air or color sorting (162 327) Levels of aflotoxin of 002 to 026 ppm in unrefined oil were

15

not found in hydrogenated oils (123 376) Numerous studies of A flavus have been made It

is not the dominant fungus (259) as it may represent only 3 of total fungi present (292) About 5 days after harvest are required for the fungus to produce much growth (260) Much aflotoxin is produced at about 3000 with a relative humidity of 80-85 It can actually develop over the range of 125 to 5250C but not at 43-450 C (117) Three reviews (112 328 376) and a symposium (369) and a report on some chemistry studies give many of the details of aflotoxin with one report showing the chemical structure of eight forms (162)

Macrophominaphaseoli (70) and several species of Aspergillus have been studied including A fumigates (93) A niger (94) A amstelodaniandA wenti (369) Of 1626 isolates of Aspergillus studied 896 produced some toxin (218) Biological effects are given (11)

Aspergillus flavus is used in the making of soyshysauce (278) Peanut meal is subject to Aspergillus growth but the toxin production can be averted (248) if the meal moisture content is kept below 16 (30) Work has been done relative to the accuracy of sampling methods (401)

The dominant species of fungi on peanuts seem to be the Penicilliums 7)ichodermaand Fusariums(292) A review of fungi in stored products which included peanuts showed Aspergillus dominant in the Tropics but Penicillium in temperate regions (93) A study in Georgia (USA) listed the fungi present on the peanut pods and kernels (209) in windrowed peanuts (210) in artificially dried peanuts (211) and in the field in general (213) and control methods were recommended (212)

Botrytis (gray mold) causes serious damage under cold dry conditions in Sao Paulo Brazil Symptoms are discussed (33)

Leptosphaerdinacrassiascais a leaf disease characshyterized by pepper spots on both sides of the leaf and by marginal necrosis or leaf scorch and was first reported from Madagascar in 1955 and from Taiwan in 1956 Diagnosis of the species is given and the symptoms are described This disease is often obscured by Cercospora (214)

Macrophomina phaseoli is a fungus also found on cotton cowpeas sunflower as well as peanuts Direcshytions for chemical protection of crop rate of spread distribution and method of testing soils for study of the

pathogen are given (71) Peanut plants-may be infected without showing symptoms (70 247) The best fungishycide to increase germination was Captan (247)

Pucciniarust has been observed on certain varieties in South America (31) Of 254 varieties studied in Venezuela in 1959-61 the variety Tarapoto was the only one to escape damage from Pucciniaarachidiswith only 13 others classed as being resistant Tarapoto and 7 of the 13 were also tolerant to Cercospora(282)

Verticillium dahliae has been found on peanuts (125 341) and is hosted by potatoes and certain herbashyceous plants Rotations help in conrol

Cercospora arachidicolais the early form and C personata is the late form of leafspot diseases which exist as the imperfect forms Perfect forms are Mycoshysphaerella arachidicolaand M berkeleyii which are the official names according to rules of nomenclature A good description of symptoms distribution damage and control is given (144)

It is often necessary to control Cercosporaso that research or management studies will have a chance to influence maturity yields etc To control Cercospora several methods may be used such as burning of residues (144) rotations (144 393) and applying sulfur (103 105 131 380 398 402) copper (103 105 380 398) as well as copper and sulfur combinations (380 381 398 402) Results were not always satisfactory (202) Control programs vary One program suggests that growers start spraying 20 days after planting and repeat each 20 days (398) or from 3 to 13 weeks after planting at 14-day intervals (131) The spraying interval may be determined by rainfall by counting 8-10 cumulative rain days (103) or when 2 inches of rain has accumulated (103) Another report suggested that spraying should start about one week after symptoms appear and should be continued until about 18 days before harvest (105)

Early-maturing varieties seem to be the most susshyceptible to Cercospora (195) To delay planting may reduce the amount of the disease but it also reduces yield (347) Where successive crops are grown volunteer plants from the first crop increase contamination of the second crop (202) Resistance to the two diseases is inherited separately (144 196)

Listings and descriptions of major peanut diseases are given (12 96 321 342 352) Crop rotations for disease control are emphasized (342 352)

HARVESTING HANDLING AND STORING

Harvesting-In 1965 it was estimated that as much with simple tools Details of use of improved tools for as 75 of the world production of peanuts was handled hand cultivation and animal-drawn tools to mechanical

16

production are given Seedbed preparation planting and harvesting are processes that are suggested for mechanishyzation first (241) Drawings of hole-making devices an -ox-drawn lifter and a practical hand thresher are given elsewhere (354)

Harvesting by means of an animal-drawn lifter is described (20) With this device men can lift and stack 1 hectare in 15 hours or in half the time needed for manual lifting Time studies indicate that peanuts can be harvested about 10 days either side of the optimum time with little loss of peanuts (78) Systems of peanut harshyvesting are reviewed and details of a prototype once-over harvester are given The machine is designed to harvest up to 10 tons of nuts a day (189)

Peanuts are not usually grown on clay soils but a system has been worked out to harvest fairly clean pods from clay soils by irrigating to wet the soil 2 days before lifting and then waiting another 4-5 days before shaking surplus soil from the plants (391)

Threshing-Stripping pods from plants is often done by hand (128) Simple threshers are described (124 344) No difference in shelling percentage or seed size was found between immediate threshing and threshshying which was delayed up to 3 weeks (280)

Shelling-Machine shelling often results in damshyaged kernels which may not be effective in getting good stands when planted especially without seed protectants (404) Experimental shellers to be used to obtain samples for milling tests have been described (115) Hand-operated shellerscan produce as much as 95 kg of kernels in an hour (184 190)

Washing-Cleaning of non-husked peanuts has inshycreased selling price 50 With a simple washer made out of a section of barrel and a wire drum one can wash 400-600 kgday with only 200 liters of water (269)

Artificial Drying-Although the trend is toward more artificial drying natural methods are still widely used Natural methods (52 82) and artificial methods are reviewed (53 270 301) Combinations of natural and artificial methods are often desirable (116 270) For planting purposes seed must be dried carefully Air movement temperatures and times to dry are given (270) For long storage a maximum of only 8 moisture is recommended (271) Studies involving aflotoxin (52 82 116 301) verify the potential hazard if pods are improperly dried after harvest Seed needs to be dried to 8-9 and peanut cakes to below 16 or A flavus may grow (30 35) Simple devices for drying using wood or peanut hulls have been described (2 3 4 34) It is not advisable to dry seed for planting purposes in the sun or at temperatures over 450 C if heat is used (35) For comshymercial use Virginia and runner types have been dried successfully at 570C but Spanish types tend to split at 46-52 0 COther drying trials are reported (377)

Storing of Peanuts-Some areas have a dry season which is favorable for storing peanuts in open air or under tarpaulin (88 178 179) A low moisture content is desirable to decrease damage due to insects and losses due to oil deterioration (220 271 411) Fumigation or other treatment is often needed while the peanuts are in storage (191 271) Mechnical damage due to shelling is recognized (179 411) Treatments before storage will reduce some of the shelling damage (411)

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Estimating Yields-Estimated yields are often high because the operator tends to avoid the worst places in the field and the sample taken is usually harvested more carefully than the rest of the field Ten samples obtained by throwing a stick into the field at random to select sampling sites are suggested (155) A frame 15 m by 4 m can be used or if the plants are in definite rows 5 n of row at 10 random locations will give a good estimate of yield

Sampling for Oil-Oil samples need to be detershymined within one percentage point Different methods of sampling are compared (216) Care needs to be exershycised in reducing the original sample to a working sample A working sample might be 800 times the weight of one pod For an intact plant kernels taken near the base are higher in oil than those out on the branches (275) - -

Use of Peanut Tops-Peanut hay was judged to be not as good in nutrients as alfalfa and was said to be more comparable to grass hay (317) Peanut hay has been compared with other herbages and one researcher suggests that it be used for feed rather than being burned (297) A cutting and raking device has been designed that will cut and rake 8 ha in 10 hours (293)

Use of Surplus Peanut Shells-Shells may be used for fuel and also as a conditioner for heavy soils a filler in cattle feed a rawsource of activated carbon comshybustiblfe gases organic chemicals reducing sugars and alc6hlianextender-ofresins a cork substitute a comshyponent of building blocks and f Ed~oaaril (324) Its use as a mulch or manure is most beneficial when rain is scarce Grinding may be necessary Residue left after furfural extraction made good compost after treatment with sulfuric acid and neutralization with tricalcium phosphate (152)

17

Use of Peanuts as a Source of Food-No attempt will be made to cover this important subject Only a few references that deal with food are cited here A vegetable cheese made from peanut milk is described (236) An infant foof from peanut and milk solids (91) and the production of soysauce by fermentation are discussed (278) The details of quality factors and requirements for salting peanuts are given (226 366)

Oil from Peanuts-Peanuts are mainly grown for the oil and protein of the seed There is an indication that more oil crushing will be done in the area of proshyduction (44) Although the protein meal has been an excellent export product for foreign exchange this use may decrease as more use of the protein for livestock and as human food is stressed for the area of production (77296 394)

Oil content of the peanut decreased when planting was delayed but the protein was increased Oil yield is closely associated with seed yield Factors which tend to increase seed yield also increase oil yield (308 309 311) Closer spacing increases seed yields and oil but decreases protein (309)

Quality of Peanuts-Quality of peanut seed is affected by many factors (178 199) Proper shelling (184) and pest control are important (192) Free fatty acid level is an indication of quality A level of 6 free fatty acids was found in insect-damaged peanuts but only 13 when insects were controlled (192) Efforts have been made to remove undesirable peanuts mechanishycally as peanuts are moved (18) Grade standards of quality are listed (151 172)

Economics of Production-One country in Africa is reported to have half of its cultivated area in peanuts with 75 of farm income 42 of total industrial inshycome 23 of the gross national product and 65 of total value of exports credited to this one crop (350) Other countries seek to add peanuts to their cropping programs in order to diversify (86 266 390 391) and some that plan to switch to crops other than peanuts (5 16 42) to diversify are not intending to reduce peanut production

Some countries are trying to increase peanut proshyduction by stressing extension methods or by improving cultural practices These include helping farmers learn to select good seed and varieties to use disease-resistant varieties to treat seed to seed at a heavy rate to use

proper fertilization including animal and green manures to use proper weeding proper crop rotations to diversify cropping and to harvest at the right time (5 16 59 139 303319339)

Several countries have found it necessary to subshysidize the production of peanuts (134 199 374 395) and several African countries have recognized the need for a cooperative effort in marketing and meet once a year to discuss policy (102)

A survey of the peanut industry in the USA is given (400) The long-term outlook for the peanut is reviewed and uses of peanut and other oils are discussed (310) The world production of peanuts continues to expand even though the demand is variable from year to year (5 268 304 305 408409410) Problems of the processing industry are reviewed (84 239) Transportashytion and storage are serious problems and factors affecshyting quality are getting attention The quantity of peanuts that moves in export trade is a small percentage of total production Details and problems of exports are discussed (14 174445 77 88 119)

Improving Production by Variety Improvement-There is little doubt but that improved varieties have contributed to the gradually higher level of production around the world It takes 12 to 15 years for a variety to be available to growers after a cross has been made Of 24 varieties released in the USA during the last quartershycentury 11 selections came from commercial strains 2 from foreign introductions 9 from controlled crosses 1 from irradiation and 1 from interspecific hybridization (29)

No attempt will be made to list references to varieshyty comparisons Most experiments with peanuts involve variety comparisons It has been shown that an apparentshyly superior variety may be definitely inferior under certain environmental conditions It is essential in varieshyty evaluation that varieties be evaluated at different levels of soil fertility and under other variations in enshyvironmental conditions after preliminary screening to eliminate the most undesirable types (256) Examples of comparative yield tests are given (48 182 183) Blending of varieties for planting has been tested but has not been found to be of benefit (311)

GENERAL PAPERS

Numerous papers are general in nature and cover al methods are given in some detail (46 101 109 114 several topics Several factors that need to be considered 120 164) Mineral nutrition (397) variety improvement in over-all peanut production are discussed (28 101 (46) harvesting (153) seed treatment (46) and mechanishy106 138 160 179255353 368 370) General cultur- zation (121 371) are subjects in other general papers

18

LITERATURE CITATIONS (AbbreviationsandAddresses ofSome Sources of LiteratureCitations-pages31-32)

1 Abraham TP and Agarwal KN Yield effect on soil fertilshyity and economics of crop rotations with and without groundnut Indian J Agr Sci 37560-57 1 (1967)

2 ABrook J Artificial drying of groundnuts a method for the small farmer Trop Agric Trinidad 40241-245 (1963)

3 A cheap crop drier for the farmer Trop Stored Prod Inform 725-38 (1964)

4 A cheap crop drier for the farmer results and recommended design Trop Stored Prod Inform 8301-307 (1964)

5 Laction de developpement de la productivite arachidiere au Snigal en 1964 (Activity for the development of groundnut production in Senegal in 1964) 014agineux 20725-729 (1965)

6 Adams AN Groundnut Rosette Virus-Another vector Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 4125 (1966)

7 The vectors and alternative hosts of groundnut rosette virus in central province Molaioc Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res 5145-151 (1967)

8 - and JAK Farrell The seasonal occurrence of aphids in traps at Chitedge Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res Vol 5153-159 (1967)

9 Adams F and RW Pearson Differential response of cotton and peanuts to subsoil acidity AgronJ 629-12 (1970)

10 Akehurst BC and Sreedharan A Time of planting-a brief review of experimental work in Tanganyika E Afr Agr Forestry J 30189-201 (1965)

11 Alcroft R and Carnaghan RBA Toxic products in groundnuts Chemistry and Industry 250-61 (1963)

12 Amendoim pragas e doencas silo o n6 (Groundnuts pests and diseases are the problem) Dirigente Rural 412-32 (1965)shy

13 Anderson GD Fertility studies on a sandy loam in semishyarid Tanzania 11 Effects on phosphorus potassium and lime on yields of Groundnuts Expl Agric 6213-222 (1970)

14 Larachide au Senigal (Groundnut growing in Senegal) 016 agineux 14649-650 (1959)

15 Larachide au Senigal Rsultats des essais de confirmation (Groundnuts in Senegal Rep Results of confirmation trials) Oleagineux 17103-104 (1962)

16 Larachide au Senigal Risultats des essais de confirmation (Groundinuts in Senegal Results of demonstration trials) Olagineux 1972 (1964)

17 Les arachides du Nigeria (The groundrnuts of Nigeria)Kadouna (Nigeria) Ministere de PInformation 12 p Graph Photos Map (1966)

18 Ariztizabal L Bums EE and OR Kunze Physical chemical and organoleptic properties of peanuts separated in a controlled air stream Amer Soc Agr -Eng Trans 12298-304 (1969)

19 Arndt W The continuous cropping of peanuts at Kathshyarine NT Techn Paper Commonw Sci Industr Res Organiz Div Land Res Reg Survey Australia 161-11 (1961)

20 Larrachage de Parachide (Groundnut lifting) Olagineaux 18553-555 (1963)

21 Arroya J et al Ensayo de fertilizacidn en mani realizado en la Sabana de Londres Estado Lar (A groundnut fertilizer trial conducted in the Sabana de Londres State of Lara) Agron Trop Venezuela 17101-111 (1967)

22 Ashri A A second locus controlling red testa in peanuts (ArachishypogaeaL) Crop Sci 9514-517 (1969)

23 Ashrif M Effet du calcium sur larachide (Effect of calcium on groundnuts) Oleagineux 18681-683 (1963)

24 Effect of sulphur on groundnuts Olampgineux 20243-244 (1965)

25 and Thornton I Effects of grass mulch on groundnuts in the Gambia Expl Agric 1145-152 (1965)

26 Avadhani KK and Ramano Rao BV Studies of the effects of diethyl sulfate on TMV 2 groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Indian J of Science Indus 269-71 (1968)

27 Lavenir de larachide au Sinigal Doses dengrais et augshymentation de production (The future of the groundnut in Senegal Fertilizer rates for increased production) Olagishyneux 23528 (1968)

28 Bachy A Conduite de 1expirimentation agronomique a IRHO (Performance of agricultural research at IRHO)

Oleagineux 1675-80 (1961)

29 Bailey WK Peanut variety improvement in the USA Proc 5th Nat Peanut Res Conf (1968)

30 Bampton SS Growth of Aspergillusflavusand production of aflatoxin in groundinuts-Part I Trop Sci 574-81 (1963)

31 Barcenas VC Enfermedades del mani ajonjoli en El Tolima (Groundnut and sesame diseases in El Tolima) Bol Not Inst Fomento Algodonero 31-2 (1962)

32 and Montoya A A Efectividad de algunos fungicidas protectores en el tratarniento de la semilla de mani (Effectivity of some protective fungicides for the treatment of groundnut seed) Bol Not Inst Fomento Algodonero Columbia 46-8 (1964)

33 Barreto Figuciredo M and Cardoso RMG (Occurrence of grey mold in groundnuts in the State of Sao Paulo) Bioshylogico Brasil 34217-220(1968)

From TropicalAbstracts-seeAcknowledgments page 2

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34 Barros Ferraz M de A secagem do amendoim (Drying of groundnuts) Brasil Rural 1377-79 (1959)

35 Preparo do amendoim das aguas (Drying of groundauts) Brasil Rural 1612-18 (1962)

36 Barrs HD The relation between kernel development and time of harvesting of peanuts at Katherine NT AustJ Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 2106-109 (1962)

37 Basinski JJ et al Some input-output relations in peanut cultivation at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 4295-299 (1964)

38 Bastos Cruz BP et al Nota preliminar s6bre a suscetishybilidade de variedades e hibridos de amendoim i algumas mollstias da folhagem (Preliminary note on the susceptibility of groundnut varieties and hybrids to some leaf diseases) Bioldgico Brasil 33191-195 (1967)

39 Bates WN Mechanization of Tropical Crops Temple Press London 410 p (1957)

40 Behncken GM The occurrence of Peanut mottle virus in Queensland AustJ Agr Res 21465-492 (1970)

41 Belloncle G Larachide an Senegal Mouvement cooperatif et developpement cononique (Groundnuts in Senegal coshyoperative movement and economic development) Ol1agineux 19439-444 (1964)

42 Bentin LA Das Problem der Monokultur in Senegal (The problem of mono-culture in Senegal) Int Afrika Forum 4615-619 (1968)

43 Berchoux Chr de La rosette de Iarachide en Houte-Volta (Rosette disease of groundnut in the Upper Volta) Olagishyneux 15229-233 (1960)

44 Berg ER Nigeria Senegal and the Congo (Kinshasa) Projected level of demand supply and exports of oilseed products to 1975 with implications for US exports to the European Economic Community Edmonton (Canada) Departments of Economics and Agricultural Economics University of Alberta 78 p tables maps (1967)

45 Berichten nit Afrika (Reports from Africa) Oli6n Vetten en Zeep 53215 (1969)

46 Bezot P La zone arachidiere au Tchad Etude densemble recherche dun syst me valable de rotation culturale (The groundnut zone in Chad A study on rotation systems) Agron Trop 2031-48 (1965)

47 Bhardwaj SP and Pathak AN Effect of sulphur on bacterial nodulation of groundnut roots Current Sci 37351-352 (1968)

48 Bhattacharjee TK et al W Bengal farmers can grow groundnut in irrigated summer fallow Indian Farming 1827-29 (1968)

49 Bielorai R Comparative digestibility of groundnut and soyshybean meal in vitro and in chicks J Sci Food Agr 20345-348 (1969)

50 Billaz R and Ochs R Stades de sensibilite de larachide a la secheresse (Developmental stages of the groundnut in relashytion to its susceptibility to drought) Olagineux 16605-611 (1961)

51 Bisht NS et al Groundnut rosette virus in Uttar Pradesh Indian OilseedsJ 7335-336 (1963)

52 Blatchford SM and Hall DW Methods of drying groundshynuts I Natural methods (Literature survey) Trop Sci 56-33 (1963)

53 and Methods of drying groundnuts II Artificial methods Trop Sci 582-98 (1963)

54 Bledsoe RW and Harris HC Leafspot of peanut associshyated with Magnesium deficiency Plant Physiol 21237-240 (1946)

55 Bockele-Morvan A Recherches de lIRHO sur 1utilishysation des phosphates du Sin6gal en fumure de fond pour Iarachide (Research of IRHO on the utilization of Senegal phosphates as a basal dressing for groundnut) Oleagineux 16685-691 (1961)

56 Etude explrimentale et pratique du placement des engrais (Experimental and practical studies on feftilizer placement) OlLagineux 18687-688 (1963)

57 Etudes sur la carence potasique de Iarachide an S~n-gal(A study o potash deficiency in the groundnut in Senegal) Olagineux 19603-609 (1964)

58 - Surface foliaire de Parachide et densite optishymum de semis (Folhar area of groundnuts and optimum sowing density) Ol4ageneux 201-12 (1965)

59 _ Application des engrais sur arachide au Sindgal (Application of fertilizers to groundnuts in Senegal) Oliagishyneux 20589-590 (1965)

60 Efficacit4 des diverses formes dapports des elements mineraux sur Parachide (The efficiency of different forms of mineral elements applied to groundnuts) Olagishyneux 21163-166 (1966)

61 Fumure annuelle et fumure de fond en zone arachidiere du Senegal (Annual and basal manuring in groundshynut-growing zones of Senegal) Oleagineux 23179-184 (1968)shy

62 _ La maturitede Iarachide (The maturity of the groundnut) Ollagineux 27457-459 (1968)

63 _ and Capitaine J Larachide de bouche dans le Sine-Saloum (Senegal) (The edible groundnut in the Sine-Saloum region of Senegal) Oliagineux 21285-291 (1966)

64 Bolhuis GG Observations on the flowering and fructificashytion of the groundnut Arachis hypogaea Neth J Agr Sci 7138-140 (1959)

65 et al Observations on the opening of flowers dehiscence of anthers and growth of pollen tubes in Arachis hypogaea NethJ Agr Sci 13361-365 (1965)

66 _ et al Occurrence of flowers with short styles in the groundnut Arachis hypogaea Oldagineux 20293-296 (1965)

67 and Stubbs RW The influence of calcium and other elements on the fructification of the peanut in connecshytion with the absorption capacity of its gynophores NethJ Agr Sci 3220-237 (1955)

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68 Booker RH The effect of sowing date and spacing on rosette disease of groundnut in Northern Nigeria with obshyservations on the vector Aphus craccivoraSamarn Res Bull 30125-131 (1964)

69 Boswell TE Pathogenicity of Pratylenchus brachyrus to Spanish peanut Diss Abstr Sect B 29(10)3570 B (1969)

70 Bouhot D Etude du Macrophominaphaseoli sur arachide Mission an Sinigal du 27 septembre an 7 novembre 1966 (Study of Macrophomina phaseoll on groundnut Mission in Senegal from 27 Sept to 7 Nov 1966) Agron Trop 231165-1171 (1968)

71 Le Macrophomina phaseoli sur les plantes cultivees au Senedgal (Macrophomina phaseol on the cultivated plants in Senegal) Agron Trop 231172-1181 (1968)

72 terabougrissement de arachide Mission an Seng en 1966 (The shrivelling of the groundnut Mission in Senegal in 1966) Agron Trop 231126-1127 (1968)

73 Boush GM et al Field tests with new insecticides for control of the southern corn rootworm attacking peanuts in VirginiaJ Econ Entomol 5615-18 (1963)

74 Boyle LW Low-Gallonage applications of fungicides for control of Peanut leafspots Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 203 (1964)

75 A factonal study of certain schemes of peanut culture Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bull 18 (1967)

76 Brennan JR The peanut gynophore Biologist 5171-82 (1969)

77 Broche G Debouchs des produits des industries de transshyformation dol6agineux des Itats Africains et Malgache Associes (Outlets for the products of the oilseed processing industries in the Associated African and Malagasy States) Oldagineux 20419-423 (1965)

78 Brown P A review of Groundnut experiments in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 339-50 (1965)

79 Brzozowska J and Hanower P Absorption et distribution du 3 5 s chez quelques cultures tropicales I Arachide (Uptake and distribution of S35 in some tropical crops I Groundshynuts) Oleagineux 19663-672 (1964)

80 Buchanan GA Dickens R Burns ER and McCormick RM Performance of several herbicides for weed control in peanuts S Weed Sci Soc Proc 22D P 122-126 (1969)

81 Bunting AH A classification of cultivated groundnuts Empire J of Exper Agric 23158-170 (1955)

82 Eurrell NJ et al Growth of Aspergillus flavus and proshyduction of aflatoxin in groundnuts-Part V Trop Sci 674-90 (1964)

83 Bushnell DG The importance and prevention of mould on groundnuts Rhodesia Agr J61108-113 (1964)

84 Calil G De ontwikkeling van de aardnoten verwerkende industrie in Noord Nigeria Problemen en moeilijkheden (The development of the groundnut processing industry in N Nigeria Problems and difficulties) Olidn Vetten en Zeep 48211-213 (1964)

85 Compacci CA and Silveira Filho JP da Disinfecqgo de sementes de anendoim (Disinfection of groundnut seed) Biol6gico Brasil 30320-323 (1964)

86 Carneiro Fraga C Erradicaglio de caf6 e diversificaqio de culturas (Eradication of coffee and diversification of culshytures) Supl Agicola 85 (1962)

87 Carrire de Belgarric R and Bor F Le ddveloppement de Ia productivit6 de larachide au Sn~gl (Development of groundnut productivity in Senegal) O16agineux 18613-620 (1963)

88 Carter K Pyramids of the north W Afr Rev 3353-55 (1962)

89 Chalon G Une billonneuse-marquese pour les semis darachides (Sowing groundnuts by means of a ridge dammer) Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Beige 8141-146 (1959)

90 Champ BR and Cribb JN An investigation of peanut storage pests in Queensland 2 Insecticidal treatment of bulk nut-in-shell peanuts in silos Queensland J Agr Animal Sci 22241-257 (1965)

91 Chandrasekhara MR S Aswathanarayan SR Shurpaleshykar B11 Surba Ray Pilot plant production of infant food based on groundnut and milk solids J of Food Sci amp Technol 6267-271 (1969)

92 Chohan JS and Gupta VK Aflaroot A new disease of groundnut caused by Aspergillus flavs Indian J Agr Sci 38568-570 (1968)

93 Clarke JH Fungi in stored products Trop Stored Prod Inform 153-14 (1968)

94 Clinton PKS Seed-bed pathogens of groundnuts in the Sudan and an -attempt to control wth an artificial testa EmpJ Exp Agri 28211-222 (1960)

95 The control of soil-borne pests and diseases of groundnuts in the Sudan Central Rainlands Emp J Exp Agr 30145-154 (1962)

96 Causes of loss of yield in groundnuts in the Sudan Central Rainlands Emp J Exp Agr 30137-144 (1962)

97 Coelho FA Soares and Tella R de Absorcio de nutrishyentes por plantes de amendoim na cultura de outono (Nutrishyent absorption by groundnut plants grown in the autumn) Bragantia 26235-252 (1967)

98 and Absorg5o de nutrientes pela planta de amendoim em cultura de primavera (Nutrient uptake by springtime groundnuts) Bragantia 26393-408 (1967)

99 Collins ER and Morris HD Soil fertility studies with peanuts N Carolina Agr Exp Sta Bull 330 (1942)

100 Collins RF US peanut abroad Peanut J Nut World 4832-34 (1969)

101 Colwell WE and Brady NC The effect of calcium on certain characteristics of peanut fruit J Amer Soc Agron 37696-708 (1945)

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102 Counseil Africain de larachide (African advisory body on groundinuts) Ol6 agineux 183-168 (1963)

103 Corbett DCM and Brown P Fungicidal control of cercospora leaf-spots of groundnuts in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 413-21 (1966)

104 Correia C Bento 0 amendoim na Guini Portuguesa (Groundnuts in Portuguese Guinea) Estud Pol Soclais 3217-322 (1965)

105 Cuellar I and Toler RW Control de la mancha foliar del mani (Control of leaf spot in groundnut) Foil Serv Nac Invest Agr Panama 301-13 (1957)

106 La culture de larachide en zone soudano-sahilienne (Groundnut cultivation in the Sudan-Sahelian zone of Africa) 0liagineux 1729-33 (1962)

107 Curtis DL and Harkness C Some aspects of crop improvement in relation to groundinuts and sorghum in the Northern Region of Nigeria CCTACSA Symposium Lagos-Bukavu Savannah 621-10 (1962)

108 Dalal JL et al Investigations on soil sulphur II Gypsum as a fertilizer for groundnut in the Punjab Indianj Agr Sc 33199-204 (1963)

109 Damiano A and Parrini U La coltivazione dellarachide in Tripolitania (Groundnut cultivation in Tripolitania) Riv Agr Subtrop Trop 55156-162 (1961)

110 Davey PM et al The effect of insect infestation on the quality of decorticated groundnuts with special reference to storage at high and low humidities Trop Sci 1296-307 (1959)

111 Davis VW et al Economic consequence of restricting the use of organochlorine insecticides on cotton corn peanuts and tobacco 52 p US Dept Agr Agr Econ Rept No 178 (1970)

112 Delassus M Etudes phytosanitaires sur Parachide et les cer6 ales alimentaires au Senegal (Phytosanitary studies on groundnut and cereals in Senegal) Agron Trop 221226-1234 (1967)

113 Delbosc G Etudes surla regeneration de la fertilite dusol dans la zone arachidiere du Senegal (Studies on the restorashytion of soil fertility in the groundnut zone of Senegal) Oleagineux 2327-33 (1968)

114 Dewez J la culture de Iarachide dans la plaine de Ia Ruzizi (Groundnut cultivation in the Ruzizi plain) Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Belge 8219-230 (1959)

115 Dickens JW Shelling equipment for samples of peanuts Marketing Res Rep US Dep Agr5281-11 (1962)

116 and Khalsa JS Windrow orientation and harvesting damage to peanuts Olagineux 22741-746 (1967)shy

117 Diener UL and Davis ND Effect of environment on aflatoxin production in freshly dug peanuts Trop Sci 1021-28 (1968)

119 Dragt HJ The marketingof South African edible groundshynuts in foreign markets Agrekon 89-13 (1969)

120 Ducker HC Groundnut growing in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland Part II Rhodesia Agr J5990-95 (1962)

121 1 and Spear AJ Groundnut growing in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland-Part IV Mechanization Rhodesia Agr J 59192-194 (1962)

122 Duke GB and Alexander M Effects of close-row spacings on peanut yield and on production equipment requirements Prod Res Rep US Dep Agr 771-14 (1964)

123 Dwarakanath CT Sreenivasamurth V and Parpia HAB Aflatoxin in Indian peanut oil J of Food Science and Technology 6107-109 (1969)

124 Agousseuse darachides (A groundnut stripper) 016agineux 2191-93 (1966)

125 El-Khaden M Untersuchungen fiber die durch Aspergillus-Arten an Erdnuszkeimlingen hervorgerufenen Schiden und deren Verhiitung (Investigations into the damage caused to groundnut seedlings by Aspergillus spp and its prevention) Gieszen Institut fir Phytopathologie der Justus Liebig-Universitiit 108 p Tables Graphs Fig Photos Ref Thesis (1967)

126 Emery DA and Gupton CL Reproductive efficiency of Virginia type peanuts II The influence of variety and seasonal growth period upon fruit and kernel maturation 0l6agineux 2399-104 (1968)

127 Epandeur dengrais A faible ddbit pour les cultures darachides (An apparatus for the application of small quantishyties of fertilizer in groundnut cultivation) Oldagineux 13881-883 (1958)

128 Esteves JD Aspetos da cultura do amendoim em Inshyharrime (Aspects of groundnut cultivation in Inharrime) Rev Aricola Mocambique 517-20 (1963)

129 Ettori OJT and Falcao MJ Aspectos econ6micos da producao de amendoim em S Paulo (Economic aspects of groundnut production in Sio Paulo) Agricultura Slo Paulo 121-48 (1965)

130 Evelyn SH and Thornton I Soil fertility and the response of groundnuts to fertilizers in the Gambia EmpJ Exp Agr 32153-160 (1964)

131 Farrell JAK et al The effects of planting spacing and fungicide on Cercospora leaf spots of groundnuts in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 5241-247 (1967)

132 Fauche J Compte rendu dun essai de semis 6chelonnes sur anachide avec ou sans d6snfection des semences (Report on a trial on groundnuts with successive sowing dates with and without seed treatment) Agron Trop 171089-1809 (1962)

133 Figueiredo M et al Mancha barrenta da f6lba do amendoim (Mud spot of the groundnut leaf) Biol6gico 27164-165 (1961)

118 Donovan PA Groundnut investigation at Matopos 134 Fouquet J la traite des arachides dans le pays de Research Station Rhodesia AgrJ 60121-122 (1963) Kaolack et ses consequences 6 conomiques sociales et

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juridiques (The groundnut trade in Knolack and its ecoshynomic social and juridical consequences) Etud Sindplaises 81-262 (1958)

135 Frank ZR and Krikun J Verticilium wilt of groundnut in Israel screening for varietal resistance Israel J Agr Res 1888-85 (1968)

136 Fraps GS The composition of peanuts and peanut by-products Texas Agr Exp Sta Bull 222 (1917)

137 French West Africa has smaller peanut crop Foreign Crops and Markets 8015 (1960)

138 Galland Ph Amilioration des conditions de culture de Parachide sur billions (Improvement of the conditions of ridge-cultivated groundnuts) OlEagineux 17929-932 (1962)

139 Vulgarisation aupres des cultivateurs voltashyrques des r6 sultats de Ia recherche agronomique sur Iarachide (Extension work concerning the results of agriculshytural research on groundnuts among the farmers of the Upper Volta Rep) 016agineux 18771-775 (1963)

140 Garcia RF and Castillo Z J Observacion preliminar sobre el efecto de los fertilizantes la cal y la materia orginica en mani (Arachishypogaeo) (Preliminary observation on the effect of fertilizers lime and organic matter on groundnuts) Cenicafe 1169-82 (1960)

141 Garg KP et al Effect of varying spacing on yield of groundnut Indian OilseedsJ934-37 (1965)

142 Gargantini H et al Ensaio de adubatilo N-P-K em amendoim (N P K fertilizer test with groundnuts) Bragantia 171-12 (1958)shy

143 Gibbons RW The branching habit of Arachis monticola Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 49-11 (1966)

144 Mycosphaerella Leafspots of groundnuts FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 14(2) April 1966

145 and Farrell JAK Test plant age and the transmission of groundnut Rosette virus by the vector Aphis craccivora Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 423-33 (1966)

146 and Tattersfield JR Outcrossing trials with groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res 771-75 (1969)

147 and Turley AC The effect of rosette virus on flowering in the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 5139-143 (1967)

148 Gillier P Utilisation du diagnostic foliaire pour la cartoshygraphic des besoins en engrais de larachide au Sn 6 gal (Foliar diagnosis used for the cartography of the fertilizer requireshyments of groundnuts in Senegal) Oleagineinx 15147-151 (1960)

149 Semoirset pandeurs dengrais pour Iarachide (Sowing machines and fertilizer spreaders for groundnuts) Olagineux 17697-699 (1962)

150 Germination et djsinfection des semences darachide (Germination and disinfection of groundnut seed) O1agineux 18243-245 (1963)

Iib1 _ Le triage de larachide de bouche bigraine

Rappel des normes de qualit6 (The grading of 2-seeded groundnuts for human consumption Review of quality standards) Oleagineux 19455-458 (1964) I

152 _ Ls coques darachides leur utilisation en agrishyculture (Groundnut shells their use in agriculture) Oltagishyneux 19473-475 (1964)

153 ___ Quand r6colter comment trater les ricoltes darachide (When to harvest how to treat the groundnut harvests) Ol6agineux 19681-682 (1964)

154 Ls exportations en e1ements minampaux dune culture darachide dans les diff6rentes zones du Sampngal (Removal of mineral nutrients by a crop of groundnuts in the different zones of Senegal) Oldagineux 19745-746 (1964)

155 Comment proceder a lvaluation des rendeshyments dans une culture darachides (How to assess the yield of a groundnut field) Olagineux 20591-593 (1965)

156 Les exportations en 614ments minraux dune culture darachide dans les diffirentes zones du Senigal (Removal of mineral elements by a groundnut crop in the different zones of Senegal) Oleagineux 2113-15 (1966)

157 and Prevot P Fumures minerales d 1arachide au Senegal (Inorganic fertilizers for groundnuts in Senegal) Bull Res CouncilIsrael Sect D Botany SD 3-4 (1960)

158 _ and Prevot P Fumures minerales de Parachide au Sdn6gal (Groundnut fertilizer in Senegal) Olbagineux 15783-791 (1960)

159 and Prevot P Bull Res Council Israel 8D131 (1960)

160 Silvestre P Arnould JP Breniere J and Mauboussin JC 1969 The peanut (in French) Tech Agr Prod Trop 15292

161 Girardeau JH and Leuck DB Effect of mechanical and bee tripping on yield of the peanut J Econ Entomol 601454-1455 (1967)

162 Goldblatt LA Aflatoxin and its control Econ Botany 2251-62 (1968)

163 Goldin B and Har-Tzook A The effect of fertilization on the vegetative and reproductive development of Virginia bunch improved groundnuts Olagineux 2117-20 (1966)

164 - and_ Groundnut cultivation in Israel World Crops 1868-71 (1966)

165 Goldsworthy PR Methods of applying superphosphate to groundnuts Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Min Agr N Region Nigeria 151-5 (1961)

166 _ Methods of applying superphosphate to groundnuts in Northern Nigeria Emp J Exp Agr 32231-234 (1964)

167 and Heathcote R Fertilizer trials with groundshynuts in Northern Nigeria Emp J Exp Agr 31351-366 (1963)

168 Gonzales TT Crop Rotation studies with corn as the main crop in the Lamao experiment station Limay Bataan Philippines PhdippineJ Plant Industry 31165-176 (1966)

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169 Gopalakrishnan S et al Mineral nutrition and nitroge fixation in groundnut Current Sci 33391-393 (1964)

170 Gornat B and Goldberg D Effect of sprinkler irrigation intensity on the flowering and yield of peanuts grown in three different soils Israel J Agr Res 17187-191 (1967)

171 Greer HA Trpp L and Santlemen PW The influence of environmental conditions on weed control and spanish peanut injury by herbicides S Weed Sci Soc Proc 22D145-149 (1969)

172 (Groundnut season Northern Region of Nigeria) Ann Rep Dep Agr Nothern Region Nigeria 1958-59 p 25-30 (1960)shy

173 Gupton CL et al Reproductive efficiency of Virginia type peanuts III Relating the time of peg placement to the branching pattern of the plant Ol6agineux 23247-250 (1958)shy

174 and Emery DA Heritability estimates of the maturity of fruit from specific growth periods in Virginia type peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) Crop Sci 19127-129 (1970)

175 Gisten R Die Rentabilitat der Verwendung von Mineralshydinger bei Erdnissen in Senegal Nordnigeria und Niger (The profitability of the application of mineral fertilizers to groundnuts in Senegal N Nigeria and Niger) Z Auslindische Landwirtsch 4149-153 (1965)

176 Habish HA and Sh M Khairi Nodulation of legumes in the Sudan Cross-inoculation groups and the associated Rhizobium strains Expl Agr 4227-234 (1968)

177 Hadfield J The peasant farming scheme in Northern Rhodesia Agr Econ Bull Africa 156-57 (1962)

178 Hall DW Storage of produce in the Gambia Trop Sci 1293-299 (1959)

179 Halliday D Build-up of free fatty acid in Northern Nigerian groundnuts Trop Sci 9211-237 (1967)

180 Hammons RO Artificial cross-pollination of the peanut with bee-collected pollen Crop Sci 3562-563 (1963)

181 et al Some bees (Apoidea) associated with peanut flowering J Econ Entomol 56905 (1963)

182 _ Bailey WK Parham SA and HF Harrison Comparative performance of the Spanish peanut Argentine in cooperative tests in Georgia Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 72 (1959)

183 WK Bailey SA Parham and HF Harrison Comparative performance of four varieties of peanuts in cooperative tests in Georgia Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 76 (1958)

184 Hand sheller transforms Nigerias peanut industry Foreign Agr US Dep Agr 2321 (1959)

185 Harkness C et al The problem of mycotoxins in groundshynuts (peanuts) and other food crops of tropical Africa Samaru Res Bull 771-5 (1967)

186 Harris HC Copper deficiency of peanuts Proc Southern Agr Workers 46139 (1949)

187 Effect of minor elements particularly copper on peanuts Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull 494 (1952)

188 Har-Tzook A and Goldin E On the problem of producshytivity in groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) Ol6agineux 22677-678 (1967)

189 Hawkins JC The mechanisation of groundnut harvesting World Crops 14181-185 (1962)

190 Haynes DWM Mechanical tests of groundnut decortishycators 1960-1961 Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Mn Agr N Region Nigeria 221-7 (1962)

191 Hayward LAW Infestation control in stored groundnuts in Northern Nigeria World Crops 1563-67 (1963)

192 et al Technical aspects of groundnut storage in Northern Nigeria CCTAFAO Symposium on stored Food Freetown 20-24 February 1962 SF (62) 3 15th Dec p 1-6 (1961)

193 Heimann H and Ratner R The irrigation with saline water and the ionic environment Field experiments with groundnuts and cowpeas Oldagineux 20157-162 (1965)

194 Helms H et a Peanut plants in Queensland infected with tomato spotted wilt virus AustJ Agr Res 12239-246 (1961)

195 Hemingway JS The resistance of groundnuts to Cercoshyspora leafspots EmpJ Exp Agr 2560-68 (1957)

196 Higgins BB Peanut Breeding Proc 39th Ann Conf Assoc South Agr Workers Atlanta Ga (1938)

197 Relation of breeding and varieties to quality for specific uses Proc Peanut Res Conference pp 13-20 (1957)

198 and Bailey WK Peanut seed and seed treatshyments Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeograph Series NS 70 (1959)

199 Hogendorn JS Response to price change A Nigerian example Economica 34325 (1967)

200 Holland DA The component analysis approach to the interpretation of plant analysis data from groundnuts and sugar cane Exp Agr 4179-185 (1968)

201 Holley KT Strain and seasonal effects on peanut characshyteristics Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bull 32 27 p (1968)

202 Horst K ter Enige proeven ter bestrijding van de Cercoshyspora-bladvlekkenziekte van de aardnoot (Some experiments on the control of the Cercospora leaf spot disease of the groundnut) Surinaamse Iandbouw 9103-117 (1961)

203 utt Het optimale plantverband voor pinda van het ras Matjan (The optimum spacing for the Matjan variety of groundnuts) Surinaamse Landbouw 7121-128 (1959)

204 Hull R and Adams AN Groundnut rosette and its assistor virus The Annals of Applied Biology 62 (1968)

205 Hutchison RS Recherches sur le sechage des arachides stockers par les cultivateurs (Research on drying of groundshynuts stocked by farmers) Oleagineux 22737-740 (1967)

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206 Inforzato R and Tella R de Sistema radicular do amendoim (The root system of the groundnut) Bragantia 19119-123 (1960)

207 Instruc6es para a colheita de material destinado ia analise foliar do amendoim (Instructions on the collection of mateshyrial for foliar analysis of the groundnut) Gaz Agr Angola 7201-203 211 (1962)

208 Intercropping sugarcane with legumes Exp Stat Bull Victorias Milling Co Inc 148-9 (1967)

209 Jackson CR A list of fungi reported on peanut pods and kernels Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 234 (1965)

210 Growth of Aspergllusflavus and other fungi in windrowed peanuts in Georgia-Part VII Trop Sci 227-34 (1965)

__ Development of fungi in peanuts during artishyicial drying Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Report 19 (1967)

112 studies on control of peanut pod fungi Georgia Exp Sta Res Report 11 p 18 (1967)

213 A field study of funer gtciations on peanut truit Georgia Agr hxp Sta Res BT (1968)

214 _ and Bell DK Lptosphaerulina erassiasca The cause of leaf scorch and pepper spot of peanut (Oldagishyneux 23387-388 (1968)

215 _ and Minton NA Peanut pod invasion by fungi in the presence of lesion nematodes in Georgia Oleagishyneux 23531-534 (194)

216 Jacquot M Echantillonnage dun lot darachides pour le calcul du rend-ent au ddcorticae (Sampling of a parcel of groundnuts foL the calculation of yield after shelling) Agron Trop17 1-181 (1962)

217 Observations de quelques caractres morphoshylogiques floraux sur Arachis hypogaea Liaisons naturelles de ces caractives Remarques sur I classification des machides cultivies (Observations on some floral morphological characshyters in Ararhis hypogaea Natural combinations of these characters Remark on the classification of the cultivated groundnuts) Agron Trop 17817-827 (1962)

218 Joffe AZ Aflatoxin produced by 1626 isolates of Aspergillusflaus from groundnut kernels and soils in Israel Nature 22149sect2 (1969)

219 Johnson FR The peanut story Murfreesboro NC Johnson Publishing Co 192 p Tables Figs Photos Maps Refs (1964)

220 Johnson MB and Gilhland CB Changes in farmers stock peanuts in storage Marketing Res Rep USDep Agr 381 p 1-34 (1960)

221 Joshi SN and Joshi HU Study of rotation of groundshynut-wheat under irrigated conditions in Saurashtra Indian OilseedsJ 8133-135 (1964)

222 _ and _ Spacing experiments on bunch variety of groundnut in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State Indian OilseedsJ 8162-166 (1964)

223 _ and _ Study of spacing on spreading groundnut in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State Indian OilseedsJ 8214-217 (1964)

224 Kanwar JS Investigations on sulphur in soils I Sulphur deficiency in groundnut soils of Samrala (Ludhiana) Indian J Agr Sci 33196-198 (1963)

225 Katarki BH and Banahatti AL Effect of N P and K on yields of groundnut in black soils of Mysore State Indian OilseedsJ 950-57 (1965)

226 Kay DE Production darachides de bouche pour le Royaume-Uni (Production of comestible groundnuts for the United Kingdom) Oleagineux 20105-107 (1965)

227 Kirinde STW Some effects of PIC and CIPC on groundshynuts Trop Agr Ceylon 1157-13 (1959)

228 Klesser PJ A veinbanding virus of groundnuts Arachis hypogaea S AfrJ Agr Sci 10515-528 (1967)

229 Mwitunde groundnuts and their reaction to virus infection in South Africa S Afr J Agr Sci 10675-686 (1967)

230 Arachis species and their reaction to virus infection S Aft J Agr Sc 10919-927 (1967)

231 Green rosette virus of groadnuts in South Africa S AfrJ Agr Sci 1177-85 (196R1

232 Reactions of groundnut varieties to the groundnut viruses S Afr J Agr Sci 11415-421 (1968)

233 Kousalya G et al Assessment of crop losses caused by rosette disease of groundnut Indian J AgrSci 37356-361 (1967)

234 Kramer M Resultados de dois anos do emprEgo de herbishycidas parao contr~le de ervas no amendoin nas condic-es de Sfo Paulo (Results of 2 years use of herbicides for weed control in groundnuts under SSo Paulo conditions) Anais III Semindrio Bras Herbicidas Ervas Daninhas 1960 p 237-248 (1961)

235 and Liederman I Controle de ervas daninhas do amendoim pela aplicacao de herbicidas de preshyemergencia (Weed control in groundnuts by the application of pre-emergence herbicides) Arq Inst Biol 28175-184 (1961)

236 Krishnaswamy MA and Johar DS Vegetable cheese from groundnut milk Food Sci 9235-240 (1960)

237 Krishnamurthy K Differential effect of hormones as follar applications on the yield of groundnut IndianJ Sci amp Industry 179-82 (1967)

238 Kulkarni LG et al Studies on weeding and interculture in relation to weed control in the yield of groundnut Indian OilseedsJ 7126-129 (1963)

239 Kutumba Rao S et al Pilot plant studies on processing of groundnuts Some factors influencing the quality of products and efficiency of processing Indian Oilseeds J 8106-109 (1964)

240 et al Compositional studies in Idnian groundshynuts Indian Oilseeds J 95-13 (19 65)

25

241 Labrousse G and Godron E Michanisation de la culture study of mineral nutrition of groundnuts Effects of boron de larachide notamment dans lea pays francophones and manganese toxicity) Agron Trop 14657-711 (1959) dAfrique tropicale et 1 Madagascar (Mechanization of groundnut production with special reference to the French- 254 Lin H FW Ho and Wang JS Studies on the yield spealang countries of tropical Africa and to Madagascar) components of peanuts II The path coefficient of yield Machinisme Agr Trop 113-103 (1965) components in different crops of peanuts (In Chinese) Agr

Assn ChinaJ 6522-31 (1969) 242 Lachover D Influence de ldpandage fractionnd de sulfate

dammoniaque sur le rendement et I qualit6 des arachides de 255 Lins R de and Ramos JAB Producio e comercialshybouche en terre limonsablonneuse rouge (Effect of split izado de amendoim no Estado de Sto Paulo (Production of applicat9a pf-t MIhrmPrm m i yeldNag4lyp and tra i sectorpd1f ql a Af ul- aia)PCPntle l a ) of cornestihle groundit oa W turn em S Paulo141-54(196

256 Lung DDl Whe petan the uapredhctable legume A 243_ La i sponse de Larachide debouche en nture sympnsm)Thc Tqtinal io V ng U

irrigup jpppt pr4uits rp ( DC ( edible roundnuts under irrigation to the application of calciumcompounds) 6agnuxiY- (i6 257 McDonald D and AArouk J Giowth u Apergflus

flavus and production of aflatoxia in groudnuts -Part I 244 et al Influencodengrais azatdsliquides surle Trop Scd20S-24(93)

rendement ot lIqualitd des arachides (Effect pf liquid nitroshygen feFizrs on yie~d and 9q9lity of g n ) a 258 et al Growth of spergillus andproducshyneux1107-111 (1962) tion of aflatoxm in groundnuits-PIart f Trop Sci

131-154 (1964) 245 et al Influence dengrais verts et dengrais

azot e etla qualit4 des arachides(The 1 259 __ and Harknqs C Growth of Aspejgilus flavusleendement effect f grepn W g arira i e lz 9 he and production of aflatoxin inggundat- II Trop Sc yield and quality of groundnuts) Ol6agineux 18153-156 5148-154 196) (19 63) 0C l--0A4M

an a nss row o pg s

24b _ and Arnon I Influence sur Parachide du and production of aflatoxin ir groundnuts-Part IV Trop unanque de potassium de potassium de certains sols Determai- Sd 612-27 (1964) l nation de~la deficience (Influence on groundnuts of potassishyum de iepsy pqegi3 spa 261 t and Hffkne ss 9 7Groth94 r 1 avusefr pq rraipAtheq e ciencyqeaineux$9117 (1964 and production ot hatox nn groundnuts5-Pa 91i fop

8d7P2-A(1 Jl Il 247 Lal SP ad Ma~tha SD Studies on Icd-buinc fungi of IN gwgrliuut LA frew rltbod far 1ntectipg fungi nsnad 262 za and H g qfltoii f g9gyndBrjr

isamples f yee1sperp elrngp4lapprp crop at harest fig Northey p Sci9j4 8-161igeria-1 61

ph paseol(ubl hby (sys cs otium ataticolaTub) (1967) I Laboratory assay ot fungicides for controlhng seca-borne

infections CR Assuc flt Essis Semncuces 32a5-606 203 MelGtUesick N A nams aluck on low pnoduclivity in (1067)e peasant agriculture TntDevelopmeetRe9 -G6 (19r7)kI

248 Lancaster MC et al Toxicity associated with certain 264 Al mani mecanizado nuevo cultivo de la zona algodonera samples of gronuts Nature 1921095-1097 (19U1 (Mechanized groundnut a new crop for the cotton area)

0 I --o Iass1 I Igt e1-1 Rev Nhc Agr Culuhnbia 705-706 p 43 (1964) 249 Langfoad WR Spanucoss Geosgia Agr Expt Sta Res

Report 76 (1970) 265 Mahapatra LN Preliminary studies on corzelatipn of yield with other characters of groundnut Indian Agriculturist

250 Laes DA Rainfall conservatin nd he yields of 1097-106 (1966) sorghum and grownthuts impNorthernigeria Egp Agr 2139-146(1966) 266 Maize whats the alternative crop 1 Groundnts

-Rhodesia Agr J5928-269 (1962) 251 Liedernws L et al Aplicauil desherbiidas em ieshy

emergencia no amendoim em terra arenosa (Pro-emergence 267 MaPtellA and Gqalin E Th9 influence ofirrigatiq applicagn pffberbicidest groundpytson an ay oi) frequency and intensity on the yield and quality of peanuts

(Arachis liypogaea) Israel j Agr Res 14203-21 (1964)ABioldg~cy rasp1 206J6sectj19)d

it 252 and SnUs CALtlos Cunit5k de garneaica 268 MarlrifmrgrouadoutsandgroundaytcoLStud4 group a rltuxaArQanaudoimcemmistaiu exfiuinedipn Oilsee4sQIfr apg Fp (4O 9ti Sess (3POF g8

it em trJp t u s Ieill (1968)1l1 groundnut fields with mixtures of triflumlin and dauron in

In Iii three rego of tie State o So Paulo)Bsoldgco a 269 Mattin G 1 Lavage dlt Patathide de bouchc (Thst wash Iii 332Wt-222 (1907)0 big of graodudius fo direct consumtptiou Olgineuxhi

r ii Iii

253 Ifeqqe54 And BelqyjCpntrikyi~p I4tp4e dgJ nutritios mindale de larachide (Arachis hypogaea) Effets 270 te sechage artificiel des arachides en coques des to citis bifue et man aque (Contributin to the (The artificiAl drying of groundnuts in the shell) Oldagineux

N Ill

1 iii thin hilts

if

26

271 Conservation des semences darachide (Storshyage of groundnut seeds) Olagineux 1985-87 (1964)

272 Diagnostic follaire de larachide (Foliar diagshynosis of the groundnut) Olagineux 20241-242 (1965)

273 _ and Fourrier P Les oligo-lnements dans la culture de larachide du Nord S6 ndgal (Trace elements in the cultivation of groundnuts in Northern Senegal) 01oagineux 20287-291 (1965)

274 Martin JP Influence de I date de semis et de la longueur de cycle sur la richesse en huile et sur quelques autres cameshyteres de larachide (The effect of sowing date and growing period on the oil content and other characteristics of the groundnut) Oleagineux 23315-316 (1968)

275 Differences de richesse en huile des graines darachide selon leur position dans Ia gousse avec observation simultande do Ia grosseur des graines (Differences in oil conshytent between groundnut kernels according to their position in

- the pod with simultaneous observations on kernel sizes) OlWagineux 27453-455 (1968)

276 and Bilquez AF Nouvelle contribution a la connaissance de la floraison et de la fructification de azachide (New contribution to the knowledge of the flowering and fruiting of groundnuts) Oleagineux 17469-471 (1962)

277 Martinez JA and Bastos Cruz BP Contrle quimico da murcha do amendoim (Chemical control of groundnut wilt)Bioldgico Brasil 27191-193 (1961)

278 Masilungan VA et al Studies on some important factors involved in the mold process of making soy sauce Philippine J Sci 89149-162 (1960)

279 Mazzani B El mani en Venequela (The groundnut in Venezuela) Monogr Centro Invest Agron 11-138 (1961)

280 _ and Allievi J Efectos de varias pocas de despegue de los frutos sobre algunas caracteristicas del mani (Effect of various times of pod removal on some groundnut characteristics) Agron Trop Venezuela 17127-132 (1967)

281 _ et al Quelques aspects de la fertilisation minarale de Iarachide au Venequela (Some aspects of the application of mineral fertilizers to groundnuts in Veneshyzuela) Olagineux 23383-385 (1968)

282 _ and Inojosa S Diferencias varietales de suscepshytibilidad a Ia roya del mani en Venezuela (Varietal differshyences in susceptibility to rust of groundnuts in Venezuela)Agron Trop Venezuela 114145 (1961)

283 _ and Inojosa S Resultados de la aplicacion pregerminativa del herbicida prometrin en mani (Results of pre-germination application of the herbicide prometrine in groundnuts) Agron Trop Venezuela 12137-142 (1962)

284 Mazzei Patrone I Siembras experimentales con variedades de mani (Experimental sowings with groundnut varieties) Bol Inform Uruguay 177-10 (1961)

285 Meikle J0 A survey of African-grown groundnut varieshyties in Rhodesia Rhodesia Agr J 62109-113 (1965)

286 Mendes Conagin CHT and Conagin A EficiEncia reproshyductiva no amendoim cultivado (Arachis hypogaea) (Effishyciency of reproduction in the cultivated groundnut) Bragantia 191081-1104 (1960)

287 Meredith RM The effects of population density and manuring on groundnut yields in Northern Nigeria Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Min Agr N Region Nigeria 251-12 (1962)

288 The effects of planting density and manuring on the yields of bunch-type groundnuts Enmp J Exp Agr 32136-140 (1964)

289 Metelerkamp HRR Response to early planting and irrishygation of a late maturing groudnut variety Rhodesia Age J 64127 (1967)

290 Mixon AC Effect of seed size on vigor and yield of runner peanuts Alabama Age Exp Sta Bul 346 (1963)

291 Mohan JC and Ali AM Yield response of irrigated groundnut to organic mulches Indian J Agr Sci 39196-199 (1969)

292 Morris Porter D and Garren KH An analysis of the endogeocarpic microflora of peanuts in Virginia Trop Sci 10100-106 (1968)

293 Mortiss PD Peanut cutter-rake Queensland Agr J f8889-90 (1962)

294 Moursi MA and Abd EI-Gawad AA Production of peanut crop in UAR Growth and yield response to plant population Ann Agric Sci Univ Ain shams 10281-305 (1967)

295 Muhammad SV and Dorairaj MS Screening the genetic stock of Arachis hypogaea for seed dormancy in Madras State IndianjAgr Sci 3873-75 (1968)

296 Murty AGK Exports of groundnut extractions a price study Indianj Agr Econ 23184-191 (1968)

297 Musangi RS and Soneji SV Feeding groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) haulms to dairy cows in Uganda E Afr Agr Forestryj 33170-174 (1967)

298 Muthiah C and Rao MP Shifting of area under culture Agr Situation India 17337-341 (1962)

299 Myers JM and Rogers F Mechanical drying and harvesshyting peanuts Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull 507 (1952)

300 Nariani TK and Dhingra KL A mosaic disease of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Indian J Age Sci 3325-27 (1963)

301 Nelson GL et al Vacuum techniques for mycotoxin-free peanut drying Oklahoma Agr Res Prog Rep Processed Series P-608 14 p (1969)

302 Nicholaides JJand Cox FR Effect of mineral nutrition on chemical composition and early reproductive development of Virginia type peanuts Arachis hypogaea Agron J 62262-264 (1970)

303 Niger Levolution du rendement de larachide (Nigera

27

Development of the yield of groundnuts) Chron dOutre-Mer 5138-39 (1958)

304 Nigerian peanut output drops sharply Foreign Crops and Markets 8015 (1960)

305 Nigerian peanut purchases down sharply palm products forecast at 1959 level Foreign Crops and Markets 8116-17 (1960)

306 Nijhawan HL Response of groundnut to fertilizers Indian OilseedsJ 6185-192 (1962)

307 Effect of time of harvesting on the quality of groundnut crop Indian OilseedsJ 6298-302 (1962)

308 Effect of time of planting on the quality of groundnut crop Indian OilseedsJ 71-3 (1963)

- 309 Effect of sowing groundnut in different spashycings on the chemical composition of the crop Indian Oilshyseedsj 7133-135 (1963)

310 Njao N Groundinuts and groundnut oil Agr Econ Bull Africa 344-47 (1 9 6 3)

311 Norden AJ and Block DH Variety BlendsA considershyation in peanut oil improvement and production Oleagineux 23583-585 (1969)

312 RLipscomb and WA Carver Florunner-A new peanut variety Florida Agr Exp Sta Circ S-196 (1969)

313 Norris DO Acid Production by Rhizobium Plant and Soil 22143-166 (1965)

314 Nutnan FJ FM Roberts andjG Williamson Studies on varietal resistance in the groundnut (Arachis hypogeae) to Rosette disease RhodJ Agric Res 263-77 (1964)

315 Ofori CS Response of groundnuts to phosphatic fertilishyzers on the granitic soils of the Upper Region in Ghana Agron Trop 20489-494 (1965)

316 Ollagnier M and Gillier P Comparaison du diagnostic foliarire et de lanalyse des sols pour ia determination des besoins en engrais de Iarachide an S~ndgal (phosphore et potassium) (Comparison of foliai diagnosis and soil analysis for the assessment of P and K fertilizer requirements of groundnuts in Senegal) Ollagineux20513-516 (1965)

317 Oosthuizen SA Grondbonehooi is arm ann protene (Groundnut hay is poor in protein) Boerdery S-Afrika 3247-64 (1957)

318 Operations de pr6vulgarisation sur arachide conduites par IlRHO en Hiute-Volta et au Sengal (Demonstration experiments with groundnuts conducted by the IRHO in Upper-Volta and Senegal) Bul Engrais 461 pp 141-144 (1963)

319 Oram PA High-quality groundnuts for direct consumpshytion I Production research and development in Libya World Crops 9159-162 (1957)

320 Oram PA Recent developments in groundnut producshytion with specialreference to Africa Field Crop Abstracts Part 111-6 PartlI 1175-84 (1958)

321 Ordish G Pest Control in groundnuts Pest articles and news summaries No 2 Ministry of Overseas Development London p 138 (1967)

322 Parker RC Wynne JC and Embry DA 1970 Comshybining ability estimates in Arachis hypogaea I F1 seedling responses in a controlled environment Crop Sci 10429-432 (1970)

323 Parkin EA and Scott EIC The germination of foodshycrop seeds stored in contact with lindane and DDT dusts Trop Sci 1206-211 (1959)

324 Patel MS et al Wealth from groundnut waste-a review Indian Oilseeds J 8380-382 (1964)

325 Pathak GN and Verma G Studies on the cultural and manurial requirements of groundnut in Uttar Pradesh Indian Oilseeds J 8167-174 (1964)

326 Patil SH and Desai BM Introduction of groundnut cultivation in high rainfall regions of Bombay Indian OilshyseedsJ 8218-221 (1964)

327 Pattinson L et al The separation of aflatoxin infected groundnut kernels Trop Sci 10212-221 (1968)

328 Peers FG Aflatoxin-A summary of recent work Trop Sci 9186-203 (1967)

329 Phillips LJ and Norman MJT Sorghum-peanut crop sequences at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 1144-149 (1 9 6 1)

330 - - and - Fodder crop-cash crop sequences at Katherine NT Techn Paper Commonwealth Sci Industr Res Organiz Australia 203-12 (1962)

331 and The influence of inter-row spacing and plant population on the yield of peanuts at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 254-60 (1962)

332 _ and The response of peanuts to phosphate fertilizers at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 5470-474 (1965)

333 Piggott CJ The effect of fertilizers on the yield and quality of groundnuts in Sierra Leone Emp J Exp Agr 2859-64 (1960)

334 Pinto de Matos AH Influtncia dos tratamentos insectishycidas no poder germinativo das sementes de amendoim (Effect of insecticidal treatments on the germinative power of groundnut seed) Garcia de Orta 9471-477 (1961)

335 Pothecary BP Handling groundnuts with auger conveyer World Crops 21180-182 (1969)

336 Prabhakara Reddy G and Sanyasi Rao C Fertilizer response in groundnut Indian Oilseedsj 9274-279 (1965)

337 Prevot P and Billaz R Recherches agrophysiologiques sur le probl6me de la r6sistance de larachide baIa sdcheresse (Agro-physiological investigations into the problem of drought resistance of groundnuts) Oldagineux 17911-917 (1962)

28

338 and Martin G Comparaison des fumures organiques et mindrales pour Parachide en Haute-Volta (Comparison between organic and mineral manures for groundnuts in Upper Volta) Olagineux 19533-537 (1964)

339 Pugnat C Rapport au Gouvernement du Cameroune sur lamelioration des cultures vivrieres (Report to the governshyment of Cameroon on the improvement of subsistence crops) Progr Elargi Assist Techn FAO 1834 p 1-17143 (1964)

340 Pursglove JW Tropical Crops Dicotyledons Longmans Press (1968)

341 Punrss GS Wilt of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in Queensshyland with particular reference to Verticillium wilt Queens landJ Agr Sci 18453-462 (1961)

342 Peanut diseases in Queensland Queensland Agr J 88540-543 (1962)

343 Rebechault H and Guenin G Effects de Pacide gibbershyellique sur deux varietes darachide (Arachis hypogaea) (Effects of gibberellic acid on two groundnut varieties) Cah ORSTOM Ser Biologic 43-29 (1967)

344 Ramly AWH A simple groundnut stripper World Crops 1834-35 (1966)

345 Rawson JE Susceptibility of Virginia Bunch peanut to post-emergence application of 24-D and related herbicides Queensland JAgr Sci 20463-470 (1963)

346 Controlling weeds in peanuts Queensland Agr J90656-661 (1964)

347 Ravindra Nath V and Kulkarni LG Effect of different dates of sowing of groundnut on the development and intensity of leaf-spot disease by Cercospora spp Indian J Agr Sci 37362-368 (1967)

348 Rickards CE Mechanised groundnut cultivation Farming Zambia 45-7 (1968)

349 Roche P and Velly J Etudes de fertilisation sur arachides dans la rcgion du Lac Alaotra (1957-60) (Studies on fertilizer application to groundnuts in the Lake Alaotra region 1957-60) Agron Trop 18477-510 (1963)

350 Le r6le de larachide dans ]a croissance iconomique du Senigal (The role of the groundnut in Senegals economic growth) Ed by JB Mas Rep du Senegal Ministampre du Plan et due Developpement Service de la Statistique 16 p Tables Appendix (1964)

351 Rosher PH and Sheldrick RD The effect of postshyemergence applications of MCPB on groundnuts Trop Agr Trinidad 36211-217 (1959)

352 Rothwell A Diseases of groundnuts in Southern Rhoshydesia Rhodesia AgrJ 59199-201 (1962)

353 Sardone LT The groundnut industry of Queensland World Crops 12351-354 (1960)

354 Scaife A Groundnut cultivation in Western Tanzania Ukiriguru Progress Rep Tanzania 21-6 (1966)

855 Schenk RV Development of the peanut fruit Georgia Agr Expt Sta Tech Bull ns 22 (19 61)

356 Schiffman J Field experiments on inoculation of peanuts in Northern Negev soils Israel J Agr Res 11151-158 (1961)

357 and Y Alper 1968 Effects of Rhizobiumshyinoculum placement on peanut inoculation Expl Agric 4203-208 (1968)

358 and Alper Y Inoculation of peanut by applishycation of Rhizobium suspension into the planting furrows Exp Agr 4219-226 (1968)

359 Schilling R Larachide en cultures associes avec les c6 r~ales (Groundnuts in association with cereals) Oldagineux 20673-676 (1965)

360 Seeger JR Essais dinoculation artificielle de Parachide - au Congo (Experiments on the artificial inoculation of

groundnuts in Congo) Ann Gembloux 67220-241 (1961)

361 Sen S and Ghosh M Influence of time of harvesting on the quantity of oil in groundnut Indian Oilseeds J 9260-265 (1965)

362 Serry A and EI-Banna E A study of correlation beshytween rapid soil tests and response of groundnut to potassishyum application on some Sharkeia sandy soils in pot experishyments Agr Res Rev Egypt 4040-47 (1962)

363 Seshadri CR et al Studies on root development in groundnut Indianj Agr Sci 28211-215 (1958)

364 Shekhawat GS et al Studies on the effect of methods of sowing row spacing and seed-rate on the yield of groundshynut Indian OilseedsJ9280-282 (1965)

365 Shiralipour A Harris HC West SH Boron deficiency and amino acid and protein contents of peanut leaves Crop Sci 9455-456 (1969)

366 Siewart Sara and JG Woodroof Nouveau proced6 de salage des arachides en coques (New procedure for salting groundnuts in their shells) Oleagineux 8230-231 (1953)

367 Silvestre P Monographie des recherches conduites Ia Bambey sur larachide (Monograph of the research work on groundnuts conducted at Bombey) Agron Trop 16623-733 (1961)

368 La production de larachide h Madagascar (Groundnut production in Madagascar) Agron Trop 18511-526 (1963)

369 Simposium oor makotoksiene in voedselsoorte landshyboukundige aspekte gehou te Pretoria 25-26 Februari 1965 (Symposium on mycotoxins in foodstuffs agricultural aspects held at Pretoria February 25-26 1965) Techn Commun Dep Agr Techn Serv Rep S Africa 351-60 (1965)

370 Smartt J Groundnuts in Northern Rhodesia Rhodesia AgrJ 5769-72 (1960)

371 A guide to groundnut cultivation in Northern Rhodesia Rhodesia AgrJ5894-102 (1961)

372 Factors influencing yield and quality of groundnuts in Northern Rhodesia Emp J Exp Agr 32343-351 (1964)

29

373 Snyman JW The secret of higher groundnut yields Farming S Africa 4334-37 (1968)

374 Soudan me caisse de stabilisation des prix de larachide (A price Stabilization Fund for Groundauts) Marches Trop du Monde 141251 (1958)

375 South China area interplants peanuts and sugar cane to raise outputs of both Surv China Mainland Press 3536 p 19 (1965)

376 Spensley PC Aflatoxin the active principle in Turkey I disease Endeavour 2275-79 (1963)

377 Stead PRS Groundnut drying trials Rhod Agr J 6651-53 (1969)

378 Stem WR The influence of sowing date on the yield of peanuts in a short summer rainfall environment Aust J Exp Agr and Animal Husbandry 8594-598 (1968)

379 Strauss JL and Gizzard AL The effect of calcium magnesium and potassium on peanut yields Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 12348-352 (1948)

380 Sulaiman M Investigations on the control of tikka disease of groundnut in the Maharashtra State Beitrige Trop Subshytrop Landwirtsch u Tropenveterindrmedizin 251-54 (1964)

381 and Agashe NG Influence of climate on the incidence of tikka disease of groundnut Indian Oilseeds J 9176-179 (1965)

382 Sundaran NV Note on creation of tikka leaf spot of groundnut Indian Oilseeds J998-101 (1965)

383 Tella R de and Bacchi 0 Longevidade das sementes de amendoin (Longevity of groundnut seed) Bragantia 2121-23 (1962)

384 and Canecchio Filho V Instrucoes praticas-a cultura do amendoim (Practical instructions for groundnut cultivation) Agronomico 117-11 (1959)

385 Terblanche M and Rabie CJ A toxic fungus (Scerotshyium rolfsii) isolated from groundnuts S Afr J Agr Sci 10253-261 (1967)

386 Thompson SS Peanut leafspot diseases Ga Univ Ext Leafl 25 Res 8 p (1969)

387 Thornton I Quelques observations sur la nodulation de larachide en Gambie (Some observations on root nodule formation of groundnuts in Gambia) Oleagineux 18781-783 (1963)

388 The effect of fertilizers on the uptake of nitroshygen phosphorus and potassium by the groundnut EmpJ Exp Agr 32235-240 (1964)

389 Tippins HH Morgan LW and CM Beckham Biology of Derobrachusbrevicollis a pest of Bahiagrass and peanuts Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bul 33 (1968)

390 Toms AM Agricultural progress in the Sudan World Crops 14200-202 (1962)

391 Irrigated groundnuts in the Sudan Gezira World Crops 1539-42 (1963)

392 Toole VL WK Bailey EH Toole Factors influencing dormancy of peanut seeds Plant Physiol 308Z2-832 (1964)

398 Tuelieres R Larachide an Sud-Vitnam (The groundnut in South Viet Nam) Bull Soc Et Indochinoises 37435-463 (1962)

394 Une alimentation saine et abondante grace 1a (A healthy and abundant alimentation thanks to ) Sin6gal Magazine Aug p 16-9 (1961)

395 Uptrend in Brazils peanut production temporarily halted by dry weather Foreign Crops and Markets 7916-17 (1959)

396 Vachhani MV et al Crop rotations double cropping and cropping pattern in the rice areas in India News Letter Int Rice Comm 1119-23 (1962)

397 Verma JK and Bajpai MR A brief review of mineral nutrition of groundnut in relation to its growth yield and quality Indian Oilseeds J 8222-229 (1964)

398 Vidhyasekaran P and lothandaraman R Fungicidal control of tikka leaf-spot of groundnut Indian J Agr Sci 38373-377 (1968)

399 Wadhwa ND Mechanical cultivation of groundnut in Northern Ghana Ghana Farmer 85-13 (1964)

400 Weiss EA Castor Sesame and Safflower 901 p Leonard Hill London (1971)

401 Whitaker RB and Wiser EH Theoretical investigations into the accuracy of sampling shelled peanuts for aflatoxin Amer Oil Chem SocJ 46377-379 (1969)

402 Whiteside JD and Bailey RA Application of fungicides for the control of Cercospora leaf-spot of groundnuts Rhoshydesia Agr J 64128-132 (1967)

403 Wilson C Peanut seed treatments Plant Disease Reptr 3487-95 (1950)

404 Wood IMW The effects of seed size seed treatment method of shelling and organic matter on the establishment of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 881-84 (1968)

405 The effect of temperature at early flowering on the growth and development of peanuts (Arachis hyposhygaea) AustJ Agr Res 19241-251 (1968)

406 Chemical weed control in peanut crops at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr and Animal Husbandry 8762-766 (1968)

407 Woodroof JG Peanuts Production processing products The AVI Publishing Company Westport Connecticut p 291 (1966)

408 World peanut production second largest of record World Summaries Crops and Livestock Nov 24 p 16-18 (1960)

409 World peanut production sets new record Foreign Agr Carc US Dept Agr FFO 16-65 p 1-29 (1965)

410 World peanut production at near-record high in 1966 exports at record level Foreign Agr arc US Dep Agr FPO 7-67 p 1-28 (1967)

30

411 Zink E et al Estudos s8bre a conservacio de sementes X-Amendoin (Studies on seed storage X Groundnuts) Bragantia 21159-165 (1962)

Additional Reference

This manuscript has been a long time in preparation After the manuscript was put in final form and most of the typing had been done asignificant book on peanuts was publishedPeanuts-Cultureand Uses a Symposium was published by the American Peanut Research and Education Association Inc (Executive Secretary-Treasurer Leland

Tripp Agronomy Department Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma 74074) Thirty-eight authors contributed to the 20 chapters and in the 684 pages of the book there are over 2000 references listed This book covers in considerable detail all the topics that have been

briefly summarized in this manuscript Peanut proteins and the physicoshychemical and nutritional properties of peanuts are well covered

31

ABBREVIATIONS AND ADDRESSES OF SOME SOURCES OF LITERATURE CITATIONS

Agr Assn China J-Agricultural Association of China Journal Taipei Taiwan

Agrekon-Agrekon Department of Agricultural Economics and Marketing Pretoria South Africa

Agricultura em Sio Paulo-Instituto de Economia Agricola Caixa Postal 8083 Sio Paulo Brazil

Agron J-Agronomy Journal American Society of Agronomy 677 S Segoc Road Madison Wisconsin 53711 (USA)

Agronomico-Agronomico Instituto Agronomico Caixa Postal 28 Campanis Brazil

Agron Trop-Agronomia Tropical Centro de Investigaciones Agronomicas Maracay Venezuela

Agr Res Rev Egypt-Agricultural Research Review Dokki

Egypt Agr Situation India-Agricultural Situation in India Ministry of

Food and Agriculture Delhi 6 India Agr Trop-Agricultura Tropical Asociacion Columbiana de

Ingenieros Agronomo Bogota Columbia Alabama Age Exp Sta Bul-Alabama Agricultural Experiment

Station-Bulletin Auburn Alabama 36830 (USA) Amer Oil Chem Soc J-American Oil Chemists Society

Journal 35 East WackerNDrive Chicago Illinois 60601 (USA)

Amer Soc Agr Eng Trans-American Society of Agricultural Engineers Transactions St Joseph Michigan 49085 (USA)

Ann Agric Sci Univ Ain Shams-Annals of Agricultural Science University of Ain Shams Cairo Egypt

Arq Inst Biol-Arquivos do Instituto Biolgico Baixa Postal 7119 Sao Paulo Brazil

Aust J Agr Res-Australian Journal of Agricultural Research MelbourneAustralia

Beitrige Trop Subtrop Landwirtsch u Tropenveterinarshymedizin-Beitrige zur Tropischen und Subtropischen Landwirtschaft and Tropenveteriniirmedizin Karl Marx University Leipzig

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Current Sci-Current Science Raman Research Institute Bangalore India

Diss Abstr Sect B-Dissertation Abstracts Section B Sciences and Engineering University Microfilms Ann Arbor Michigan 48106 (USA)

E Afr Agr Forestry J-East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal PO Box 30148 Nairobi

Econ Botany-Economic Botany The New York Botanical Garden New York New York 10458 (USA)

Economica-Economica London Empire J of Exper Agric-Empire Journal of Experimental

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Agriculture Gambia Endeavour-Endeavour Thames House London Etud Senegelaises-Etudes Senegelaises Dakar Expl Agric-Experimental Agriculture London FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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Ghana Farmer-Ghana Farmer Accra Ghana Indian Agriculturist-Indian Agriculturist Agricultural Society

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Delhi India Indian J Agr Sci-Indian Journal of Agricultural Science

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Indian J Sci amp Industry-Indian Journal of Science and Indusshytry Karnal India

Indian Oilseeds J-Indian Oilseeds Journal Hyderabad India Israel J Agr Res-Israel Journal of Agricultural Research J Amer Soc Agron-Journal of the American Society of

Agronomy Geneva New York 14456 (USA) J Econ Entomol-Joumnal of Economic Entomology Entoshy

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Nature-Nature London N Carolina Agr Exp Sta BuU-North Carolina Agricultural

Experiment Station Bulletin Raleigh North Carolina 27607 (USA)

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Newsletter Int Rice Comm-Newsletter of the International Rice Commission Bangkok Thailand

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Huiles et Oleagineux 8 Square Petrarque Paris Peanut J Nut World-Peanut Journal and Nut World Philippine J Plant Industry-Philippine Journal of Plant Indusshy

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England

1M-10-73

13

kernels per plant and a greater kernel weight Indoleace- gation of internodes flowering and peg formation were tic acid indolepropionic acid methyl-3-indoleacetic or stimulated (343) Indoleacetic acid in lanolin (110) 24-D had either no effect or a depressing effect on yield hastened germination when applied to scratched testa of (237) Erect and runner varieties responded to gibber- seed of freshly harvested peanuts In a 002 solution ellic acid at a concentration of 10 There was an elon- sprouted seed soaked 12 to 2 hours and unsprouted

seed soaked 24 hours in water solution increased the number of flowers per plant (256)

Seed Treatments-Pesticides are often recommendshyed (16 132 403 404) with Thiram giving good results alone (32 85 95 132 150) but a combination of fungicide and insecticide has been better (32 132 150) Captan has been the best treatment on occasion (247) Where there has been mechanical damage such as with machine shelling and when conditions are adverse treatshyment is usually needed (32 404) In a monsoon climate area if peanuts are seeded within 48 hours after the rains start there is little need for fungicide treatment (132)

Inoculation-There are many reports of a response to nitrogen (21 55 148 164 244 281 306 345) A small quantity of N seems to increase the ability to proshyduce N symbiotically but large quantities of N fertilizer reduce the quantity of N fixed (306)

In Israel using 100-400 g of enriched peat inocushylant per ha in 50 liters of water and placing the inoculant in the planting furrow gave better results than putting the inoculant on the seed (358) Compared with the use of up to 180 kgha of N inoculated plants stayed green longer and the hay was higher in protein than that from the nitrated plots (164 356) Inoculant placed to the side of the row was effective at 8 cm depth but less effective when placed deeper (357) Soils rich in N produce good peanut yields even if nodulation is poor As with many legumes in view of the low cost of mocushylant it is suggested that if there is any doubt about natural inoculant being in the soil inoculant should be used (360)

Arachis strains of Rhizobia will not cross-inoculate with the cowpea (Vigna) group (176) Different types of inoculants have been suggested for acid and alkaline or near neutral soils as some Arachis strains have been found to be acidic and some alkaline (313)

CULTURE

Planting Rates-It is normally recommended that 20-25 more seed be planted than the number of plants expected in the stand (256) Seeding at a heavy rate is recommended (5 15 294 331 364) with two seeds per hill being better than one (78 287 288 294) Experishyments with several row and in-row spacings have given variabld results (37 118 131 138 141 203287294 331 348 354 364) Recommendations vary from 25000 plants per ha with the Virginia bunch varieties (354) If 120000ha is optimum for plantings on flat locations about 80000 would be recommended on ridges

Row Spacing-Close row spacings produced highshyest yields (122 131 331 364) With bunch varieties the optimum spacing seems to be about 60 cm between rows and 5 cm between plants in the row (222 373) Spreadshying varieties can also be put in 60 cm rows with 10 cm between plants in the row (223) Wider spacing than that for maximum yields may be used to accommodate tillshyage implements (141 256 373) Spacings closer than 3 cm tend to lower seed quality (372) Row width recomshymendations have varied from 45 cm (118) to 80 (138) or 90 cm (287 288)

Ridge Planting-Use of a ridge was better than flat planting (78 138 165 166 288 354 364) with the optimum distance between ridges being about 80-90 cm (78 138 287 288) The rate of seeding may be less on ridges than on flat areas (135) but if two rows are used per ridge the rate may be high (78)

Mulching-Mulclung tends to increase yields where rainfall may be as low as 685 min per year (78) Experishyments with mulching are reported (152 250 337) Mulching with grass tends to increase K in the plant and to reduce shelling percentage (25)

PESTS AND DISEASES

Weeding-Without herbicides three or four culti- and it is better to use a hoe than to pull weeds (5) vations seem to be necessary for each crop of peanuts Narrow-row spacing of 60 cm suppressed weeds (222 (37 78 238 272) Early cultivation is desirable (78) 373) Damage to foliage and disease may be accentushy

14

ated if soil is thrown toward the plant to try to control weeds by burying them in the row (256) For disease control it may be desirable to burn weeds or remove them from the surface of the soil (78) Land preparashytion before planting helps to bury plant residues and it was shown that a 20 cm depth of plowing was better than a 5 or 10 cm (37)

Herbicides are becoming more commonly used but are not completely safe or entirely satisfactory in respect to peanuts Differences in season will change the effectiveness and vary the potential harm to the crop Because the use of herbicides on peanuts is a rather complicated subject no attempt will be made here to summarize the findings References on herbishycides are given (171 227 234 235 251 252 283 345346348351406)

Insecticides-In treating seed with insecticides care is needed if the seed is intended for planting purshyposes Tests have been made of DDT dusts of 1 and 10 concentration used at 100 and 500 ppm Lindane at 15 and 100 ppm as dusts pyrethrins at 100 and 500 ppm and fumigants of carbon bisulphide at 100 500 and 1000 gcu meter with 1 and 3 days exposure and Phostoxin at 2045 and 60 gton for 3 to 5 days Only carbon bisulphide at 500 gfou meter and up hurt the germination of peanuts if the moisture content of the peanuts was 5 or lower When the moisture content was 10 all chemicals impaired germination rdgardless of rate (334)

DDT or Lindane dusted on peanuts stored in sealed containers at 220 C for 45 9 and 18 months did not reduce germination or seedling vigor (323) Malashythion at 66 ppm protected against most storage insects but had to be used at about 2-month intervals (90) Methyl bromide was effective as a fumigant but BHC had to be replaced by malathion when a local strain of insect developed tolerance to BHC (192) Other insects also showed tolerance to aldrin and heptachlor (73)

Low humidities and low moisture contents are often thought to be effective in insect control A relashytive humidity of 48 did not adversely affect oil qualishyty nor did it control Tribolium castaneum Even when the peanuts were dried to 7 moisture this insect was not controlled (179) and it developed a tolerance to BHC and had to be controlled by malathion (192)

Diseases of Peanuts-Aphis croccivora is the vector of several viruses (6 7 40 68 145 228 230 231) There are also other aphids that can transmit virus (6 7 40 51) Trifolium incanatum and Styloshysanthes spp are two major hosts of peanut viruses Another host is Euphorbiahirta (7 68 228)

Of 600 groundnut varieties tested few have shown tolerance to viruses (230) When exposed to the

chlorotic rosette virus by grafting or spreading by Aphis craccivora the tetraploid species A monticola A nambyquarae and A hypogaea all had the same symptoms Diploid A diogoi A rasteiro and A marginata showed symptoms of a different kind A glabrata and A prostata were symptomless carriers Some diploids seemed to be immune to certain viruses affecting domesticated peanuts More resistant plants develop symptoms slower than do susceptible plants (144) To avoid rosette virus it is suggested that early varieties should be used (2 43 107) and crops rotated as the virus is often serious if peanuts are grown on the same area for 2 or more years (88) Rosette virus causes abnormal flowering and reduces flowering (147) and has reduced yields by as much as 95 (233)

Only Aphis croccivora is reported to be able to transmit rosette virus (68 231) or vein-banding virus (228) although sap inoculation and grafting make it possible to transmit the latter A gossyppii (6) and A laburni(51) are able to transmit a virus similar to rosette virus which could not be transmitted by A croccivora (300) One report (204) indicated a need for a sympshytomless assistant virus in order for A croccivoraorA gossyppit to be able to transmit rosette virus

To infect plants with rosette virus half seed whole seed or 7-day and 21-day-old plants were tested The 21-day-old plants were most effective when A croccishyvora was used as a vector

Peanut mottle virus was found for the first time in Australia in 1970 Although one of the few viruses to be transmitted by seed it is also transmitted by at least five species ofAphis (40)

Five different peanut viruses can be distinguished by characteristic symptoms formed on the Natal Comshymon Variety (232)

Aspergillus flavus has been identified as causing seed rotting (92 94) afloroot (2) or other damage to seeds and seedlings (125) Aflotoxin is the name given to the toxic compounds produced by some strains ofA flavus under certain conditions Aflotoxin has been found in pods damaged by termites (258 260) rough handling hoeing threshing or by transplanting (257 259 261 262 376) There was a slight penetration of undamaged pods (210 258 260) Nematode damage to pods did not increase A flavus growth but did increase the contamination by other fungi (215) The best way to prevent aflotoxin is to store peanuts in the shell (30) ifter proper drying (52 82 112 162 185 257 261 369) A methyl cellulose seedcoat did little to protect the seed (94) Hand sorting can be used to separate damaged peanuts (30 112 162 185) and attempts have been made to use air or color sorting (162 327) Levels of aflotoxin of 002 to 026 ppm in unrefined oil were

15

not found in hydrogenated oils (123 376) Numerous studies of A flavus have been made It

is not the dominant fungus (259) as it may represent only 3 of total fungi present (292) About 5 days after harvest are required for the fungus to produce much growth (260) Much aflotoxin is produced at about 3000 with a relative humidity of 80-85 It can actually develop over the range of 125 to 5250C but not at 43-450 C (117) Three reviews (112 328 376) and a symposium (369) and a report on some chemistry studies give many of the details of aflotoxin with one report showing the chemical structure of eight forms (162)

Macrophominaphaseoli (70) and several species of Aspergillus have been studied including A fumigates (93) A niger (94) A amstelodaniandA wenti (369) Of 1626 isolates of Aspergillus studied 896 produced some toxin (218) Biological effects are given (11)

Aspergillus flavus is used in the making of soyshysauce (278) Peanut meal is subject to Aspergillus growth but the toxin production can be averted (248) if the meal moisture content is kept below 16 (30) Work has been done relative to the accuracy of sampling methods (401)

The dominant species of fungi on peanuts seem to be the Penicilliums 7)ichodermaand Fusariums(292) A review of fungi in stored products which included peanuts showed Aspergillus dominant in the Tropics but Penicillium in temperate regions (93) A study in Georgia (USA) listed the fungi present on the peanut pods and kernels (209) in windrowed peanuts (210) in artificially dried peanuts (211) and in the field in general (213) and control methods were recommended (212)

Botrytis (gray mold) causes serious damage under cold dry conditions in Sao Paulo Brazil Symptoms are discussed (33)

Leptosphaerdinacrassiascais a leaf disease characshyterized by pepper spots on both sides of the leaf and by marginal necrosis or leaf scorch and was first reported from Madagascar in 1955 and from Taiwan in 1956 Diagnosis of the species is given and the symptoms are described This disease is often obscured by Cercospora (214)

Macrophomina phaseoli is a fungus also found on cotton cowpeas sunflower as well as peanuts Direcshytions for chemical protection of crop rate of spread distribution and method of testing soils for study of the

pathogen are given (71) Peanut plants-may be infected without showing symptoms (70 247) The best fungishycide to increase germination was Captan (247)

Pucciniarust has been observed on certain varieties in South America (31) Of 254 varieties studied in Venezuela in 1959-61 the variety Tarapoto was the only one to escape damage from Pucciniaarachidiswith only 13 others classed as being resistant Tarapoto and 7 of the 13 were also tolerant to Cercospora(282)

Verticillium dahliae has been found on peanuts (125 341) and is hosted by potatoes and certain herbashyceous plants Rotations help in conrol

Cercospora arachidicolais the early form and C personata is the late form of leafspot diseases which exist as the imperfect forms Perfect forms are Mycoshysphaerella arachidicolaand M berkeleyii which are the official names according to rules of nomenclature A good description of symptoms distribution damage and control is given (144)

It is often necessary to control Cercosporaso that research or management studies will have a chance to influence maturity yields etc To control Cercospora several methods may be used such as burning of residues (144) rotations (144 393) and applying sulfur (103 105 131 380 398 402) copper (103 105 380 398) as well as copper and sulfur combinations (380 381 398 402) Results were not always satisfactory (202) Control programs vary One program suggests that growers start spraying 20 days after planting and repeat each 20 days (398) or from 3 to 13 weeks after planting at 14-day intervals (131) The spraying interval may be determined by rainfall by counting 8-10 cumulative rain days (103) or when 2 inches of rain has accumulated (103) Another report suggested that spraying should start about one week after symptoms appear and should be continued until about 18 days before harvest (105)

Early-maturing varieties seem to be the most susshyceptible to Cercospora (195) To delay planting may reduce the amount of the disease but it also reduces yield (347) Where successive crops are grown volunteer plants from the first crop increase contamination of the second crop (202) Resistance to the two diseases is inherited separately (144 196)

Listings and descriptions of major peanut diseases are given (12 96 321 342 352) Crop rotations for disease control are emphasized (342 352)

HARVESTING HANDLING AND STORING

Harvesting-In 1965 it was estimated that as much with simple tools Details of use of improved tools for as 75 of the world production of peanuts was handled hand cultivation and animal-drawn tools to mechanical

16

production are given Seedbed preparation planting and harvesting are processes that are suggested for mechanishyzation first (241) Drawings of hole-making devices an -ox-drawn lifter and a practical hand thresher are given elsewhere (354)

Harvesting by means of an animal-drawn lifter is described (20) With this device men can lift and stack 1 hectare in 15 hours or in half the time needed for manual lifting Time studies indicate that peanuts can be harvested about 10 days either side of the optimum time with little loss of peanuts (78) Systems of peanut harshyvesting are reviewed and details of a prototype once-over harvester are given The machine is designed to harvest up to 10 tons of nuts a day (189)

Peanuts are not usually grown on clay soils but a system has been worked out to harvest fairly clean pods from clay soils by irrigating to wet the soil 2 days before lifting and then waiting another 4-5 days before shaking surplus soil from the plants (391)

Threshing-Stripping pods from plants is often done by hand (128) Simple threshers are described (124 344) No difference in shelling percentage or seed size was found between immediate threshing and threshshying which was delayed up to 3 weeks (280)

Shelling-Machine shelling often results in damshyaged kernels which may not be effective in getting good stands when planted especially without seed protectants (404) Experimental shellers to be used to obtain samples for milling tests have been described (115) Hand-operated shellerscan produce as much as 95 kg of kernels in an hour (184 190)

Washing-Cleaning of non-husked peanuts has inshycreased selling price 50 With a simple washer made out of a section of barrel and a wire drum one can wash 400-600 kgday with only 200 liters of water (269)

Artificial Drying-Although the trend is toward more artificial drying natural methods are still widely used Natural methods (52 82) and artificial methods are reviewed (53 270 301) Combinations of natural and artificial methods are often desirable (116 270) For planting purposes seed must be dried carefully Air movement temperatures and times to dry are given (270) For long storage a maximum of only 8 moisture is recommended (271) Studies involving aflotoxin (52 82 116 301) verify the potential hazard if pods are improperly dried after harvest Seed needs to be dried to 8-9 and peanut cakes to below 16 or A flavus may grow (30 35) Simple devices for drying using wood or peanut hulls have been described (2 3 4 34) It is not advisable to dry seed for planting purposes in the sun or at temperatures over 450 C if heat is used (35) For comshymercial use Virginia and runner types have been dried successfully at 570C but Spanish types tend to split at 46-52 0 COther drying trials are reported (377)

Storing of Peanuts-Some areas have a dry season which is favorable for storing peanuts in open air or under tarpaulin (88 178 179) A low moisture content is desirable to decrease damage due to insects and losses due to oil deterioration (220 271 411) Fumigation or other treatment is often needed while the peanuts are in storage (191 271) Mechnical damage due to shelling is recognized (179 411) Treatments before storage will reduce some of the shelling damage (411)

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Estimating Yields-Estimated yields are often high because the operator tends to avoid the worst places in the field and the sample taken is usually harvested more carefully than the rest of the field Ten samples obtained by throwing a stick into the field at random to select sampling sites are suggested (155) A frame 15 m by 4 m can be used or if the plants are in definite rows 5 n of row at 10 random locations will give a good estimate of yield

Sampling for Oil-Oil samples need to be detershymined within one percentage point Different methods of sampling are compared (216) Care needs to be exershycised in reducing the original sample to a working sample A working sample might be 800 times the weight of one pod For an intact plant kernels taken near the base are higher in oil than those out on the branches (275) - -

Use of Peanut Tops-Peanut hay was judged to be not as good in nutrients as alfalfa and was said to be more comparable to grass hay (317) Peanut hay has been compared with other herbages and one researcher suggests that it be used for feed rather than being burned (297) A cutting and raking device has been designed that will cut and rake 8 ha in 10 hours (293)

Use of Surplus Peanut Shells-Shells may be used for fuel and also as a conditioner for heavy soils a filler in cattle feed a rawsource of activated carbon comshybustiblfe gases organic chemicals reducing sugars and alc6hlianextender-ofresins a cork substitute a comshyponent of building blocks and f Ed~oaaril (324) Its use as a mulch or manure is most beneficial when rain is scarce Grinding may be necessary Residue left after furfural extraction made good compost after treatment with sulfuric acid and neutralization with tricalcium phosphate (152)

17

Use of Peanuts as a Source of Food-No attempt will be made to cover this important subject Only a few references that deal with food are cited here A vegetable cheese made from peanut milk is described (236) An infant foof from peanut and milk solids (91) and the production of soysauce by fermentation are discussed (278) The details of quality factors and requirements for salting peanuts are given (226 366)

Oil from Peanuts-Peanuts are mainly grown for the oil and protein of the seed There is an indication that more oil crushing will be done in the area of proshyduction (44) Although the protein meal has been an excellent export product for foreign exchange this use may decrease as more use of the protein for livestock and as human food is stressed for the area of production (77296 394)

Oil content of the peanut decreased when planting was delayed but the protein was increased Oil yield is closely associated with seed yield Factors which tend to increase seed yield also increase oil yield (308 309 311) Closer spacing increases seed yields and oil but decreases protein (309)

Quality of Peanuts-Quality of peanut seed is affected by many factors (178 199) Proper shelling (184) and pest control are important (192) Free fatty acid level is an indication of quality A level of 6 free fatty acids was found in insect-damaged peanuts but only 13 when insects were controlled (192) Efforts have been made to remove undesirable peanuts mechanishycally as peanuts are moved (18) Grade standards of quality are listed (151 172)

Economics of Production-One country in Africa is reported to have half of its cultivated area in peanuts with 75 of farm income 42 of total industrial inshycome 23 of the gross national product and 65 of total value of exports credited to this one crop (350) Other countries seek to add peanuts to their cropping programs in order to diversify (86 266 390 391) and some that plan to switch to crops other than peanuts (5 16 42) to diversify are not intending to reduce peanut production

Some countries are trying to increase peanut proshyduction by stressing extension methods or by improving cultural practices These include helping farmers learn to select good seed and varieties to use disease-resistant varieties to treat seed to seed at a heavy rate to use

proper fertilization including animal and green manures to use proper weeding proper crop rotations to diversify cropping and to harvest at the right time (5 16 59 139 303319339)

Several countries have found it necessary to subshysidize the production of peanuts (134 199 374 395) and several African countries have recognized the need for a cooperative effort in marketing and meet once a year to discuss policy (102)

A survey of the peanut industry in the USA is given (400) The long-term outlook for the peanut is reviewed and uses of peanut and other oils are discussed (310) The world production of peanuts continues to expand even though the demand is variable from year to year (5 268 304 305 408409410) Problems of the processing industry are reviewed (84 239) Transportashytion and storage are serious problems and factors affecshyting quality are getting attention The quantity of peanuts that moves in export trade is a small percentage of total production Details and problems of exports are discussed (14 174445 77 88 119)

Improving Production by Variety Improvement-There is little doubt but that improved varieties have contributed to the gradually higher level of production around the world It takes 12 to 15 years for a variety to be available to growers after a cross has been made Of 24 varieties released in the USA during the last quartershycentury 11 selections came from commercial strains 2 from foreign introductions 9 from controlled crosses 1 from irradiation and 1 from interspecific hybridization (29)

No attempt will be made to list references to varieshyty comparisons Most experiments with peanuts involve variety comparisons It has been shown that an apparentshyly superior variety may be definitely inferior under certain environmental conditions It is essential in varieshyty evaluation that varieties be evaluated at different levels of soil fertility and under other variations in enshyvironmental conditions after preliminary screening to eliminate the most undesirable types (256) Examples of comparative yield tests are given (48 182 183) Blending of varieties for planting has been tested but has not been found to be of benefit (311)

GENERAL PAPERS

Numerous papers are general in nature and cover al methods are given in some detail (46 101 109 114 several topics Several factors that need to be considered 120 164) Mineral nutrition (397) variety improvement in over-all peanut production are discussed (28 101 (46) harvesting (153) seed treatment (46) and mechanishy106 138 160 179255353 368 370) General cultur- zation (121 371) are subjects in other general papers

18

LITERATURE CITATIONS (AbbreviationsandAddresses ofSome Sources of LiteratureCitations-pages31-32)

1 Abraham TP and Agarwal KN Yield effect on soil fertilshyity and economics of crop rotations with and without groundnut Indian J Agr Sci 37560-57 1 (1967)

2 ABrook J Artificial drying of groundnuts a method for the small farmer Trop Agric Trinidad 40241-245 (1963)

3 A cheap crop drier for the farmer Trop Stored Prod Inform 725-38 (1964)

4 A cheap crop drier for the farmer results and recommended design Trop Stored Prod Inform 8301-307 (1964)

5 Laction de developpement de la productivite arachidiere au Snigal en 1964 (Activity for the development of groundnut production in Senegal in 1964) 014agineux 20725-729 (1965)

6 Adams AN Groundnut Rosette Virus-Another vector Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 4125 (1966)

7 The vectors and alternative hosts of groundnut rosette virus in central province Molaioc Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res 5145-151 (1967)

8 - and JAK Farrell The seasonal occurrence of aphids in traps at Chitedge Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res Vol 5153-159 (1967)

9 Adams F and RW Pearson Differential response of cotton and peanuts to subsoil acidity AgronJ 629-12 (1970)

10 Akehurst BC and Sreedharan A Time of planting-a brief review of experimental work in Tanganyika E Afr Agr Forestry J 30189-201 (1965)

11 Alcroft R and Carnaghan RBA Toxic products in groundnuts Chemistry and Industry 250-61 (1963)

12 Amendoim pragas e doencas silo o n6 (Groundnuts pests and diseases are the problem) Dirigente Rural 412-32 (1965)shy

13 Anderson GD Fertility studies on a sandy loam in semishyarid Tanzania 11 Effects on phosphorus potassium and lime on yields of Groundnuts Expl Agric 6213-222 (1970)

14 Larachide au Senigal (Groundnut growing in Senegal) 016 agineux 14649-650 (1959)

15 Larachide au Senigal Rsultats des essais de confirmation (Groundnuts in Senegal Rep Results of confirmation trials) Oleagineux 17103-104 (1962)

16 Larachide au Senigal Risultats des essais de confirmation (Groundinuts in Senegal Results of demonstration trials) Olagineux 1972 (1964)

17 Les arachides du Nigeria (The groundrnuts of Nigeria)Kadouna (Nigeria) Ministere de PInformation 12 p Graph Photos Map (1966)

18 Ariztizabal L Bums EE and OR Kunze Physical chemical and organoleptic properties of peanuts separated in a controlled air stream Amer Soc Agr -Eng Trans 12298-304 (1969)

19 Arndt W The continuous cropping of peanuts at Kathshyarine NT Techn Paper Commonw Sci Industr Res Organiz Div Land Res Reg Survey Australia 161-11 (1961)

20 Larrachage de Parachide (Groundnut lifting) Olagineaux 18553-555 (1963)

21 Arroya J et al Ensayo de fertilizacidn en mani realizado en la Sabana de Londres Estado Lar (A groundnut fertilizer trial conducted in the Sabana de Londres State of Lara) Agron Trop Venezuela 17101-111 (1967)

22 Ashri A A second locus controlling red testa in peanuts (ArachishypogaeaL) Crop Sci 9514-517 (1969)

23 Ashrif M Effet du calcium sur larachide (Effect of calcium on groundnuts) Oleagineux 18681-683 (1963)

24 Effect of sulphur on groundnuts Olampgineux 20243-244 (1965)

25 and Thornton I Effects of grass mulch on groundnuts in the Gambia Expl Agric 1145-152 (1965)

26 Avadhani KK and Ramano Rao BV Studies of the effects of diethyl sulfate on TMV 2 groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Indian J of Science Indus 269-71 (1968)

27 Lavenir de larachide au Sinigal Doses dengrais et augshymentation de production (The future of the groundnut in Senegal Fertilizer rates for increased production) Olagishyneux 23528 (1968)

28 Bachy A Conduite de 1expirimentation agronomique a IRHO (Performance of agricultural research at IRHO)

Oleagineux 1675-80 (1961)

29 Bailey WK Peanut variety improvement in the USA Proc 5th Nat Peanut Res Conf (1968)

30 Bampton SS Growth of Aspergillusflavusand production of aflatoxin in groundinuts-Part I Trop Sci 574-81 (1963)

31 Barcenas VC Enfermedades del mani ajonjoli en El Tolima (Groundnut and sesame diseases in El Tolima) Bol Not Inst Fomento Algodonero 31-2 (1962)

32 and Montoya A A Efectividad de algunos fungicidas protectores en el tratarniento de la semilla de mani (Effectivity of some protective fungicides for the treatment of groundnut seed) Bol Not Inst Fomento Algodonero Columbia 46-8 (1964)

33 Barreto Figuciredo M and Cardoso RMG (Occurrence of grey mold in groundnuts in the State of Sao Paulo) Bioshylogico Brasil 34217-220(1968)

From TropicalAbstracts-seeAcknowledgments page 2

19

34 Barros Ferraz M de A secagem do amendoim (Drying of groundnuts) Brasil Rural 1377-79 (1959)

35 Preparo do amendoim das aguas (Drying of groundauts) Brasil Rural 1612-18 (1962)

36 Barrs HD The relation between kernel development and time of harvesting of peanuts at Katherine NT AustJ Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 2106-109 (1962)

37 Basinski JJ et al Some input-output relations in peanut cultivation at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 4295-299 (1964)

38 Bastos Cruz BP et al Nota preliminar s6bre a suscetishybilidade de variedades e hibridos de amendoim i algumas mollstias da folhagem (Preliminary note on the susceptibility of groundnut varieties and hybrids to some leaf diseases) Bioldgico Brasil 33191-195 (1967)

39 Bates WN Mechanization of Tropical Crops Temple Press London 410 p (1957)

40 Behncken GM The occurrence of Peanut mottle virus in Queensland AustJ Agr Res 21465-492 (1970)

41 Belloncle G Larachide an Senegal Mouvement cooperatif et developpement cononique (Groundnuts in Senegal coshyoperative movement and economic development) Ol1agineux 19439-444 (1964)

42 Bentin LA Das Problem der Monokultur in Senegal (The problem of mono-culture in Senegal) Int Afrika Forum 4615-619 (1968)

43 Berchoux Chr de La rosette de Iarachide en Houte-Volta (Rosette disease of groundnut in the Upper Volta) Olagishyneux 15229-233 (1960)

44 Berg ER Nigeria Senegal and the Congo (Kinshasa) Projected level of demand supply and exports of oilseed products to 1975 with implications for US exports to the European Economic Community Edmonton (Canada) Departments of Economics and Agricultural Economics University of Alberta 78 p tables maps (1967)

45 Berichten nit Afrika (Reports from Africa) Oli6n Vetten en Zeep 53215 (1969)

46 Bezot P La zone arachidiere au Tchad Etude densemble recherche dun syst me valable de rotation culturale (The groundnut zone in Chad A study on rotation systems) Agron Trop 2031-48 (1965)

47 Bhardwaj SP and Pathak AN Effect of sulphur on bacterial nodulation of groundnut roots Current Sci 37351-352 (1968)

48 Bhattacharjee TK et al W Bengal farmers can grow groundnut in irrigated summer fallow Indian Farming 1827-29 (1968)

49 Bielorai R Comparative digestibility of groundnut and soyshybean meal in vitro and in chicks J Sci Food Agr 20345-348 (1969)

50 Billaz R and Ochs R Stades de sensibilite de larachide a la secheresse (Developmental stages of the groundnut in relashytion to its susceptibility to drought) Olagineux 16605-611 (1961)

51 Bisht NS et al Groundnut rosette virus in Uttar Pradesh Indian OilseedsJ 7335-336 (1963)

52 Blatchford SM and Hall DW Methods of drying groundshynuts I Natural methods (Literature survey) Trop Sci 56-33 (1963)

53 and Methods of drying groundnuts II Artificial methods Trop Sci 582-98 (1963)

54 Bledsoe RW and Harris HC Leafspot of peanut associshyated with Magnesium deficiency Plant Physiol 21237-240 (1946)

55 Bockele-Morvan A Recherches de lIRHO sur 1utilishysation des phosphates du Sin6gal en fumure de fond pour Iarachide (Research of IRHO on the utilization of Senegal phosphates as a basal dressing for groundnut) Oleagineux 16685-691 (1961)

56 Etude explrimentale et pratique du placement des engrais (Experimental and practical studies on feftilizer placement) OlLagineux 18687-688 (1963)

57 Etudes sur la carence potasique de Iarachide an S~n-gal(A study o potash deficiency in the groundnut in Senegal) Olagineux 19603-609 (1964)

58 - Surface foliaire de Parachide et densite optishymum de semis (Folhar area of groundnuts and optimum sowing density) Ol4ageneux 201-12 (1965)

59 _ Application des engrais sur arachide au Sindgal (Application of fertilizers to groundnuts in Senegal) Oliagishyneux 20589-590 (1965)

60 Efficacit4 des diverses formes dapports des elements mineraux sur Parachide (The efficiency of different forms of mineral elements applied to groundnuts) Olagishyneux 21163-166 (1966)

61 Fumure annuelle et fumure de fond en zone arachidiere du Senegal (Annual and basal manuring in groundshynut-growing zones of Senegal) Oleagineux 23179-184 (1968)shy

62 _ La maturitede Iarachide (The maturity of the groundnut) Ollagineux 27457-459 (1968)

63 _ and Capitaine J Larachide de bouche dans le Sine-Saloum (Senegal) (The edible groundnut in the Sine-Saloum region of Senegal) Oliagineux 21285-291 (1966)

64 Bolhuis GG Observations on the flowering and fructificashytion of the groundnut Arachis hypogaea Neth J Agr Sci 7138-140 (1959)

65 et al Observations on the opening of flowers dehiscence of anthers and growth of pollen tubes in Arachis hypogaea NethJ Agr Sci 13361-365 (1965)

66 _ et al Occurrence of flowers with short styles in the groundnut Arachis hypogaea Oldagineux 20293-296 (1965)

67 and Stubbs RW The influence of calcium and other elements on the fructification of the peanut in connecshytion with the absorption capacity of its gynophores NethJ Agr Sci 3220-237 (1955)

I

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68 Booker RH The effect of sowing date and spacing on rosette disease of groundnut in Northern Nigeria with obshyservations on the vector Aphus craccivoraSamarn Res Bull 30125-131 (1964)

69 Boswell TE Pathogenicity of Pratylenchus brachyrus to Spanish peanut Diss Abstr Sect B 29(10)3570 B (1969)

70 Bouhot D Etude du Macrophominaphaseoli sur arachide Mission an Sinigal du 27 septembre an 7 novembre 1966 (Study of Macrophomina phaseoll on groundnut Mission in Senegal from 27 Sept to 7 Nov 1966) Agron Trop 231165-1171 (1968)

71 Le Macrophomina phaseoli sur les plantes cultivees au Senedgal (Macrophomina phaseol on the cultivated plants in Senegal) Agron Trop 231172-1181 (1968)

72 terabougrissement de arachide Mission an Seng en 1966 (The shrivelling of the groundnut Mission in Senegal in 1966) Agron Trop 231126-1127 (1968)

73 Boush GM et al Field tests with new insecticides for control of the southern corn rootworm attacking peanuts in VirginiaJ Econ Entomol 5615-18 (1963)

74 Boyle LW Low-Gallonage applications of fungicides for control of Peanut leafspots Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 203 (1964)

75 A factonal study of certain schemes of peanut culture Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bull 18 (1967)

76 Brennan JR The peanut gynophore Biologist 5171-82 (1969)

77 Broche G Debouchs des produits des industries de transshyformation dol6agineux des Itats Africains et Malgache Associes (Outlets for the products of the oilseed processing industries in the Associated African and Malagasy States) Oldagineux 20419-423 (1965)

78 Brown P A review of Groundnut experiments in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 339-50 (1965)

79 Brzozowska J and Hanower P Absorption et distribution du 3 5 s chez quelques cultures tropicales I Arachide (Uptake and distribution of S35 in some tropical crops I Groundshynuts) Oleagineux 19663-672 (1964)

80 Buchanan GA Dickens R Burns ER and McCormick RM Performance of several herbicides for weed control in peanuts S Weed Sci Soc Proc 22D P 122-126 (1969)

81 Bunting AH A classification of cultivated groundnuts Empire J of Exper Agric 23158-170 (1955)

82 Eurrell NJ et al Growth of Aspergillus flavus and proshyduction of aflatoxin in groundnuts-Part V Trop Sci 674-90 (1964)

83 Bushnell DG The importance and prevention of mould on groundnuts Rhodesia Agr J61108-113 (1964)

84 Calil G De ontwikkeling van de aardnoten verwerkende industrie in Noord Nigeria Problemen en moeilijkheden (The development of the groundnut processing industry in N Nigeria Problems and difficulties) Olidn Vetten en Zeep 48211-213 (1964)

85 Compacci CA and Silveira Filho JP da Disinfecqgo de sementes de anendoim (Disinfection of groundnut seed) Biol6gico Brasil 30320-323 (1964)

86 Carneiro Fraga C Erradicaglio de caf6 e diversificaqio de culturas (Eradication of coffee and diversification of culshytures) Supl Agicola 85 (1962)

87 Carrire de Belgarric R and Bor F Le ddveloppement de Ia productivit6 de larachide au Sn~gl (Development of groundnut productivity in Senegal) O16agineux 18613-620 (1963)

88 Carter K Pyramids of the north W Afr Rev 3353-55 (1962)

89 Chalon G Une billonneuse-marquese pour les semis darachides (Sowing groundnuts by means of a ridge dammer) Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Beige 8141-146 (1959)

90 Champ BR and Cribb JN An investigation of peanut storage pests in Queensland 2 Insecticidal treatment of bulk nut-in-shell peanuts in silos Queensland J Agr Animal Sci 22241-257 (1965)

91 Chandrasekhara MR S Aswathanarayan SR Shurpaleshykar B11 Surba Ray Pilot plant production of infant food based on groundnut and milk solids J of Food Sci amp Technol 6267-271 (1969)

92 Chohan JS and Gupta VK Aflaroot A new disease of groundnut caused by Aspergillus flavs Indian J Agr Sci 38568-570 (1968)

93 Clarke JH Fungi in stored products Trop Stored Prod Inform 153-14 (1968)

94 Clinton PKS Seed-bed pathogens of groundnuts in the Sudan and an -attempt to control wth an artificial testa EmpJ Exp Agri 28211-222 (1960)

95 The control of soil-borne pests and diseases of groundnuts in the Sudan Central Rainlands Emp J Exp Agr 30145-154 (1962)

96 Causes of loss of yield in groundnuts in the Sudan Central Rainlands Emp J Exp Agr 30137-144 (1962)

97 Coelho FA Soares and Tella R de Absorcio de nutrishyentes por plantes de amendoim na cultura de outono (Nutrishyent absorption by groundnut plants grown in the autumn) Bragantia 26235-252 (1967)

98 and Absorg5o de nutrientes pela planta de amendoim em cultura de primavera (Nutrient uptake by springtime groundnuts) Bragantia 26393-408 (1967)

99 Collins ER and Morris HD Soil fertility studies with peanuts N Carolina Agr Exp Sta Bull 330 (1942)

100 Collins RF US peanut abroad Peanut J Nut World 4832-34 (1969)

101 Colwell WE and Brady NC The effect of calcium on certain characteristics of peanut fruit J Amer Soc Agron 37696-708 (1945)

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102 Counseil Africain de larachide (African advisory body on groundinuts) Ol6 agineux 183-168 (1963)

103 Corbett DCM and Brown P Fungicidal control of cercospora leaf-spots of groundnuts in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 413-21 (1966)

104 Correia C Bento 0 amendoim na Guini Portuguesa (Groundnuts in Portuguese Guinea) Estud Pol Soclais 3217-322 (1965)

105 Cuellar I and Toler RW Control de la mancha foliar del mani (Control of leaf spot in groundnut) Foil Serv Nac Invest Agr Panama 301-13 (1957)

106 La culture de larachide en zone soudano-sahilienne (Groundnut cultivation in the Sudan-Sahelian zone of Africa) 0liagineux 1729-33 (1962)

107 Curtis DL and Harkness C Some aspects of crop improvement in relation to groundinuts and sorghum in the Northern Region of Nigeria CCTACSA Symposium Lagos-Bukavu Savannah 621-10 (1962)

108 Dalal JL et al Investigations on soil sulphur II Gypsum as a fertilizer for groundnut in the Punjab Indianj Agr Sc 33199-204 (1963)

109 Damiano A and Parrini U La coltivazione dellarachide in Tripolitania (Groundnut cultivation in Tripolitania) Riv Agr Subtrop Trop 55156-162 (1961)

110 Davey PM et al The effect of insect infestation on the quality of decorticated groundnuts with special reference to storage at high and low humidities Trop Sci 1296-307 (1959)

111 Davis VW et al Economic consequence of restricting the use of organochlorine insecticides on cotton corn peanuts and tobacco 52 p US Dept Agr Agr Econ Rept No 178 (1970)

112 Delassus M Etudes phytosanitaires sur Parachide et les cer6 ales alimentaires au Senegal (Phytosanitary studies on groundnut and cereals in Senegal) Agron Trop 221226-1234 (1967)

113 Delbosc G Etudes surla regeneration de la fertilite dusol dans la zone arachidiere du Senegal (Studies on the restorashytion of soil fertility in the groundnut zone of Senegal) Oleagineux 2327-33 (1968)

114 Dewez J la culture de Iarachide dans la plaine de Ia Ruzizi (Groundnut cultivation in the Ruzizi plain) Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Belge 8219-230 (1959)

115 Dickens JW Shelling equipment for samples of peanuts Marketing Res Rep US Dep Agr5281-11 (1962)

116 and Khalsa JS Windrow orientation and harvesting damage to peanuts Olagineux 22741-746 (1967)shy

117 Diener UL and Davis ND Effect of environment on aflatoxin production in freshly dug peanuts Trop Sci 1021-28 (1968)

119 Dragt HJ The marketingof South African edible groundshynuts in foreign markets Agrekon 89-13 (1969)

120 Ducker HC Groundnut growing in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland Part II Rhodesia Agr J5990-95 (1962)

121 1 and Spear AJ Groundnut growing in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland-Part IV Mechanization Rhodesia Agr J 59192-194 (1962)

122 Duke GB and Alexander M Effects of close-row spacings on peanut yield and on production equipment requirements Prod Res Rep US Dep Agr 771-14 (1964)

123 Dwarakanath CT Sreenivasamurth V and Parpia HAB Aflatoxin in Indian peanut oil J of Food Science and Technology 6107-109 (1969)

124 Agousseuse darachides (A groundnut stripper) 016agineux 2191-93 (1966)

125 El-Khaden M Untersuchungen fiber die durch Aspergillus-Arten an Erdnuszkeimlingen hervorgerufenen Schiden und deren Verhiitung (Investigations into the damage caused to groundnut seedlings by Aspergillus spp and its prevention) Gieszen Institut fir Phytopathologie der Justus Liebig-Universitiit 108 p Tables Graphs Fig Photos Ref Thesis (1967)

126 Emery DA and Gupton CL Reproductive efficiency of Virginia type peanuts II The influence of variety and seasonal growth period upon fruit and kernel maturation 0l6agineux 2399-104 (1968)

127 Epandeur dengrais A faible ddbit pour les cultures darachides (An apparatus for the application of small quantishyties of fertilizer in groundnut cultivation) Oldagineux 13881-883 (1958)

128 Esteves JD Aspetos da cultura do amendoim em Inshyharrime (Aspects of groundnut cultivation in Inharrime) Rev Aricola Mocambique 517-20 (1963)

129 Ettori OJT and Falcao MJ Aspectos econ6micos da producao de amendoim em S Paulo (Economic aspects of groundnut production in Sio Paulo) Agricultura Slo Paulo 121-48 (1965)

130 Evelyn SH and Thornton I Soil fertility and the response of groundnuts to fertilizers in the Gambia EmpJ Exp Agr 32153-160 (1964)

131 Farrell JAK et al The effects of planting spacing and fungicide on Cercospora leaf spots of groundnuts in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 5241-247 (1967)

132 Fauche J Compte rendu dun essai de semis 6chelonnes sur anachide avec ou sans d6snfection des semences (Report on a trial on groundnuts with successive sowing dates with and without seed treatment) Agron Trop 171089-1809 (1962)

133 Figueiredo M et al Mancha barrenta da f6lba do amendoim (Mud spot of the groundnut leaf) Biol6gico 27164-165 (1961)

118 Donovan PA Groundnut investigation at Matopos 134 Fouquet J la traite des arachides dans le pays de Research Station Rhodesia AgrJ 60121-122 (1963) Kaolack et ses consequences 6 conomiques sociales et

22

juridiques (The groundnut trade in Knolack and its ecoshynomic social and juridical consequences) Etud Sindplaises 81-262 (1958)

135 Frank ZR and Krikun J Verticilium wilt of groundnut in Israel screening for varietal resistance Israel J Agr Res 1888-85 (1968)

136 Fraps GS The composition of peanuts and peanut by-products Texas Agr Exp Sta Bull 222 (1917)

137 French West Africa has smaller peanut crop Foreign Crops and Markets 8015 (1960)

138 Galland Ph Amilioration des conditions de culture de Parachide sur billions (Improvement of the conditions of ridge-cultivated groundnuts) OlEagineux 17929-932 (1962)

139 Vulgarisation aupres des cultivateurs voltashyrques des r6 sultats de Ia recherche agronomique sur Iarachide (Extension work concerning the results of agriculshytural research on groundnuts among the farmers of the Upper Volta Rep) 016agineux 18771-775 (1963)

140 Garcia RF and Castillo Z J Observacion preliminar sobre el efecto de los fertilizantes la cal y la materia orginica en mani (Arachishypogaeo) (Preliminary observation on the effect of fertilizers lime and organic matter on groundnuts) Cenicafe 1169-82 (1960)

141 Garg KP et al Effect of varying spacing on yield of groundnut Indian OilseedsJ934-37 (1965)

142 Gargantini H et al Ensaio de adubatilo N-P-K em amendoim (N P K fertilizer test with groundnuts) Bragantia 171-12 (1958)shy

143 Gibbons RW The branching habit of Arachis monticola Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 49-11 (1966)

144 Mycosphaerella Leafspots of groundnuts FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 14(2) April 1966

145 and Farrell JAK Test plant age and the transmission of groundnut Rosette virus by the vector Aphis craccivora Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 423-33 (1966)

146 and Tattersfield JR Outcrossing trials with groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res 771-75 (1969)

147 and Turley AC The effect of rosette virus on flowering in the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 5139-143 (1967)

148 Gillier P Utilisation du diagnostic foliaire pour la cartoshygraphic des besoins en engrais de larachide au Sn 6 gal (Foliar diagnosis used for the cartography of the fertilizer requireshyments of groundnuts in Senegal) Oleagineinx 15147-151 (1960)

149 Semoirset pandeurs dengrais pour Iarachide (Sowing machines and fertilizer spreaders for groundnuts) Olagineux 17697-699 (1962)

150 Germination et djsinfection des semences darachide (Germination and disinfection of groundnut seed) O1agineux 18243-245 (1963)

Iib1 _ Le triage de larachide de bouche bigraine

Rappel des normes de qualit6 (The grading of 2-seeded groundnuts for human consumption Review of quality standards) Oleagineux 19455-458 (1964) I

152 _ Ls coques darachides leur utilisation en agrishyculture (Groundnut shells their use in agriculture) Oltagishyneux 19473-475 (1964)

153 ___ Quand r6colter comment trater les ricoltes darachide (When to harvest how to treat the groundnut harvests) Ol6agineux 19681-682 (1964)

154 Ls exportations en e1ements minampaux dune culture darachide dans les diff6rentes zones du Sampngal (Removal of mineral nutrients by a crop of groundnuts in the different zones of Senegal) Oldagineux 19745-746 (1964)

155 Comment proceder a lvaluation des rendeshyments dans une culture darachides (How to assess the yield of a groundnut field) Olagineux 20591-593 (1965)

156 Les exportations en 614ments minraux dune culture darachide dans les diffirentes zones du Senigal (Removal of mineral elements by a groundnut crop in the different zones of Senegal) Oleagineux 2113-15 (1966)

157 and Prevot P Fumures minerales d 1arachide au Senegal (Inorganic fertilizers for groundnuts in Senegal) Bull Res CouncilIsrael Sect D Botany SD 3-4 (1960)

158 _ and Prevot P Fumures minerales de Parachide au Sdn6gal (Groundnut fertilizer in Senegal) Olbagineux 15783-791 (1960)

159 and Prevot P Bull Res Council Israel 8D131 (1960)

160 Silvestre P Arnould JP Breniere J and Mauboussin JC 1969 The peanut (in French) Tech Agr Prod Trop 15292

161 Girardeau JH and Leuck DB Effect of mechanical and bee tripping on yield of the peanut J Econ Entomol 601454-1455 (1967)

162 Goldblatt LA Aflatoxin and its control Econ Botany 2251-62 (1968)

163 Goldin B and Har-Tzook A The effect of fertilization on the vegetative and reproductive development of Virginia bunch improved groundnuts Olagineux 2117-20 (1966)

164 - and_ Groundnut cultivation in Israel World Crops 1868-71 (1966)

165 Goldsworthy PR Methods of applying superphosphate to groundnuts Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Min Agr N Region Nigeria 151-5 (1961)

166 _ Methods of applying superphosphate to groundnuts in Northern Nigeria Emp J Exp Agr 32231-234 (1964)

167 and Heathcote R Fertilizer trials with groundshynuts in Northern Nigeria Emp J Exp Agr 31351-366 (1963)

168 Gonzales TT Crop Rotation studies with corn as the main crop in the Lamao experiment station Limay Bataan Philippines PhdippineJ Plant Industry 31165-176 (1966)

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169 Gopalakrishnan S et al Mineral nutrition and nitroge fixation in groundnut Current Sci 33391-393 (1964)

170 Gornat B and Goldberg D Effect of sprinkler irrigation intensity on the flowering and yield of peanuts grown in three different soils Israel J Agr Res 17187-191 (1967)

171 Greer HA Trpp L and Santlemen PW The influence of environmental conditions on weed control and spanish peanut injury by herbicides S Weed Sci Soc Proc 22D145-149 (1969)

172 (Groundnut season Northern Region of Nigeria) Ann Rep Dep Agr Nothern Region Nigeria 1958-59 p 25-30 (1960)shy

173 Gupton CL et al Reproductive efficiency of Virginia type peanuts III Relating the time of peg placement to the branching pattern of the plant Ol6agineux 23247-250 (1958)shy

174 and Emery DA Heritability estimates of the maturity of fruit from specific growth periods in Virginia type peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) Crop Sci 19127-129 (1970)

175 Gisten R Die Rentabilitat der Verwendung von Mineralshydinger bei Erdnissen in Senegal Nordnigeria und Niger (The profitability of the application of mineral fertilizers to groundnuts in Senegal N Nigeria and Niger) Z Auslindische Landwirtsch 4149-153 (1965)

176 Habish HA and Sh M Khairi Nodulation of legumes in the Sudan Cross-inoculation groups and the associated Rhizobium strains Expl Agr 4227-234 (1968)

177 Hadfield J The peasant farming scheme in Northern Rhodesia Agr Econ Bull Africa 156-57 (1962)

178 Hall DW Storage of produce in the Gambia Trop Sci 1293-299 (1959)

179 Halliday D Build-up of free fatty acid in Northern Nigerian groundnuts Trop Sci 9211-237 (1967)

180 Hammons RO Artificial cross-pollination of the peanut with bee-collected pollen Crop Sci 3562-563 (1963)

181 et al Some bees (Apoidea) associated with peanut flowering J Econ Entomol 56905 (1963)

182 _ Bailey WK Parham SA and HF Harrison Comparative performance of the Spanish peanut Argentine in cooperative tests in Georgia Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 72 (1959)

183 WK Bailey SA Parham and HF Harrison Comparative performance of four varieties of peanuts in cooperative tests in Georgia Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 76 (1958)

184 Hand sheller transforms Nigerias peanut industry Foreign Agr US Dep Agr 2321 (1959)

185 Harkness C et al The problem of mycotoxins in groundshynuts (peanuts) and other food crops of tropical Africa Samaru Res Bull 771-5 (1967)

186 Harris HC Copper deficiency of peanuts Proc Southern Agr Workers 46139 (1949)

187 Effect of minor elements particularly copper on peanuts Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull 494 (1952)

188 Har-Tzook A and Goldin E On the problem of producshytivity in groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) Ol6agineux 22677-678 (1967)

189 Hawkins JC The mechanisation of groundnut harvesting World Crops 14181-185 (1962)

190 Haynes DWM Mechanical tests of groundnut decortishycators 1960-1961 Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Mn Agr N Region Nigeria 221-7 (1962)

191 Hayward LAW Infestation control in stored groundnuts in Northern Nigeria World Crops 1563-67 (1963)

192 et al Technical aspects of groundnut storage in Northern Nigeria CCTAFAO Symposium on stored Food Freetown 20-24 February 1962 SF (62) 3 15th Dec p 1-6 (1961)

193 Heimann H and Ratner R The irrigation with saline water and the ionic environment Field experiments with groundnuts and cowpeas Oldagineux 20157-162 (1965)

194 Helms H et a Peanut plants in Queensland infected with tomato spotted wilt virus AustJ Agr Res 12239-246 (1961)

195 Hemingway JS The resistance of groundnuts to Cercoshyspora leafspots EmpJ Exp Agr 2560-68 (1957)

196 Higgins BB Peanut Breeding Proc 39th Ann Conf Assoc South Agr Workers Atlanta Ga (1938)

197 Relation of breeding and varieties to quality for specific uses Proc Peanut Res Conference pp 13-20 (1957)

198 and Bailey WK Peanut seed and seed treatshyments Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeograph Series NS 70 (1959)

199 Hogendorn JS Response to price change A Nigerian example Economica 34325 (1967)

200 Holland DA The component analysis approach to the interpretation of plant analysis data from groundnuts and sugar cane Exp Agr 4179-185 (1968)

201 Holley KT Strain and seasonal effects on peanut characshyteristics Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bull 32 27 p (1968)

202 Horst K ter Enige proeven ter bestrijding van de Cercoshyspora-bladvlekkenziekte van de aardnoot (Some experiments on the control of the Cercospora leaf spot disease of the groundnut) Surinaamse Iandbouw 9103-117 (1961)

203 utt Het optimale plantverband voor pinda van het ras Matjan (The optimum spacing for the Matjan variety of groundnuts) Surinaamse Landbouw 7121-128 (1959)

204 Hull R and Adams AN Groundnut rosette and its assistor virus The Annals of Applied Biology 62 (1968)

205 Hutchison RS Recherches sur le sechage des arachides stockers par les cultivateurs (Research on drying of groundshynuts stocked by farmers) Oleagineux 22737-740 (1967)

24

206 Inforzato R and Tella R de Sistema radicular do amendoim (The root system of the groundnut) Bragantia 19119-123 (1960)

207 Instruc6es para a colheita de material destinado ia analise foliar do amendoim (Instructions on the collection of mateshyrial for foliar analysis of the groundnut) Gaz Agr Angola 7201-203 211 (1962)

208 Intercropping sugarcane with legumes Exp Stat Bull Victorias Milling Co Inc 148-9 (1967)

209 Jackson CR A list of fungi reported on peanut pods and kernels Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 234 (1965)

210 Growth of Aspergllusflavus and other fungi in windrowed peanuts in Georgia-Part VII Trop Sci 227-34 (1965)

__ Development of fungi in peanuts during artishyicial drying Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Report 19 (1967)

112 studies on control of peanut pod fungi Georgia Exp Sta Res Report 11 p 18 (1967)

213 A field study of funer gtciations on peanut truit Georgia Agr hxp Sta Res BT (1968)

214 _ and Bell DK Lptosphaerulina erassiasca The cause of leaf scorch and pepper spot of peanut (Oldagishyneux 23387-388 (1968)

215 _ and Minton NA Peanut pod invasion by fungi in the presence of lesion nematodes in Georgia Oleagishyneux 23531-534 (194)

216 Jacquot M Echantillonnage dun lot darachides pour le calcul du rend-ent au ddcorticae (Sampling of a parcel of groundnuts foL the calculation of yield after shelling) Agron Trop17 1-181 (1962)

217 Observations de quelques caractres morphoshylogiques floraux sur Arachis hypogaea Liaisons naturelles de ces caractives Remarques sur I classification des machides cultivies (Observations on some floral morphological characshyters in Ararhis hypogaea Natural combinations of these characters Remark on the classification of the cultivated groundnuts) Agron Trop 17817-827 (1962)

218 Joffe AZ Aflatoxin produced by 1626 isolates of Aspergillusflaus from groundnut kernels and soils in Israel Nature 22149sect2 (1969)

219 Johnson FR The peanut story Murfreesboro NC Johnson Publishing Co 192 p Tables Figs Photos Maps Refs (1964)

220 Johnson MB and Gilhland CB Changes in farmers stock peanuts in storage Marketing Res Rep USDep Agr 381 p 1-34 (1960)

221 Joshi SN and Joshi HU Study of rotation of groundshynut-wheat under irrigated conditions in Saurashtra Indian OilseedsJ 8133-135 (1964)

222 _ and _ Spacing experiments on bunch variety of groundnut in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State Indian OilseedsJ 8162-166 (1964)

223 _ and _ Study of spacing on spreading groundnut in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State Indian OilseedsJ 8214-217 (1964)

224 Kanwar JS Investigations on sulphur in soils I Sulphur deficiency in groundnut soils of Samrala (Ludhiana) Indian J Agr Sci 33196-198 (1963)

225 Katarki BH and Banahatti AL Effect of N P and K on yields of groundnut in black soils of Mysore State Indian OilseedsJ 950-57 (1965)

226 Kay DE Production darachides de bouche pour le Royaume-Uni (Production of comestible groundnuts for the United Kingdom) Oleagineux 20105-107 (1965)

227 Kirinde STW Some effects of PIC and CIPC on groundshynuts Trop Agr Ceylon 1157-13 (1959)

228 Klesser PJ A veinbanding virus of groundnuts Arachis hypogaea S AfrJ Agr Sci 10515-528 (1967)

229 Mwitunde groundnuts and their reaction to virus infection in South Africa S Afr J Agr Sci 10675-686 (1967)

230 Arachis species and their reaction to virus infection S Aft J Agr Sc 10919-927 (1967)

231 Green rosette virus of groadnuts in South Africa S AfrJ Agr Sci 1177-85 (196R1

232 Reactions of groundnut varieties to the groundnut viruses S Afr J Agr Sci 11415-421 (1968)

233 Kousalya G et al Assessment of crop losses caused by rosette disease of groundnut Indian J AgrSci 37356-361 (1967)

234 Kramer M Resultados de dois anos do emprEgo de herbishycidas parao contr~le de ervas no amendoin nas condic-es de Sfo Paulo (Results of 2 years use of herbicides for weed control in groundnuts under SSo Paulo conditions) Anais III Semindrio Bras Herbicidas Ervas Daninhas 1960 p 237-248 (1961)

235 and Liederman I Controle de ervas daninhas do amendoim pela aplicacao de herbicidas de preshyemergencia (Weed control in groundnuts by the application of pre-emergence herbicides) Arq Inst Biol 28175-184 (1961)

236 Krishnaswamy MA and Johar DS Vegetable cheese from groundnut milk Food Sci 9235-240 (1960)

237 Krishnamurthy K Differential effect of hormones as follar applications on the yield of groundnut IndianJ Sci amp Industry 179-82 (1967)

238 Kulkarni LG et al Studies on weeding and interculture in relation to weed control in the yield of groundnut Indian OilseedsJ 7126-129 (1963)

239 Kutumba Rao S et al Pilot plant studies on processing of groundnuts Some factors influencing the quality of products and efficiency of processing Indian Oilseeds J 8106-109 (1964)

240 et al Compositional studies in Idnian groundshynuts Indian Oilseeds J 95-13 (19 65)

25

241 Labrousse G and Godron E Michanisation de la culture study of mineral nutrition of groundnuts Effects of boron de larachide notamment dans lea pays francophones and manganese toxicity) Agron Trop 14657-711 (1959) dAfrique tropicale et 1 Madagascar (Mechanization of groundnut production with special reference to the French- 254 Lin H FW Ho and Wang JS Studies on the yield spealang countries of tropical Africa and to Madagascar) components of peanuts II The path coefficient of yield Machinisme Agr Trop 113-103 (1965) components in different crops of peanuts (In Chinese) Agr

Assn ChinaJ 6522-31 (1969) 242 Lachover D Influence de ldpandage fractionnd de sulfate

dammoniaque sur le rendement et I qualit6 des arachides de 255 Lins R de and Ramos JAB Producio e comercialshybouche en terre limonsablonneuse rouge (Effect of split izado de amendoim no Estado de Sto Paulo (Production of applicat9a pf-t MIhrmPrm m i yeldNag4lyp and tra i sectorpd1f ql a Af ul- aia)PCPntle l a ) of cornestihle groundit oa W turn em S Paulo141-54(196

256 Lung DDl Whe petan the uapredhctable legume A 243_ La i sponse de Larachide debouche en nture sympnsm)Thc Tqtinal io V ng U

irrigup jpppt pr4uits rp ( DC ( edible roundnuts under irrigation to the application of calciumcompounds) 6agnuxiY- (i6 257 McDonald D and AArouk J Giowth u Apergflus

flavus and production of aflatoxia in groudnuts -Part I 244 et al Influencodengrais azatdsliquides surle Trop Scd20S-24(93)

rendement ot lIqualitd des arachides (Effect pf liquid nitroshygen feFizrs on yie~d and 9q9lity of g n ) a 258 et al Growth of spergillus andproducshyneux1107-111 (1962) tion of aflatoxm in groundnuits-PIart f Trop Sci

131-154 (1964) 245 et al Influence dengrais verts et dengrais

azot e etla qualit4 des arachides(The 1 259 __ and Harknqs C Growth of Aspejgilus flavusleendement effect f grepn W g arira i e lz 9 he and production of aflatoxin inggundat- II Trop Sc yield and quality of groundnuts) Ol6agineux 18153-156 5148-154 196) (19 63) 0C l--0A4M

an a nss row o pg s

24b _ and Arnon I Influence sur Parachide du and production of aflatoxin ir groundnuts-Part IV Trop unanque de potassium de potassium de certains sols Determai- Sd 612-27 (1964) l nation de~la deficience (Influence on groundnuts of potassishyum de iepsy pqegi3 spa 261 t and Hffkne ss 9 7Groth94 r 1 avusefr pq rraipAtheq e ciencyqeaineux$9117 (1964 and production ot hatox nn groundnuts5-Pa 91i fop

8d7P2-A(1 Jl Il 247 Lal SP ad Ma~tha SD Studies on Icd-buinc fungi of IN gwgrliuut LA frew rltbod far 1ntectipg fungi nsnad 262 za and H g qfltoii f g9gyndBrjr

isamples f yee1sperp elrngp4lapprp crop at harest fig Northey p Sci9j4 8-161igeria-1 61

ph paseol(ubl hby (sys cs otium ataticolaTub) (1967) I Laboratory assay ot fungicides for controlhng seca-borne

infections CR Assuc flt Essis Semncuces 32a5-606 203 MelGtUesick N A nams aluck on low pnoduclivity in (1067)e peasant agriculture TntDevelopmeetRe9 -G6 (19r7)kI

248 Lancaster MC et al Toxicity associated with certain 264 Al mani mecanizado nuevo cultivo de la zona algodonera samples of gronuts Nature 1921095-1097 (19U1 (Mechanized groundnut a new crop for the cotton area)

0 I --o Iass1 I Igt e1-1 Rev Nhc Agr Culuhnbia 705-706 p 43 (1964) 249 Langfoad WR Spanucoss Geosgia Agr Expt Sta Res

Report 76 (1970) 265 Mahapatra LN Preliminary studies on corzelatipn of yield with other characters of groundnut Indian Agriculturist

250 Laes DA Rainfall conservatin nd he yields of 1097-106 (1966) sorghum and grownthuts impNorthernigeria Egp Agr 2139-146(1966) 266 Maize whats the alternative crop 1 Groundnts

-Rhodesia Agr J5928-269 (1962) 251 Liedernws L et al Aplicauil desherbiidas em ieshy

emergencia no amendoim em terra arenosa (Pro-emergence 267 MaPtellA and Gqalin E Th9 influence ofirrigatiq applicagn pffberbicidest groundpytson an ay oi) frequency and intensity on the yield and quality of peanuts

(Arachis liypogaea) Israel j Agr Res 14203-21 (1964)ABioldg~cy rasp1 206J6sectj19)d

it 252 and SnUs CALtlos Cunit5k de garneaica 268 MarlrifmrgrouadoutsandgroundaytcoLStud4 group a rltuxaArQanaudoimcemmistaiu exfiuinedipn Oilsee4sQIfr apg Fp (4O 9ti Sess (3POF g8

it em trJp t u s Ieill (1968)1l1 groundnut fields with mixtures of triflumlin and dauron in

In Iii three rego of tie State o So Paulo)Bsoldgco a 269 Mattin G 1 Lavage dlt Patathide de bouchc (Thst wash Iii 332Wt-222 (1907)0 big of graodudius fo direct consumtptiou Olgineuxhi

r ii Iii

253 Ifeqqe54 And BelqyjCpntrikyi~p I4tp4e dgJ nutritios mindale de larachide (Arachis hypogaea) Effets 270 te sechage artificiel des arachides en coques des to citis bifue et man aque (Contributin to the (The artificiAl drying of groundnuts in the shell) Oldagineux

N Ill

1 iii thin hilts

if

26

271 Conservation des semences darachide (Storshyage of groundnut seeds) Olagineux 1985-87 (1964)

272 Diagnostic follaire de larachide (Foliar diagshynosis of the groundnut) Olagineux 20241-242 (1965)

273 _ and Fourrier P Les oligo-lnements dans la culture de larachide du Nord S6 ndgal (Trace elements in the cultivation of groundnuts in Northern Senegal) 01oagineux 20287-291 (1965)

274 Martin JP Influence de I date de semis et de la longueur de cycle sur la richesse en huile et sur quelques autres cameshyteres de larachide (The effect of sowing date and growing period on the oil content and other characteristics of the groundnut) Oleagineux 23315-316 (1968)

275 Differences de richesse en huile des graines darachide selon leur position dans Ia gousse avec observation simultande do Ia grosseur des graines (Differences in oil conshytent between groundnut kernels according to their position in

- the pod with simultaneous observations on kernel sizes) OlWagineux 27453-455 (1968)

276 and Bilquez AF Nouvelle contribution a la connaissance de la floraison et de la fructification de azachide (New contribution to the knowledge of the flowering and fruiting of groundnuts) Oleagineux 17469-471 (1962)

277 Martinez JA and Bastos Cruz BP Contrle quimico da murcha do amendoim (Chemical control of groundnut wilt)Bioldgico Brasil 27191-193 (1961)

278 Masilungan VA et al Studies on some important factors involved in the mold process of making soy sauce Philippine J Sci 89149-162 (1960)

279 Mazzani B El mani en Venequela (The groundnut in Venezuela) Monogr Centro Invest Agron 11-138 (1961)

280 _ and Allievi J Efectos de varias pocas de despegue de los frutos sobre algunas caracteristicas del mani (Effect of various times of pod removal on some groundnut characteristics) Agron Trop Venezuela 17127-132 (1967)

281 _ et al Quelques aspects de la fertilisation minarale de Iarachide au Venequela (Some aspects of the application of mineral fertilizers to groundnuts in Veneshyzuela) Olagineux 23383-385 (1968)

282 _ and Inojosa S Diferencias varietales de suscepshytibilidad a Ia roya del mani en Venezuela (Varietal differshyences in susceptibility to rust of groundnuts in Venezuela)Agron Trop Venezuela 114145 (1961)

283 _ and Inojosa S Resultados de la aplicacion pregerminativa del herbicida prometrin en mani (Results of pre-germination application of the herbicide prometrine in groundnuts) Agron Trop Venezuela 12137-142 (1962)

284 Mazzei Patrone I Siembras experimentales con variedades de mani (Experimental sowings with groundnut varieties) Bol Inform Uruguay 177-10 (1961)

285 Meikle J0 A survey of African-grown groundnut varieshyties in Rhodesia Rhodesia Agr J 62109-113 (1965)

286 Mendes Conagin CHT and Conagin A EficiEncia reproshyductiva no amendoim cultivado (Arachis hypogaea) (Effishyciency of reproduction in the cultivated groundnut) Bragantia 191081-1104 (1960)

287 Meredith RM The effects of population density and manuring on groundnut yields in Northern Nigeria Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Min Agr N Region Nigeria 251-12 (1962)

288 The effects of planting density and manuring on the yields of bunch-type groundnuts Enmp J Exp Agr 32136-140 (1964)

289 Metelerkamp HRR Response to early planting and irrishygation of a late maturing groudnut variety Rhodesia Age J 64127 (1967)

290 Mixon AC Effect of seed size on vigor and yield of runner peanuts Alabama Age Exp Sta Bul 346 (1963)

291 Mohan JC and Ali AM Yield response of irrigated groundnut to organic mulches Indian J Agr Sci 39196-199 (1969)

292 Morris Porter D and Garren KH An analysis of the endogeocarpic microflora of peanuts in Virginia Trop Sci 10100-106 (1968)

293 Mortiss PD Peanut cutter-rake Queensland Agr J f8889-90 (1962)

294 Moursi MA and Abd EI-Gawad AA Production of peanut crop in UAR Growth and yield response to plant population Ann Agric Sci Univ Ain shams 10281-305 (1967)

295 Muhammad SV and Dorairaj MS Screening the genetic stock of Arachis hypogaea for seed dormancy in Madras State IndianjAgr Sci 3873-75 (1968)

296 Murty AGK Exports of groundnut extractions a price study Indianj Agr Econ 23184-191 (1968)

297 Musangi RS and Soneji SV Feeding groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) haulms to dairy cows in Uganda E Afr Agr Forestryj 33170-174 (1967)

298 Muthiah C and Rao MP Shifting of area under culture Agr Situation India 17337-341 (1962)

299 Myers JM and Rogers F Mechanical drying and harvesshyting peanuts Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull 507 (1952)

300 Nariani TK and Dhingra KL A mosaic disease of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Indian J Age Sci 3325-27 (1963)

301 Nelson GL et al Vacuum techniques for mycotoxin-free peanut drying Oklahoma Agr Res Prog Rep Processed Series P-608 14 p (1969)

302 Nicholaides JJand Cox FR Effect of mineral nutrition on chemical composition and early reproductive development of Virginia type peanuts Arachis hypogaea Agron J 62262-264 (1970)

303 Niger Levolution du rendement de larachide (Nigera

27

Development of the yield of groundnuts) Chron dOutre-Mer 5138-39 (1958)

304 Nigerian peanut output drops sharply Foreign Crops and Markets 8015 (1960)

305 Nigerian peanut purchases down sharply palm products forecast at 1959 level Foreign Crops and Markets 8116-17 (1960)

306 Nijhawan HL Response of groundnut to fertilizers Indian OilseedsJ 6185-192 (1962)

307 Effect of time of harvesting on the quality of groundnut crop Indian OilseedsJ 6298-302 (1962)

308 Effect of time of planting on the quality of groundnut crop Indian OilseedsJ 71-3 (1963)

- 309 Effect of sowing groundnut in different spashycings on the chemical composition of the crop Indian Oilshyseedsj 7133-135 (1963)

310 Njao N Groundinuts and groundnut oil Agr Econ Bull Africa 344-47 (1 9 6 3)

311 Norden AJ and Block DH Variety BlendsA considershyation in peanut oil improvement and production Oleagineux 23583-585 (1969)

312 RLipscomb and WA Carver Florunner-A new peanut variety Florida Agr Exp Sta Circ S-196 (1969)

313 Norris DO Acid Production by Rhizobium Plant and Soil 22143-166 (1965)

314 Nutnan FJ FM Roberts andjG Williamson Studies on varietal resistance in the groundnut (Arachis hypogeae) to Rosette disease RhodJ Agric Res 263-77 (1964)

315 Ofori CS Response of groundnuts to phosphatic fertilishyzers on the granitic soils of the Upper Region in Ghana Agron Trop 20489-494 (1965)

316 Ollagnier M and Gillier P Comparaison du diagnostic foliarire et de lanalyse des sols pour ia determination des besoins en engrais de Iarachide an S~ndgal (phosphore et potassium) (Comparison of foliai diagnosis and soil analysis for the assessment of P and K fertilizer requirements of groundnuts in Senegal) Ollagineux20513-516 (1965)

317 Oosthuizen SA Grondbonehooi is arm ann protene (Groundnut hay is poor in protein) Boerdery S-Afrika 3247-64 (1957)

318 Operations de pr6vulgarisation sur arachide conduites par IlRHO en Hiute-Volta et au Sengal (Demonstration experiments with groundnuts conducted by the IRHO in Upper-Volta and Senegal) Bul Engrais 461 pp 141-144 (1963)

319 Oram PA High-quality groundnuts for direct consumpshytion I Production research and development in Libya World Crops 9159-162 (1957)

320 Oram PA Recent developments in groundnut producshytion with specialreference to Africa Field Crop Abstracts Part 111-6 PartlI 1175-84 (1958)

321 Ordish G Pest Control in groundnuts Pest articles and news summaries No 2 Ministry of Overseas Development London p 138 (1967)

322 Parker RC Wynne JC and Embry DA 1970 Comshybining ability estimates in Arachis hypogaea I F1 seedling responses in a controlled environment Crop Sci 10429-432 (1970)

323 Parkin EA and Scott EIC The germination of foodshycrop seeds stored in contact with lindane and DDT dusts Trop Sci 1206-211 (1959)

324 Patel MS et al Wealth from groundnut waste-a review Indian Oilseeds J 8380-382 (1964)

325 Pathak GN and Verma G Studies on the cultural and manurial requirements of groundnut in Uttar Pradesh Indian Oilseeds J 8167-174 (1964)

326 Patil SH and Desai BM Introduction of groundnut cultivation in high rainfall regions of Bombay Indian OilshyseedsJ 8218-221 (1964)

327 Pattinson L et al The separation of aflatoxin infected groundnut kernels Trop Sci 10212-221 (1968)

328 Peers FG Aflatoxin-A summary of recent work Trop Sci 9186-203 (1967)

329 Phillips LJ and Norman MJT Sorghum-peanut crop sequences at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 1144-149 (1 9 6 1)

330 - - and - Fodder crop-cash crop sequences at Katherine NT Techn Paper Commonwealth Sci Industr Res Organiz Australia 203-12 (1962)

331 and The influence of inter-row spacing and plant population on the yield of peanuts at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 254-60 (1962)

332 _ and The response of peanuts to phosphate fertilizers at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 5470-474 (1965)

333 Piggott CJ The effect of fertilizers on the yield and quality of groundnuts in Sierra Leone Emp J Exp Agr 2859-64 (1960)

334 Pinto de Matos AH Influtncia dos tratamentos insectishycidas no poder germinativo das sementes de amendoim (Effect of insecticidal treatments on the germinative power of groundnut seed) Garcia de Orta 9471-477 (1961)

335 Pothecary BP Handling groundnuts with auger conveyer World Crops 21180-182 (1969)

336 Prabhakara Reddy G and Sanyasi Rao C Fertilizer response in groundnut Indian Oilseedsj 9274-279 (1965)

337 Prevot P and Billaz R Recherches agrophysiologiques sur le probl6me de la r6sistance de larachide baIa sdcheresse (Agro-physiological investigations into the problem of drought resistance of groundnuts) Oldagineux 17911-917 (1962)

28

338 and Martin G Comparaison des fumures organiques et mindrales pour Parachide en Haute-Volta (Comparison between organic and mineral manures for groundnuts in Upper Volta) Olagineux 19533-537 (1964)

339 Pugnat C Rapport au Gouvernement du Cameroune sur lamelioration des cultures vivrieres (Report to the governshyment of Cameroon on the improvement of subsistence crops) Progr Elargi Assist Techn FAO 1834 p 1-17143 (1964)

340 Pursglove JW Tropical Crops Dicotyledons Longmans Press (1968)

341 Punrss GS Wilt of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in Queensshyland with particular reference to Verticillium wilt Queens landJ Agr Sci 18453-462 (1961)

342 Peanut diseases in Queensland Queensland Agr J 88540-543 (1962)

343 Rebechault H and Guenin G Effects de Pacide gibbershyellique sur deux varietes darachide (Arachis hypogaea) (Effects of gibberellic acid on two groundnut varieties) Cah ORSTOM Ser Biologic 43-29 (1967)

344 Ramly AWH A simple groundnut stripper World Crops 1834-35 (1966)

345 Rawson JE Susceptibility of Virginia Bunch peanut to post-emergence application of 24-D and related herbicides Queensland JAgr Sci 20463-470 (1963)

346 Controlling weeds in peanuts Queensland Agr J90656-661 (1964)

347 Ravindra Nath V and Kulkarni LG Effect of different dates of sowing of groundnut on the development and intensity of leaf-spot disease by Cercospora spp Indian J Agr Sci 37362-368 (1967)

348 Rickards CE Mechanised groundnut cultivation Farming Zambia 45-7 (1968)

349 Roche P and Velly J Etudes de fertilisation sur arachides dans la rcgion du Lac Alaotra (1957-60) (Studies on fertilizer application to groundnuts in the Lake Alaotra region 1957-60) Agron Trop 18477-510 (1963)

350 Le r6le de larachide dans ]a croissance iconomique du Senigal (The role of the groundnut in Senegals economic growth) Ed by JB Mas Rep du Senegal Ministampre du Plan et due Developpement Service de la Statistique 16 p Tables Appendix (1964)

351 Rosher PH and Sheldrick RD The effect of postshyemergence applications of MCPB on groundnuts Trop Agr Trinidad 36211-217 (1959)

352 Rothwell A Diseases of groundnuts in Southern Rhoshydesia Rhodesia AgrJ 59199-201 (1962)

353 Sardone LT The groundnut industry of Queensland World Crops 12351-354 (1960)

354 Scaife A Groundnut cultivation in Western Tanzania Ukiriguru Progress Rep Tanzania 21-6 (1966)

855 Schenk RV Development of the peanut fruit Georgia Agr Expt Sta Tech Bull ns 22 (19 61)

356 Schiffman J Field experiments on inoculation of peanuts in Northern Negev soils Israel J Agr Res 11151-158 (1961)

357 and Y Alper 1968 Effects of Rhizobiumshyinoculum placement on peanut inoculation Expl Agric 4203-208 (1968)

358 and Alper Y Inoculation of peanut by applishycation of Rhizobium suspension into the planting furrows Exp Agr 4219-226 (1968)

359 Schilling R Larachide en cultures associes avec les c6 r~ales (Groundnuts in association with cereals) Oldagineux 20673-676 (1965)

360 Seeger JR Essais dinoculation artificielle de Parachide - au Congo (Experiments on the artificial inoculation of

groundnuts in Congo) Ann Gembloux 67220-241 (1961)

361 Sen S and Ghosh M Influence of time of harvesting on the quantity of oil in groundnut Indian Oilseeds J 9260-265 (1965)

362 Serry A and EI-Banna E A study of correlation beshytween rapid soil tests and response of groundnut to potassishyum application on some Sharkeia sandy soils in pot experishyments Agr Res Rev Egypt 4040-47 (1962)

363 Seshadri CR et al Studies on root development in groundnut Indianj Agr Sci 28211-215 (1958)

364 Shekhawat GS et al Studies on the effect of methods of sowing row spacing and seed-rate on the yield of groundshynut Indian OilseedsJ9280-282 (1965)

365 Shiralipour A Harris HC West SH Boron deficiency and amino acid and protein contents of peanut leaves Crop Sci 9455-456 (1969)

366 Siewart Sara and JG Woodroof Nouveau proced6 de salage des arachides en coques (New procedure for salting groundnuts in their shells) Oleagineux 8230-231 (1953)

367 Silvestre P Monographie des recherches conduites Ia Bambey sur larachide (Monograph of the research work on groundnuts conducted at Bombey) Agron Trop 16623-733 (1961)

368 La production de larachide h Madagascar (Groundnut production in Madagascar) Agron Trop 18511-526 (1963)

369 Simposium oor makotoksiene in voedselsoorte landshyboukundige aspekte gehou te Pretoria 25-26 Februari 1965 (Symposium on mycotoxins in foodstuffs agricultural aspects held at Pretoria February 25-26 1965) Techn Commun Dep Agr Techn Serv Rep S Africa 351-60 (1965)

370 Smartt J Groundnuts in Northern Rhodesia Rhodesia AgrJ 5769-72 (1960)

371 A guide to groundnut cultivation in Northern Rhodesia Rhodesia AgrJ5894-102 (1961)

372 Factors influencing yield and quality of groundnuts in Northern Rhodesia Emp J Exp Agr 32343-351 (1964)

29

373 Snyman JW The secret of higher groundnut yields Farming S Africa 4334-37 (1968)

374 Soudan me caisse de stabilisation des prix de larachide (A price Stabilization Fund for Groundauts) Marches Trop du Monde 141251 (1958)

375 South China area interplants peanuts and sugar cane to raise outputs of both Surv China Mainland Press 3536 p 19 (1965)

376 Spensley PC Aflatoxin the active principle in Turkey I disease Endeavour 2275-79 (1963)

377 Stead PRS Groundnut drying trials Rhod Agr J 6651-53 (1969)

378 Stem WR The influence of sowing date on the yield of peanuts in a short summer rainfall environment Aust J Exp Agr and Animal Husbandry 8594-598 (1968)

379 Strauss JL and Gizzard AL The effect of calcium magnesium and potassium on peanut yields Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 12348-352 (1948)

380 Sulaiman M Investigations on the control of tikka disease of groundnut in the Maharashtra State Beitrige Trop Subshytrop Landwirtsch u Tropenveterindrmedizin 251-54 (1964)

381 and Agashe NG Influence of climate on the incidence of tikka disease of groundnut Indian Oilseeds J 9176-179 (1965)

382 Sundaran NV Note on creation of tikka leaf spot of groundnut Indian Oilseeds J998-101 (1965)

383 Tella R de and Bacchi 0 Longevidade das sementes de amendoin (Longevity of groundnut seed) Bragantia 2121-23 (1962)

384 and Canecchio Filho V Instrucoes praticas-a cultura do amendoim (Practical instructions for groundnut cultivation) Agronomico 117-11 (1959)

385 Terblanche M and Rabie CJ A toxic fungus (Scerotshyium rolfsii) isolated from groundnuts S Afr J Agr Sci 10253-261 (1967)

386 Thompson SS Peanut leafspot diseases Ga Univ Ext Leafl 25 Res 8 p (1969)

387 Thornton I Quelques observations sur la nodulation de larachide en Gambie (Some observations on root nodule formation of groundnuts in Gambia) Oleagineux 18781-783 (1963)

388 The effect of fertilizers on the uptake of nitroshygen phosphorus and potassium by the groundnut EmpJ Exp Agr 32235-240 (1964)

389 Tippins HH Morgan LW and CM Beckham Biology of Derobrachusbrevicollis a pest of Bahiagrass and peanuts Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bul 33 (1968)

390 Toms AM Agricultural progress in the Sudan World Crops 14200-202 (1962)

391 Irrigated groundnuts in the Sudan Gezira World Crops 1539-42 (1963)

392 Toole VL WK Bailey EH Toole Factors influencing dormancy of peanut seeds Plant Physiol 308Z2-832 (1964)

398 Tuelieres R Larachide an Sud-Vitnam (The groundnut in South Viet Nam) Bull Soc Et Indochinoises 37435-463 (1962)

394 Une alimentation saine et abondante grace 1a (A healthy and abundant alimentation thanks to ) Sin6gal Magazine Aug p 16-9 (1961)

395 Uptrend in Brazils peanut production temporarily halted by dry weather Foreign Crops and Markets 7916-17 (1959)

396 Vachhani MV et al Crop rotations double cropping and cropping pattern in the rice areas in India News Letter Int Rice Comm 1119-23 (1962)

397 Verma JK and Bajpai MR A brief review of mineral nutrition of groundnut in relation to its growth yield and quality Indian Oilseeds J 8222-229 (1964)

398 Vidhyasekaran P and lothandaraman R Fungicidal control of tikka leaf-spot of groundnut Indian J Agr Sci 38373-377 (1968)

399 Wadhwa ND Mechanical cultivation of groundnut in Northern Ghana Ghana Farmer 85-13 (1964)

400 Weiss EA Castor Sesame and Safflower 901 p Leonard Hill London (1971)

401 Whitaker RB and Wiser EH Theoretical investigations into the accuracy of sampling shelled peanuts for aflatoxin Amer Oil Chem SocJ 46377-379 (1969)

402 Whiteside JD and Bailey RA Application of fungicides for the control of Cercospora leaf-spot of groundnuts Rhoshydesia Agr J 64128-132 (1967)

403 Wilson C Peanut seed treatments Plant Disease Reptr 3487-95 (1950)

404 Wood IMW The effects of seed size seed treatment method of shelling and organic matter on the establishment of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 881-84 (1968)

405 The effect of temperature at early flowering on the growth and development of peanuts (Arachis hyposhygaea) AustJ Agr Res 19241-251 (1968)

406 Chemical weed control in peanut crops at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr and Animal Husbandry 8762-766 (1968)

407 Woodroof JG Peanuts Production processing products The AVI Publishing Company Westport Connecticut p 291 (1966)

408 World peanut production second largest of record World Summaries Crops and Livestock Nov 24 p 16-18 (1960)

409 World peanut production sets new record Foreign Agr Carc US Dept Agr FFO 16-65 p 1-29 (1965)

410 World peanut production at near-record high in 1966 exports at record level Foreign Agr arc US Dep Agr FPO 7-67 p 1-28 (1967)

30

411 Zink E et al Estudos s8bre a conservacio de sementes X-Amendoin (Studies on seed storage X Groundnuts) Bragantia 21159-165 (1962)

Additional Reference

This manuscript has been a long time in preparation After the manuscript was put in final form and most of the typing had been done asignificant book on peanuts was publishedPeanuts-Cultureand Uses a Symposium was published by the American Peanut Research and Education Association Inc (Executive Secretary-Treasurer Leland

Tripp Agronomy Department Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma 74074) Thirty-eight authors contributed to the 20 chapters and in the 684 pages of the book there are over 2000 references listed This book covers in considerable detail all the topics that have been

briefly summarized in this manuscript Peanut proteins and the physicoshychemical and nutritional properties of peanuts are well covered

31

ABBREVIATIONS AND ADDRESSES OF SOME SOURCES OF LITERATURE CITATIONS

Agr Assn China J-Agricultural Association of China Journal Taipei Taiwan

Agrekon-Agrekon Department of Agricultural Economics and Marketing Pretoria South Africa

Agricultura em Sio Paulo-Instituto de Economia Agricola Caixa Postal 8083 Sio Paulo Brazil

Agron J-Agronomy Journal American Society of Agronomy 677 S Segoc Road Madison Wisconsin 53711 (USA)

Agronomico-Agronomico Instituto Agronomico Caixa Postal 28 Campanis Brazil

Agron Trop-Agronomia Tropical Centro de Investigaciones Agronomicas Maracay Venezuela

Agr Res Rev Egypt-Agricultural Research Review Dokki

Egypt Agr Situation India-Agricultural Situation in India Ministry of

Food and Agriculture Delhi 6 India Agr Trop-Agricultura Tropical Asociacion Columbiana de

Ingenieros Agronomo Bogota Columbia Alabama Age Exp Sta Bul-Alabama Agricultural Experiment

Station-Bulletin Auburn Alabama 36830 (USA) Amer Oil Chem Soc J-American Oil Chemists Society

Journal 35 East WackerNDrive Chicago Illinois 60601 (USA)

Amer Soc Agr Eng Trans-American Society of Agricultural Engineers Transactions St Joseph Michigan 49085 (USA)

Ann Agric Sci Univ Ain Shams-Annals of Agricultural Science University of Ain Shams Cairo Egypt

Arq Inst Biol-Arquivos do Instituto Biolgico Baixa Postal 7119 Sao Paulo Brazil

Aust J Agr Res-Australian Journal of Agricultural Research MelbourneAustralia

Beitrige Trop Subtrop Landwirtsch u Tropenveterinarshymedizin-Beitrige zur Tropischen und Subtropischen Landwirtschaft and Tropenveteriniirmedizin Karl Marx University Leipzig

Biolodgico-Biologico Caixa Postal 4185 Sao Paulo Brazil Biologist-Biologist Denver Colorado (USA) Bragantia-Bragantia Boletim Technico do Instituto Agronomshy

ico do Estado de Sgo Paulo Sgo Paulo Brazil Bull Engrais-Bulletin des Engrais Paris Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Belge-Bulletin

deinformation de Institut National pour IEtude Agroshynomique du Congo Beige Brussels

Cah ORSTOM Ser Biologi-Cahiers Office de In Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer Series Biologi Paris

CCTACSA Symposium Lagos-Bukavu Savannah-Commission for Technical Cooperation in Africa Scientific Council for Africa

CCTAFAO Symposium-Commission pour la Cooperation Technique en Afrique (Commission for Technical Coopershyation in Africa South of the Sahara) Food and Agriculshytune Organization Symposium

Cenicafe-Cenicafe Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Cafe Chinchina Columbia

Chemistry and Industry London

Crop Sci-Crop Science Society of America 677 S Segoe Road Madison Wisconsin 53711 (USA)

Current Sci-Current Science Raman Research Institute Bangalore India

Diss Abstr Sect B-Dissertation Abstracts Section B Sciences and Engineering University Microfilms Ann Arbor Michigan 48106 (USA)

E Afr Agr Forestry J-East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal PO Box 30148 Nairobi

Econ Botany-Economic Botany The New York Botanical Garden New York New York 10458 (USA)

Economica-Economica London Empire J of Exper Agric-Empire Journal of Experimental

Agriculture London Emp J Exp Agr Gambia-Empire Journal of Experimental

Agriculture Gambia Endeavour-Endeavour Thames House London Etud Senegelaises-Etudes Senegelaises Dakar Expl Agric-Experimental Agriculture London FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome Italy FAO Plant Protection Bulletin-Food and Agriculture Organizashy

tion International Documents Service 136 S Broadway Irvington on Hudson New York 10533 (USA)

FAO 4th Sess CCP OF-Food and Agricultural Organization 4th Session Committee on Commodity Problems Oils and Fats

Farming S Africa-Famning in South Africa Agricultural Technical Services Private Bag 144 Pretoria South Africa

Field Crop Abstracts-Field Crop Abstracts Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux Farnham Royal England

Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull-Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin Gainesville Florida 32601 (USA)

Florida Agr Exp Sta Crc-Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Circular Gainesville Florida 32601 (USA)

Foreign Agr Circ U S Dept Agr FFO-Foreign Agricultural Circular United States Department of Agriculture Fats and Oils

Garcia de Orta-Garcia de Orta Junta de Investigacces do Ultrashymar Lisbon Portugal

Ga Univ Ext Ixafl-Georgia University Extension Leaflet Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Gaz Agr Angola-Gazeta Agricola de Angola Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 203-Georgia Agriculshy

tural Experiment Station Mimeo Series (New Series) Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Report-Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Ghana Farmer-Ghana Farmer Accra Ghana Indian Agriculturist-Indian Agriculturist Agricultural Society

of India Ballygunge Circular Road Calcutta India Indian Farming-Indian Council of Agricultural Research New

Delhi India Indian J Agr Sci-Indian Journal of Agricultural Science

Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi India

32

Indian J Sci amp Industry-Indian Journal of Science and Indusshytry Karnal India

Indian Oilseeds J-Indian Oilseeds Journal Hyderabad India Israel J Agr Res-Israel Journal of Agricultural Research J Amer Soc Agron-Journal of the American Society of

Agronomy Geneva New York 14456 (USA) J Econ Entomol-Joumnal of Economic Entomology Entoshy

mological Society of America Baltimore Maryland 21201 (USA)

J of Food Sci amp Technol-Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore India

J Sci Food Age-Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculshyture London

Marketing Res Rep U S Dept Agr-Marketing Research Reports Publications Division Office of Information United States Department of Agriculture Washington DC 20250 (USA)

Nature-Nature London N Carolina Agr Exp Sta BuU-North Carolina Agricultural

Experiment Station Bulletin Raleigh North Carolina 27607 (USA)

Neth J Age Sci-Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science Wageningen

Newsletter Int Rice Comm-Newsletter of the International Rice Commission Bangkok Thailand

NT Aust J Exp Agr-Northern Territories Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture

Okla Agr Res Prog Rep Processed Series-Oklahoma Agriculshytural Research Project Report Processed Series Stillwater Oklahoma 74074 (USA)

Oleagineux-Oleagineux LInstitut de Recherches pour les

Huiles et Oleagineux 8 Square Petrarque Paris Peanut J Nut World-Peanut Journal and Nut World Philippine J Plant Industry-Philippine Journal of Plant Indusshy

try Manila Philippine J Sci-Philippine Journal of Science Manila Plantand Soil-Plant and Soil The Hague Netherlands Plant Disease Reptr-Plant Disease Reporter Washington DC

(USA) Plant Physiol-Plant Physiology American Society of Plant

Physiologists PO Box 5706 Washington DC 20014 (USA)

Proc Peanut Res Conference-Proceedings Peanut Research Conference

Proc Southern Agr Workers-Proceedings of Southern Agriculshytural Workers Conference

Proc 5th Nat Peanut Res Conf-Proceedings of the 5th National Peanut Research Conference

Prod Res Rep US Dept Agr-Production Research Reports United States Department of Agriculture

Queensland J Agr Animal Sci-Queensland Journal of Agriculshytural and Animal Sciences Brisbane Australia

Rev Nac Agr Columbia-Revista Nacional de Agricultura Bogota Columbia

Rhodesia Agr J-Rhodesia Agricultural Journal Salisbury Rhodesia

Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res-Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi Journal of Agricultural Research Salisbury Rhodesia

Riv Agr Subtrop Trop-Rivista di Agricultura Subtropicale e Tropicale Florence Italy

S Ar J Agr Sci-South African Journal of Agricultural Science Pretoria South Africa

Samarm Research Bulletin-Samaru Research Bulletin Institute for Agricultural Research Ahmada Bello University Zaria Nigeria

Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc-Soil Science Society of America Proceedings

Surinaamse Landbouw-Surinaamse Landbouw Paramaribo Surinam

S Weed Sci Soc Proc-Southern Weed Science Society Proshyceedings

Techn Commun Dept Agr Techn Serv Rep S Africa-Technical Communications Department Technical Services Republic of South Africa Pretoria South Africa

Techn Paper Commonw Scl Industr Res Organiz Land Res Reg Survey-Technical Paper Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Land Research Regional Survey Canberra Australia

Texas Agr Exp Sta Bull-Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin College Station Texas 77843 (USA)

Trop Agr Ceylon-Tropical Agriculture Peradeniya Ceylon Trop Agric Trinidad-Tropical Agriculture The Journal of the

Imperial College of Agriculture University of the West Indies St Augustine Trinidad

Trop Sci-Tropical Science London Trop Stored Prod Inform-Tropical Stored Products Informashy

tion US Dept Agr Agr Econ Rept-United States Department of

Agriculture Agricultural Economics Reports Superintenshydent of Documents Washington DC 20250 (USA)

W Afr Rev-West Africian Review Liverpool World Crops-World Crops 28Essex St Strand London WD 2

England

1M-10-73

14

ated if soil is thrown toward the plant to try to control weeds by burying them in the row (256) For disease control it may be desirable to burn weeds or remove them from the surface of the soil (78) Land preparashytion before planting helps to bury plant residues and it was shown that a 20 cm depth of plowing was better than a 5 or 10 cm (37)

Herbicides are becoming more commonly used but are not completely safe or entirely satisfactory in respect to peanuts Differences in season will change the effectiveness and vary the potential harm to the crop Because the use of herbicides on peanuts is a rather complicated subject no attempt will be made here to summarize the findings References on herbishycides are given (171 227 234 235 251 252 283 345346348351406)

Insecticides-In treating seed with insecticides care is needed if the seed is intended for planting purshyposes Tests have been made of DDT dusts of 1 and 10 concentration used at 100 and 500 ppm Lindane at 15 and 100 ppm as dusts pyrethrins at 100 and 500 ppm and fumigants of carbon bisulphide at 100 500 and 1000 gcu meter with 1 and 3 days exposure and Phostoxin at 2045 and 60 gton for 3 to 5 days Only carbon bisulphide at 500 gfou meter and up hurt the germination of peanuts if the moisture content of the peanuts was 5 or lower When the moisture content was 10 all chemicals impaired germination rdgardless of rate (334)

DDT or Lindane dusted on peanuts stored in sealed containers at 220 C for 45 9 and 18 months did not reduce germination or seedling vigor (323) Malashythion at 66 ppm protected against most storage insects but had to be used at about 2-month intervals (90) Methyl bromide was effective as a fumigant but BHC had to be replaced by malathion when a local strain of insect developed tolerance to BHC (192) Other insects also showed tolerance to aldrin and heptachlor (73)

Low humidities and low moisture contents are often thought to be effective in insect control A relashytive humidity of 48 did not adversely affect oil qualishyty nor did it control Tribolium castaneum Even when the peanuts were dried to 7 moisture this insect was not controlled (179) and it developed a tolerance to BHC and had to be controlled by malathion (192)

Diseases of Peanuts-Aphis croccivora is the vector of several viruses (6 7 40 68 145 228 230 231) There are also other aphids that can transmit virus (6 7 40 51) Trifolium incanatum and Styloshysanthes spp are two major hosts of peanut viruses Another host is Euphorbiahirta (7 68 228)

Of 600 groundnut varieties tested few have shown tolerance to viruses (230) When exposed to the

chlorotic rosette virus by grafting or spreading by Aphis craccivora the tetraploid species A monticola A nambyquarae and A hypogaea all had the same symptoms Diploid A diogoi A rasteiro and A marginata showed symptoms of a different kind A glabrata and A prostata were symptomless carriers Some diploids seemed to be immune to certain viruses affecting domesticated peanuts More resistant plants develop symptoms slower than do susceptible plants (144) To avoid rosette virus it is suggested that early varieties should be used (2 43 107) and crops rotated as the virus is often serious if peanuts are grown on the same area for 2 or more years (88) Rosette virus causes abnormal flowering and reduces flowering (147) and has reduced yields by as much as 95 (233)

Only Aphis croccivora is reported to be able to transmit rosette virus (68 231) or vein-banding virus (228) although sap inoculation and grafting make it possible to transmit the latter A gossyppii (6) and A laburni(51) are able to transmit a virus similar to rosette virus which could not be transmitted by A croccivora (300) One report (204) indicated a need for a sympshytomless assistant virus in order for A croccivoraorA gossyppit to be able to transmit rosette virus

To infect plants with rosette virus half seed whole seed or 7-day and 21-day-old plants were tested The 21-day-old plants were most effective when A croccishyvora was used as a vector

Peanut mottle virus was found for the first time in Australia in 1970 Although one of the few viruses to be transmitted by seed it is also transmitted by at least five species ofAphis (40)

Five different peanut viruses can be distinguished by characteristic symptoms formed on the Natal Comshymon Variety (232)

Aspergillus flavus has been identified as causing seed rotting (92 94) afloroot (2) or other damage to seeds and seedlings (125) Aflotoxin is the name given to the toxic compounds produced by some strains ofA flavus under certain conditions Aflotoxin has been found in pods damaged by termites (258 260) rough handling hoeing threshing or by transplanting (257 259 261 262 376) There was a slight penetration of undamaged pods (210 258 260) Nematode damage to pods did not increase A flavus growth but did increase the contamination by other fungi (215) The best way to prevent aflotoxin is to store peanuts in the shell (30) ifter proper drying (52 82 112 162 185 257 261 369) A methyl cellulose seedcoat did little to protect the seed (94) Hand sorting can be used to separate damaged peanuts (30 112 162 185) and attempts have been made to use air or color sorting (162 327) Levels of aflotoxin of 002 to 026 ppm in unrefined oil were

15

not found in hydrogenated oils (123 376) Numerous studies of A flavus have been made It

is not the dominant fungus (259) as it may represent only 3 of total fungi present (292) About 5 days after harvest are required for the fungus to produce much growth (260) Much aflotoxin is produced at about 3000 with a relative humidity of 80-85 It can actually develop over the range of 125 to 5250C but not at 43-450 C (117) Three reviews (112 328 376) and a symposium (369) and a report on some chemistry studies give many of the details of aflotoxin with one report showing the chemical structure of eight forms (162)

Macrophominaphaseoli (70) and several species of Aspergillus have been studied including A fumigates (93) A niger (94) A amstelodaniandA wenti (369) Of 1626 isolates of Aspergillus studied 896 produced some toxin (218) Biological effects are given (11)

Aspergillus flavus is used in the making of soyshysauce (278) Peanut meal is subject to Aspergillus growth but the toxin production can be averted (248) if the meal moisture content is kept below 16 (30) Work has been done relative to the accuracy of sampling methods (401)

The dominant species of fungi on peanuts seem to be the Penicilliums 7)ichodermaand Fusariums(292) A review of fungi in stored products which included peanuts showed Aspergillus dominant in the Tropics but Penicillium in temperate regions (93) A study in Georgia (USA) listed the fungi present on the peanut pods and kernels (209) in windrowed peanuts (210) in artificially dried peanuts (211) and in the field in general (213) and control methods were recommended (212)

Botrytis (gray mold) causes serious damage under cold dry conditions in Sao Paulo Brazil Symptoms are discussed (33)

Leptosphaerdinacrassiascais a leaf disease characshyterized by pepper spots on both sides of the leaf and by marginal necrosis or leaf scorch and was first reported from Madagascar in 1955 and from Taiwan in 1956 Diagnosis of the species is given and the symptoms are described This disease is often obscured by Cercospora (214)

Macrophomina phaseoli is a fungus also found on cotton cowpeas sunflower as well as peanuts Direcshytions for chemical protection of crop rate of spread distribution and method of testing soils for study of the

pathogen are given (71) Peanut plants-may be infected without showing symptoms (70 247) The best fungishycide to increase germination was Captan (247)

Pucciniarust has been observed on certain varieties in South America (31) Of 254 varieties studied in Venezuela in 1959-61 the variety Tarapoto was the only one to escape damage from Pucciniaarachidiswith only 13 others classed as being resistant Tarapoto and 7 of the 13 were also tolerant to Cercospora(282)

Verticillium dahliae has been found on peanuts (125 341) and is hosted by potatoes and certain herbashyceous plants Rotations help in conrol

Cercospora arachidicolais the early form and C personata is the late form of leafspot diseases which exist as the imperfect forms Perfect forms are Mycoshysphaerella arachidicolaand M berkeleyii which are the official names according to rules of nomenclature A good description of symptoms distribution damage and control is given (144)

It is often necessary to control Cercosporaso that research or management studies will have a chance to influence maturity yields etc To control Cercospora several methods may be used such as burning of residues (144) rotations (144 393) and applying sulfur (103 105 131 380 398 402) copper (103 105 380 398) as well as copper and sulfur combinations (380 381 398 402) Results were not always satisfactory (202) Control programs vary One program suggests that growers start spraying 20 days after planting and repeat each 20 days (398) or from 3 to 13 weeks after planting at 14-day intervals (131) The spraying interval may be determined by rainfall by counting 8-10 cumulative rain days (103) or when 2 inches of rain has accumulated (103) Another report suggested that spraying should start about one week after symptoms appear and should be continued until about 18 days before harvest (105)

Early-maturing varieties seem to be the most susshyceptible to Cercospora (195) To delay planting may reduce the amount of the disease but it also reduces yield (347) Where successive crops are grown volunteer plants from the first crop increase contamination of the second crop (202) Resistance to the two diseases is inherited separately (144 196)

Listings and descriptions of major peanut diseases are given (12 96 321 342 352) Crop rotations for disease control are emphasized (342 352)

HARVESTING HANDLING AND STORING

Harvesting-In 1965 it was estimated that as much with simple tools Details of use of improved tools for as 75 of the world production of peanuts was handled hand cultivation and animal-drawn tools to mechanical

16

production are given Seedbed preparation planting and harvesting are processes that are suggested for mechanishyzation first (241) Drawings of hole-making devices an -ox-drawn lifter and a practical hand thresher are given elsewhere (354)

Harvesting by means of an animal-drawn lifter is described (20) With this device men can lift and stack 1 hectare in 15 hours or in half the time needed for manual lifting Time studies indicate that peanuts can be harvested about 10 days either side of the optimum time with little loss of peanuts (78) Systems of peanut harshyvesting are reviewed and details of a prototype once-over harvester are given The machine is designed to harvest up to 10 tons of nuts a day (189)

Peanuts are not usually grown on clay soils but a system has been worked out to harvest fairly clean pods from clay soils by irrigating to wet the soil 2 days before lifting and then waiting another 4-5 days before shaking surplus soil from the plants (391)

Threshing-Stripping pods from plants is often done by hand (128) Simple threshers are described (124 344) No difference in shelling percentage or seed size was found between immediate threshing and threshshying which was delayed up to 3 weeks (280)

Shelling-Machine shelling often results in damshyaged kernels which may not be effective in getting good stands when planted especially without seed protectants (404) Experimental shellers to be used to obtain samples for milling tests have been described (115) Hand-operated shellerscan produce as much as 95 kg of kernels in an hour (184 190)

Washing-Cleaning of non-husked peanuts has inshycreased selling price 50 With a simple washer made out of a section of barrel and a wire drum one can wash 400-600 kgday with only 200 liters of water (269)

Artificial Drying-Although the trend is toward more artificial drying natural methods are still widely used Natural methods (52 82) and artificial methods are reviewed (53 270 301) Combinations of natural and artificial methods are often desirable (116 270) For planting purposes seed must be dried carefully Air movement temperatures and times to dry are given (270) For long storage a maximum of only 8 moisture is recommended (271) Studies involving aflotoxin (52 82 116 301) verify the potential hazard if pods are improperly dried after harvest Seed needs to be dried to 8-9 and peanut cakes to below 16 or A flavus may grow (30 35) Simple devices for drying using wood or peanut hulls have been described (2 3 4 34) It is not advisable to dry seed for planting purposes in the sun or at temperatures over 450 C if heat is used (35) For comshymercial use Virginia and runner types have been dried successfully at 570C but Spanish types tend to split at 46-52 0 COther drying trials are reported (377)

Storing of Peanuts-Some areas have a dry season which is favorable for storing peanuts in open air or under tarpaulin (88 178 179) A low moisture content is desirable to decrease damage due to insects and losses due to oil deterioration (220 271 411) Fumigation or other treatment is often needed while the peanuts are in storage (191 271) Mechnical damage due to shelling is recognized (179 411) Treatments before storage will reduce some of the shelling damage (411)

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Estimating Yields-Estimated yields are often high because the operator tends to avoid the worst places in the field and the sample taken is usually harvested more carefully than the rest of the field Ten samples obtained by throwing a stick into the field at random to select sampling sites are suggested (155) A frame 15 m by 4 m can be used or if the plants are in definite rows 5 n of row at 10 random locations will give a good estimate of yield

Sampling for Oil-Oil samples need to be detershymined within one percentage point Different methods of sampling are compared (216) Care needs to be exershycised in reducing the original sample to a working sample A working sample might be 800 times the weight of one pod For an intact plant kernels taken near the base are higher in oil than those out on the branches (275) - -

Use of Peanut Tops-Peanut hay was judged to be not as good in nutrients as alfalfa and was said to be more comparable to grass hay (317) Peanut hay has been compared with other herbages and one researcher suggests that it be used for feed rather than being burned (297) A cutting and raking device has been designed that will cut and rake 8 ha in 10 hours (293)

Use of Surplus Peanut Shells-Shells may be used for fuel and also as a conditioner for heavy soils a filler in cattle feed a rawsource of activated carbon comshybustiblfe gases organic chemicals reducing sugars and alc6hlianextender-ofresins a cork substitute a comshyponent of building blocks and f Ed~oaaril (324) Its use as a mulch or manure is most beneficial when rain is scarce Grinding may be necessary Residue left after furfural extraction made good compost after treatment with sulfuric acid and neutralization with tricalcium phosphate (152)

17

Use of Peanuts as a Source of Food-No attempt will be made to cover this important subject Only a few references that deal with food are cited here A vegetable cheese made from peanut milk is described (236) An infant foof from peanut and milk solids (91) and the production of soysauce by fermentation are discussed (278) The details of quality factors and requirements for salting peanuts are given (226 366)

Oil from Peanuts-Peanuts are mainly grown for the oil and protein of the seed There is an indication that more oil crushing will be done in the area of proshyduction (44) Although the protein meal has been an excellent export product for foreign exchange this use may decrease as more use of the protein for livestock and as human food is stressed for the area of production (77296 394)

Oil content of the peanut decreased when planting was delayed but the protein was increased Oil yield is closely associated with seed yield Factors which tend to increase seed yield also increase oil yield (308 309 311) Closer spacing increases seed yields and oil but decreases protein (309)

Quality of Peanuts-Quality of peanut seed is affected by many factors (178 199) Proper shelling (184) and pest control are important (192) Free fatty acid level is an indication of quality A level of 6 free fatty acids was found in insect-damaged peanuts but only 13 when insects were controlled (192) Efforts have been made to remove undesirable peanuts mechanishycally as peanuts are moved (18) Grade standards of quality are listed (151 172)

Economics of Production-One country in Africa is reported to have half of its cultivated area in peanuts with 75 of farm income 42 of total industrial inshycome 23 of the gross national product and 65 of total value of exports credited to this one crop (350) Other countries seek to add peanuts to their cropping programs in order to diversify (86 266 390 391) and some that plan to switch to crops other than peanuts (5 16 42) to diversify are not intending to reduce peanut production

Some countries are trying to increase peanut proshyduction by stressing extension methods or by improving cultural practices These include helping farmers learn to select good seed and varieties to use disease-resistant varieties to treat seed to seed at a heavy rate to use

proper fertilization including animal and green manures to use proper weeding proper crop rotations to diversify cropping and to harvest at the right time (5 16 59 139 303319339)

Several countries have found it necessary to subshysidize the production of peanuts (134 199 374 395) and several African countries have recognized the need for a cooperative effort in marketing and meet once a year to discuss policy (102)

A survey of the peanut industry in the USA is given (400) The long-term outlook for the peanut is reviewed and uses of peanut and other oils are discussed (310) The world production of peanuts continues to expand even though the demand is variable from year to year (5 268 304 305 408409410) Problems of the processing industry are reviewed (84 239) Transportashytion and storage are serious problems and factors affecshyting quality are getting attention The quantity of peanuts that moves in export trade is a small percentage of total production Details and problems of exports are discussed (14 174445 77 88 119)

Improving Production by Variety Improvement-There is little doubt but that improved varieties have contributed to the gradually higher level of production around the world It takes 12 to 15 years for a variety to be available to growers after a cross has been made Of 24 varieties released in the USA during the last quartershycentury 11 selections came from commercial strains 2 from foreign introductions 9 from controlled crosses 1 from irradiation and 1 from interspecific hybridization (29)

No attempt will be made to list references to varieshyty comparisons Most experiments with peanuts involve variety comparisons It has been shown that an apparentshyly superior variety may be definitely inferior under certain environmental conditions It is essential in varieshyty evaluation that varieties be evaluated at different levels of soil fertility and under other variations in enshyvironmental conditions after preliminary screening to eliminate the most undesirable types (256) Examples of comparative yield tests are given (48 182 183) Blending of varieties for planting has been tested but has not been found to be of benefit (311)

GENERAL PAPERS

Numerous papers are general in nature and cover al methods are given in some detail (46 101 109 114 several topics Several factors that need to be considered 120 164) Mineral nutrition (397) variety improvement in over-all peanut production are discussed (28 101 (46) harvesting (153) seed treatment (46) and mechanishy106 138 160 179255353 368 370) General cultur- zation (121 371) are subjects in other general papers

18

LITERATURE CITATIONS (AbbreviationsandAddresses ofSome Sources of LiteratureCitations-pages31-32)

1 Abraham TP and Agarwal KN Yield effect on soil fertilshyity and economics of crop rotations with and without groundnut Indian J Agr Sci 37560-57 1 (1967)

2 ABrook J Artificial drying of groundnuts a method for the small farmer Trop Agric Trinidad 40241-245 (1963)

3 A cheap crop drier for the farmer Trop Stored Prod Inform 725-38 (1964)

4 A cheap crop drier for the farmer results and recommended design Trop Stored Prod Inform 8301-307 (1964)

5 Laction de developpement de la productivite arachidiere au Snigal en 1964 (Activity for the development of groundnut production in Senegal in 1964) 014agineux 20725-729 (1965)

6 Adams AN Groundnut Rosette Virus-Another vector Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 4125 (1966)

7 The vectors and alternative hosts of groundnut rosette virus in central province Molaioc Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res 5145-151 (1967)

8 - and JAK Farrell The seasonal occurrence of aphids in traps at Chitedge Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res Vol 5153-159 (1967)

9 Adams F and RW Pearson Differential response of cotton and peanuts to subsoil acidity AgronJ 629-12 (1970)

10 Akehurst BC and Sreedharan A Time of planting-a brief review of experimental work in Tanganyika E Afr Agr Forestry J 30189-201 (1965)

11 Alcroft R and Carnaghan RBA Toxic products in groundnuts Chemistry and Industry 250-61 (1963)

12 Amendoim pragas e doencas silo o n6 (Groundnuts pests and diseases are the problem) Dirigente Rural 412-32 (1965)shy

13 Anderson GD Fertility studies on a sandy loam in semishyarid Tanzania 11 Effects on phosphorus potassium and lime on yields of Groundnuts Expl Agric 6213-222 (1970)

14 Larachide au Senigal (Groundnut growing in Senegal) 016 agineux 14649-650 (1959)

15 Larachide au Senigal Rsultats des essais de confirmation (Groundnuts in Senegal Rep Results of confirmation trials) Oleagineux 17103-104 (1962)

16 Larachide au Senigal Risultats des essais de confirmation (Groundinuts in Senegal Results of demonstration trials) Olagineux 1972 (1964)

17 Les arachides du Nigeria (The groundrnuts of Nigeria)Kadouna (Nigeria) Ministere de PInformation 12 p Graph Photos Map (1966)

18 Ariztizabal L Bums EE and OR Kunze Physical chemical and organoleptic properties of peanuts separated in a controlled air stream Amer Soc Agr -Eng Trans 12298-304 (1969)

19 Arndt W The continuous cropping of peanuts at Kathshyarine NT Techn Paper Commonw Sci Industr Res Organiz Div Land Res Reg Survey Australia 161-11 (1961)

20 Larrachage de Parachide (Groundnut lifting) Olagineaux 18553-555 (1963)

21 Arroya J et al Ensayo de fertilizacidn en mani realizado en la Sabana de Londres Estado Lar (A groundnut fertilizer trial conducted in the Sabana de Londres State of Lara) Agron Trop Venezuela 17101-111 (1967)

22 Ashri A A second locus controlling red testa in peanuts (ArachishypogaeaL) Crop Sci 9514-517 (1969)

23 Ashrif M Effet du calcium sur larachide (Effect of calcium on groundnuts) Oleagineux 18681-683 (1963)

24 Effect of sulphur on groundnuts Olampgineux 20243-244 (1965)

25 and Thornton I Effects of grass mulch on groundnuts in the Gambia Expl Agric 1145-152 (1965)

26 Avadhani KK and Ramano Rao BV Studies of the effects of diethyl sulfate on TMV 2 groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Indian J of Science Indus 269-71 (1968)

27 Lavenir de larachide au Sinigal Doses dengrais et augshymentation de production (The future of the groundnut in Senegal Fertilizer rates for increased production) Olagishyneux 23528 (1968)

28 Bachy A Conduite de 1expirimentation agronomique a IRHO (Performance of agricultural research at IRHO)

Oleagineux 1675-80 (1961)

29 Bailey WK Peanut variety improvement in the USA Proc 5th Nat Peanut Res Conf (1968)

30 Bampton SS Growth of Aspergillusflavusand production of aflatoxin in groundinuts-Part I Trop Sci 574-81 (1963)

31 Barcenas VC Enfermedades del mani ajonjoli en El Tolima (Groundnut and sesame diseases in El Tolima) Bol Not Inst Fomento Algodonero 31-2 (1962)

32 and Montoya A A Efectividad de algunos fungicidas protectores en el tratarniento de la semilla de mani (Effectivity of some protective fungicides for the treatment of groundnut seed) Bol Not Inst Fomento Algodonero Columbia 46-8 (1964)

33 Barreto Figuciredo M and Cardoso RMG (Occurrence of grey mold in groundnuts in the State of Sao Paulo) Bioshylogico Brasil 34217-220(1968)

From TropicalAbstracts-seeAcknowledgments page 2

19

34 Barros Ferraz M de A secagem do amendoim (Drying of groundnuts) Brasil Rural 1377-79 (1959)

35 Preparo do amendoim das aguas (Drying of groundauts) Brasil Rural 1612-18 (1962)

36 Barrs HD The relation between kernel development and time of harvesting of peanuts at Katherine NT AustJ Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 2106-109 (1962)

37 Basinski JJ et al Some input-output relations in peanut cultivation at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 4295-299 (1964)

38 Bastos Cruz BP et al Nota preliminar s6bre a suscetishybilidade de variedades e hibridos de amendoim i algumas mollstias da folhagem (Preliminary note on the susceptibility of groundnut varieties and hybrids to some leaf diseases) Bioldgico Brasil 33191-195 (1967)

39 Bates WN Mechanization of Tropical Crops Temple Press London 410 p (1957)

40 Behncken GM The occurrence of Peanut mottle virus in Queensland AustJ Agr Res 21465-492 (1970)

41 Belloncle G Larachide an Senegal Mouvement cooperatif et developpement cononique (Groundnuts in Senegal coshyoperative movement and economic development) Ol1agineux 19439-444 (1964)

42 Bentin LA Das Problem der Monokultur in Senegal (The problem of mono-culture in Senegal) Int Afrika Forum 4615-619 (1968)

43 Berchoux Chr de La rosette de Iarachide en Houte-Volta (Rosette disease of groundnut in the Upper Volta) Olagishyneux 15229-233 (1960)

44 Berg ER Nigeria Senegal and the Congo (Kinshasa) Projected level of demand supply and exports of oilseed products to 1975 with implications for US exports to the European Economic Community Edmonton (Canada) Departments of Economics and Agricultural Economics University of Alberta 78 p tables maps (1967)

45 Berichten nit Afrika (Reports from Africa) Oli6n Vetten en Zeep 53215 (1969)

46 Bezot P La zone arachidiere au Tchad Etude densemble recherche dun syst me valable de rotation culturale (The groundnut zone in Chad A study on rotation systems) Agron Trop 2031-48 (1965)

47 Bhardwaj SP and Pathak AN Effect of sulphur on bacterial nodulation of groundnut roots Current Sci 37351-352 (1968)

48 Bhattacharjee TK et al W Bengal farmers can grow groundnut in irrigated summer fallow Indian Farming 1827-29 (1968)

49 Bielorai R Comparative digestibility of groundnut and soyshybean meal in vitro and in chicks J Sci Food Agr 20345-348 (1969)

50 Billaz R and Ochs R Stades de sensibilite de larachide a la secheresse (Developmental stages of the groundnut in relashytion to its susceptibility to drought) Olagineux 16605-611 (1961)

51 Bisht NS et al Groundnut rosette virus in Uttar Pradesh Indian OilseedsJ 7335-336 (1963)

52 Blatchford SM and Hall DW Methods of drying groundshynuts I Natural methods (Literature survey) Trop Sci 56-33 (1963)

53 and Methods of drying groundnuts II Artificial methods Trop Sci 582-98 (1963)

54 Bledsoe RW and Harris HC Leafspot of peanut associshyated with Magnesium deficiency Plant Physiol 21237-240 (1946)

55 Bockele-Morvan A Recherches de lIRHO sur 1utilishysation des phosphates du Sin6gal en fumure de fond pour Iarachide (Research of IRHO on the utilization of Senegal phosphates as a basal dressing for groundnut) Oleagineux 16685-691 (1961)

56 Etude explrimentale et pratique du placement des engrais (Experimental and practical studies on feftilizer placement) OlLagineux 18687-688 (1963)

57 Etudes sur la carence potasique de Iarachide an S~n-gal(A study o potash deficiency in the groundnut in Senegal) Olagineux 19603-609 (1964)

58 - Surface foliaire de Parachide et densite optishymum de semis (Folhar area of groundnuts and optimum sowing density) Ol4ageneux 201-12 (1965)

59 _ Application des engrais sur arachide au Sindgal (Application of fertilizers to groundnuts in Senegal) Oliagishyneux 20589-590 (1965)

60 Efficacit4 des diverses formes dapports des elements mineraux sur Parachide (The efficiency of different forms of mineral elements applied to groundnuts) Olagishyneux 21163-166 (1966)

61 Fumure annuelle et fumure de fond en zone arachidiere du Senegal (Annual and basal manuring in groundshynut-growing zones of Senegal) Oleagineux 23179-184 (1968)shy

62 _ La maturitede Iarachide (The maturity of the groundnut) Ollagineux 27457-459 (1968)

63 _ and Capitaine J Larachide de bouche dans le Sine-Saloum (Senegal) (The edible groundnut in the Sine-Saloum region of Senegal) Oliagineux 21285-291 (1966)

64 Bolhuis GG Observations on the flowering and fructificashytion of the groundnut Arachis hypogaea Neth J Agr Sci 7138-140 (1959)

65 et al Observations on the opening of flowers dehiscence of anthers and growth of pollen tubes in Arachis hypogaea NethJ Agr Sci 13361-365 (1965)

66 _ et al Occurrence of flowers with short styles in the groundnut Arachis hypogaea Oldagineux 20293-296 (1965)

67 and Stubbs RW The influence of calcium and other elements on the fructification of the peanut in connecshytion with the absorption capacity of its gynophores NethJ Agr Sci 3220-237 (1955)

I

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68 Booker RH The effect of sowing date and spacing on rosette disease of groundnut in Northern Nigeria with obshyservations on the vector Aphus craccivoraSamarn Res Bull 30125-131 (1964)

69 Boswell TE Pathogenicity of Pratylenchus brachyrus to Spanish peanut Diss Abstr Sect B 29(10)3570 B (1969)

70 Bouhot D Etude du Macrophominaphaseoli sur arachide Mission an Sinigal du 27 septembre an 7 novembre 1966 (Study of Macrophomina phaseoll on groundnut Mission in Senegal from 27 Sept to 7 Nov 1966) Agron Trop 231165-1171 (1968)

71 Le Macrophomina phaseoli sur les plantes cultivees au Senedgal (Macrophomina phaseol on the cultivated plants in Senegal) Agron Trop 231172-1181 (1968)

72 terabougrissement de arachide Mission an Seng en 1966 (The shrivelling of the groundnut Mission in Senegal in 1966) Agron Trop 231126-1127 (1968)

73 Boush GM et al Field tests with new insecticides for control of the southern corn rootworm attacking peanuts in VirginiaJ Econ Entomol 5615-18 (1963)

74 Boyle LW Low-Gallonage applications of fungicides for control of Peanut leafspots Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 203 (1964)

75 A factonal study of certain schemes of peanut culture Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bull 18 (1967)

76 Brennan JR The peanut gynophore Biologist 5171-82 (1969)

77 Broche G Debouchs des produits des industries de transshyformation dol6agineux des Itats Africains et Malgache Associes (Outlets for the products of the oilseed processing industries in the Associated African and Malagasy States) Oldagineux 20419-423 (1965)

78 Brown P A review of Groundnut experiments in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 339-50 (1965)

79 Brzozowska J and Hanower P Absorption et distribution du 3 5 s chez quelques cultures tropicales I Arachide (Uptake and distribution of S35 in some tropical crops I Groundshynuts) Oleagineux 19663-672 (1964)

80 Buchanan GA Dickens R Burns ER and McCormick RM Performance of several herbicides for weed control in peanuts S Weed Sci Soc Proc 22D P 122-126 (1969)

81 Bunting AH A classification of cultivated groundnuts Empire J of Exper Agric 23158-170 (1955)

82 Eurrell NJ et al Growth of Aspergillus flavus and proshyduction of aflatoxin in groundnuts-Part V Trop Sci 674-90 (1964)

83 Bushnell DG The importance and prevention of mould on groundnuts Rhodesia Agr J61108-113 (1964)

84 Calil G De ontwikkeling van de aardnoten verwerkende industrie in Noord Nigeria Problemen en moeilijkheden (The development of the groundnut processing industry in N Nigeria Problems and difficulties) Olidn Vetten en Zeep 48211-213 (1964)

85 Compacci CA and Silveira Filho JP da Disinfecqgo de sementes de anendoim (Disinfection of groundnut seed) Biol6gico Brasil 30320-323 (1964)

86 Carneiro Fraga C Erradicaglio de caf6 e diversificaqio de culturas (Eradication of coffee and diversification of culshytures) Supl Agicola 85 (1962)

87 Carrire de Belgarric R and Bor F Le ddveloppement de Ia productivit6 de larachide au Sn~gl (Development of groundnut productivity in Senegal) O16agineux 18613-620 (1963)

88 Carter K Pyramids of the north W Afr Rev 3353-55 (1962)

89 Chalon G Une billonneuse-marquese pour les semis darachides (Sowing groundnuts by means of a ridge dammer) Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Beige 8141-146 (1959)

90 Champ BR and Cribb JN An investigation of peanut storage pests in Queensland 2 Insecticidal treatment of bulk nut-in-shell peanuts in silos Queensland J Agr Animal Sci 22241-257 (1965)

91 Chandrasekhara MR S Aswathanarayan SR Shurpaleshykar B11 Surba Ray Pilot plant production of infant food based on groundnut and milk solids J of Food Sci amp Technol 6267-271 (1969)

92 Chohan JS and Gupta VK Aflaroot A new disease of groundnut caused by Aspergillus flavs Indian J Agr Sci 38568-570 (1968)

93 Clarke JH Fungi in stored products Trop Stored Prod Inform 153-14 (1968)

94 Clinton PKS Seed-bed pathogens of groundnuts in the Sudan and an -attempt to control wth an artificial testa EmpJ Exp Agri 28211-222 (1960)

95 The control of soil-borne pests and diseases of groundnuts in the Sudan Central Rainlands Emp J Exp Agr 30145-154 (1962)

96 Causes of loss of yield in groundnuts in the Sudan Central Rainlands Emp J Exp Agr 30137-144 (1962)

97 Coelho FA Soares and Tella R de Absorcio de nutrishyentes por plantes de amendoim na cultura de outono (Nutrishyent absorption by groundnut plants grown in the autumn) Bragantia 26235-252 (1967)

98 and Absorg5o de nutrientes pela planta de amendoim em cultura de primavera (Nutrient uptake by springtime groundnuts) Bragantia 26393-408 (1967)

99 Collins ER and Morris HD Soil fertility studies with peanuts N Carolina Agr Exp Sta Bull 330 (1942)

100 Collins RF US peanut abroad Peanut J Nut World 4832-34 (1969)

101 Colwell WE and Brady NC The effect of calcium on certain characteristics of peanut fruit J Amer Soc Agron 37696-708 (1945)

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102 Counseil Africain de larachide (African advisory body on groundinuts) Ol6 agineux 183-168 (1963)

103 Corbett DCM and Brown P Fungicidal control of cercospora leaf-spots of groundnuts in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 413-21 (1966)

104 Correia C Bento 0 amendoim na Guini Portuguesa (Groundnuts in Portuguese Guinea) Estud Pol Soclais 3217-322 (1965)

105 Cuellar I and Toler RW Control de la mancha foliar del mani (Control of leaf spot in groundnut) Foil Serv Nac Invest Agr Panama 301-13 (1957)

106 La culture de larachide en zone soudano-sahilienne (Groundnut cultivation in the Sudan-Sahelian zone of Africa) 0liagineux 1729-33 (1962)

107 Curtis DL and Harkness C Some aspects of crop improvement in relation to groundinuts and sorghum in the Northern Region of Nigeria CCTACSA Symposium Lagos-Bukavu Savannah 621-10 (1962)

108 Dalal JL et al Investigations on soil sulphur II Gypsum as a fertilizer for groundnut in the Punjab Indianj Agr Sc 33199-204 (1963)

109 Damiano A and Parrini U La coltivazione dellarachide in Tripolitania (Groundnut cultivation in Tripolitania) Riv Agr Subtrop Trop 55156-162 (1961)

110 Davey PM et al The effect of insect infestation on the quality of decorticated groundnuts with special reference to storage at high and low humidities Trop Sci 1296-307 (1959)

111 Davis VW et al Economic consequence of restricting the use of organochlorine insecticides on cotton corn peanuts and tobacco 52 p US Dept Agr Agr Econ Rept No 178 (1970)

112 Delassus M Etudes phytosanitaires sur Parachide et les cer6 ales alimentaires au Senegal (Phytosanitary studies on groundnut and cereals in Senegal) Agron Trop 221226-1234 (1967)

113 Delbosc G Etudes surla regeneration de la fertilite dusol dans la zone arachidiere du Senegal (Studies on the restorashytion of soil fertility in the groundnut zone of Senegal) Oleagineux 2327-33 (1968)

114 Dewez J la culture de Iarachide dans la plaine de Ia Ruzizi (Groundnut cultivation in the Ruzizi plain) Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Belge 8219-230 (1959)

115 Dickens JW Shelling equipment for samples of peanuts Marketing Res Rep US Dep Agr5281-11 (1962)

116 and Khalsa JS Windrow orientation and harvesting damage to peanuts Olagineux 22741-746 (1967)shy

117 Diener UL and Davis ND Effect of environment on aflatoxin production in freshly dug peanuts Trop Sci 1021-28 (1968)

119 Dragt HJ The marketingof South African edible groundshynuts in foreign markets Agrekon 89-13 (1969)

120 Ducker HC Groundnut growing in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland Part II Rhodesia Agr J5990-95 (1962)

121 1 and Spear AJ Groundnut growing in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland-Part IV Mechanization Rhodesia Agr J 59192-194 (1962)

122 Duke GB and Alexander M Effects of close-row spacings on peanut yield and on production equipment requirements Prod Res Rep US Dep Agr 771-14 (1964)

123 Dwarakanath CT Sreenivasamurth V and Parpia HAB Aflatoxin in Indian peanut oil J of Food Science and Technology 6107-109 (1969)

124 Agousseuse darachides (A groundnut stripper) 016agineux 2191-93 (1966)

125 El-Khaden M Untersuchungen fiber die durch Aspergillus-Arten an Erdnuszkeimlingen hervorgerufenen Schiden und deren Verhiitung (Investigations into the damage caused to groundnut seedlings by Aspergillus spp and its prevention) Gieszen Institut fir Phytopathologie der Justus Liebig-Universitiit 108 p Tables Graphs Fig Photos Ref Thesis (1967)

126 Emery DA and Gupton CL Reproductive efficiency of Virginia type peanuts II The influence of variety and seasonal growth period upon fruit and kernel maturation 0l6agineux 2399-104 (1968)

127 Epandeur dengrais A faible ddbit pour les cultures darachides (An apparatus for the application of small quantishyties of fertilizer in groundnut cultivation) Oldagineux 13881-883 (1958)

128 Esteves JD Aspetos da cultura do amendoim em Inshyharrime (Aspects of groundnut cultivation in Inharrime) Rev Aricola Mocambique 517-20 (1963)

129 Ettori OJT and Falcao MJ Aspectos econ6micos da producao de amendoim em S Paulo (Economic aspects of groundnut production in Sio Paulo) Agricultura Slo Paulo 121-48 (1965)

130 Evelyn SH and Thornton I Soil fertility and the response of groundnuts to fertilizers in the Gambia EmpJ Exp Agr 32153-160 (1964)

131 Farrell JAK et al The effects of planting spacing and fungicide on Cercospora leaf spots of groundnuts in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 5241-247 (1967)

132 Fauche J Compte rendu dun essai de semis 6chelonnes sur anachide avec ou sans d6snfection des semences (Report on a trial on groundnuts with successive sowing dates with and without seed treatment) Agron Trop 171089-1809 (1962)

133 Figueiredo M et al Mancha barrenta da f6lba do amendoim (Mud spot of the groundnut leaf) Biol6gico 27164-165 (1961)

118 Donovan PA Groundnut investigation at Matopos 134 Fouquet J la traite des arachides dans le pays de Research Station Rhodesia AgrJ 60121-122 (1963) Kaolack et ses consequences 6 conomiques sociales et

22

juridiques (The groundnut trade in Knolack and its ecoshynomic social and juridical consequences) Etud Sindplaises 81-262 (1958)

135 Frank ZR and Krikun J Verticilium wilt of groundnut in Israel screening for varietal resistance Israel J Agr Res 1888-85 (1968)

136 Fraps GS The composition of peanuts and peanut by-products Texas Agr Exp Sta Bull 222 (1917)

137 French West Africa has smaller peanut crop Foreign Crops and Markets 8015 (1960)

138 Galland Ph Amilioration des conditions de culture de Parachide sur billions (Improvement of the conditions of ridge-cultivated groundnuts) OlEagineux 17929-932 (1962)

139 Vulgarisation aupres des cultivateurs voltashyrques des r6 sultats de Ia recherche agronomique sur Iarachide (Extension work concerning the results of agriculshytural research on groundnuts among the farmers of the Upper Volta Rep) 016agineux 18771-775 (1963)

140 Garcia RF and Castillo Z J Observacion preliminar sobre el efecto de los fertilizantes la cal y la materia orginica en mani (Arachishypogaeo) (Preliminary observation on the effect of fertilizers lime and organic matter on groundnuts) Cenicafe 1169-82 (1960)

141 Garg KP et al Effect of varying spacing on yield of groundnut Indian OilseedsJ934-37 (1965)

142 Gargantini H et al Ensaio de adubatilo N-P-K em amendoim (N P K fertilizer test with groundnuts) Bragantia 171-12 (1958)shy

143 Gibbons RW The branching habit of Arachis monticola Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 49-11 (1966)

144 Mycosphaerella Leafspots of groundnuts FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 14(2) April 1966

145 and Farrell JAK Test plant age and the transmission of groundnut Rosette virus by the vector Aphis craccivora Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 423-33 (1966)

146 and Tattersfield JR Outcrossing trials with groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res 771-75 (1969)

147 and Turley AC The effect of rosette virus on flowering in the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 5139-143 (1967)

148 Gillier P Utilisation du diagnostic foliaire pour la cartoshygraphic des besoins en engrais de larachide au Sn 6 gal (Foliar diagnosis used for the cartography of the fertilizer requireshyments of groundnuts in Senegal) Oleagineinx 15147-151 (1960)

149 Semoirset pandeurs dengrais pour Iarachide (Sowing machines and fertilizer spreaders for groundnuts) Olagineux 17697-699 (1962)

150 Germination et djsinfection des semences darachide (Germination and disinfection of groundnut seed) O1agineux 18243-245 (1963)

Iib1 _ Le triage de larachide de bouche bigraine

Rappel des normes de qualit6 (The grading of 2-seeded groundnuts for human consumption Review of quality standards) Oleagineux 19455-458 (1964) I

152 _ Ls coques darachides leur utilisation en agrishyculture (Groundnut shells their use in agriculture) Oltagishyneux 19473-475 (1964)

153 ___ Quand r6colter comment trater les ricoltes darachide (When to harvest how to treat the groundnut harvests) Ol6agineux 19681-682 (1964)

154 Ls exportations en e1ements minampaux dune culture darachide dans les diff6rentes zones du Sampngal (Removal of mineral nutrients by a crop of groundnuts in the different zones of Senegal) Oldagineux 19745-746 (1964)

155 Comment proceder a lvaluation des rendeshyments dans une culture darachides (How to assess the yield of a groundnut field) Olagineux 20591-593 (1965)

156 Les exportations en 614ments minraux dune culture darachide dans les diffirentes zones du Senigal (Removal of mineral elements by a groundnut crop in the different zones of Senegal) Oleagineux 2113-15 (1966)

157 and Prevot P Fumures minerales d 1arachide au Senegal (Inorganic fertilizers for groundnuts in Senegal) Bull Res CouncilIsrael Sect D Botany SD 3-4 (1960)

158 _ and Prevot P Fumures minerales de Parachide au Sdn6gal (Groundnut fertilizer in Senegal) Olbagineux 15783-791 (1960)

159 and Prevot P Bull Res Council Israel 8D131 (1960)

160 Silvestre P Arnould JP Breniere J and Mauboussin JC 1969 The peanut (in French) Tech Agr Prod Trop 15292

161 Girardeau JH and Leuck DB Effect of mechanical and bee tripping on yield of the peanut J Econ Entomol 601454-1455 (1967)

162 Goldblatt LA Aflatoxin and its control Econ Botany 2251-62 (1968)

163 Goldin B and Har-Tzook A The effect of fertilization on the vegetative and reproductive development of Virginia bunch improved groundnuts Olagineux 2117-20 (1966)

164 - and_ Groundnut cultivation in Israel World Crops 1868-71 (1966)

165 Goldsworthy PR Methods of applying superphosphate to groundnuts Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Min Agr N Region Nigeria 151-5 (1961)

166 _ Methods of applying superphosphate to groundnuts in Northern Nigeria Emp J Exp Agr 32231-234 (1964)

167 and Heathcote R Fertilizer trials with groundshynuts in Northern Nigeria Emp J Exp Agr 31351-366 (1963)

168 Gonzales TT Crop Rotation studies with corn as the main crop in the Lamao experiment station Limay Bataan Philippines PhdippineJ Plant Industry 31165-176 (1966)

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169 Gopalakrishnan S et al Mineral nutrition and nitroge fixation in groundnut Current Sci 33391-393 (1964)

170 Gornat B and Goldberg D Effect of sprinkler irrigation intensity on the flowering and yield of peanuts grown in three different soils Israel J Agr Res 17187-191 (1967)

171 Greer HA Trpp L and Santlemen PW The influence of environmental conditions on weed control and spanish peanut injury by herbicides S Weed Sci Soc Proc 22D145-149 (1969)

172 (Groundnut season Northern Region of Nigeria) Ann Rep Dep Agr Nothern Region Nigeria 1958-59 p 25-30 (1960)shy

173 Gupton CL et al Reproductive efficiency of Virginia type peanuts III Relating the time of peg placement to the branching pattern of the plant Ol6agineux 23247-250 (1958)shy

174 and Emery DA Heritability estimates of the maturity of fruit from specific growth periods in Virginia type peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) Crop Sci 19127-129 (1970)

175 Gisten R Die Rentabilitat der Verwendung von Mineralshydinger bei Erdnissen in Senegal Nordnigeria und Niger (The profitability of the application of mineral fertilizers to groundnuts in Senegal N Nigeria and Niger) Z Auslindische Landwirtsch 4149-153 (1965)

176 Habish HA and Sh M Khairi Nodulation of legumes in the Sudan Cross-inoculation groups and the associated Rhizobium strains Expl Agr 4227-234 (1968)

177 Hadfield J The peasant farming scheme in Northern Rhodesia Agr Econ Bull Africa 156-57 (1962)

178 Hall DW Storage of produce in the Gambia Trop Sci 1293-299 (1959)

179 Halliday D Build-up of free fatty acid in Northern Nigerian groundnuts Trop Sci 9211-237 (1967)

180 Hammons RO Artificial cross-pollination of the peanut with bee-collected pollen Crop Sci 3562-563 (1963)

181 et al Some bees (Apoidea) associated with peanut flowering J Econ Entomol 56905 (1963)

182 _ Bailey WK Parham SA and HF Harrison Comparative performance of the Spanish peanut Argentine in cooperative tests in Georgia Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 72 (1959)

183 WK Bailey SA Parham and HF Harrison Comparative performance of four varieties of peanuts in cooperative tests in Georgia Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 76 (1958)

184 Hand sheller transforms Nigerias peanut industry Foreign Agr US Dep Agr 2321 (1959)

185 Harkness C et al The problem of mycotoxins in groundshynuts (peanuts) and other food crops of tropical Africa Samaru Res Bull 771-5 (1967)

186 Harris HC Copper deficiency of peanuts Proc Southern Agr Workers 46139 (1949)

187 Effect of minor elements particularly copper on peanuts Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull 494 (1952)

188 Har-Tzook A and Goldin E On the problem of producshytivity in groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) Ol6agineux 22677-678 (1967)

189 Hawkins JC The mechanisation of groundnut harvesting World Crops 14181-185 (1962)

190 Haynes DWM Mechanical tests of groundnut decortishycators 1960-1961 Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Mn Agr N Region Nigeria 221-7 (1962)

191 Hayward LAW Infestation control in stored groundnuts in Northern Nigeria World Crops 1563-67 (1963)

192 et al Technical aspects of groundnut storage in Northern Nigeria CCTAFAO Symposium on stored Food Freetown 20-24 February 1962 SF (62) 3 15th Dec p 1-6 (1961)

193 Heimann H and Ratner R The irrigation with saline water and the ionic environment Field experiments with groundnuts and cowpeas Oldagineux 20157-162 (1965)

194 Helms H et a Peanut plants in Queensland infected with tomato spotted wilt virus AustJ Agr Res 12239-246 (1961)

195 Hemingway JS The resistance of groundnuts to Cercoshyspora leafspots EmpJ Exp Agr 2560-68 (1957)

196 Higgins BB Peanut Breeding Proc 39th Ann Conf Assoc South Agr Workers Atlanta Ga (1938)

197 Relation of breeding and varieties to quality for specific uses Proc Peanut Res Conference pp 13-20 (1957)

198 and Bailey WK Peanut seed and seed treatshyments Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeograph Series NS 70 (1959)

199 Hogendorn JS Response to price change A Nigerian example Economica 34325 (1967)

200 Holland DA The component analysis approach to the interpretation of plant analysis data from groundnuts and sugar cane Exp Agr 4179-185 (1968)

201 Holley KT Strain and seasonal effects on peanut characshyteristics Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bull 32 27 p (1968)

202 Horst K ter Enige proeven ter bestrijding van de Cercoshyspora-bladvlekkenziekte van de aardnoot (Some experiments on the control of the Cercospora leaf spot disease of the groundnut) Surinaamse Iandbouw 9103-117 (1961)

203 utt Het optimale plantverband voor pinda van het ras Matjan (The optimum spacing for the Matjan variety of groundnuts) Surinaamse Landbouw 7121-128 (1959)

204 Hull R and Adams AN Groundnut rosette and its assistor virus The Annals of Applied Biology 62 (1968)

205 Hutchison RS Recherches sur le sechage des arachides stockers par les cultivateurs (Research on drying of groundshynuts stocked by farmers) Oleagineux 22737-740 (1967)

24

206 Inforzato R and Tella R de Sistema radicular do amendoim (The root system of the groundnut) Bragantia 19119-123 (1960)

207 Instruc6es para a colheita de material destinado ia analise foliar do amendoim (Instructions on the collection of mateshyrial for foliar analysis of the groundnut) Gaz Agr Angola 7201-203 211 (1962)

208 Intercropping sugarcane with legumes Exp Stat Bull Victorias Milling Co Inc 148-9 (1967)

209 Jackson CR A list of fungi reported on peanut pods and kernels Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 234 (1965)

210 Growth of Aspergllusflavus and other fungi in windrowed peanuts in Georgia-Part VII Trop Sci 227-34 (1965)

__ Development of fungi in peanuts during artishyicial drying Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Report 19 (1967)

112 studies on control of peanut pod fungi Georgia Exp Sta Res Report 11 p 18 (1967)

213 A field study of funer gtciations on peanut truit Georgia Agr hxp Sta Res BT (1968)

214 _ and Bell DK Lptosphaerulina erassiasca The cause of leaf scorch and pepper spot of peanut (Oldagishyneux 23387-388 (1968)

215 _ and Minton NA Peanut pod invasion by fungi in the presence of lesion nematodes in Georgia Oleagishyneux 23531-534 (194)

216 Jacquot M Echantillonnage dun lot darachides pour le calcul du rend-ent au ddcorticae (Sampling of a parcel of groundnuts foL the calculation of yield after shelling) Agron Trop17 1-181 (1962)

217 Observations de quelques caractres morphoshylogiques floraux sur Arachis hypogaea Liaisons naturelles de ces caractives Remarques sur I classification des machides cultivies (Observations on some floral morphological characshyters in Ararhis hypogaea Natural combinations of these characters Remark on the classification of the cultivated groundnuts) Agron Trop 17817-827 (1962)

218 Joffe AZ Aflatoxin produced by 1626 isolates of Aspergillusflaus from groundnut kernels and soils in Israel Nature 22149sect2 (1969)

219 Johnson FR The peanut story Murfreesboro NC Johnson Publishing Co 192 p Tables Figs Photos Maps Refs (1964)

220 Johnson MB and Gilhland CB Changes in farmers stock peanuts in storage Marketing Res Rep USDep Agr 381 p 1-34 (1960)

221 Joshi SN and Joshi HU Study of rotation of groundshynut-wheat under irrigated conditions in Saurashtra Indian OilseedsJ 8133-135 (1964)

222 _ and _ Spacing experiments on bunch variety of groundnut in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State Indian OilseedsJ 8162-166 (1964)

223 _ and _ Study of spacing on spreading groundnut in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State Indian OilseedsJ 8214-217 (1964)

224 Kanwar JS Investigations on sulphur in soils I Sulphur deficiency in groundnut soils of Samrala (Ludhiana) Indian J Agr Sci 33196-198 (1963)

225 Katarki BH and Banahatti AL Effect of N P and K on yields of groundnut in black soils of Mysore State Indian OilseedsJ 950-57 (1965)

226 Kay DE Production darachides de bouche pour le Royaume-Uni (Production of comestible groundnuts for the United Kingdom) Oleagineux 20105-107 (1965)

227 Kirinde STW Some effects of PIC and CIPC on groundshynuts Trop Agr Ceylon 1157-13 (1959)

228 Klesser PJ A veinbanding virus of groundnuts Arachis hypogaea S AfrJ Agr Sci 10515-528 (1967)

229 Mwitunde groundnuts and their reaction to virus infection in South Africa S Afr J Agr Sci 10675-686 (1967)

230 Arachis species and their reaction to virus infection S Aft J Agr Sc 10919-927 (1967)

231 Green rosette virus of groadnuts in South Africa S AfrJ Agr Sci 1177-85 (196R1

232 Reactions of groundnut varieties to the groundnut viruses S Afr J Agr Sci 11415-421 (1968)

233 Kousalya G et al Assessment of crop losses caused by rosette disease of groundnut Indian J AgrSci 37356-361 (1967)

234 Kramer M Resultados de dois anos do emprEgo de herbishycidas parao contr~le de ervas no amendoin nas condic-es de Sfo Paulo (Results of 2 years use of herbicides for weed control in groundnuts under SSo Paulo conditions) Anais III Semindrio Bras Herbicidas Ervas Daninhas 1960 p 237-248 (1961)

235 and Liederman I Controle de ervas daninhas do amendoim pela aplicacao de herbicidas de preshyemergencia (Weed control in groundnuts by the application of pre-emergence herbicides) Arq Inst Biol 28175-184 (1961)

236 Krishnaswamy MA and Johar DS Vegetable cheese from groundnut milk Food Sci 9235-240 (1960)

237 Krishnamurthy K Differential effect of hormones as follar applications on the yield of groundnut IndianJ Sci amp Industry 179-82 (1967)

238 Kulkarni LG et al Studies on weeding and interculture in relation to weed control in the yield of groundnut Indian OilseedsJ 7126-129 (1963)

239 Kutumba Rao S et al Pilot plant studies on processing of groundnuts Some factors influencing the quality of products and efficiency of processing Indian Oilseeds J 8106-109 (1964)

240 et al Compositional studies in Idnian groundshynuts Indian Oilseeds J 95-13 (19 65)

25

241 Labrousse G and Godron E Michanisation de la culture study of mineral nutrition of groundnuts Effects of boron de larachide notamment dans lea pays francophones and manganese toxicity) Agron Trop 14657-711 (1959) dAfrique tropicale et 1 Madagascar (Mechanization of groundnut production with special reference to the French- 254 Lin H FW Ho and Wang JS Studies on the yield spealang countries of tropical Africa and to Madagascar) components of peanuts II The path coefficient of yield Machinisme Agr Trop 113-103 (1965) components in different crops of peanuts (In Chinese) Agr

Assn ChinaJ 6522-31 (1969) 242 Lachover D Influence de ldpandage fractionnd de sulfate

dammoniaque sur le rendement et I qualit6 des arachides de 255 Lins R de and Ramos JAB Producio e comercialshybouche en terre limonsablonneuse rouge (Effect of split izado de amendoim no Estado de Sto Paulo (Production of applicat9a pf-t MIhrmPrm m i yeldNag4lyp and tra i sectorpd1f ql a Af ul- aia)PCPntle l a ) of cornestihle groundit oa W turn em S Paulo141-54(196

256 Lung DDl Whe petan the uapredhctable legume A 243_ La i sponse de Larachide debouche en nture sympnsm)Thc Tqtinal io V ng U

irrigup jpppt pr4uits rp ( DC ( edible roundnuts under irrigation to the application of calciumcompounds) 6agnuxiY- (i6 257 McDonald D and AArouk J Giowth u Apergflus

flavus and production of aflatoxia in groudnuts -Part I 244 et al Influencodengrais azatdsliquides surle Trop Scd20S-24(93)

rendement ot lIqualitd des arachides (Effect pf liquid nitroshygen feFizrs on yie~d and 9q9lity of g n ) a 258 et al Growth of spergillus andproducshyneux1107-111 (1962) tion of aflatoxm in groundnuits-PIart f Trop Sci

131-154 (1964) 245 et al Influence dengrais verts et dengrais

azot e etla qualit4 des arachides(The 1 259 __ and Harknqs C Growth of Aspejgilus flavusleendement effect f grepn W g arira i e lz 9 he and production of aflatoxin inggundat- II Trop Sc yield and quality of groundnuts) Ol6agineux 18153-156 5148-154 196) (19 63) 0C l--0A4M

an a nss row o pg s

24b _ and Arnon I Influence sur Parachide du and production of aflatoxin ir groundnuts-Part IV Trop unanque de potassium de potassium de certains sols Determai- Sd 612-27 (1964) l nation de~la deficience (Influence on groundnuts of potassishyum de iepsy pqegi3 spa 261 t and Hffkne ss 9 7Groth94 r 1 avusefr pq rraipAtheq e ciencyqeaineux$9117 (1964 and production ot hatox nn groundnuts5-Pa 91i fop

8d7P2-A(1 Jl Il 247 Lal SP ad Ma~tha SD Studies on Icd-buinc fungi of IN gwgrliuut LA frew rltbod far 1ntectipg fungi nsnad 262 za and H g qfltoii f g9gyndBrjr

isamples f yee1sperp elrngp4lapprp crop at harest fig Northey p Sci9j4 8-161igeria-1 61

ph paseol(ubl hby (sys cs otium ataticolaTub) (1967) I Laboratory assay ot fungicides for controlhng seca-borne

infections CR Assuc flt Essis Semncuces 32a5-606 203 MelGtUesick N A nams aluck on low pnoduclivity in (1067)e peasant agriculture TntDevelopmeetRe9 -G6 (19r7)kI

248 Lancaster MC et al Toxicity associated with certain 264 Al mani mecanizado nuevo cultivo de la zona algodonera samples of gronuts Nature 1921095-1097 (19U1 (Mechanized groundnut a new crop for the cotton area)

0 I --o Iass1 I Igt e1-1 Rev Nhc Agr Culuhnbia 705-706 p 43 (1964) 249 Langfoad WR Spanucoss Geosgia Agr Expt Sta Res

Report 76 (1970) 265 Mahapatra LN Preliminary studies on corzelatipn of yield with other characters of groundnut Indian Agriculturist

250 Laes DA Rainfall conservatin nd he yields of 1097-106 (1966) sorghum and grownthuts impNorthernigeria Egp Agr 2139-146(1966) 266 Maize whats the alternative crop 1 Groundnts

-Rhodesia Agr J5928-269 (1962) 251 Liedernws L et al Aplicauil desherbiidas em ieshy

emergencia no amendoim em terra arenosa (Pro-emergence 267 MaPtellA and Gqalin E Th9 influence ofirrigatiq applicagn pffberbicidest groundpytson an ay oi) frequency and intensity on the yield and quality of peanuts

(Arachis liypogaea) Israel j Agr Res 14203-21 (1964)ABioldg~cy rasp1 206J6sectj19)d

it 252 and SnUs CALtlos Cunit5k de garneaica 268 MarlrifmrgrouadoutsandgroundaytcoLStud4 group a rltuxaArQanaudoimcemmistaiu exfiuinedipn Oilsee4sQIfr apg Fp (4O 9ti Sess (3POF g8

it em trJp t u s Ieill (1968)1l1 groundnut fields with mixtures of triflumlin and dauron in

In Iii three rego of tie State o So Paulo)Bsoldgco a 269 Mattin G 1 Lavage dlt Patathide de bouchc (Thst wash Iii 332Wt-222 (1907)0 big of graodudius fo direct consumtptiou Olgineuxhi

r ii Iii

253 Ifeqqe54 And BelqyjCpntrikyi~p I4tp4e dgJ nutritios mindale de larachide (Arachis hypogaea) Effets 270 te sechage artificiel des arachides en coques des to citis bifue et man aque (Contributin to the (The artificiAl drying of groundnuts in the shell) Oldagineux

N Ill

1 iii thin hilts

if

26

271 Conservation des semences darachide (Storshyage of groundnut seeds) Olagineux 1985-87 (1964)

272 Diagnostic follaire de larachide (Foliar diagshynosis of the groundnut) Olagineux 20241-242 (1965)

273 _ and Fourrier P Les oligo-lnements dans la culture de larachide du Nord S6 ndgal (Trace elements in the cultivation of groundnuts in Northern Senegal) 01oagineux 20287-291 (1965)

274 Martin JP Influence de I date de semis et de la longueur de cycle sur la richesse en huile et sur quelques autres cameshyteres de larachide (The effect of sowing date and growing period on the oil content and other characteristics of the groundnut) Oleagineux 23315-316 (1968)

275 Differences de richesse en huile des graines darachide selon leur position dans Ia gousse avec observation simultande do Ia grosseur des graines (Differences in oil conshytent between groundnut kernels according to their position in

- the pod with simultaneous observations on kernel sizes) OlWagineux 27453-455 (1968)

276 and Bilquez AF Nouvelle contribution a la connaissance de la floraison et de la fructification de azachide (New contribution to the knowledge of the flowering and fruiting of groundnuts) Oleagineux 17469-471 (1962)

277 Martinez JA and Bastos Cruz BP Contrle quimico da murcha do amendoim (Chemical control of groundnut wilt)Bioldgico Brasil 27191-193 (1961)

278 Masilungan VA et al Studies on some important factors involved in the mold process of making soy sauce Philippine J Sci 89149-162 (1960)

279 Mazzani B El mani en Venequela (The groundnut in Venezuela) Monogr Centro Invest Agron 11-138 (1961)

280 _ and Allievi J Efectos de varias pocas de despegue de los frutos sobre algunas caracteristicas del mani (Effect of various times of pod removal on some groundnut characteristics) Agron Trop Venezuela 17127-132 (1967)

281 _ et al Quelques aspects de la fertilisation minarale de Iarachide au Venequela (Some aspects of the application of mineral fertilizers to groundnuts in Veneshyzuela) Olagineux 23383-385 (1968)

282 _ and Inojosa S Diferencias varietales de suscepshytibilidad a Ia roya del mani en Venezuela (Varietal differshyences in susceptibility to rust of groundnuts in Venezuela)Agron Trop Venezuela 114145 (1961)

283 _ and Inojosa S Resultados de la aplicacion pregerminativa del herbicida prometrin en mani (Results of pre-germination application of the herbicide prometrine in groundnuts) Agron Trop Venezuela 12137-142 (1962)

284 Mazzei Patrone I Siembras experimentales con variedades de mani (Experimental sowings with groundnut varieties) Bol Inform Uruguay 177-10 (1961)

285 Meikle J0 A survey of African-grown groundnut varieshyties in Rhodesia Rhodesia Agr J 62109-113 (1965)

286 Mendes Conagin CHT and Conagin A EficiEncia reproshyductiva no amendoim cultivado (Arachis hypogaea) (Effishyciency of reproduction in the cultivated groundnut) Bragantia 191081-1104 (1960)

287 Meredith RM The effects of population density and manuring on groundnut yields in Northern Nigeria Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Min Agr N Region Nigeria 251-12 (1962)

288 The effects of planting density and manuring on the yields of bunch-type groundnuts Enmp J Exp Agr 32136-140 (1964)

289 Metelerkamp HRR Response to early planting and irrishygation of a late maturing groudnut variety Rhodesia Age J 64127 (1967)

290 Mixon AC Effect of seed size on vigor and yield of runner peanuts Alabama Age Exp Sta Bul 346 (1963)

291 Mohan JC and Ali AM Yield response of irrigated groundnut to organic mulches Indian J Agr Sci 39196-199 (1969)

292 Morris Porter D and Garren KH An analysis of the endogeocarpic microflora of peanuts in Virginia Trop Sci 10100-106 (1968)

293 Mortiss PD Peanut cutter-rake Queensland Agr J f8889-90 (1962)

294 Moursi MA and Abd EI-Gawad AA Production of peanut crop in UAR Growth and yield response to plant population Ann Agric Sci Univ Ain shams 10281-305 (1967)

295 Muhammad SV and Dorairaj MS Screening the genetic stock of Arachis hypogaea for seed dormancy in Madras State IndianjAgr Sci 3873-75 (1968)

296 Murty AGK Exports of groundnut extractions a price study Indianj Agr Econ 23184-191 (1968)

297 Musangi RS and Soneji SV Feeding groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) haulms to dairy cows in Uganda E Afr Agr Forestryj 33170-174 (1967)

298 Muthiah C and Rao MP Shifting of area under culture Agr Situation India 17337-341 (1962)

299 Myers JM and Rogers F Mechanical drying and harvesshyting peanuts Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull 507 (1952)

300 Nariani TK and Dhingra KL A mosaic disease of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Indian J Age Sci 3325-27 (1963)

301 Nelson GL et al Vacuum techniques for mycotoxin-free peanut drying Oklahoma Agr Res Prog Rep Processed Series P-608 14 p (1969)

302 Nicholaides JJand Cox FR Effect of mineral nutrition on chemical composition and early reproductive development of Virginia type peanuts Arachis hypogaea Agron J 62262-264 (1970)

303 Niger Levolution du rendement de larachide (Nigera

27

Development of the yield of groundnuts) Chron dOutre-Mer 5138-39 (1958)

304 Nigerian peanut output drops sharply Foreign Crops and Markets 8015 (1960)

305 Nigerian peanut purchases down sharply palm products forecast at 1959 level Foreign Crops and Markets 8116-17 (1960)

306 Nijhawan HL Response of groundnut to fertilizers Indian OilseedsJ 6185-192 (1962)

307 Effect of time of harvesting on the quality of groundnut crop Indian OilseedsJ 6298-302 (1962)

308 Effect of time of planting on the quality of groundnut crop Indian OilseedsJ 71-3 (1963)

- 309 Effect of sowing groundnut in different spashycings on the chemical composition of the crop Indian Oilshyseedsj 7133-135 (1963)

310 Njao N Groundinuts and groundnut oil Agr Econ Bull Africa 344-47 (1 9 6 3)

311 Norden AJ and Block DH Variety BlendsA considershyation in peanut oil improvement and production Oleagineux 23583-585 (1969)

312 RLipscomb and WA Carver Florunner-A new peanut variety Florida Agr Exp Sta Circ S-196 (1969)

313 Norris DO Acid Production by Rhizobium Plant and Soil 22143-166 (1965)

314 Nutnan FJ FM Roberts andjG Williamson Studies on varietal resistance in the groundnut (Arachis hypogeae) to Rosette disease RhodJ Agric Res 263-77 (1964)

315 Ofori CS Response of groundnuts to phosphatic fertilishyzers on the granitic soils of the Upper Region in Ghana Agron Trop 20489-494 (1965)

316 Ollagnier M and Gillier P Comparaison du diagnostic foliarire et de lanalyse des sols pour ia determination des besoins en engrais de Iarachide an S~ndgal (phosphore et potassium) (Comparison of foliai diagnosis and soil analysis for the assessment of P and K fertilizer requirements of groundnuts in Senegal) Ollagineux20513-516 (1965)

317 Oosthuizen SA Grondbonehooi is arm ann protene (Groundnut hay is poor in protein) Boerdery S-Afrika 3247-64 (1957)

318 Operations de pr6vulgarisation sur arachide conduites par IlRHO en Hiute-Volta et au Sengal (Demonstration experiments with groundnuts conducted by the IRHO in Upper-Volta and Senegal) Bul Engrais 461 pp 141-144 (1963)

319 Oram PA High-quality groundnuts for direct consumpshytion I Production research and development in Libya World Crops 9159-162 (1957)

320 Oram PA Recent developments in groundnut producshytion with specialreference to Africa Field Crop Abstracts Part 111-6 PartlI 1175-84 (1958)

321 Ordish G Pest Control in groundnuts Pest articles and news summaries No 2 Ministry of Overseas Development London p 138 (1967)

322 Parker RC Wynne JC and Embry DA 1970 Comshybining ability estimates in Arachis hypogaea I F1 seedling responses in a controlled environment Crop Sci 10429-432 (1970)

323 Parkin EA and Scott EIC The germination of foodshycrop seeds stored in contact with lindane and DDT dusts Trop Sci 1206-211 (1959)

324 Patel MS et al Wealth from groundnut waste-a review Indian Oilseeds J 8380-382 (1964)

325 Pathak GN and Verma G Studies on the cultural and manurial requirements of groundnut in Uttar Pradesh Indian Oilseeds J 8167-174 (1964)

326 Patil SH and Desai BM Introduction of groundnut cultivation in high rainfall regions of Bombay Indian OilshyseedsJ 8218-221 (1964)

327 Pattinson L et al The separation of aflatoxin infected groundnut kernels Trop Sci 10212-221 (1968)

328 Peers FG Aflatoxin-A summary of recent work Trop Sci 9186-203 (1967)

329 Phillips LJ and Norman MJT Sorghum-peanut crop sequences at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 1144-149 (1 9 6 1)

330 - - and - Fodder crop-cash crop sequences at Katherine NT Techn Paper Commonwealth Sci Industr Res Organiz Australia 203-12 (1962)

331 and The influence of inter-row spacing and plant population on the yield of peanuts at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 254-60 (1962)

332 _ and The response of peanuts to phosphate fertilizers at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 5470-474 (1965)

333 Piggott CJ The effect of fertilizers on the yield and quality of groundnuts in Sierra Leone Emp J Exp Agr 2859-64 (1960)

334 Pinto de Matos AH Influtncia dos tratamentos insectishycidas no poder germinativo das sementes de amendoim (Effect of insecticidal treatments on the germinative power of groundnut seed) Garcia de Orta 9471-477 (1961)

335 Pothecary BP Handling groundnuts with auger conveyer World Crops 21180-182 (1969)

336 Prabhakara Reddy G and Sanyasi Rao C Fertilizer response in groundnut Indian Oilseedsj 9274-279 (1965)

337 Prevot P and Billaz R Recherches agrophysiologiques sur le probl6me de la r6sistance de larachide baIa sdcheresse (Agro-physiological investigations into the problem of drought resistance of groundnuts) Oldagineux 17911-917 (1962)

28

338 and Martin G Comparaison des fumures organiques et mindrales pour Parachide en Haute-Volta (Comparison between organic and mineral manures for groundnuts in Upper Volta) Olagineux 19533-537 (1964)

339 Pugnat C Rapport au Gouvernement du Cameroune sur lamelioration des cultures vivrieres (Report to the governshyment of Cameroon on the improvement of subsistence crops) Progr Elargi Assist Techn FAO 1834 p 1-17143 (1964)

340 Pursglove JW Tropical Crops Dicotyledons Longmans Press (1968)

341 Punrss GS Wilt of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in Queensshyland with particular reference to Verticillium wilt Queens landJ Agr Sci 18453-462 (1961)

342 Peanut diseases in Queensland Queensland Agr J 88540-543 (1962)

343 Rebechault H and Guenin G Effects de Pacide gibbershyellique sur deux varietes darachide (Arachis hypogaea) (Effects of gibberellic acid on two groundnut varieties) Cah ORSTOM Ser Biologic 43-29 (1967)

344 Ramly AWH A simple groundnut stripper World Crops 1834-35 (1966)

345 Rawson JE Susceptibility of Virginia Bunch peanut to post-emergence application of 24-D and related herbicides Queensland JAgr Sci 20463-470 (1963)

346 Controlling weeds in peanuts Queensland Agr J90656-661 (1964)

347 Ravindra Nath V and Kulkarni LG Effect of different dates of sowing of groundnut on the development and intensity of leaf-spot disease by Cercospora spp Indian J Agr Sci 37362-368 (1967)

348 Rickards CE Mechanised groundnut cultivation Farming Zambia 45-7 (1968)

349 Roche P and Velly J Etudes de fertilisation sur arachides dans la rcgion du Lac Alaotra (1957-60) (Studies on fertilizer application to groundnuts in the Lake Alaotra region 1957-60) Agron Trop 18477-510 (1963)

350 Le r6le de larachide dans ]a croissance iconomique du Senigal (The role of the groundnut in Senegals economic growth) Ed by JB Mas Rep du Senegal Ministampre du Plan et due Developpement Service de la Statistique 16 p Tables Appendix (1964)

351 Rosher PH and Sheldrick RD The effect of postshyemergence applications of MCPB on groundnuts Trop Agr Trinidad 36211-217 (1959)

352 Rothwell A Diseases of groundnuts in Southern Rhoshydesia Rhodesia AgrJ 59199-201 (1962)

353 Sardone LT The groundnut industry of Queensland World Crops 12351-354 (1960)

354 Scaife A Groundnut cultivation in Western Tanzania Ukiriguru Progress Rep Tanzania 21-6 (1966)

855 Schenk RV Development of the peanut fruit Georgia Agr Expt Sta Tech Bull ns 22 (19 61)

356 Schiffman J Field experiments on inoculation of peanuts in Northern Negev soils Israel J Agr Res 11151-158 (1961)

357 and Y Alper 1968 Effects of Rhizobiumshyinoculum placement on peanut inoculation Expl Agric 4203-208 (1968)

358 and Alper Y Inoculation of peanut by applishycation of Rhizobium suspension into the planting furrows Exp Agr 4219-226 (1968)

359 Schilling R Larachide en cultures associes avec les c6 r~ales (Groundnuts in association with cereals) Oldagineux 20673-676 (1965)

360 Seeger JR Essais dinoculation artificielle de Parachide - au Congo (Experiments on the artificial inoculation of

groundnuts in Congo) Ann Gembloux 67220-241 (1961)

361 Sen S and Ghosh M Influence of time of harvesting on the quantity of oil in groundnut Indian Oilseeds J 9260-265 (1965)

362 Serry A and EI-Banna E A study of correlation beshytween rapid soil tests and response of groundnut to potassishyum application on some Sharkeia sandy soils in pot experishyments Agr Res Rev Egypt 4040-47 (1962)

363 Seshadri CR et al Studies on root development in groundnut Indianj Agr Sci 28211-215 (1958)

364 Shekhawat GS et al Studies on the effect of methods of sowing row spacing and seed-rate on the yield of groundshynut Indian OilseedsJ9280-282 (1965)

365 Shiralipour A Harris HC West SH Boron deficiency and amino acid and protein contents of peanut leaves Crop Sci 9455-456 (1969)

366 Siewart Sara and JG Woodroof Nouveau proced6 de salage des arachides en coques (New procedure for salting groundnuts in their shells) Oleagineux 8230-231 (1953)

367 Silvestre P Monographie des recherches conduites Ia Bambey sur larachide (Monograph of the research work on groundnuts conducted at Bombey) Agron Trop 16623-733 (1961)

368 La production de larachide h Madagascar (Groundnut production in Madagascar) Agron Trop 18511-526 (1963)

369 Simposium oor makotoksiene in voedselsoorte landshyboukundige aspekte gehou te Pretoria 25-26 Februari 1965 (Symposium on mycotoxins in foodstuffs agricultural aspects held at Pretoria February 25-26 1965) Techn Commun Dep Agr Techn Serv Rep S Africa 351-60 (1965)

370 Smartt J Groundnuts in Northern Rhodesia Rhodesia AgrJ 5769-72 (1960)

371 A guide to groundnut cultivation in Northern Rhodesia Rhodesia AgrJ5894-102 (1961)

372 Factors influencing yield and quality of groundnuts in Northern Rhodesia Emp J Exp Agr 32343-351 (1964)

29

373 Snyman JW The secret of higher groundnut yields Farming S Africa 4334-37 (1968)

374 Soudan me caisse de stabilisation des prix de larachide (A price Stabilization Fund for Groundauts) Marches Trop du Monde 141251 (1958)

375 South China area interplants peanuts and sugar cane to raise outputs of both Surv China Mainland Press 3536 p 19 (1965)

376 Spensley PC Aflatoxin the active principle in Turkey I disease Endeavour 2275-79 (1963)

377 Stead PRS Groundnut drying trials Rhod Agr J 6651-53 (1969)

378 Stem WR The influence of sowing date on the yield of peanuts in a short summer rainfall environment Aust J Exp Agr and Animal Husbandry 8594-598 (1968)

379 Strauss JL and Gizzard AL The effect of calcium magnesium and potassium on peanut yields Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 12348-352 (1948)

380 Sulaiman M Investigations on the control of tikka disease of groundnut in the Maharashtra State Beitrige Trop Subshytrop Landwirtsch u Tropenveterindrmedizin 251-54 (1964)

381 and Agashe NG Influence of climate on the incidence of tikka disease of groundnut Indian Oilseeds J 9176-179 (1965)

382 Sundaran NV Note on creation of tikka leaf spot of groundnut Indian Oilseeds J998-101 (1965)

383 Tella R de and Bacchi 0 Longevidade das sementes de amendoin (Longevity of groundnut seed) Bragantia 2121-23 (1962)

384 and Canecchio Filho V Instrucoes praticas-a cultura do amendoim (Practical instructions for groundnut cultivation) Agronomico 117-11 (1959)

385 Terblanche M and Rabie CJ A toxic fungus (Scerotshyium rolfsii) isolated from groundnuts S Afr J Agr Sci 10253-261 (1967)

386 Thompson SS Peanut leafspot diseases Ga Univ Ext Leafl 25 Res 8 p (1969)

387 Thornton I Quelques observations sur la nodulation de larachide en Gambie (Some observations on root nodule formation of groundnuts in Gambia) Oleagineux 18781-783 (1963)

388 The effect of fertilizers on the uptake of nitroshygen phosphorus and potassium by the groundnut EmpJ Exp Agr 32235-240 (1964)

389 Tippins HH Morgan LW and CM Beckham Biology of Derobrachusbrevicollis a pest of Bahiagrass and peanuts Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bul 33 (1968)

390 Toms AM Agricultural progress in the Sudan World Crops 14200-202 (1962)

391 Irrigated groundnuts in the Sudan Gezira World Crops 1539-42 (1963)

392 Toole VL WK Bailey EH Toole Factors influencing dormancy of peanut seeds Plant Physiol 308Z2-832 (1964)

398 Tuelieres R Larachide an Sud-Vitnam (The groundnut in South Viet Nam) Bull Soc Et Indochinoises 37435-463 (1962)

394 Une alimentation saine et abondante grace 1a (A healthy and abundant alimentation thanks to ) Sin6gal Magazine Aug p 16-9 (1961)

395 Uptrend in Brazils peanut production temporarily halted by dry weather Foreign Crops and Markets 7916-17 (1959)

396 Vachhani MV et al Crop rotations double cropping and cropping pattern in the rice areas in India News Letter Int Rice Comm 1119-23 (1962)

397 Verma JK and Bajpai MR A brief review of mineral nutrition of groundnut in relation to its growth yield and quality Indian Oilseeds J 8222-229 (1964)

398 Vidhyasekaran P and lothandaraman R Fungicidal control of tikka leaf-spot of groundnut Indian J Agr Sci 38373-377 (1968)

399 Wadhwa ND Mechanical cultivation of groundnut in Northern Ghana Ghana Farmer 85-13 (1964)

400 Weiss EA Castor Sesame and Safflower 901 p Leonard Hill London (1971)

401 Whitaker RB and Wiser EH Theoretical investigations into the accuracy of sampling shelled peanuts for aflatoxin Amer Oil Chem SocJ 46377-379 (1969)

402 Whiteside JD and Bailey RA Application of fungicides for the control of Cercospora leaf-spot of groundnuts Rhoshydesia Agr J 64128-132 (1967)

403 Wilson C Peanut seed treatments Plant Disease Reptr 3487-95 (1950)

404 Wood IMW The effects of seed size seed treatment method of shelling and organic matter on the establishment of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 881-84 (1968)

405 The effect of temperature at early flowering on the growth and development of peanuts (Arachis hyposhygaea) AustJ Agr Res 19241-251 (1968)

406 Chemical weed control in peanut crops at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr and Animal Husbandry 8762-766 (1968)

407 Woodroof JG Peanuts Production processing products The AVI Publishing Company Westport Connecticut p 291 (1966)

408 World peanut production second largest of record World Summaries Crops and Livestock Nov 24 p 16-18 (1960)

409 World peanut production sets new record Foreign Agr Carc US Dept Agr FFO 16-65 p 1-29 (1965)

410 World peanut production at near-record high in 1966 exports at record level Foreign Agr arc US Dep Agr FPO 7-67 p 1-28 (1967)

30

411 Zink E et al Estudos s8bre a conservacio de sementes X-Amendoin (Studies on seed storage X Groundnuts) Bragantia 21159-165 (1962)

Additional Reference

This manuscript has been a long time in preparation After the manuscript was put in final form and most of the typing had been done asignificant book on peanuts was publishedPeanuts-Cultureand Uses a Symposium was published by the American Peanut Research and Education Association Inc (Executive Secretary-Treasurer Leland

Tripp Agronomy Department Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma 74074) Thirty-eight authors contributed to the 20 chapters and in the 684 pages of the book there are over 2000 references listed This book covers in considerable detail all the topics that have been

briefly summarized in this manuscript Peanut proteins and the physicoshychemical and nutritional properties of peanuts are well covered

31

ABBREVIATIONS AND ADDRESSES OF SOME SOURCES OF LITERATURE CITATIONS

Agr Assn China J-Agricultural Association of China Journal Taipei Taiwan

Agrekon-Agrekon Department of Agricultural Economics and Marketing Pretoria South Africa

Agricultura em Sio Paulo-Instituto de Economia Agricola Caixa Postal 8083 Sio Paulo Brazil

Agron J-Agronomy Journal American Society of Agronomy 677 S Segoc Road Madison Wisconsin 53711 (USA)

Agronomico-Agronomico Instituto Agronomico Caixa Postal 28 Campanis Brazil

Agron Trop-Agronomia Tropical Centro de Investigaciones Agronomicas Maracay Venezuela

Agr Res Rev Egypt-Agricultural Research Review Dokki

Egypt Agr Situation India-Agricultural Situation in India Ministry of

Food and Agriculture Delhi 6 India Agr Trop-Agricultura Tropical Asociacion Columbiana de

Ingenieros Agronomo Bogota Columbia Alabama Age Exp Sta Bul-Alabama Agricultural Experiment

Station-Bulletin Auburn Alabama 36830 (USA) Amer Oil Chem Soc J-American Oil Chemists Society

Journal 35 East WackerNDrive Chicago Illinois 60601 (USA)

Amer Soc Agr Eng Trans-American Society of Agricultural Engineers Transactions St Joseph Michigan 49085 (USA)

Ann Agric Sci Univ Ain Shams-Annals of Agricultural Science University of Ain Shams Cairo Egypt

Arq Inst Biol-Arquivos do Instituto Biolgico Baixa Postal 7119 Sao Paulo Brazil

Aust J Agr Res-Australian Journal of Agricultural Research MelbourneAustralia

Beitrige Trop Subtrop Landwirtsch u Tropenveterinarshymedizin-Beitrige zur Tropischen und Subtropischen Landwirtschaft and Tropenveteriniirmedizin Karl Marx University Leipzig

Biolodgico-Biologico Caixa Postal 4185 Sao Paulo Brazil Biologist-Biologist Denver Colorado (USA) Bragantia-Bragantia Boletim Technico do Instituto Agronomshy

ico do Estado de Sgo Paulo Sgo Paulo Brazil Bull Engrais-Bulletin des Engrais Paris Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Belge-Bulletin

deinformation de Institut National pour IEtude Agroshynomique du Congo Beige Brussels

Cah ORSTOM Ser Biologi-Cahiers Office de In Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer Series Biologi Paris

CCTACSA Symposium Lagos-Bukavu Savannah-Commission for Technical Cooperation in Africa Scientific Council for Africa

CCTAFAO Symposium-Commission pour la Cooperation Technique en Afrique (Commission for Technical Coopershyation in Africa South of the Sahara) Food and Agriculshytune Organization Symposium

Cenicafe-Cenicafe Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Cafe Chinchina Columbia

Chemistry and Industry London

Crop Sci-Crop Science Society of America 677 S Segoe Road Madison Wisconsin 53711 (USA)

Current Sci-Current Science Raman Research Institute Bangalore India

Diss Abstr Sect B-Dissertation Abstracts Section B Sciences and Engineering University Microfilms Ann Arbor Michigan 48106 (USA)

E Afr Agr Forestry J-East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal PO Box 30148 Nairobi

Econ Botany-Economic Botany The New York Botanical Garden New York New York 10458 (USA)

Economica-Economica London Empire J of Exper Agric-Empire Journal of Experimental

Agriculture London Emp J Exp Agr Gambia-Empire Journal of Experimental

Agriculture Gambia Endeavour-Endeavour Thames House London Etud Senegelaises-Etudes Senegelaises Dakar Expl Agric-Experimental Agriculture London FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome Italy FAO Plant Protection Bulletin-Food and Agriculture Organizashy

tion International Documents Service 136 S Broadway Irvington on Hudson New York 10533 (USA)

FAO 4th Sess CCP OF-Food and Agricultural Organization 4th Session Committee on Commodity Problems Oils and Fats

Farming S Africa-Famning in South Africa Agricultural Technical Services Private Bag 144 Pretoria South Africa

Field Crop Abstracts-Field Crop Abstracts Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux Farnham Royal England

Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull-Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin Gainesville Florida 32601 (USA)

Florida Agr Exp Sta Crc-Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Circular Gainesville Florida 32601 (USA)

Foreign Agr Circ U S Dept Agr FFO-Foreign Agricultural Circular United States Department of Agriculture Fats and Oils

Garcia de Orta-Garcia de Orta Junta de Investigacces do Ultrashymar Lisbon Portugal

Ga Univ Ext Ixafl-Georgia University Extension Leaflet Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Gaz Agr Angola-Gazeta Agricola de Angola Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 203-Georgia Agriculshy

tural Experiment Station Mimeo Series (New Series) Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Report-Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Ghana Farmer-Ghana Farmer Accra Ghana Indian Agriculturist-Indian Agriculturist Agricultural Society

of India Ballygunge Circular Road Calcutta India Indian Farming-Indian Council of Agricultural Research New

Delhi India Indian J Agr Sci-Indian Journal of Agricultural Science

Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi India

32

Indian J Sci amp Industry-Indian Journal of Science and Indusshytry Karnal India

Indian Oilseeds J-Indian Oilseeds Journal Hyderabad India Israel J Agr Res-Israel Journal of Agricultural Research J Amer Soc Agron-Journal of the American Society of

Agronomy Geneva New York 14456 (USA) J Econ Entomol-Joumnal of Economic Entomology Entoshy

mological Society of America Baltimore Maryland 21201 (USA)

J of Food Sci amp Technol-Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore India

J Sci Food Age-Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculshyture London

Marketing Res Rep U S Dept Agr-Marketing Research Reports Publications Division Office of Information United States Department of Agriculture Washington DC 20250 (USA)

Nature-Nature London N Carolina Agr Exp Sta BuU-North Carolina Agricultural

Experiment Station Bulletin Raleigh North Carolina 27607 (USA)

Neth J Age Sci-Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science Wageningen

Newsletter Int Rice Comm-Newsletter of the International Rice Commission Bangkok Thailand

NT Aust J Exp Agr-Northern Territories Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture

Okla Agr Res Prog Rep Processed Series-Oklahoma Agriculshytural Research Project Report Processed Series Stillwater Oklahoma 74074 (USA)

Oleagineux-Oleagineux LInstitut de Recherches pour les

Huiles et Oleagineux 8 Square Petrarque Paris Peanut J Nut World-Peanut Journal and Nut World Philippine J Plant Industry-Philippine Journal of Plant Indusshy

try Manila Philippine J Sci-Philippine Journal of Science Manila Plantand Soil-Plant and Soil The Hague Netherlands Plant Disease Reptr-Plant Disease Reporter Washington DC

(USA) Plant Physiol-Plant Physiology American Society of Plant

Physiologists PO Box 5706 Washington DC 20014 (USA)

Proc Peanut Res Conference-Proceedings Peanut Research Conference

Proc Southern Agr Workers-Proceedings of Southern Agriculshytural Workers Conference

Proc 5th Nat Peanut Res Conf-Proceedings of the 5th National Peanut Research Conference

Prod Res Rep US Dept Agr-Production Research Reports United States Department of Agriculture

Queensland J Agr Animal Sci-Queensland Journal of Agriculshytural and Animal Sciences Brisbane Australia

Rev Nac Agr Columbia-Revista Nacional de Agricultura Bogota Columbia

Rhodesia Agr J-Rhodesia Agricultural Journal Salisbury Rhodesia

Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res-Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi Journal of Agricultural Research Salisbury Rhodesia

Riv Agr Subtrop Trop-Rivista di Agricultura Subtropicale e Tropicale Florence Italy

S Ar J Agr Sci-South African Journal of Agricultural Science Pretoria South Africa

Samarm Research Bulletin-Samaru Research Bulletin Institute for Agricultural Research Ahmada Bello University Zaria Nigeria

Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc-Soil Science Society of America Proceedings

Surinaamse Landbouw-Surinaamse Landbouw Paramaribo Surinam

S Weed Sci Soc Proc-Southern Weed Science Society Proshyceedings

Techn Commun Dept Agr Techn Serv Rep S Africa-Technical Communications Department Technical Services Republic of South Africa Pretoria South Africa

Techn Paper Commonw Scl Industr Res Organiz Land Res Reg Survey-Technical Paper Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Land Research Regional Survey Canberra Australia

Texas Agr Exp Sta Bull-Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin College Station Texas 77843 (USA)

Trop Agr Ceylon-Tropical Agriculture Peradeniya Ceylon Trop Agric Trinidad-Tropical Agriculture The Journal of the

Imperial College of Agriculture University of the West Indies St Augustine Trinidad

Trop Sci-Tropical Science London Trop Stored Prod Inform-Tropical Stored Products Informashy

tion US Dept Agr Agr Econ Rept-United States Department of

Agriculture Agricultural Economics Reports Superintenshydent of Documents Washington DC 20250 (USA)

W Afr Rev-West Africian Review Liverpool World Crops-World Crops 28Essex St Strand London WD 2

England

1M-10-73

15

not found in hydrogenated oils (123 376) Numerous studies of A flavus have been made It

is not the dominant fungus (259) as it may represent only 3 of total fungi present (292) About 5 days after harvest are required for the fungus to produce much growth (260) Much aflotoxin is produced at about 3000 with a relative humidity of 80-85 It can actually develop over the range of 125 to 5250C but not at 43-450 C (117) Three reviews (112 328 376) and a symposium (369) and a report on some chemistry studies give many of the details of aflotoxin with one report showing the chemical structure of eight forms (162)

Macrophominaphaseoli (70) and several species of Aspergillus have been studied including A fumigates (93) A niger (94) A amstelodaniandA wenti (369) Of 1626 isolates of Aspergillus studied 896 produced some toxin (218) Biological effects are given (11)

Aspergillus flavus is used in the making of soyshysauce (278) Peanut meal is subject to Aspergillus growth but the toxin production can be averted (248) if the meal moisture content is kept below 16 (30) Work has been done relative to the accuracy of sampling methods (401)

The dominant species of fungi on peanuts seem to be the Penicilliums 7)ichodermaand Fusariums(292) A review of fungi in stored products which included peanuts showed Aspergillus dominant in the Tropics but Penicillium in temperate regions (93) A study in Georgia (USA) listed the fungi present on the peanut pods and kernels (209) in windrowed peanuts (210) in artificially dried peanuts (211) and in the field in general (213) and control methods were recommended (212)

Botrytis (gray mold) causes serious damage under cold dry conditions in Sao Paulo Brazil Symptoms are discussed (33)

Leptosphaerdinacrassiascais a leaf disease characshyterized by pepper spots on both sides of the leaf and by marginal necrosis or leaf scorch and was first reported from Madagascar in 1955 and from Taiwan in 1956 Diagnosis of the species is given and the symptoms are described This disease is often obscured by Cercospora (214)

Macrophomina phaseoli is a fungus also found on cotton cowpeas sunflower as well as peanuts Direcshytions for chemical protection of crop rate of spread distribution and method of testing soils for study of the

pathogen are given (71) Peanut plants-may be infected without showing symptoms (70 247) The best fungishycide to increase germination was Captan (247)

Pucciniarust has been observed on certain varieties in South America (31) Of 254 varieties studied in Venezuela in 1959-61 the variety Tarapoto was the only one to escape damage from Pucciniaarachidiswith only 13 others classed as being resistant Tarapoto and 7 of the 13 were also tolerant to Cercospora(282)

Verticillium dahliae has been found on peanuts (125 341) and is hosted by potatoes and certain herbashyceous plants Rotations help in conrol

Cercospora arachidicolais the early form and C personata is the late form of leafspot diseases which exist as the imperfect forms Perfect forms are Mycoshysphaerella arachidicolaand M berkeleyii which are the official names according to rules of nomenclature A good description of symptoms distribution damage and control is given (144)

It is often necessary to control Cercosporaso that research or management studies will have a chance to influence maturity yields etc To control Cercospora several methods may be used such as burning of residues (144) rotations (144 393) and applying sulfur (103 105 131 380 398 402) copper (103 105 380 398) as well as copper and sulfur combinations (380 381 398 402) Results were not always satisfactory (202) Control programs vary One program suggests that growers start spraying 20 days after planting and repeat each 20 days (398) or from 3 to 13 weeks after planting at 14-day intervals (131) The spraying interval may be determined by rainfall by counting 8-10 cumulative rain days (103) or when 2 inches of rain has accumulated (103) Another report suggested that spraying should start about one week after symptoms appear and should be continued until about 18 days before harvest (105)

Early-maturing varieties seem to be the most susshyceptible to Cercospora (195) To delay planting may reduce the amount of the disease but it also reduces yield (347) Where successive crops are grown volunteer plants from the first crop increase contamination of the second crop (202) Resistance to the two diseases is inherited separately (144 196)

Listings and descriptions of major peanut diseases are given (12 96 321 342 352) Crop rotations for disease control are emphasized (342 352)

HARVESTING HANDLING AND STORING

Harvesting-In 1965 it was estimated that as much with simple tools Details of use of improved tools for as 75 of the world production of peanuts was handled hand cultivation and animal-drawn tools to mechanical

16

production are given Seedbed preparation planting and harvesting are processes that are suggested for mechanishyzation first (241) Drawings of hole-making devices an -ox-drawn lifter and a practical hand thresher are given elsewhere (354)

Harvesting by means of an animal-drawn lifter is described (20) With this device men can lift and stack 1 hectare in 15 hours or in half the time needed for manual lifting Time studies indicate that peanuts can be harvested about 10 days either side of the optimum time with little loss of peanuts (78) Systems of peanut harshyvesting are reviewed and details of a prototype once-over harvester are given The machine is designed to harvest up to 10 tons of nuts a day (189)

Peanuts are not usually grown on clay soils but a system has been worked out to harvest fairly clean pods from clay soils by irrigating to wet the soil 2 days before lifting and then waiting another 4-5 days before shaking surplus soil from the plants (391)

Threshing-Stripping pods from plants is often done by hand (128) Simple threshers are described (124 344) No difference in shelling percentage or seed size was found between immediate threshing and threshshying which was delayed up to 3 weeks (280)

Shelling-Machine shelling often results in damshyaged kernels which may not be effective in getting good stands when planted especially without seed protectants (404) Experimental shellers to be used to obtain samples for milling tests have been described (115) Hand-operated shellerscan produce as much as 95 kg of kernels in an hour (184 190)

Washing-Cleaning of non-husked peanuts has inshycreased selling price 50 With a simple washer made out of a section of barrel and a wire drum one can wash 400-600 kgday with only 200 liters of water (269)

Artificial Drying-Although the trend is toward more artificial drying natural methods are still widely used Natural methods (52 82) and artificial methods are reviewed (53 270 301) Combinations of natural and artificial methods are often desirable (116 270) For planting purposes seed must be dried carefully Air movement temperatures and times to dry are given (270) For long storage a maximum of only 8 moisture is recommended (271) Studies involving aflotoxin (52 82 116 301) verify the potential hazard if pods are improperly dried after harvest Seed needs to be dried to 8-9 and peanut cakes to below 16 or A flavus may grow (30 35) Simple devices for drying using wood or peanut hulls have been described (2 3 4 34) It is not advisable to dry seed for planting purposes in the sun or at temperatures over 450 C if heat is used (35) For comshymercial use Virginia and runner types have been dried successfully at 570C but Spanish types tend to split at 46-52 0 COther drying trials are reported (377)

Storing of Peanuts-Some areas have a dry season which is favorable for storing peanuts in open air or under tarpaulin (88 178 179) A low moisture content is desirable to decrease damage due to insects and losses due to oil deterioration (220 271 411) Fumigation or other treatment is often needed while the peanuts are in storage (191 271) Mechnical damage due to shelling is recognized (179 411) Treatments before storage will reduce some of the shelling damage (411)

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Estimating Yields-Estimated yields are often high because the operator tends to avoid the worst places in the field and the sample taken is usually harvested more carefully than the rest of the field Ten samples obtained by throwing a stick into the field at random to select sampling sites are suggested (155) A frame 15 m by 4 m can be used or if the plants are in definite rows 5 n of row at 10 random locations will give a good estimate of yield

Sampling for Oil-Oil samples need to be detershymined within one percentage point Different methods of sampling are compared (216) Care needs to be exershycised in reducing the original sample to a working sample A working sample might be 800 times the weight of one pod For an intact plant kernels taken near the base are higher in oil than those out on the branches (275) - -

Use of Peanut Tops-Peanut hay was judged to be not as good in nutrients as alfalfa and was said to be more comparable to grass hay (317) Peanut hay has been compared with other herbages and one researcher suggests that it be used for feed rather than being burned (297) A cutting and raking device has been designed that will cut and rake 8 ha in 10 hours (293)

Use of Surplus Peanut Shells-Shells may be used for fuel and also as a conditioner for heavy soils a filler in cattle feed a rawsource of activated carbon comshybustiblfe gases organic chemicals reducing sugars and alc6hlianextender-ofresins a cork substitute a comshyponent of building blocks and f Ed~oaaril (324) Its use as a mulch or manure is most beneficial when rain is scarce Grinding may be necessary Residue left after furfural extraction made good compost after treatment with sulfuric acid and neutralization with tricalcium phosphate (152)

17

Use of Peanuts as a Source of Food-No attempt will be made to cover this important subject Only a few references that deal with food are cited here A vegetable cheese made from peanut milk is described (236) An infant foof from peanut and milk solids (91) and the production of soysauce by fermentation are discussed (278) The details of quality factors and requirements for salting peanuts are given (226 366)

Oil from Peanuts-Peanuts are mainly grown for the oil and protein of the seed There is an indication that more oil crushing will be done in the area of proshyduction (44) Although the protein meal has been an excellent export product for foreign exchange this use may decrease as more use of the protein for livestock and as human food is stressed for the area of production (77296 394)

Oil content of the peanut decreased when planting was delayed but the protein was increased Oil yield is closely associated with seed yield Factors which tend to increase seed yield also increase oil yield (308 309 311) Closer spacing increases seed yields and oil but decreases protein (309)

Quality of Peanuts-Quality of peanut seed is affected by many factors (178 199) Proper shelling (184) and pest control are important (192) Free fatty acid level is an indication of quality A level of 6 free fatty acids was found in insect-damaged peanuts but only 13 when insects were controlled (192) Efforts have been made to remove undesirable peanuts mechanishycally as peanuts are moved (18) Grade standards of quality are listed (151 172)

Economics of Production-One country in Africa is reported to have half of its cultivated area in peanuts with 75 of farm income 42 of total industrial inshycome 23 of the gross national product and 65 of total value of exports credited to this one crop (350) Other countries seek to add peanuts to their cropping programs in order to diversify (86 266 390 391) and some that plan to switch to crops other than peanuts (5 16 42) to diversify are not intending to reduce peanut production

Some countries are trying to increase peanut proshyduction by stressing extension methods or by improving cultural practices These include helping farmers learn to select good seed and varieties to use disease-resistant varieties to treat seed to seed at a heavy rate to use

proper fertilization including animal and green manures to use proper weeding proper crop rotations to diversify cropping and to harvest at the right time (5 16 59 139 303319339)

Several countries have found it necessary to subshysidize the production of peanuts (134 199 374 395) and several African countries have recognized the need for a cooperative effort in marketing and meet once a year to discuss policy (102)

A survey of the peanut industry in the USA is given (400) The long-term outlook for the peanut is reviewed and uses of peanut and other oils are discussed (310) The world production of peanuts continues to expand even though the demand is variable from year to year (5 268 304 305 408409410) Problems of the processing industry are reviewed (84 239) Transportashytion and storage are serious problems and factors affecshyting quality are getting attention The quantity of peanuts that moves in export trade is a small percentage of total production Details and problems of exports are discussed (14 174445 77 88 119)

Improving Production by Variety Improvement-There is little doubt but that improved varieties have contributed to the gradually higher level of production around the world It takes 12 to 15 years for a variety to be available to growers after a cross has been made Of 24 varieties released in the USA during the last quartershycentury 11 selections came from commercial strains 2 from foreign introductions 9 from controlled crosses 1 from irradiation and 1 from interspecific hybridization (29)

No attempt will be made to list references to varieshyty comparisons Most experiments with peanuts involve variety comparisons It has been shown that an apparentshyly superior variety may be definitely inferior under certain environmental conditions It is essential in varieshyty evaluation that varieties be evaluated at different levels of soil fertility and under other variations in enshyvironmental conditions after preliminary screening to eliminate the most undesirable types (256) Examples of comparative yield tests are given (48 182 183) Blending of varieties for planting has been tested but has not been found to be of benefit (311)

GENERAL PAPERS

Numerous papers are general in nature and cover al methods are given in some detail (46 101 109 114 several topics Several factors that need to be considered 120 164) Mineral nutrition (397) variety improvement in over-all peanut production are discussed (28 101 (46) harvesting (153) seed treatment (46) and mechanishy106 138 160 179255353 368 370) General cultur- zation (121 371) are subjects in other general papers

18

LITERATURE CITATIONS (AbbreviationsandAddresses ofSome Sources of LiteratureCitations-pages31-32)

1 Abraham TP and Agarwal KN Yield effect on soil fertilshyity and economics of crop rotations with and without groundnut Indian J Agr Sci 37560-57 1 (1967)

2 ABrook J Artificial drying of groundnuts a method for the small farmer Trop Agric Trinidad 40241-245 (1963)

3 A cheap crop drier for the farmer Trop Stored Prod Inform 725-38 (1964)

4 A cheap crop drier for the farmer results and recommended design Trop Stored Prod Inform 8301-307 (1964)

5 Laction de developpement de la productivite arachidiere au Snigal en 1964 (Activity for the development of groundnut production in Senegal in 1964) 014agineux 20725-729 (1965)

6 Adams AN Groundnut Rosette Virus-Another vector Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 4125 (1966)

7 The vectors and alternative hosts of groundnut rosette virus in central province Molaioc Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res 5145-151 (1967)

8 - and JAK Farrell The seasonal occurrence of aphids in traps at Chitedge Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res Vol 5153-159 (1967)

9 Adams F and RW Pearson Differential response of cotton and peanuts to subsoil acidity AgronJ 629-12 (1970)

10 Akehurst BC and Sreedharan A Time of planting-a brief review of experimental work in Tanganyika E Afr Agr Forestry J 30189-201 (1965)

11 Alcroft R and Carnaghan RBA Toxic products in groundnuts Chemistry and Industry 250-61 (1963)

12 Amendoim pragas e doencas silo o n6 (Groundnuts pests and diseases are the problem) Dirigente Rural 412-32 (1965)shy

13 Anderson GD Fertility studies on a sandy loam in semishyarid Tanzania 11 Effects on phosphorus potassium and lime on yields of Groundnuts Expl Agric 6213-222 (1970)

14 Larachide au Senigal (Groundnut growing in Senegal) 016 agineux 14649-650 (1959)

15 Larachide au Senigal Rsultats des essais de confirmation (Groundnuts in Senegal Rep Results of confirmation trials) Oleagineux 17103-104 (1962)

16 Larachide au Senigal Risultats des essais de confirmation (Groundinuts in Senegal Results of demonstration trials) Olagineux 1972 (1964)

17 Les arachides du Nigeria (The groundrnuts of Nigeria)Kadouna (Nigeria) Ministere de PInformation 12 p Graph Photos Map (1966)

18 Ariztizabal L Bums EE and OR Kunze Physical chemical and organoleptic properties of peanuts separated in a controlled air stream Amer Soc Agr -Eng Trans 12298-304 (1969)

19 Arndt W The continuous cropping of peanuts at Kathshyarine NT Techn Paper Commonw Sci Industr Res Organiz Div Land Res Reg Survey Australia 161-11 (1961)

20 Larrachage de Parachide (Groundnut lifting) Olagineaux 18553-555 (1963)

21 Arroya J et al Ensayo de fertilizacidn en mani realizado en la Sabana de Londres Estado Lar (A groundnut fertilizer trial conducted in the Sabana de Londres State of Lara) Agron Trop Venezuela 17101-111 (1967)

22 Ashri A A second locus controlling red testa in peanuts (ArachishypogaeaL) Crop Sci 9514-517 (1969)

23 Ashrif M Effet du calcium sur larachide (Effect of calcium on groundnuts) Oleagineux 18681-683 (1963)

24 Effect of sulphur on groundnuts Olampgineux 20243-244 (1965)

25 and Thornton I Effects of grass mulch on groundnuts in the Gambia Expl Agric 1145-152 (1965)

26 Avadhani KK and Ramano Rao BV Studies of the effects of diethyl sulfate on TMV 2 groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Indian J of Science Indus 269-71 (1968)

27 Lavenir de larachide au Sinigal Doses dengrais et augshymentation de production (The future of the groundnut in Senegal Fertilizer rates for increased production) Olagishyneux 23528 (1968)

28 Bachy A Conduite de 1expirimentation agronomique a IRHO (Performance of agricultural research at IRHO)

Oleagineux 1675-80 (1961)

29 Bailey WK Peanut variety improvement in the USA Proc 5th Nat Peanut Res Conf (1968)

30 Bampton SS Growth of Aspergillusflavusand production of aflatoxin in groundinuts-Part I Trop Sci 574-81 (1963)

31 Barcenas VC Enfermedades del mani ajonjoli en El Tolima (Groundnut and sesame diseases in El Tolima) Bol Not Inst Fomento Algodonero 31-2 (1962)

32 and Montoya A A Efectividad de algunos fungicidas protectores en el tratarniento de la semilla de mani (Effectivity of some protective fungicides for the treatment of groundnut seed) Bol Not Inst Fomento Algodonero Columbia 46-8 (1964)

33 Barreto Figuciredo M and Cardoso RMG (Occurrence of grey mold in groundnuts in the State of Sao Paulo) Bioshylogico Brasil 34217-220(1968)

From TropicalAbstracts-seeAcknowledgments page 2

19

34 Barros Ferraz M de A secagem do amendoim (Drying of groundnuts) Brasil Rural 1377-79 (1959)

35 Preparo do amendoim das aguas (Drying of groundauts) Brasil Rural 1612-18 (1962)

36 Barrs HD The relation between kernel development and time of harvesting of peanuts at Katherine NT AustJ Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 2106-109 (1962)

37 Basinski JJ et al Some input-output relations in peanut cultivation at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 4295-299 (1964)

38 Bastos Cruz BP et al Nota preliminar s6bre a suscetishybilidade de variedades e hibridos de amendoim i algumas mollstias da folhagem (Preliminary note on the susceptibility of groundnut varieties and hybrids to some leaf diseases) Bioldgico Brasil 33191-195 (1967)

39 Bates WN Mechanization of Tropical Crops Temple Press London 410 p (1957)

40 Behncken GM The occurrence of Peanut mottle virus in Queensland AustJ Agr Res 21465-492 (1970)

41 Belloncle G Larachide an Senegal Mouvement cooperatif et developpement cononique (Groundnuts in Senegal coshyoperative movement and economic development) Ol1agineux 19439-444 (1964)

42 Bentin LA Das Problem der Monokultur in Senegal (The problem of mono-culture in Senegal) Int Afrika Forum 4615-619 (1968)

43 Berchoux Chr de La rosette de Iarachide en Houte-Volta (Rosette disease of groundnut in the Upper Volta) Olagishyneux 15229-233 (1960)

44 Berg ER Nigeria Senegal and the Congo (Kinshasa) Projected level of demand supply and exports of oilseed products to 1975 with implications for US exports to the European Economic Community Edmonton (Canada) Departments of Economics and Agricultural Economics University of Alberta 78 p tables maps (1967)

45 Berichten nit Afrika (Reports from Africa) Oli6n Vetten en Zeep 53215 (1969)

46 Bezot P La zone arachidiere au Tchad Etude densemble recherche dun syst me valable de rotation culturale (The groundnut zone in Chad A study on rotation systems) Agron Trop 2031-48 (1965)

47 Bhardwaj SP and Pathak AN Effect of sulphur on bacterial nodulation of groundnut roots Current Sci 37351-352 (1968)

48 Bhattacharjee TK et al W Bengal farmers can grow groundnut in irrigated summer fallow Indian Farming 1827-29 (1968)

49 Bielorai R Comparative digestibility of groundnut and soyshybean meal in vitro and in chicks J Sci Food Agr 20345-348 (1969)

50 Billaz R and Ochs R Stades de sensibilite de larachide a la secheresse (Developmental stages of the groundnut in relashytion to its susceptibility to drought) Olagineux 16605-611 (1961)

51 Bisht NS et al Groundnut rosette virus in Uttar Pradesh Indian OilseedsJ 7335-336 (1963)

52 Blatchford SM and Hall DW Methods of drying groundshynuts I Natural methods (Literature survey) Trop Sci 56-33 (1963)

53 and Methods of drying groundnuts II Artificial methods Trop Sci 582-98 (1963)

54 Bledsoe RW and Harris HC Leafspot of peanut associshyated with Magnesium deficiency Plant Physiol 21237-240 (1946)

55 Bockele-Morvan A Recherches de lIRHO sur 1utilishysation des phosphates du Sin6gal en fumure de fond pour Iarachide (Research of IRHO on the utilization of Senegal phosphates as a basal dressing for groundnut) Oleagineux 16685-691 (1961)

56 Etude explrimentale et pratique du placement des engrais (Experimental and practical studies on feftilizer placement) OlLagineux 18687-688 (1963)

57 Etudes sur la carence potasique de Iarachide an S~n-gal(A study o potash deficiency in the groundnut in Senegal) Olagineux 19603-609 (1964)

58 - Surface foliaire de Parachide et densite optishymum de semis (Folhar area of groundnuts and optimum sowing density) Ol4ageneux 201-12 (1965)

59 _ Application des engrais sur arachide au Sindgal (Application of fertilizers to groundnuts in Senegal) Oliagishyneux 20589-590 (1965)

60 Efficacit4 des diverses formes dapports des elements mineraux sur Parachide (The efficiency of different forms of mineral elements applied to groundnuts) Olagishyneux 21163-166 (1966)

61 Fumure annuelle et fumure de fond en zone arachidiere du Senegal (Annual and basal manuring in groundshynut-growing zones of Senegal) Oleagineux 23179-184 (1968)shy

62 _ La maturitede Iarachide (The maturity of the groundnut) Ollagineux 27457-459 (1968)

63 _ and Capitaine J Larachide de bouche dans le Sine-Saloum (Senegal) (The edible groundnut in the Sine-Saloum region of Senegal) Oliagineux 21285-291 (1966)

64 Bolhuis GG Observations on the flowering and fructificashytion of the groundnut Arachis hypogaea Neth J Agr Sci 7138-140 (1959)

65 et al Observations on the opening of flowers dehiscence of anthers and growth of pollen tubes in Arachis hypogaea NethJ Agr Sci 13361-365 (1965)

66 _ et al Occurrence of flowers with short styles in the groundnut Arachis hypogaea Oldagineux 20293-296 (1965)

67 and Stubbs RW The influence of calcium and other elements on the fructification of the peanut in connecshytion with the absorption capacity of its gynophores NethJ Agr Sci 3220-237 (1955)

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68 Booker RH The effect of sowing date and spacing on rosette disease of groundnut in Northern Nigeria with obshyservations on the vector Aphus craccivoraSamarn Res Bull 30125-131 (1964)

69 Boswell TE Pathogenicity of Pratylenchus brachyrus to Spanish peanut Diss Abstr Sect B 29(10)3570 B (1969)

70 Bouhot D Etude du Macrophominaphaseoli sur arachide Mission an Sinigal du 27 septembre an 7 novembre 1966 (Study of Macrophomina phaseoll on groundnut Mission in Senegal from 27 Sept to 7 Nov 1966) Agron Trop 231165-1171 (1968)

71 Le Macrophomina phaseoli sur les plantes cultivees au Senedgal (Macrophomina phaseol on the cultivated plants in Senegal) Agron Trop 231172-1181 (1968)

72 terabougrissement de arachide Mission an Seng en 1966 (The shrivelling of the groundnut Mission in Senegal in 1966) Agron Trop 231126-1127 (1968)

73 Boush GM et al Field tests with new insecticides for control of the southern corn rootworm attacking peanuts in VirginiaJ Econ Entomol 5615-18 (1963)

74 Boyle LW Low-Gallonage applications of fungicides for control of Peanut leafspots Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 203 (1964)

75 A factonal study of certain schemes of peanut culture Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bull 18 (1967)

76 Brennan JR The peanut gynophore Biologist 5171-82 (1969)

77 Broche G Debouchs des produits des industries de transshyformation dol6agineux des Itats Africains et Malgache Associes (Outlets for the products of the oilseed processing industries in the Associated African and Malagasy States) Oldagineux 20419-423 (1965)

78 Brown P A review of Groundnut experiments in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 339-50 (1965)

79 Brzozowska J and Hanower P Absorption et distribution du 3 5 s chez quelques cultures tropicales I Arachide (Uptake and distribution of S35 in some tropical crops I Groundshynuts) Oleagineux 19663-672 (1964)

80 Buchanan GA Dickens R Burns ER and McCormick RM Performance of several herbicides for weed control in peanuts S Weed Sci Soc Proc 22D P 122-126 (1969)

81 Bunting AH A classification of cultivated groundnuts Empire J of Exper Agric 23158-170 (1955)

82 Eurrell NJ et al Growth of Aspergillus flavus and proshyduction of aflatoxin in groundnuts-Part V Trop Sci 674-90 (1964)

83 Bushnell DG The importance and prevention of mould on groundnuts Rhodesia Agr J61108-113 (1964)

84 Calil G De ontwikkeling van de aardnoten verwerkende industrie in Noord Nigeria Problemen en moeilijkheden (The development of the groundnut processing industry in N Nigeria Problems and difficulties) Olidn Vetten en Zeep 48211-213 (1964)

85 Compacci CA and Silveira Filho JP da Disinfecqgo de sementes de anendoim (Disinfection of groundnut seed) Biol6gico Brasil 30320-323 (1964)

86 Carneiro Fraga C Erradicaglio de caf6 e diversificaqio de culturas (Eradication of coffee and diversification of culshytures) Supl Agicola 85 (1962)

87 Carrire de Belgarric R and Bor F Le ddveloppement de Ia productivit6 de larachide au Sn~gl (Development of groundnut productivity in Senegal) O16agineux 18613-620 (1963)

88 Carter K Pyramids of the north W Afr Rev 3353-55 (1962)

89 Chalon G Une billonneuse-marquese pour les semis darachides (Sowing groundnuts by means of a ridge dammer) Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Beige 8141-146 (1959)

90 Champ BR and Cribb JN An investigation of peanut storage pests in Queensland 2 Insecticidal treatment of bulk nut-in-shell peanuts in silos Queensland J Agr Animal Sci 22241-257 (1965)

91 Chandrasekhara MR S Aswathanarayan SR Shurpaleshykar B11 Surba Ray Pilot plant production of infant food based on groundnut and milk solids J of Food Sci amp Technol 6267-271 (1969)

92 Chohan JS and Gupta VK Aflaroot A new disease of groundnut caused by Aspergillus flavs Indian J Agr Sci 38568-570 (1968)

93 Clarke JH Fungi in stored products Trop Stored Prod Inform 153-14 (1968)

94 Clinton PKS Seed-bed pathogens of groundnuts in the Sudan and an -attempt to control wth an artificial testa EmpJ Exp Agri 28211-222 (1960)

95 The control of soil-borne pests and diseases of groundnuts in the Sudan Central Rainlands Emp J Exp Agr 30145-154 (1962)

96 Causes of loss of yield in groundnuts in the Sudan Central Rainlands Emp J Exp Agr 30137-144 (1962)

97 Coelho FA Soares and Tella R de Absorcio de nutrishyentes por plantes de amendoim na cultura de outono (Nutrishyent absorption by groundnut plants grown in the autumn) Bragantia 26235-252 (1967)

98 and Absorg5o de nutrientes pela planta de amendoim em cultura de primavera (Nutrient uptake by springtime groundnuts) Bragantia 26393-408 (1967)

99 Collins ER and Morris HD Soil fertility studies with peanuts N Carolina Agr Exp Sta Bull 330 (1942)

100 Collins RF US peanut abroad Peanut J Nut World 4832-34 (1969)

101 Colwell WE and Brady NC The effect of calcium on certain characteristics of peanut fruit J Amer Soc Agron 37696-708 (1945)

21

102 Counseil Africain de larachide (African advisory body on groundinuts) Ol6 agineux 183-168 (1963)

103 Corbett DCM and Brown P Fungicidal control of cercospora leaf-spots of groundnuts in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 413-21 (1966)

104 Correia C Bento 0 amendoim na Guini Portuguesa (Groundnuts in Portuguese Guinea) Estud Pol Soclais 3217-322 (1965)

105 Cuellar I and Toler RW Control de la mancha foliar del mani (Control of leaf spot in groundnut) Foil Serv Nac Invest Agr Panama 301-13 (1957)

106 La culture de larachide en zone soudano-sahilienne (Groundnut cultivation in the Sudan-Sahelian zone of Africa) 0liagineux 1729-33 (1962)

107 Curtis DL and Harkness C Some aspects of crop improvement in relation to groundinuts and sorghum in the Northern Region of Nigeria CCTACSA Symposium Lagos-Bukavu Savannah 621-10 (1962)

108 Dalal JL et al Investigations on soil sulphur II Gypsum as a fertilizer for groundnut in the Punjab Indianj Agr Sc 33199-204 (1963)

109 Damiano A and Parrini U La coltivazione dellarachide in Tripolitania (Groundnut cultivation in Tripolitania) Riv Agr Subtrop Trop 55156-162 (1961)

110 Davey PM et al The effect of insect infestation on the quality of decorticated groundnuts with special reference to storage at high and low humidities Trop Sci 1296-307 (1959)

111 Davis VW et al Economic consequence of restricting the use of organochlorine insecticides on cotton corn peanuts and tobacco 52 p US Dept Agr Agr Econ Rept No 178 (1970)

112 Delassus M Etudes phytosanitaires sur Parachide et les cer6 ales alimentaires au Senegal (Phytosanitary studies on groundnut and cereals in Senegal) Agron Trop 221226-1234 (1967)

113 Delbosc G Etudes surla regeneration de la fertilite dusol dans la zone arachidiere du Senegal (Studies on the restorashytion of soil fertility in the groundnut zone of Senegal) Oleagineux 2327-33 (1968)

114 Dewez J la culture de Iarachide dans la plaine de Ia Ruzizi (Groundnut cultivation in the Ruzizi plain) Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Belge 8219-230 (1959)

115 Dickens JW Shelling equipment for samples of peanuts Marketing Res Rep US Dep Agr5281-11 (1962)

116 and Khalsa JS Windrow orientation and harvesting damage to peanuts Olagineux 22741-746 (1967)shy

117 Diener UL and Davis ND Effect of environment on aflatoxin production in freshly dug peanuts Trop Sci 1021-28 (1968)

119 Dragt HJ The marketingof South African edible groundshynuts in foreign markets Agrekon 89-13 (1969)

120 Ducker HC Groundnut growing in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland Part II Rhodesia Agr J5990-95 (1962)

121 1 and Spear AJ Groundnut growing in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland-Part IV Mechanization Rhodesia Agr J 59192-194 (1962)

122 Duke GB and Alexander M Effects of close-row spacings on peanut yield and on production equipment requirements Prod Res Rep US Dep Agr 771-14 (1964)

123 Dwarakanath CT Sreenivasamurth V and Parpia HAB Aflatoxin in Indian peanut oil J of Food Science and Technology 6107-109 (1969)

124 Agousseuse darachides (A groundnut stripper) 016agineux 2191-93 (1966)

125 El-Khaden M Untersuchungen fiber die durch Aspergillus-Arten an Erdnuszkeimlingen hervorgerufenen Schiden und deren Verhiitung (Investigations into the damage caused to groundnut seedlings by Aspergillus spp and its prevention) Gieszen Institut fir Phytopathologie der Justus Liebig-Universitiit 108 p Tables Graphs Fig Photos Ref Thesis (1967)

126 Emery DA and Gupton CL Reproductive efficiency of Virginia type peanuts II The influence of variety and seasonal growth period upon fruit and kernel maturation 0l6agineux 2399-104 (1968)

127 Epandeur dengrais A faible ddbit pour les cultures darachides (An apparatus for the application of small quantishyties of fertilizer in groundnut cultivation) Oldagineux 13881-883 (1958)

128 Esteves JD Aspetos da cultura do amendoim em Inshyharrime (Aspects of groundnut cultivation in Inharrime) Rev Aricola Mocambique 517-20 (1963)

129 Ettori OJT and Falcao MJ Aspectos econ6micos da producao de amendoim em S Paulo (Economic aspects of groundnut production in Sio Paulo) Agricultura Slo Paulo 121-48 (1965)

130 Evelyn SH and Thornton I Soil fertility and the response of groundnuts to fertilizers in the Gambia EmpJ Exp Agr 32153-160 (1964)

131 Farrell JAK et al The effects of planting spacing and fungicide on Cercospora leaf spots of groundnuts in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 5241-247 (1967)

132 Fauche J Compte rendu dun essai de semis 6chelonnes sur anachide avec ou sans d6snfection des semences (Report on a trial on groundnuts with successive sowing dates with and without seed treatment) Agron Trop 171089-1809 (1962)

133 Figueiredo M et al Mancha barrenta da f6lba do amendoim (Mud spot of the groundnut leaf) Biol6gico 27164-165 (1961)

118 Donovan PA Groundnut investigation at Matopos 134 Fouquet J la traite des arachides dans le pays de Research Station Rhodesia AgrJ 60121-122 (1963) Kaolack et ses consequences 6 conomiques sociales et

22

juridiques (The groundnut trade in Knolack and its ecoshynomic social and juridical consequences) Etud Sindplaises 81-262 (1958)

135 Frank ZR and Krikun J Verticilium wilt of groundnut in Israel screening for varietal resistance Israel J Agr Res 1888-85 (1968)

136 Fraps GS The composition of peanuts and peanut by-products Texas Agr Exp Sta Bull 222 (1917)

137 French West Africa has smaller peanut crop Foreign Crops and Markets 8015 (1960)

138 Galland Ph Amilioration des conditions de culture de Parachide sur billions (Improvement of the conditions of ridge-cultivated groundnuts) OlEagineux 17929-932 (1962)

139 Vulgarisation aupres des cultivateurs voltashyrques des r6 sultats de Ia recherche agronomique sur Iarachide (Extension work concerning the results of agriculshytural research on groundnuts among the farmers of the Upper Volta Rep) 016agineux 18771-775 (1963)

140 Garcia RF and Castillo Z J Observacion preliminar sobre el efecto de los fertilizantes la cal y la materia orginica en mani (Arachishypogaeo) (Preliminary observation on the effect of fertilizers lime and organic matter on groundnuts) Cenicafe 1169-82 (1960)

141 Garg KP et al Effect of varying spacing on yield of groundnut Indian OilseedsJ934-37 (1965)

142 Gargantini H et al Ensaio de adubatilo N-P-K em amendoim (N P K fertilizer test with groundnuts) Bragantia 171-12 (1958)shy

143 Gibbons RW The branching habit of Arachis monticola Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 49-11 (1966)

144 Mycosphaerella Leafspots of groundnuts FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 14(2) April 1966

145 and Farrell JAK Test plant age and the transmission of groundnut Rosette virus by the vector Aphis craccivora Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 423-33 (1966)

146 and Tattersfield JR Outcrossing trials with groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res 771-75 (1969)

147 and Turley AC The effect of rosette virus on flowering in the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 5139-143 (1967)

148 Gillier P Utilisation du diagnostic foliaire pour la cartoshygraphic des besoins en engrais de larachide au Sn 6 gal (Foliar diagnosis used for the cartography of the fertilizer requireshyments of groundnuts in Senegal) Oleagineinx 15147-151 (1960)

149 Semoirset pandeurs dengrais pour Iarachide (Sowing machines and fertilizer spreaders for groundnuts) Olagineux 17697-699 (1962)

150 Germination et djsinfection des semences darachide (Germination and disinfection of groundnut seed) O1agineux 18243-245 (1963)

Iib1 _ Le triage de larachide de bouche bigraine

Rappel des normes de qualit6 (The grading of 2-seeded groundnuts for human consumption Review of quality standards) Oleagineux 19455-458 (1964) I

152 _ Ls coques darachides leur utilisation en agrishyculture (Groundnut shells their use in agriculture) Oltagishyneux 19473-475 (1964)

153 ___ Quand r6colter comment trater les ricoltes darachide (When to harvest how to treat the groundnut harvests) Ol6agineux 19681-682 (1964)

154 Ls exportations en e1ements minampaux dune culture darachide dans les diff6rentes zones du Sampngal (Removal of mineral nutrients by a crop of groundnuts in the different zones of Senegal) Oldagineux 19745-746 (1964)

155 Comment proceder a lvaluation des rendeshyments dans une culture darachides (How to assess the yield of a groundnut field) Olagineux 20591-593 (1965)

156 Les exportations en 614ments minraux dune culture darachide dans les diffirentes zones du Senigal (Removal of mineral elements by a groundnut crop in the different zones of Senegal) Oleagineux 2113-15 (1966)

157 and Prevot P Fumures minerales d 1arachide au Senegal (Inorganic fertilizers for groundnuts in Senegal) Bull Res CouncilIsrael Sect D Botany SD 3-4 (1960)

158 _ and Prevot P Fumures minerales de Parachide au Sdn6gal (Groundnut fertilizer in Senegal) Olbagineux 15783-791 (1960)

159 and Prevot P Bull Res Council Israel 8D131 (1960)

160 Silvestre P Arnould JP Breniere J and Mauboussin JC 1969 The peanut (in French) Tech Agr Prod Trop 15292

161 Girardeau JH and Leuck DB Effect of mechanical and bee tripping on yield of the peanut J Econ Entomol 601454-1455 (1967)

162 Goldblatt LA Aflatoxin and its control Econ Botany 2251-62 (1968)

163 Goldin B and Har-Tzook A The effect of fertilization on the vegetative and reproductive development of Virginia bunch improved groundnuts Olagineux 2117-20 (1966)

164 - and_ Groundnut cultivation in Israel World Crops 1868-71 (1966)

165 Goldsworthy PR Methods of applying superphosphate to groundnuts Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Min Agr N Region Nigeria 151-5 (1961)

166 _ Methods of applying superphosphate to groundnuts in Northern Nigeria Emp J Exp Agr 32231-234 (1964)

167 and Heathcote R Fertilizer trials with groundshynuts in Northern Nigeria Emp J Exp Agr 31351-366 (1963)

168 Gonzales TT Crop Rotation studies with corn as the main crop in the Lamao experiment station Limay Bataan Philippines PhdippineJ Plant Industry 31165-176 (1966)

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169 Gopalakrishnan S et al Mineral nutrition and nitroge fixation in groundnut Current Sci 33391-393 (1964)

170 Gornat B and Goldberg D Effect of sprinkler irrigation intensity on the flowering and yield of peanuts grown in three different soils Israel J Agr Res 17187-191 (1967)

171 Greer HA Trpp L and Santlemen PW The influence of environmental conditions on weed control and spanish peanut injury by herbicides S Weed Sci Soc Proc 22D145-149 (1969)

172 (Groundnut season Northern Region of Nigeria) Ann Rep Dep Agr Nothern Region Nigeria 1958-59 p 25-30 (1960)shy

173 Gupton CL et al Reproductive efficiency of Virginia type peanuts III Relating the time of peg placement to the branching pattern of the plant Ol6agineux 23247-250 (1958)shy

174 and Emery DA Heritability estimates of the maturity of fruit from specific growth periods in Virginia type peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) Crop Sci 19127-129 (1970)

175 Gisten R Die Rentabilitat der Verwendung von Mineralshydinger bei Erdnissen in Senegal Nordnigeria und Niger (The profitability of the application of mineral fertilizers to groundnuts in Senegal N Nigeria and Niger) Z Auslindische Landwirtsch 4149-153 (1965)

176 Habish HA and Sh M Khairi Nodulation of legumes in the Sudan Cross-inoculation groups and the associated Rhizobium strains Expl Agr 4227-234 (1968)

177 Hadfield J The peasant farming scheme in Northern Rhodesia Agr Econ Bull Africa 156-57 (1962)

178 Hall DW Storage of produce in the Gambia Trop Sci 1293-299 (1959)

179 Halliday D Build-up of free fatty acid in Northern Nigerian groundnuts Trop Sci 9211-237 (1967)

180 Hammons RO Artificial cross-pollination of the peanut with bee-collected pollen Crop Sci 3562-563 (1963)

181 et al Some bees (Apoidea) associated with peanut flowering J Econ Entomol 56905 (1963)

182 _ Bailey WK Parham SA and HF Harrison Comparative performance of the Spanish peanut Argentine in cooperative tests in Georgia Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 72 (1959)

183 WK Bailey SA Parham and HF Harrison Comparative performance of four varieties of peanuts in cooperative tests in Georgia Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 76 (1958)

184 Hand sheller transforms Nigerias peanut industry Foreign Agr US Dep Agr 2321 (1959)

185 Harkness C et al The problem of mycotoxins in groundshynuts (peanuts) and other food crops of tropical Africa Samaru Res Bull 771-5 (1967)

186 Harris HC Copper deficiency of peanuts Proc Southern Agr Workers 46139 (1949)

187 Effect of minor elements particularly copper on peanuts Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull 494 (1952)

188 Har-Tzook A and Goldin E On the problem of producshytivity in groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) Ol6agineux 22677-678 (1967)

189 Hawkins JC The mechanisation of groundnut harvesting World Crops 14181-185 (1962)

190 Haynes DWM Mechanical tests of groundnut decortishycators 1960-1961 Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Mn Agr N Region Nigeria 221-7 (1962)

191 Hayward LAW Infestation control in stored groundnuts in Northern Nigeria World Crops 1563-67 (1963)

192 et al Technical aspects of groundnut storage in Northern Nigeria CCTAFAO Symposium on stored Food Freetown 20-24 February 1962 SF (62) 3 15th Dec p 1-6 (1961)

193 Heimann H and Ratner R The irrigation with saline water and the ionic environment Field experiments with groundnuts and cowpeas Oldagineux 20157-162 (1965)

194 Helms H et a Peanut plants in Queensland infected with tomato spotted wilt virus AustJ Agr Res 12239-246 (1961)

195 Hemingway JS The resistance of groundnuts to Cercoshyspora leafspots EmpJ Exp Agr 2560-68 (1957)

196 Higgins BB Peanut Breeding Proc 39th Ann Conf Assoc South Agr Workers Atlanta Ga (1938)

197 Relation of breeding and varieties to quality for specific uses Proc Peanut Res Conference pp 13-20 (1957)

198 and Bailey WK Peanut seed and seed treatshyments Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeograph Series NS 70 (1959)

199 Hogendorn JS Response to price change A Nigerian example Economica 34325 (1967)

200 Holland DA The component analysis approach to the interpretation of plant analysis data from groundnuts and sugar cane Exp Agr 4179-185 (1968)

201 Holley KT Strain and seasonal effects on peanut characshyteristics Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bull 32 27 p (1968)

202 Horst K ter Enige proeven ter bestrijding van de Cercoshyspora-bladvlekkenziekte van de aardnoot (Some experiments on the control of the Cercospora leaf spot disease of the groundnut) Surinaamse Iandbouw 9103-117 (1961)

203 utt Het optimale plantverband voor pinda van het ras Matjan (The optimum spacing for the Matjan variety of groundnuts) Surinaamse Landbouw 7121-128 (1959)

204 Hull R and Adams AN Groundnut rosette and its assistor virus The Annals of Applied Biology 62 (1968)

205 Hutchison RS Recherches sur le sechage des arachides stockers par les cultivateurs (Research on drying of groundshynuts stocked by farmers) Oleagineux 22737-740 (1967)

24

206 Inforzato R and Tella R de Sistema radicular do amendoim (The root system of the groundnut) Bragantia 19119-123 (1960)

207 Instruc6es para a colheita de material destinado ia analise foliar do amendoim (Instructions on the collection of mateshyrial for foliar analysis of the groundnut) Gaz Agr Angola 7201-203 211 (1962)

208 Intercropping sugarcane with legumes Exp Stat Bull Victorias Milling Co Inc 148-9 (1967)

209 Jackson CR A list of fungi reported on peanut pods and kernels Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 234 (1965)

210 Growth of Aspergllusflavus and other fungi in windrowed peanuts in Georgia-Part VII Trop Sci 227-34 (1965)

__ Development of fungi in peanuts during artishyicial drying Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Report 19 (1967)

112 studies on control of peanut pod fungi Georgia Exp Sta Res Report 11 p 18 (1967)

213 A field study of funer gtciations on peanut truit Georgia Agr hxp Sta Res BT (1968)

214 _ and Bell DK Lptosphaerulina erassiasca The cause of leaf scorch and pepper spot of peanut (Oldagishyneux 23387-388 (1968)

215 _ and Minton NA Peanut pod invasion by fungi in the presence of lesion nematodes in Georgia Oleagishyneux 23531-534 (194)

216 Jacquot M Echantillonnage dun lot darachides pour le calcul du rend-ent au ddcorticae (Sampling of a parcel of groundnuts foL the calculation of yield after shelling) Agron Trop17 1-181 (1962)

217 Observations de quelques caractres morphoshylogiques floraux sur Arachis hypogaea Liaisons naturelles de ces caractives Remarques sur I classification des machides cultivies (Observations on some floral morphological characshyters in Ararhis hypogaea Natural combinations of these characters Remark on the classification of the cultivated groundnuts) Agron Trop 17817-827 (1962)

218 Joffe AZ Aflatoxin produced by 1626 isolates of Aspergillusflaus from groundnut kernels and soils in Israel Nature 22149sect2 (1969)

219 Johnson FR The peanut story Murfreesboro NC Johnson Publishing Co 192 p Tables Figs Photos Maps Refs (1964)

220 Johnson MB and Gilhland CB Changes in farmers stock peanuts in storage Marketing Res Rep USDep Agr 381 p 1-34 (1960)

221 Joshi SN and Joshi HU Study of rotation of groundshynut-wheat under irrigated conditions in Saurashtra Indian OilseedsJ 8133-135 (1964)

222 _ and _ Spacing experiments on bunch variety of groundnut in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State Indian OilseedsJ 8162-166 (1964)

223 _ and _ Study of spacing on spreading groundnut in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State Indian OilseedsJ 8214-217 (1964)

224 Kanwar JS Investigations on sulphur in soils I Sulphur deficiency in groundnut soils of Samrala (Ludhiana) Indian J Agr Sci 33196-198 (1963)

225 Katarki BH and Banahatti AL Effect of N P and K on yields of groundnut in black soils of Mysore State Indian OilseedsJ 950-57 (1965)

226 Kay DE Production darachides de bouche pour le Royaume-Uni (Production of comestible groundnuts for the United Kingdom) Oleagineux 20105-107 (1965)

227 Kirinde STW Some effects of PIC and CIPC on groundshynuts Trop Agr Ceylon 1157-13 (1959)

228 Klesser PJ A veinbanding virus of groundnuts Arachis hypogaea S AfrJ Agr Sci 10515-528 (1967)

229 Mwitunde groundnuts and their reaction to virus infection in South Africa S Afr J Agr Sci 10675-686 (1967)

230 Arachis species and their reaction to virus infection S Aft J Agr Sc 10919-927 (1967)

231 Green rosette virus of groadnuts in South Africa S AfrJ Agr Sci 1177-85 (196R1

232 Reactions of groundnut varieties to the groundnut viruses S Afr J Agr Sci 11415-421 (1968)

233 Kousalya G et al Assessment of crop losses caused by rosette disease of groundnut Indian J AgrSci 37356-361 (1967)

234 Kramer M Resultados de dois anos do emprEgo de herbishycidas parao contr~le de ervas no amendoin nas condic-es de Sfo Paulo (Results of 2 years use of herbicides for weed control in groundnuts under SSo Paulo conditions) Anais III Semindrio Bras Herbicidas Ervas Daninhas 1960 p 237-248 (1961)

235 and Liederman I Controle de ervas daninhas do amendoim pela aplicacao de herbicidas de preshyemergencia (Weed control in groundnuts by the application of pre-emergence herbicides) Arq Inst Biol 28175-184 (1961)

236 Krishnaswamy MA and Johar DS Vegetable cheese from groundnut milk Food Sci 9235-240 (1960)

237 Krishnamurthy K Differential effect of hormones as follar applications on the yield of groundnut IndianJ Sci amp Industry 179-82 (1967)

238 Kulkarni LG et al Studies on weeding and interculture in relation to weed control in the yield of groundnut Indian OilseedsJ 7126-129 (1963)

239 Kutumba Rao S et al Pilot plant studies on processing of groundnuts Some factors influencing the quality of products and efficiency of processing Indian Oilseeds J 8106-109 (1964)

240 et al Compositional studies in Idnian groundshynuts Indian Oilseeds J 95-13 (19 65)

25

241 Labrousse G and Godron E Michanisation de la culture study of mineral nutrition of groundnuts Effects of boron de larachide notamment dans lea pays francophones and manganese toxicity) Agron Trop 14657-711 (1959) dAfrique tropicale et 1 Madagascar (Mechanization of groundnut production with special reference to the French- 254 Lin H FW Ho and Wang JS Studies on the yield spealang countries of tropical Africa and to Madagascar) components of peanuts II The path coefficient of yield Machinisme Agr Trop 113-103 (1965) components in different crops of peanuts (In Chinese) Agr

Assn ChinaJ 6522-31 (1969) 242 Lachover D Influence de ldpandage fractionnd de sulfate

dammoniaque sur le rendement et I qualit6 des arachides de 255 Lins R de and Ramos JAB Producio e comercialshybouche en terre limonsablonneuse rouge (Effect of split izado de amendoim no Estado de Sto Paulo (Production of applicat9a pf-t MIhrmPrm m i yeldNag4lyp and tra i sectorpd1f ql a Af ul- aia)PCPntle l a ) of cornestihle groundit oa W turn em S Paulo141-54(196

256 Lung DDl Whe petan the uapredhctable legume A 243_ La i sponse de Larachide debouche en nture sympnsm)Thc Tqtinal io V ng U

irrigup jpppt pr4uits rp ( DC ( edible roundnuts under irrigation to the application of calciumcompounds) 6agnuxiY- (i6 257 McDonald D and AArouk J Giowth u Apergflus

flavus and production of aflatoxia in groudnuts -Part I 244 et al Influencodengrais azatdsliquides surle Trop Scd20S-24(93)

rendement ot lIqualitd des arachides (Effect pf liquid nitroshygen feFizrs on yie~d and 9q9lity of g n ) a 258 et al Growth of spergillus andproducshyneux1107-111 (1962) tion of aflatoxm in groundnuits-PIart f Trop Sci

131-154 (1964) 245 et al Influence dengrais verts et dengrais

azot e etla qualit4 des arachides(The 1 259 __ and Harknqs C Growth of Aspejgilus flavusleendement effect f grepn W g arira i e lz 9 he and production of aflatoxin inggundat- II Trop Sc yield and quality of groundnuts) Ol6agineux 18153-156 5148-154 196) (19 63) 0C l--0A4M

an a nss row o pg s

24b _ and Arnon I Influence sur Parachide du and production of aflatoxin ir groundnuts-Part IV Trop unanque de potassium de potassium de certains sols Determai- Sd 612-27 (1964) l nation de~la deficience (Influence on groundnuts of potassishyum de iepsy pqegi3 spa 261 t and Hffkne ss 9 7Groth94 r 1 avusefr pq rraipAtheq e ciencyqeaineux$9117 (1964 and production ot hatox nn groundnuts5-Pa 91i fop

8d7P2-A(1 Jl Il 247 Lal SP ad Ma~tha SD Studies on Icd-buinc fungi of IN gwgrliuut LA frew rltbod far 1ntectipg fungi nsnad 262 za and H g qfltoii f g9gyndBrjr

isamples f yee1sperp elrngp4lapprp crop at harest fig Northey p Sci9j4 8-161igeria-1 61

ph paseol(ubl hby (sys cs otium ataticolaTub) (1967) I Laboratory assay ot fungicides for controlhng seca-borne

infections CR Assuc flt Essis Semncuces 32a5-606 203 MelGtUesick N A nams aluck on low pnoduclivity in (1067)e peasant agriculture TntDevelopmeetRe9 -G6 (19r7)kI

248 Lancaster MC et al Toxicity associated with certain 264 Al mani mecanizado nuevo cultivo de la zona algodonera samples of gronuts Nature 1921095-1097 (19U1 (Mechanized groundnut a new crop for the cotton area)

0 I --o Iass1 I Igt e1-1 Rev Nhc Agr Culuhnbia 705-706 p 43 (1964) 249 Langfoad WR Spanucoss Geosgia Agr Expt Sta Res

Report 76 (1970) 265 Mahapatra LN Preliminary studies on corzelatipn of yield with other characters of groundnut Indian Agriculturist

250 Laes DA Rainfall conservatin nd he yields of 1097-106 (1966) sorghum and grownthuts impNorthernigeria Egp Agr 2139-146(1966) 266 Maize whats the alternative crop 1 Groundnts

-Rhodesia Agr J5928-269 (1962) 251 Liedernws L et al Aplicauil desherbiidas em ieshy

emergencia no amendoim em terra arenosa (Pro-emergence 267 MaPtellA and Gqalin E Th9 influence ofirrigatiq applicagn pffberbicidest groundpytson an ay oi) frequency and intensity on the yield and quality of peanuts

(Arachis liypogaea) Israel j Agr Res 14203-21 (1964)ABioldg~cy rasp1 206J6sectj19)d

it 252 and SnUs CALtlos Cunit5k de garneaica 268 MarlrifmrgrouadoutsandgroundaytcoLStud4 group a rltuxaArQanaudoimcemmistaiu exfiuinedipn Oilsee4sQIfr apg Fp (4O 9ti Sess (3POF g8

it em trJp t u s Ieill (1968)1l1 groundnut fields with mixtures of triflumlin and dauron in

In Iii three rego of tie State o So Paulo)Bsoldgco a 269 Mattin G 1 Lavage dlt Patathide de bouchc (Thst wash Iii 332Wt-222 (1907)0 big of graodudius fo direct consumtptiou Olgineuxhi

r ii Iii

253 Ifeqqe54 And BelqyjCpntrikyi~p I4tp4e dgJ nutritios mindale de larachide (Arachis hypogaea) Effets 270 te sechage artificiel des arachides en coques des to citis bifue et man aque (Contributin to the (The artificiAl drying of groundnuts in the shell) Oldagineux

N Ill

1 iii thin hilts

if

26

271 Conservation des semences darachide (Storshyage of groundnut seeds) Olagineux 1985-87 (1964)

272 Diagnostic follaire de larachide (Foliar diagshynosis of the groundnut) Olagineux 20241-242 (1965)

273 _ and Fourrier P Les oligo-lnements dans la culture de larachide du Nord S6 ndgal (Trace elements in the cultivation of groundnuts in Northern Senegal) 01oagineux 20287-291 (1965)

274 Martin JP Influence de I date de semis et de la longueur de cycle sur la richesse en huile et sur quelques autres cameshyteres de larachide (The effect of sowing date and growing period on the oil content and other characteristics of the groundnut) Oleagineux 23315-316 (1968)

275 Differences de richesse en huile des graines darachide selon leur position dans Ia gousse avec observation simultande do Ia grosseur des graines (Differences in oil conshytent between groundnut kernels according to their position in

- the pod with simultaneous observations on kernel sizes) OlWagineux 27453-455 (1968)

276 and Bilquez AF Nouvelle contribution a la connaissance de la floraison et de la fructification de azachide (New contribution to the knowledge of the flowering and fruiting of groundnuts) Oleagineux 17469-471 (1962)

277 Martinez JA and Bastos Cruz BP Contrle quimico da murcha do amendoim (Chemical control of groundnut wilt)Bioldgico Brasil 27191-193 (1961)

278 Masilungan VA et al Studies on some important factors involved in the mold process of making soy sauce Philippine J Sci 89149-162 (1960)

279 Mazzani B El mani en Venequela (The groundnut in Venezuela) Monogr Centro Invest Agron 11-138 (1961)

280 _ and Allievi J Efectos de varias pocas de despegue de los frutos sobre algunas caracteristicas del mani (Effect of various times of pod removal on some groundnut characteristics) Agron Trop Venezuela 17127-132 (1967)

281 _ et al Quelques aspects de la fertilisation minarale de Iarachide au Venequela (Some aspects of the application of mineral fertilizers to groundnuts in Veneshyzuela) Olagineux 23383-385 (1968)

282 _ and Inojosa S Diferencias varietales de suscepshytibilidad a Ia roya del mani en Venezuela (Varietal differshyences in susceptibility to rust of groundnuts in Venezuela)Agron Trop Venezuela 114145 (1961)

283 _ and Inojosa S Resultados de la aplicacion pregerminativa del herbicida prometrin en mani (Results of pre-germination application of the herbicide prometrine in groundnuts) Agron Trop Venezuela 12137-142 (1962)

284 Mazzei Patrone I Siembras experimentales con variedades de mani (Experimental sowings with groundnut varieties) Bol Inform Uruguay 177-10 (1961)

285 Meikle J0 A survey of African-grown groundnut varieshyties in Rhodesia Rhodesia Agr J 62109-113 (1965)

286 Mendes Conagin CHT and Conagin A EficiEncia reproshyductiva no amendoim cultivado (Arachis hypogaea) (Effishyciency of reproduction in the cultivated groundnut) Bragantia 191081-1104 (1960)

287 Meredith RM The effects of population density and manuring on groundnut yields in Northern Nigeria Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Min Agr N Region Nigeria 251-12 (1962)

288 The effects of planting density and manuring on the yields of bunch-type groundnuts Enmp J Exp Agr 32136-140 (1964)

289 Metelerkamp HRR Response to early planting and irrishygation of a late maturing groudnut variety Rhodesia Age J 64127 (1967)

290 Mixon AC Effect of seed size on vigor and yield of runner peanuts Alabama Age Exp Sta Bul 346 (1963)

291 Mohan JC and Ali AM Yield response of irrigated groundnut to organic mulches Indian J Agr Sci 39196-199 (1969)

292 Morris Porter D and Garren KH An analysis of the endogeocarpic microflora of peanuts in Virginia Trop Sci 10100-106 (1968)

293 Mortiss PD Peanut cutter-rake Queensland Agr J f8889-90 (1962)

294 Moursi MA and Abd EI-Gawad AA Production of peanut crop in UAR Growth and yield response to plant population Ann Agric Sci Univ Ain shams 10281-305 (1967)

295 Muhammad SV and Dorairaj MS Screening the genetic stock of Arachis hypogaea for seed dormancy in Madras State IndianjAgr Sci 3873-75 (1968)

296 Murty AGK Exports of groundnut extractions a price study Indianj Agr Econ 23184-191 (1968)

297 Musangi RS and Soneji SV Feeding groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) haulms to dairy cows in Uganda E Afr Agr Forestryj 33170-174 (1967)

298 Muthiah C and Rao MP Shifting of area under culture Agr Situation India 17337-341 (1962)

299 Myers JM and Rogers F Mechanical drying and harvesshyting peanuts Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull 507 (1952)

300 Nariani TK and Dhingra KL A mosaic disease of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Indian J Age Sci 3325-27 (1963)

301 Nelson GL et al Vacuum techniques for mycotoxin-free peanut drying Oklahoma Agr Res Prog Rep Processed Series P-608 14 p (1969)

302 Nicholaides JJand Cox FR Effect of mineral nutrition on chemical composition and early reproductive development of Virginia type peanuts Arachis hypogaea Agron J 62262-264 (1970)

303 Niger Levolution du rendement de larachide (Nigera

27

Development of the yield of groundnuts) Chron dOutre-Mer 5138-39 (1958)

304 Nigerian peanut output drops sharply Foreign Crops and Markets 8015 (1960)

305 Nigerian peanut purchases down sharply palm products forecast at 1959 level Foreign Crops and Markets 8116-17 (1960)

306 Nijhawan HL Response of groundnut to fertilizers Indian OilseedsJ 6185-192 (1962)

307 Effect of time of harvesting on the quality of groundnut crop Indian OilseedsJ 6298-302 (1962)

308 Effect of time of planting on the quality of groundnut crop Indian OilseedsJ 71-3 (1963)

- 309 Effect of sowing groundnut in different spashycings on the chemical composition of the crop Indian Oilshyseedsj 7133-135 (1963)

310 Njao N Groundinuts and groundnut oil Agr Econ Bull Africa 344-47 (1 9 6 3)

311 Norden AJ and Block DH Variety BlendsA considershyation in peanut oil improvement and production Oleagineux 23583-585 (1969)

312 RLipscomb and WA Carver Florunner-A new peanut variety Florida Agr Exp Sta Circ S-196 (1969)

313 Norris DO Acid Production by Rhizobium Plant and Soil 22143-166 (1965)

314 Nutnan FJ FM Roberts andjG Williamson Studies on varietal resistance in the groundnut (Arachis hypogeae) to Rosette disease RhodJ Agric Res 263-77 (1964)

315 Ofori CS Response of groundnuts to phosphatic fertilishyzers on the granitic soils of the Upper Region in Ghana Agron Trop 20489-494 (1965)

316 Ollagnier M and Gillier P Comparaison du diagnostic foliarire et de lanalyse des sols pour ia determination des besoins en engrais de Iarachide an S~ndgal (phosphore et potassium) (Comparison of foliai diagnosis and soil analysis for the assessment of P and K fertilizer requirements of groundnuts in Senegal) Ollagineux20513-516 (1965)

317 Oosthuizen SA Grondbonehooi is arm ann protene (Groundnut hay is poor in protein) Boerdery S-Afrika 3247-64 (1957)

318 Operations de pr6vulgarisation sur arachide conduites par IlRHO en Hiute-Volta et au Sengal (Demonstration experiments with groundnuts conducted by the IRHO in Upper-Volta and Senegal) Bul Engrais 461 pp 141-144 (1963)

319 Oram PA High-quality groundnuts for direct consumpshytion I Production research and development in Libya World Crops 9159-162 (1957)

320 Oram PA Recent developments in groundnut producshytion with specialreference to Africa Field Crop Abstracts Part 111-6 PartlI 1175-84 (1958)

321 Ordish G Pest Control in groundnuts Pest articles and news summaries No 2 Ministry of Overseas Development London p 138 (1967)

322 Parker RC Wynne JC and Embry DA 1970 Comshybining ability estimates in Arachis hypogaea I F1 seedling responses in a controlled environment Crop Sci 10429-432 (1970)

323 Parkin EA and Scott EIC The germination of foodshycrop seeds stored in contact with lindane and DDT dusts Trop Sci 1206-211 (1959)

324 Patel MS et al Wealth from groundnut waste-a review Indian Oilseeds J 8380-382 (1964)

325 Pathak GN and Verma G Studies on the cultural and manurial requirements of groundnut in Uttar Pradesh Indian Oilseeds J 8167-174 (1964)

326 Patil SH and Desai BM Introduction of groundnut cultivation in high rainfall regions of Bombay Indian OilshyseedsJ 8218-221 (1964)

327 Pattinson L et al The separation of aflatoxin infected groundnut kernels Trop Sci 10212-221 (1968)

328 Peers FG Aflatoxin-A summary of recent work Trop Sci 9186-203 (1967)

329 Phillips LJ and Norman MJT Sorghum-peanut crop sequences at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 1144-149 (1 9 6 1)

330 - - and - Fodder crop-cash crop sequences at Katherine NT Techn Paper Commonwealth Sci Industr Res Organiz Australia 203-12 (1962)

331 and The influence of inter-row spacing and plant population on the yield of peanuts at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 254-60 (1962)

332 _ and The response of peanuts to phosphate fertilizers at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 5470-474 (1965)

333 Piggott CJ The effect of fertilizers on the yield and quality of groundnuts in Sierra Leone Emp J Exp Agr 2859-64 (1960)

334 Pinto de Matos AH Influtncia dos tratamentos insectishycidas no poder germinativo das sementes de amendoim (Effect of insecticidal treatments on the germinative power of groundnut seed) Garcia de Orta 9471-477 (1961)

335 Pothecary BP Handling groundnuts with auger conveyer World Crops 21180-182 (1969)

336 Prabhakara Reddy G and Sanyasi Rao C Fertilizer response in groundnut Indian Oilseedsj 9274-279 (1965)

337 Prevot P and Billaz R Recherches agrophysiologiques sur le probl6me de la r6sistance de larachide baIa sdcheresse (Agro-physiological investigations into the problem of drought resistance of groundnuts) Oldagineux 17911-917 (1962)

28

338 and Martin G Comparaison des fumures organiques et mindrales pour Parachide en Haute-Volta (Comparison between organic and mineral manures for groundnuts in Upper Volta) Olagineux 19533-537 (1964)

339 Pugnat C Rapport au Gouvernement du Cameroune sur lamelioration des cultures vivrieres (Report to the governshyment of Cameroon on the improvement of subsistence crops) Progr Elargi Assist Techn FAO 1834 p 1-17143 (1964)

340 Pursglove JW Tropical Crops Dicotyledons Longmans Press (1968)

341 Punrss GS Wilt of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in Queensshyland with particular reference to Verticillium wilt Queens landJ Agr Sci 18453-462 (1961)

342 Peanut diseases in Queensland Queensland Agr J 88540-543 (1962)

343 Rebechault H and Guenin G Effects de Pacide gibbershyellique sur deux varietes darachide (Arachis hypogaea) (Effects of gibberellic acid on two groundnut varieties) Cah ORSTOM Ser Biologic 43-29 (1967)

344 Ramly AWH A simple groundnut stripper World Crops 1834-35 (1966)

345 Rawson JE Susceptibility of Virginia Bunch peanut to post-emergence application of 24-D and related herbicides Queensland JAgr Sci 20463-470 (1963)

346 Controlling weeds in peanuts Queensland Agr J90656-661 (1964)

347 Ravindra Nath V and Kulkarni LG Effect of different dates of sowing of groundnut on the development and intensity of leaf-spot disease by Cercospora spp Indian J Agr Sci 37362-368 (1967)

348 Rickards CE Mechanised groundnut cultivation Farming Zambia 45-7 (1968)

349 Roche P and Velly J Etudes de fertilisation sur arachides dans la rcgion du Lac Alaotra (1957-60) (Studies on fertilizer application to groundnuts in the Lake Alaotra region 1957-60) Agron Trop 18477-510 (1963)

350 Le r6le de larachide dans ]a croissance iconomique du Senigal (The role of the groundnut in Senegals economic growth) Ed by JB Mas Rep du Senegal Ministampre du Plan et due Developpement Service de la Statistique 16 p Tables Appendix (1964)

351 Rosher PH and Sheldrick RD The effect of postshyemergence applications of MCPB on groundnuts Trop Agr Trinidad 36211-217 (1959)

352 Rothwell A Diseases of groundnuts in Southern Rhoshydesia Rhodesia AgrJ 59199-201 (1962)

353 Sardone LT The groundnut industry of Queensland World Crops 12351-354 (1960)

354 Scaife A Groundnut cultivation in Western Tanzania Ukiriguru Progress Rep Tanzania 21-6 (1966)

855 Schenk RV Development of the peanut fruit Georgia Agr Expt Sta Tech Bull ns 22 (19 61)

356 Schiffman J Field experiments on inoculation of peanuts in Northern Negev soils Israel J Agr Res 11151-158 (1961)

357 and Y Alper 1968 Effects of Rhizobiumshyinoculum placement on peanut inoculation Expl Agric 4203-208 (1968)

358 and Alper Y Inoculation of peanut by applishycation of Rhizobium suspension into the planting furrows Exp Agr 4219-226 (1968)

359 Schilling R Larachide en cultures associes avec les c6 r~ales (Groundnuts in association with cereals) Oldagineux 20673-676 (1965)

360 Seeger JR Essais dinoculation artificielle de Parachide - au Congo (Experiments on the artificial inoculation of

groundnuts in Congo) Ann Gembloux 67220-241 (1961)

361 Sen S and Ghosh M Influence of time of harvesting on the quantity of oil in groundnut Indian Oilseeds J 9260-265 (1965)

362 Serry A and EI-Banna E A study of correlation beshytween rapid soil tests and response of groundnut to potassishyum application on some Sharkeia sandy soils in pot experishyments Agr Res Rev Egypt 4040-47 (1962)

363 Seshadri CR et al Studies on root development in groundnut Indianj Agr Sci 28211-215 (1958)

364 Shekhawat GS et al Studies on the effect of methods of sowing row spacing and seed-rate on the yield of groundshynut Indian OilseedsJ9280-282 (1965)

365 Shiralipour A Harris HC West SH Boron deficiency and amino acid and protein contents of peanut leaves Crop Sci 9455-456 (1969)

366 Siewart Sara and JG Woodroof Nouveau proced6 de salage des arachides en coques (New procedure for salting groundnuts in their shells) Oleagineux 8230-231 (1953)

367 Silvestre P Monographie des recherches conduites Ia Bambey sur larachide (Monograph of the research work on groundnuts conducted at Bombey) Agron Trop 16623-733 (1961)

368 La production de larachide h Madagascar (Groundnut production in Madagascar) Agron Trop 18511-526 (1963)

369 Simposium oor makotoksiene in voedselsoorte landshyboukundige aspekte gehou te Pretoria 25-26 Februari 1965 (Symposium on mycotoxins in foodstuffs agricultural aspects held at Pretoria February 25-26 1965) Techn Commun Dep Agr Techn Serv Rep S Africa 351-60 (1965)

370 Smartt J Groundnuts in Northern Rhodesia Rhodesia AgrJ 5769-72 (1960)

371 A guide to groundnut cultivation in Northern Rhodesia Rhodesia AgrJ5894-102 (1961)

372 Factors influencing yield and quality of groundnuts in Northern Rhodesia Emp J Exp Agr 32343-351 (1964)

29

373 Snyman JW The secret of higher groundnut yields Farming S Africa 4334-37 (1968)

374 Soudan me caisse de stabilisation des prix de larachide (A price Stabilization Fund for Groundauts) Marches Trop du Monde 141251 (1958)

375 South China area interplants peanuts and sugar cane to raise outputs of both Surv China Mainland Press 3536 p 19 (1965)

376 Spensley PC Aflatoxin the active principle in Turkey I disease Endeavour 2275-79 (1963)

377 Stead PRS Groundnut drying trials Rhod Agr J 6651-53 (1969)

378 Stem WR The influence of sowing date on the yield of peanuts in a short summer rainfall environment Aust J Exp Agr and Animal Husbandry 8594-598 (1968)

379 Strauss JL and Gizzard AL The effect of calcium magnesium and potassium on peanut yields Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 12348-352 (1948)

380 Sulaiman M Investigations on the control of tikka disease of groundnut in the Maharashtra State Beitrige Trop Subshytrop Landwirtsch u Tropenveterindrmedizin 251-54 (1964)

381 and Agashe NG Influence of climate on the incidence of tikka disease of groundnut Indian Oilseeds J 9176-179 (1965)

382 Sundaran NV Note on creation of tikka leaf spot of groundnut Indian Oilseeds J998-101 (1965)

383 Tella R de and Bacchi 0 Longevidade das sementes de amendoin (Longevity of groundnut seed) Bragantia 2121-23 (1962)

384 and Canecchio Filho V Instrucoes praticas-a cultura do amendoim (Practical instructions for groundnut cultivation) Agronomico 117-11 (1959)

385 Terblanche M and Rabie CJ A toxic fungus (Scerotshyium rolfsii) isolated from groundnuts S Afr J Agr Sci 10253-261 (1967)

386 Thompson SS Peanut leafspot diseases Ga Univ Ext Leafl 25 Res 8 p (1969)

387 Thornton I Quelques observations sur la nodulation de larachide en Gambie (Some observations on root nodule formation of groundnuts in Gambia) Oleagineux 18781-783 (1963)

388 The effect of fertilizers on the uptake of nitroshygen phosphorus and potassium by the groundnut EmpJ Exp Agr 32235-240 (1964)

389 Tippins HH Morgan LW and CM Beckham Biology of Derobrachusbrevicollis a pest of Bahiagrass and peanuts Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bul 33 (1968)

390 Toms AM Agricultural progress in the Sudan World Crops 14200-202 (1962)

391 Irrigated groundnuts in the Sudan Gezira World Crops 1539-42 (1963)

392 Toole VL WK Bailey EH Toole Factors influencing dormancy of peanut seeds Plant Physiol 308Z2-832 (1964)

398 Tuelieres R Larachide an Sud-Vitnam (The groundnut in South Viet Nam) Bull Soc Et Indochinoises 37435-463 (1962)

394 Une alimentation saine et abondante grace 1a (A healthy and abundant alimentation thanks to ) Sin6gal Magazine Aug p 16-9 (1961)

395 Uptrend in Brazils peanut production temporarily halted by dry weather Foreign Crops and Markets 7916-17 (1959)

396 Vachhani MV et al Crop rotations double cropping and cropping pattern in the rice areas in India News Letter Int Rice Comm 1119-23 (1962)

397 Verma JK and Bajpai MR A brief review of mineral nutrition of groundnut in relation to its growth yield and quality Indian Oilseeds J 8222-229 (1964)

398 Vidhyasekaran P and lothandaraman R Fungicidal control of tikka leaf-spot of groundnut Indian J Agr Sci 38373-377 (1968)

399 Wadhwa ND Mechanical cultivation of groundnut in Northern Ghana Ghana Farmer 85-13 (1964)

400 Weiss EA Castor Sesame and Safflower 901 p Leonard Hill London (1971)

401 Whitaker RB and Wiser EH Theoretical investigations into the accuracy of sampling shelled peanuts for aflatoxin Amer Oil Chem SocJ 46377-379 (1969)

402 Whiteside JD and Bailey RA Application of fungicides for the control of Cercospora leaf-spot of groundnuts Rhoshydesia Agr J 64128-132 (1967)

403 Wilson C Peanut seed treatments Plant Disease Reptr 3487-95 (1950)

404 Wood IMW The effects of seed size seed treatment method of shelling and organic matter on the establishment of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 881-84 (1968)

405 The effect of temperature at early flowering on the growth and development of peanuts (Arachis hyposhygaea) AustJ Agr Res 19241-251 (1968)

406 Chemical weed control in peanut crops at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr and Animal Husbandry 8762-766 (1968)

407 Woodroof JG Peanuts Production processing products The AVI Publishing Company Westport Connecticut p 291 (1966)

408 World peanut production second largest of record World Summaries Crops and Livestock Nov 24 p 16-18 (1960)

409 World peanut production sets new record Foreign Agr Carc US Dept Agr FFO 16-65 p 1-29 (1965)

410 World peanut production at near-record high in 1966 exports at record level Foreign Agr arc US Dep Agr FPO 7-67 p 1-28 (1967)

30

411 Zink E et al Estudos s8bre a conservacio de sementes X-Amendoin (Studies on seed storage X Groundnuts) Bragantia 21159-165 (1962)

Additional Reference

This manuscript has been a long time in preparation After the manuscript was put in final form and most of the typing had been done asignificant book on peanuts was publishedPeanuts-Cultureand Uses a Symposium was published by the American Peanut Research and Education Association Inc (Executive Secretary-Treasurer Leland

Tripp Agronomy Department Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma 74074) Thirty-eight authors contributed to the 20 chapters and in the 684 pages of the book there are over 2000 references listed This book covers in considerable detail all the topics that have been

briefly summarized in this manuscript Peanut proteins and the physicoshychemical and nutritional properties of peanuts are well covered

31

ABBREVIATIONS AND ADDRESSES OF SOME SOURCES OF LITERATURE CITATIONS

Agr Assn China J-Agricultural Association of China Journal Taipei Taiwan

Agrekon-Agrekon Department of Agricultural Economics and Marketing Pretoria South Africa

Agricultura em Sio Paulo-Instituto de Economia Agricola Caixa Postal 8083 Sio Paulo Brazil

Agron J-Agronomy Journal American Society of Agronomy 677 S Segoc Road Madison Wisconsin 53711 (USA)

Agronomico-Agronomico Instituto Agronomico Caixa Postal 28 Campanis Brazil

Agron Trop-Agronomia Tropical Centro de Investigaciones Agronomicas Maracay Venezuela

Agr Res Rev Egypt-Agricultural Research Review Dokki

Egypt Agr Situation India-Agricultural Situation in India Ministry of

Food and Agriculture Delhi 6 India Agr Trop-Agricultura Tropical Asociacion Columbiana de

Ingenieros Agronomo Bogota Columbia Alabama Age Exp Sta Bul-Alabama Agricultural Experiment

Station-Bulletin Auburn Alabama 36830 (USA) Amer Oil Chem Soc J-American Oil Chemists Society

Journal 35 East WackerNDrive Chicago Illinois 60601 (USA)

Amer Soc Agr Eng Trans-American Society of Agricultural Engineers Transactions St Joseph Michigan 49085 (USA)

Ann Agric Sci Univ Ain Shams-Annals of Agricultural Science University of Ain Shams Cairo Egypt

Arq Inst Biol-Arquivos do Instituto Biolgico Baixa Postal 7119 Sao Paulo Brazil

Aust J Agr Res-Australian Journal of Agricultural Research MelbourneAustralia

Beitrige Trop Subtrop Landwirtsch u Tropenveterinarshymedizin-Beitrige zur Tropischen und Subtropischen Landwirtschaft and Tropenveteriniirmedizin Karl Marx University Leipzig

Biolodgico-Biologico Caixa Postal 4185 Sao Paulo Brazil Biologist-Biologist Denver Colorado (USA) Bragantia-Bragantia Boletim Technico do Instituto Agronomshy

ico do Estado de Sgo Paulo Sgo Paulo Brazil Bull Engrais-Bulletin des Engrais Paris Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Belge-Bulletin

deinformation de Institut National pour IEtude Agroshynomique du Congo Beige Brussels

Cah ORSTOM Ser Biologi-Cahiers Office de In Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer Series Biologi Paris

CCTACSA Symposium Lagos-Bukavu Savannah-Commission for Technical Cooperation in Africa Scientific Council for Africa

CCTAFAO Symposium-Commission pour la Cooperation Technique en Afrique (Commission for Technical Coopershyation in Africa South of the Sahara) Food and Agriculshytune Organization Symposium

Cenicafe-Cenicafe Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Cafe Chinchina Columbia

Chemistry and Industry London

Crop Sci-Crop Science Society of America 677 S Segoe Road Madison Wisconsin 53711 (USA)

Current Sci-Current Science Raman Research Institute Bangalore India

Diss Abstr Sect B-Dissertation Abstracts Section B Sciences and Engineering University Microfilms Ann Arbor Michigan 48106 (USA)

E Afr Agr Forestry J-East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal PO Box 30148 Nairobi

Econ Botany-Economic Botany The New York Botanical Garden New York New York 10458 (USA)

Economica-Economica London Empire J of Exper Agric-Empire Journal of Experimental

Agriculture London Emp J Exp Agr Gambia-Empire Journal of Experimental

Agriculture Gambia Endeavour-Endeavour Thames House London Etud Senegelaises-Etudes Senegelaises Dakar Expl Agric-Experimental Agriculture London FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome Italy FAO Plant Protection Bulletin-Food and Agriculture Organizashy

tion International Documents Service 136 S Broadway Irvington on Hudson New York 10533 (USA)

FAO 4th Sess CCP OF-Food and Agricultural Organization 4th Session Committee on Commodity Problems Oils and Fats

Farming S Africa-Famning in South Africa Agricultural Technical Services Private Bag 144 Pretoria South Africa

Field Crop Abstracts-Field Crop Abstracts Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux Farnham Royal England

Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull-Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin Gainesville Florida 32601 (USA)

Florida Agr Exp Sta Crc-Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Circular Gainesville Florida 32601 (USA)

Foreign Agr Circ U S Dept Agr FFO-Foreign Agricultural Circular United States Department of Agriculture Fats and Oils

Garcia de Orta-Garcia de Orta Junta de Investigacces do Ultrashymar Lisbon Portugal

Ga Univ Ext Ixafl-Georgia University Extension Leaflet Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Gaz Agr Angola-Gazeta Agricola de Angola Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 203-Georgia Agriculshy

tural Experiment Station Mimeo Series (New Series) Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Report-Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Ghana Farmer-Ghana Farmer Accra Ghana Indian Agriculturist-Indian Agriculturist Agricultural Society

of India Ballygunge Circular Road Calcutta India Indian Farming-Indian Council of Agricultural Research New

Delhi India Indian J Agr Sci-Indian Journal of Agricultural Science

Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi India

32

Indian J Sci amp Industry-Indian Journal of Science and Indusshytry Karnal India

Indian Oilseeds J-Indian Oilseeds Journal Hyderabad India Israel J Agr Res-Israel Journal of Agricultural Research J Amer Soc Agron-Journal of the American Society of

Agronomy Geneva New York 14456 (USA) J Econ Entomol-Joumnal of Economic Entomology Entoshy

mological Society of America Baltimore Maryland 21201 (USA)

J of Food Sci amp Technol-Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore India

J Sci Food Age-Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculshyture London

Marketing Res Rep U S Dept Agr-Marketing Research Reports Publications Division Office of Information United States Department of Agriculture Washington DC 20250 (USA)

Nature-Nature London N Carolina Agr Exp Sta BuU-North Carolina Agricultural

Experiment Station Bulletin Raleigh North Carolina 27607 (USA)

Neth J Age Sci-Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science Wageningen

Newsletter Int Rice Comm-Newsletter of the International Rice Commission Bangkok Thailand

NT Aust J Exp Agr-Northern Territories Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture

Okla Agr Res Prog Rep Processed Series-Oklahoma Agriculshytural Research Project Report Processed Series Stillwater Oklahoma 74074 (USA)

Oleagineux-Oleagineux LInstitut de Recherches pour les

Huiles et Oleagineux 8 Square Petrarque Paris Peanut J Nut World-Peanut Journal and Nut World Philippine J Plant Industry-Philippine Journal of Plant Indusshy

try Manila Philippine J Sci-Philippine Journal of Science Manila Plantand Soil-Plant and Soil The Hague Netherlands Plant Disease Reptr-Plant Disease Reporter Washington DC

(USA) Plant Physiol-Plant Physiology American Society of Plant

Physiologists PO Box 5706 Washington DC 20014 (USA)

Proc Peanut Res Conference-Proceedings Peanut Research Conference

Proc Southern Agr Workers-Proceedings of Southern Agriculshytural Workers Conference

Proc 5th Nat Peanut Res Conf-Proceedings of the 5th National Peanut Research Conference

Prod Res Rep US Dept Agr-Production Research Reports United States Department of Agriculture

Queensland J Agr Animal Sci-Queensland Journal of Agriculshytural and Animal Sciences Brisbane Australia

Rev Nac Agr Columbia-Revista Nacional de Agricultura Bogota Columbia

Rhodesia Agr J-Rhodesia Agricultural Journal Salisbury Rhodesia

Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res-Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi Journal of Agricultural Research Salisbury Rhodesia

Riv Agr Subtrop Trop-Rivista di Agricultura Subtropicale e Tropicale Florence Italy

S Ar J Agr Sci-South African Journal of Agricultural Science Pretoria South Africa

Samarm Research Bulletin-Samaru Research Bulletin Institute for Agricultural Research Ahmada Bello University Zaria Nigeria

Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc-Soil Science Society of America Proceedings

Surinaamse Landbouw-Surinaamse Landbouw Paramaribo Surinam

S Weed Sci Soc Proc-Southern Weed Science Society Proshyceedings

Techn Commun Dept Agr Techn Serv Rep S Africa-Technical Communications Department Technical Services Republic of South Africa Pretoria South Africa

Techn Paper Commonw Scl Industr Res Organiz Land Res Reg Survey-Technical Paper Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Land Research Regional Survey Canberra Australia

Texas Agr Exp Sta Bull-Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin College Station Texas 77843 (USA)

Trop Agr Ceylon-Tropical Agriculture Peradeniya Ceylon Trop Agric Trinidad-Tropical Agriculture The Journal of the

Imperial College of Agriculture University of the West Indies St Augustine Trinidad

Trop Sci-Tropical Science London Trop Stored Prod Inform-Tropical Stored Products Informashy

tion US Dept Agr Agr Econ Rept-United States Department of

Agriculture Agricultural Economics Reports Superintenshydent of Documents Washington DC 20250 (USA)

W Afr Rev-West Africian Review Liverpool World Crops-World Crops 28Essex St Strand London WD 2

England

1M-10-73

16

production are given Seedbed preparation planting and harvesting are processes that are suggested for mechanishyzation first (241) Drawings of hole-making devices an -ox-drawn lifter and a practical hand thresher are given elsewhere (354)

Harvesting by means of an animal-drawn lifter is described (20) With this device men can lift and stack 1 hectare in 15 hours or in half the time needed for manual lifting Time studies indicate that peanuts can be harvested about 10 days either side of the optimum time with little loss of peanuts (78) Systems of peanut harshyvesting are reviewed and details of a prototype once-over harvester are given The machine is designed to harvest up to 10 tons of nuts a day (189)

Peanuts are not usually grown on clay soils but a system has been worked out to harvest fairly clean pods from clay soils by irrigating to wet the soil 2 days before lifting and then waiting another 4-5 days before shaking surplus soil from the plants (391)

Threshing-Stripping pods from plants is often done by hand (128) Simple threshers are described (124 344) No difference in shelling percentage or seed size was found between immediate threshing and threshshying which was delayed up to 3 weeks (280)

Shelling-Machine shelling often results in damshyaged kernels which may not be effective in getting good stands when planted especially without seed protectants (404) Experimental shellers to be used to obtain samples for milling tests have been described (115) Hand-operated shellerscan produce as much as 95 kg of kernels in an hour (184 190)

Washing-Cleaning of non-husked peanuts has inshycreased selling price 50 With a simple washer made out of a section of barrel and a wire drum one can wash 400-600 kgday with only 200 liters of water (269)

Artificial Drying-Although the trend is toward more artificial drying natural methods are still widely used Natural methods (52 82) and artificial methods are reviewed (53 270 301) Combinations of natural and artificial methods are often desirable (116 270) For planting purposes seed must be dried carefully Air movement temperatures and times to dry are given (270) For long storage a maximum of only 8 moisture is recommended (271) Studies involving aflotoxin (52 82 116 301) verify the potential hazard if pods are improperly dried after harvest Seed needs to be dried to 8-9 and peanut cakes to below 16 or A flavus may grow (30 35) Simple devices for drying using wood or peanut hulls have been described (2 3 4 34) It is not advisable to dry seed for planting purposes in the sun or at temperatures over 450 C if heat is used (35) For comshymercial use Virginia and runner types have been dried successfully at 570C but Spanish types tend to split at 46-52 0 COther drying trials are reported (377)

Storing of Peanuts-Some areas have a dry season which is favorable for storing peanuts in open air or under tarpaulin (88 178 179) A low moisture content is desirable to decrease damage due to insects and losses due to oil deterioration (220 271 411) Fumigation or other treatment is often needed while the peanuts are in storage (191 271) Mechnical damage due to shelling is recognized (179 411) Treatments before storage will reduce some of the shelling damage (411)

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Estimating Yields-Estimated yields are often high because the operator tends to avoid the worst places in the field and the sample taken is usually harvested more carefully than the rest of the field Ten samples obtained by throwing a stick into the field at random to select sampling sites are suggested (155) A frame 15 m by 4 m can be used or if the plants are in definite rows 5 n of row at 10 random locations will give a good estimate of yield

Sampling for Oil-Oil samples need to be detershymined within one percentage point Different methods of sampling are compared (216) Care needs to be exershycised in reducing the original sample to a working sample A working sample might be 800 times the weight of one pod For an intact plant kernels taken near the base are higher in oil than those out on the branches (275) - -

Use of Peanut Tops-Peanut hay was judged to be not as good in nutrients as alfalfa and was said to be more comparable to grass hay (317) Peanut hay has been compared with other herbages and one researcher suggests that it be used for feed rather than being burned (297) A cutting and raking device has been designed that will cut and rake 8 ha in 10 hours (293)

Use of Surplus Peanut Shells-Shells may be used for fuel and also as a conditioner for heavy soils a filler in cattle feed a rawsource of activated carbon comshybustiblfe gases organic chemicals reducing sugars and alc6hlianextender-ofresins a cork substitute a comshyponent of building blocks and f Ed~oaaril (324) Its use as a mulch or manure is most beneficial when rain is scarce Grinding may be necessary Residue left after furfural extraction made good compost after treatment with sulfuric acid and neutralization with tricalcium phosphate (152)

17

Use of Peanuts as a Source of Food-No attempt will be made to cover this important subject Only a few references that deal with food are cited here A vegetable cheese made from peanut milk is described (236) An infant foof from peanut and milk solids (91) and the production of soysauce by fermentation are discussed (278) The details of quality factors and requirements for salting peanuts are given (226 366)

Oil from Peanuts-Peanuts are mainly grown for the oil and protein of the seed There is an indication that more oil crushing will be done in the area of proshyduction (44) Although the protein meal has been an excellent export product for foreign exchange this use may decrease as more use of the protein for livestock and as human food is stressed for the area of production (77296 394)

Oil content of the peanut decreased when planting was delayed but the protein was increased Oil yield is closely associated with seed yield Factors which tend to increase seed yield also increase oil yield (308 309 311) Closer spacing increases seed yields and oil but decreases protein (309)

Quality of Peanuts-Quality of peanut seed is affected by many factors (178 199) Proper shelling (184) and pest control are important (192) Free fatty acid level is an indication of quality A level of 6 free fatty acids was found in insect-damaged peanuts but only 13 when insects were controlled (192) Efforts have been made to remove undesirable peanuts mechanishycally as peanuts are moved (18) Grade standards of quality are listed (151 172)

Economics of Production-One country in Africa is reported to have half of its cultivated area in peanuts with 75 of farm income 42 of total industrial inshycome 23 of the gross national product and 65 of total value of exports credited to this one crop (350) Other countries seek to add peanuts to their cropping programs in order to diversify (86 266 390 391) and some that plan to switch to crops other than peanuts (5 16 42) to diversify are not intending to reduce peanut production

Some countries are trying to increase peanut proshyduction by stressing extension methods or by improving cultural practices These include helping farmers learn to select good seed and varieties to use disease-resistant varieties to treat seed to seed at a heavy rate to use

proper fertilization including animal and green manures to use proper weeding proper crop rotations to diversify cropping and to harvest at the right time (5 16 59 139 303319339)

Several countries have found it necessary to subshysidize the production of peanuts (134 199 374 395) and several African countries have recognized the need for a cooperative effort in marketing and meet once a year to discuss policy (102)

A survey of the peanut industry in the USA is given (400) The long-term outlook for the peanut is reviewed and uses of peanut and other oils are discussed (310) The world production of peanuts continues to expand even though the demand is variable from year to year (5 268 304 305 408409410) Problems of the processing industry are reviewed (84 239) Transportashytion and storage are serious problems and factors affecshyting quality are getting attention The quantity of peanuts that moves in export trade is a small percentage of total production Details and problems of exports are discussed (14 174445 77 88 119)

Improving Production by Variety Improvement-There is little doubt but that improved varieties have contributed to the gradually higher level of production around the world It takes 12 to 15 years for a variety to be available to growers after a cross has been made Of 24 varieties released in the USA during the last quartershycentury 11 selections came from commercial strains 2 from foreign introductions 9 from controlled crosses 1 from irradiation and 1 from interspecific hybridization (29)

No attempt will be made to list references to varieshyty comparisons Most experiments with peanuts involve variety comparisons It has been shown that an apparentshyly superior variety may be definitely inferior under certain environmental conditions It is essential in varieshyty evaluation that varieties be evaluated at different levels of soil fertility and under other variations in enshyvironmental conditions after preliminary screening to eliminate the most undesirable types (256) Examples of comparative yield tests are given (48 182 183) Blending of varieties for planting has been tested but has not been found to be of benefit (311)

GENERAL PAPERS

Numerous papers are general in nature and cover al methods are given in some detail (46 101 109 114 several topics Several factors that need to be considered 120 164) Mineral nutrition (397) variety improvement in over-all peanut production are discussed (28 101 (46) harvesting (153) seed treatment (46) and mechanishy106 138 160 179255353 368 370) General cultur- zation (121 371) are subjects in other general papers

18

LITERATURE CITATIONS (AbbreviationsandAddresses ofSome Sources of LiteratureCitations-pages31-32)

1 Abraham TP and Agarwal KN Yield effect on soil fertilshyity and economics of crop rotations with and without groundnut Indian J Agr Sci 37560-57 1 (1967)

2 ABrook J Artificial drying of groundnuts a method for the small farmer Trop Agric Trinidad 40241-245 (1963)

3 A cheap crop drier for the farmer Trop Stored Prod Inform 725-38 (1964)

4 A cheap crop drier for the farmer results and recommended design Trop Stored Prod Inform 8301-307 (1964)

5 Laction de developpement de la productivite arachidiere au Snigal en 1964 (Activity for the development of groundnut production in Senegal in 1964) 014agineux 20725-729 (1965)

6 Adams AN Groundnut Rosette Virus-Another vector Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 4125 (1966)

7 The vectors and alternative hosts of groundnut rosette virus in central province Molaioc Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res 5145-151 (1967)

8 - and JAK Farrell The seasonal occurrence of aphids in traps at Chitedge Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res Vol 5153-159 (1967)

9 Adams F and RW Pearson Differential response of cotton and peanuts to subsoil acidity AgronJ 629-12 (1970)

10 Akehurst BC and Sreedharan A Time of planting-a brief review of experimental work in Tanganyika E Afr Agr Forestry J 30189-201 (1965)

11 Alcroft R and Carnaghan RBA Toxic products in groundnuts Chemistry and Industry 250-61 (1963)

12 Amendoim pragas e doencas silo o n6 (Groundnuts pests and diseases are the problem) Dirigente Rural 412-32 (1965)shy

13 Anderson GD Fertility studies on a sandy loam in semishyarid Tanzania 11 Effects on phosphorus potassium and lime on yields of Groundnuts Expl Agric 6213-222 (1970)

14 Larachide au Senigal (Groundnut growing in Senegal) 016 agineux 14649-650 (1959)

15 Larachide au Senigal Rsultats des essais de confirmation (Groundnuts in Senegal Rep Results of confirmation trials) Oleagineux 17103-104 (1962)

16 Larachide au Senigal Risultats des essais de confirmation (Groundinuts in Senegal Results of demonstration trials) Olagineux 1972 (1964)

17 Les arachides du Nigeria (The groundrnuts of Nigeria)Kadouna (Nigeria) Ministere de PInformation 12 p Graph Photos Map (1966)

18 Ariztizabal L Bums EE and OR Kunze Physical chemical and organoleptic properties of peanuts separated in a controlled air stream Amer Soc Agr -Eng Trans 12298-304 (1969)

19 Arndt W The continuous cropping of peanuts at Kathshyarine NT Techn Paper Commonw Sci Industr Res Organiz Div Land Res Reg Survey Australia 161-11 (1961)

20 Larrachage de Parachide (Groundnut lifting) Olagineaux 18553-555 (1963)

21 Arroya J et al Ensayo de fertilizacidn en mani realizado en la Sabana de Londres Estado Lar (A groundnut fertilizer trial conducted in the Sabana de Londres State of Lara) Agron Trop Venezuela 17101-111 (1967)

22 Ashri A A second locus controlling red testa in peanuts (ArachishypogaeaL) Crop Sci 9514-517 (1969)

23 Ashrif M Effet du calcium sur larachide (Effect of calcium on groundnuts) Oleagineux 18681-683 (1963)

24 Effect of sulphur on groundnuts Olampgineux 20243-244 (1965)

25 and Thornton I Effects of grass mulch on groundnuts in the Gambia Expl Agric 1145-152 (1965)

26 Avadhani KK and Ramano Rao BV Studies of the effects of diethyl sulfate on TMV 2 groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Indian J of Science Indus 269-71 (1968)

27 Lavenir de larachide au Sinigal Doses dengrais et augshymentation de production (The future of the groundnut in Senegal Fertilizer rates for increased production) Olagishyneux 23528 (1968)

28 Bachy A Conduite de 1expirimentation agronomique a IRHO (Performance of agricultural research at IRHO)

Oleagineux 1675-80 (1961)

29 Bailey WK Peanut variety improvement in the USA Proc 5th Nat Peanut Res Conf (1968)

30 Bampton SS Growth of Aspergillusflavusand production of aflatoxin in groundinuts-Part I Trop Sci 574-81 (1963)

31 Barcenas VC Enfermedades del mani ajonjoli en El Tolima (Groundnut and sesame diseases in El Tolima) Bol Not Inst Fomento Algodonero 31-2 (1962)

32 and Montoya A A Efectividad de algunos fungicidas protectores en el tratarniento de la semilla de mani (Effectivity of some protective fungicides for the treatment of groundnut seed) Bol Not Inst Fomento Algodonero Columbia 46-8 (1964)

33 Barreto Figuciredo M and Cardoso RMG (Occurrence of grey mold in groundnuts in the State of Sao Paulo) Bioshylogico Brasil 34217-220(1968)

From TropicalAbstracts-seeAcknowledgments page 2

19

34 Barros Ferraz M de A secagem do amendoim (Drying of groundnuts) Brasil Rural 1377-79 (1959)

35 Preparo do amendoim das aguas (Drying of groundauts) Brasil Rural 1612-18 (1962)

36 Barrs HD The relation between kernel development and time of harvesting of peanuts at Katherine NT AustJ Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 2106-109 (1962)

37 Basinski JJ et al Some input-output relations in peanut cultivation at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 4295-299 (1964)

38 Bastos Cruz BP et al Nota preliminar s6bre a suscetishybilidade de variedades e hibridos de amendoim i algumas mollstias da folhagem (Preliminary note on the susceptibility of groundnut varieties and hybrids to some leaf diseases) Bioldgico Brasil 33191-195 (1967)

39 Bates WN Mechanization of Tropical Crops Temple Press London 410 p (1957)

40 Behncken GM The occurrence of Peanut mottle virus in Queensland AustJ Agr Res 21465-492 (1970)

41 Belloncle G Larachide an Senegal Mouvement cooperatif et developpement cononique (Groundnuts in Senegal coshyoperative movement and economic development) Ol1agineux 19439-444 (1964)

42 Bentin LA Das Problem der Monokultur in Senegal (The problem of mono-culture in Senegal) Int Afrika Forum 4615-619 (1968)

43 Berchoux Chr de La rosette de Iarachide en Houte-Volta (Rosette disease of groundnut in the Upper Volta) Olagishyneux 15229-233 (1960)

44 Berg ER Nigeria Senegal and the Congo (Kinshasa) Projected level of demand supply and exports of oilseed products to 1975 with implications for US exports to the European Economic Community Edmonton (Canada) Departments of Economics and Agricultural Economics University of Alberta 78 p tables maps (1967)

45 Berichten nit Afrika (Reports from Africa) Oli6n Vetten en Zeep 53215 (1969)

46 Bezot P La zone arachidiere au Tchad Etude densemble recherche dun syst me valable de rotation culturale (The groundnut zone in Chad A study on rotation systems) Agron Trop 2031-48 (1965)

47 Bhardwaj SP and Pathak AN Effect of sulphur on bacterial nodulation of groundnut roots Current Sci 37351-352 (1968)

48 Bhattacharjee TK et al W Bengal farmers can grow groundnut in irrigated summer fallow Indian Farming 1827-29 (1968)

49 Bielorai R Comparative digestibility of groundnut and soyshybean meal in vitro and in chicks J Sci Food Agr 20345-348 (1969)

50 Billaz R and Ochs R Stades de sensibilite de larachide a la secheresse (Developmental stages of the groundnut in relashytion to its susceptibility to drought) Olagineux 16605-611 (1961)

51 Bisht NS et al Groundnut rosette virus in Uttar Pradesh Indian OilseedsJ 7335-336 (1963)

52 Blatchford SM and Hall DW Methods of drying groundshynuts I Natural methods (Literature survey) Trop Sci 56-33 (1963)

53 and Methods of drying groundnuts II Artificial methods Trop Sci 582-98 (1963)

54 Bledsoe RW and Harris HC Leafspot of peanut associshyated with Magnesium deficiency Plant Physiol 21237-240 (1946)

55 Bockele-Morvan A Recherches de lIRHO sur 1utilishysation des phosphates du Sin6gal en fumure de fond pour Iarachide (Research of IRHO on the utilization of Senegal phosphates as a basal dressing for groundnut) Oleagineux 16685-691 (1961)

56 Etude explrimentale et pratique du placement des engrais (Experimental and practical studies on feftilizer placement) OlLagineux 18687-688 (1963)

57 Etudes sur la carence potasique de Iarachide an S~n-gal(A study o potash deficiency in the groundnut in Senegal) Olagineux 19603-609 (1964)

58 - Surface foliaire de Parachide et densite optishymum de semis (Folhar area of groundnuts and optimum sowing density) Ol4ageneux 201-12 (1965)

59 _ Application des engrais sur arachide au Sindgal (Application of fertilizers to groundnuts in Senegal) Oliagishyneux 20589-590 (1965)

60 Efficacit4 des diverses formes dapports des elements mineraux sur Parachide (The efficiency of different forms of mineral elements applied to groundnuts) Olagishyneux 21163-166 (1966)

61 Fumure annuelle et fumure de fond en zone arachidiere du Senegal (Annual and basal manuring in groundshynut-growing zones of Senegal) Oleagineux 23179-184 (1968)shy

62 _ La maturitede Iarachide (The maturity of the groundnut) Ollagineux 27457-459 (1968)

63 _ and Capitaine J Larachide de bouche dans le Sine-Saloum (Senegal) (The edible groundnut in the Sine-Saloum region of Senegal) Oliagineux 21285-291 (1966)

64 Bolhuis GG Observations on the flowering and fructificashytion of the groundnut Arachis hypogaea Neth J Agr Sci 7138-140 (1959)

65 et al Observations on the opening of flowers dehiscence of anthers and growth of pollen tubes in Arachis hypogaea NethJ Agr Sci 13361-365 (1965)

66 _ et al Occurrence of flowers with short styles in the groundnut Arachis hypogaea Oldagineux 20293-296 (1965)

67 and Stubbs RW The influence of calcium and other elements on the fructification of the peanut in connecshytion with the absorption capacity of its gynophores NethJ Agr Sci 3220-237 (1955)

I

20

68 Booker RH The effect of sowing date and spacing on rosette disease of groundnut in Northern Nigeria with obshyservations on the vector Aphus craccivoraSamarn Res Bull 30125-131 (1964)

69 Boswell TE Pathogenicity of Pratylenchus brachyrus to Spanish peanut Diss Abstr Sect B 29(10)3570 B (1969)

70 Bouhot D Etude du Macrophominaphaseoli sur arachide Mission an Sinigal du 27 septembre an 7 novembre 1966 (Study of Macrophomina phaseoll on groundnut Mission in Senegal from 27 Sept to 7 Nov 1966) Agron Trop 231165-1171 (1968)

71 Le Macrophomina phaseoli sur les plantes cultivees au Senedgal (Macrophomina phaseol on the cultivated plants in Senegal) Agron Trop 231172-1181 (1968)

72 terabougrissement de arachide Mission an Seng en 1966 (The shrivelling of the groundnut Mission in Senegal in 1966) Agron Trop 231126-1127 (1968)

73 Boush GM et al Field tests with new insecticides for control of the southern corn rootworm attacking peanuts in VirginiaJ Econ Entomol 5615-18 (1963)

74 Boyle LW Low-Gallonage applications of fungicides for control of Peanut leafspots Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 203 (1964)

75 A factonal study of certain schemes of peanut culture Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bull 18 (1967)

76 Brennan JR The peanut gynophore Biologist 5171-82 (1969)

77 Broche G Debouchs des produits des industries de transshyformation dol6agineux des Itats Africains et Malgache Associes (Outlets for the products of the oilseed processing industries in the Associated African and Malagasy States) Oldagineux 20419-423 (1965)

78 Brown P A review of Groundnut experiments in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 339-50 (1965)

79 Brzozowska J and Hanower P Absorption et distribution du 3 5 s chez quelques cultures tropicales I Arachide (Uptake and distribution of S35 in some tropical crops I Groundshynuts) Oleagineux 19663-672 (1964)

80 Buchanan GA Dickens R Burns ER and McCormick RM Performance of several herbicides for weed control in peanuts S Weed Sci Soc Proc 22D P 122-126 (1969)

81 Bunting AH A classification of cultivated groundnuts Empire J of Exper Agric 23158-170 (1955)

82 Eurrell NJ et al Growth of Aspergillus flavus and proshyduction of aflatoxin in groundnuts-Part V Trop Sci 674-90 (1964)

83 Bushnell DG The importance and prevention of mould on groundnuts Rhodesia Agr J61108-113 (1964)

84 Calil G De ontwikkeling van de aardnoten verwerkende industrie in Noord Nigeria Problemen en moeilijkheden (The development of the groundnut processing industry in N Nigeria Problems and difficulties) Olidn Vetten en Zeep 48211-213 (1964)

85 Compacci CA and Silveira Filho JP da Disinfecqgo de sementes de anendoim (Disinfection of groundnut seed) Biol6gico Brasil 30320-323 (1964)

86 Carneiro Fraga C Erradicaglio de caf6 e diversificaqio de culturas (Eradication of coffee and diversification of culshytures) Supl Agicola 85 (1962)

87 Carrire de Belgarric R and Bor F Le ddveloppement de Ia productivit6 de larachide au Sn~gl (Development of groundnut productivity in Senegal) O16agineux 18613-620 (1963)

88 Carter K Pyramids of the north W Afr Rev 3353-55 (1962)

89 Chalon G Une billonneuse-marquese pour les semis darachides (Sowing groundnuts by means of a ridge dammer) Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Beige 8141-146 (1959)

90 Champ BR and Cribb JN An investigation of peanut storage pests in Queensland 2 Insecticidal treatment of bulk nut-in-shell peanuts in silos Queensland J Agr Animal Sci 22241-257 (1965)

91 Chandrasekhara MR S Aswathanarayan SR Shurpaleshykar B11 Surba Ray Pilot plant production of infant food based on groundnut and milk solids J of Food Sci amp Technol 6267-271 (1969)

92 Chohan JS and Gupta VK Aflaroot A new disease of groundnut caused by Aspergillus flavs Indian J Agr Sci 38568-570 (1968)

93 Clarke JH Fungi in stored products Trop Stored Prod Inform 153-14 (1968)

94 Clinton PKS Seed-bed pathogens of groundnuts in the Sudan and an -attempt to control wth an artificial testa EmpJ Exp Agri 28211-222 (1960)

95 The control of soil-borne pests and diseases of groundnuts in the Sudan Central Rainlands Emp J Exp Agr 30145-154 (1962)

96 Causes of loss of yield in groundnuts in the Sudan Central Rainlands Emp J Exp Agr 30137-144 (1962)

97 Coelho FA Soares and Tella R de Absorcio de nutrishyentes por plantes de amendoim na cultura de outono (Nutrishyent absorption by groundnut plants grown in the autumn) Bragantia 26235-252 (1967)

98 and Absorg5o de nutrientes pela planta de amendoim em cultura de primavera (Nutrient uptake by springtime groundnuts) Bragantia 26393-408 (1967)

99 Collins ER and Morris HD Soil fertility studies with peanuts N Carolina Agr Exp Sta Bull 330 (1942)

100 Collins RF US peanut abroad Peanut J Nut World 4832-34 (1969)

101 Colwell WE and Brady NC The effect of calcium on certain characteristics of peanut fruit J Amer Soc Agron 37696-708 (1945)

21

102 Counseil Africain de larachide (African advisory body on groundinuts) Ol6 agineux 183-168 (1963)

103 Corbett DCM and Brown P Fungicidal control of cercospora leaf-spots of groundnuts in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 413-21 (1966)

104 Correia C Bento 0 amendoim na Guini Portuguesa (Groundnuts in Portuguese Guinea) Estud Pol Soclais 3217-322 (1965)

105 Cuellar I and Toler RW Control de la mancha foliar del mani (Control of leaf spot in groundnut) Foil Serv Nac Invest Agr Panama 301-13 (1957)

106 La culture de larachide en zone soudano-sahilienne (Groundnut cultivation in the Sudan-Sahelian zone of Africa) 0liagineux 1729-33 (1962)

107 Curtis DL and Harkness C Some aspects of crop improvement in relation to groundinuts and sorghum in the Northern Region of Nigeria CCTACSA Symposium Lagos-Bukavu Savannah 621-10 (1962)

108 Dalal JL et al Investigations on soil sulphur II Gypsum as a fertilizer for groundnut in the Punjab Indianj Agr Sc 33199-204 (1963)

109 Damiano A and Parrini U La coltivazione dellarachide in Tripolitania (Groundnut cultivation in Tripolitania) Riv Agr Subtrop Trop 55156-162 (1961)

110 Davey PM et al The effect of insect infestation on the quality of decorticated groundnuts with special reference to storage at high and low humidities Trop Sci 1296-307 (1959)

111 Davis VW et al Economic consequence of restricting the use of organochlorine insecticides on cotton corn peanuts and tobacco 52 p US Dept Agr Agr Econ Rept No 178 (1970)

112 Delassus M Etudes phytosanitaires sur Parachide et les cer6 ales alimentaires au Senegal (Phytosanitary studies on groundnut and cereals in Senegal) Agron Trop 221226-1234 (1967)

113 Delbosc G Etudes surla regeneration de la fertilite dusol dans la zone arachidiere du Senegal (Studies on the restorashytion of soil fertility in the groundnut zone of Senegal) Oleagineux 2327-33 (1968)

114 Dewez J la culture de Iarachide dans la plaine de Ia Ruzizi (Groundnut cultivation in the Ruzizi plain) Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Belge 8219-230 (1959)

115 Dickens JW Shelling equipment for samples of peanuts Marketing Res Rep US Dep Agr5281-11 (1962)

116 and Khalsa JS Windrow orientation and harvesting damage to peanuts Olagineux 22741-746 (1967)shy

117 Diener UL and Davis ND Effect of environment on aflatoxin production in freshly dug peanuts Trop Sci 1021-28 (1968)

119 Dragt HJ The marketingof South African edible groundshynuts in foreign markets Agrekon 89-13 (1969)

120 Ducker HC Groundnut growing in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland Part II Rhodesia Agr J5990-95 (1962)

121 1 and Spear AJ Groundnut growing in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland-Part IV Mechanization Rhodesia Agr J 59192-194 (1962)

122 Duke GB and Alexander M Effects of close-row spacings on peanut yield and on production equipment requirements Prod Res Rep US Dep Agr 771-14 (1964)

123 Dwarakanath CT Sreenivasamurth V and Parpia HAB Aflatoxin in Indian peanut oil J of Food Science and Technology 6107-109 (1969)

124 Agousseuse darachides (A groundnut stripper) 016agineux 2191-93 (1966)

125 El-Khaden M Untersuchungen fiber die durch Aspergillus-Arten an Erdnuszkeimlingen hervorgerufenen Schiden und deren Verhiitung (Investigations into the damage caused to groundnut seedlings by Aspergillus spp and its prevention) Gieszen Institut fir Phytopathologie der Justus Liebig-Universitiit 108 p Tables Graphs Fig Photos Ref Thesis (1967)

126 Emery DA and Gupton CL Reproductive efficiency of Virginia type peanuts II The influence of variety and seasonal growth period upon fruit and kernel maturation 0l6agineux 2399-104 (1968)

127 Epandeur dengrais A faible ddbit pour les cultures darachides (An apparatus for the application of small quantishyties of fertilizer in groundnut cultivation) Oldagineux 13881-883 (1958)

128 Esteves JD Aspetos da cultura do amendoim em Inshyharrime (Aspects of groundnut cultivation in Inharrime) Rev Aricola Mocambique 517-20 (1963)

129 Ettori OJT and Falcao MJ Aspectos econ6micos da producao de amendoim em S Paulo (Economic aspects of groundnut production in Sio Paulo) Agricultura Slo Paulo 121-48 (1965)

130 Evelyn SH and Thornton I Soil fertility and the response of groundnuts to fertilizers in the Gambia EmpJ Exp Agr 32153-160 (1964)

131 Farrell JAK et al The effects of planting spacing and fungicide on Cercospora leaf spots of groundnuts in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 5241-247 (1967)

132 Fauche J Compte rendu dun essai de semis 6chelonnes sur anachide avec ou sans d6snfection des semences (Report on a trial on groundnuts with successive sowing dates with and without seed treatment) Agron Trop 171089-1809 (1962)

133 Figueiredo M et al Mancha barrenta da f6lba do amendoim (Mud spot of the groundnut leaf) Biol6gico 27164-165 (1961)

118 Donovan PA Groundnut investigation at Matopos 134 Fouquet J la traite des arachides dans le pays de Research Station Rhodesia AgrJ 60121-122 (1963) Kaolack et ses consequences 6 conomiques sociales et

22

juridiques (The groundnut trade in Knolack and its ecoshynomic social and juridical consequences) Etud Sindplaises 81-262 (1958)

135 Frank ZR and Krikun J Verticilium wilt of groundnut in Israel screening for varietal resistance Israel J Agr Res 1888-85 (1968)

136 Fraps GS The composition of peanuts and peanut by-products Texas Agr Exp Sta Bull 222 (1917)

137 French West Africa has smaller peanut crop Foreign Crops and Markets 8015 (1960)

138 Galland Ph Amilioration des conditions de culture de Parachide sur billions (Improvement of the conditions of ridge-cultivated groundnuts) OlEagineux 17929-932 (1962)

139 Vulgarisation aupres des cultivateurs voltashyrques des r6 sultats de Ia recherche agronomique sur Iarachide (Extension work concerning the results of agriculshytural research on groundnuts among the farmers of the Upper Volta Rep) 016agineux 18771-775 (1963)

140 Garcia RF and Castillo Z J Observacion preliminar sobre el efecto de los fertilizantes la cal y la materia orginica en mani (Arachishypogaeo) (Preliminary observation on the effect of fertilizers lime and organic matter on groundnuts) Cenicafe 1169-82 (1960)

141 Garg KP et al Effect of varying spacing on yield of groundnut Indian OilseedsJ934-37 (1965)

142 Gargantini H et al Ensaio de adubatilo N-P-K em amendoim (N P K fertilizer test with groundnuts) Bragantia 171-12 (1958)shy

143 Gibbons RW The branching habit of Arachis monticola Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 49-11 (1966)

144 Mycosphaerella Leafspots of groundnuts FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 14(2) April 1966

145 and Farrell JAK Test plant age and the transmission of groundnut Rosette virus by the vector Aphis craccivora Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 423-33 (1966)

146 and Tattersfield JR Outcrossing trials with groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res 771-75 (1969)

147 and Turley AC The effect of rosette virus on flowering in the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 5139-143 (1967)

148 Gillier P Utilisation du diagnostic foliaire pour la cartoshygraphic des besoins en engrais de larachide au Sn 6 gal (Foliar diagnosis used for the cartography of the fertilizer requireshyments of groundnuts in Senegal) Oleagineinx 15147-151 (1960)

149 Semoirset pandeurs dengrais pour Iarachide (Sowing machines and fertilizer spreaders for groundnuts) Olagineux 17697-699 (1962)

150 Germination et djsinfection des semences darachide (Germination and disinfection of groundnut seed) O1agineux 18243-245 (1963)

Iib1 _ Le triage de larachide de bouche bigraine

Rappel des normes de qualit6 (The grading of 2-seeded groundnuts for human consumption Review of quality standards) Oleagineux 19455-458 (1964) I

152 _ Ls coques darachides leur utilisation en agrishyculture (Groundnut shells their use in agriculture) Oltagishyneux 19473-475 (1964)

153 ___ Quand r6colter comment trater les ricoltes darachide (When to harvest how to treat the groundnut harvests) Ol6agineux 19681-682 (1964)

154 Ls exportations en e1ements minampaux dune culture darachide dans les diff6rentes zones du Sampngal (Removal of mineral nutrients by a crop of groundnuts in the different zones of Senegal) Oldagineux 19745-746 (1964)

155 Comment proceder a lvaluation des rendeshyments dans une culture darachides (How to assess the yield of a groundnut field) Olagineux 20591-593 (1965)

156 Les exportations en 614ments minraux dune culture darachide dans les diffirentes zones du Senigal (Removal of mineral elements by a groundnut crop in the different zones of Senegal) Oleagineux 2113-15 (1966)

157 and Prevot P Fumures minerales d 1arachide au Senegal (Inorganic fertilizers for groundnuts in Senegal) Bull Res CouncilIsrael Sect D Botany SD 3-4 (1960)

158 _ and Prevot P Fumures minerales de Parachide au Sdn6gal (Groundnut fertilizer in Senegal) Olbagineux 15783-791 (1960)

159 and Prevot P Bull Res Council Israel 8D131 (1960)

160 Silvestre P Arnould JP Breniere J and Mauboussin JC 1969 The peanut (in French) Tech Agr Prod Trop 15292

161 Girardeau JH and Leuck DB Effect of mechanical and bee tripping on yield of the peanut J Econ Entomol 601454-1455 (1967)

162 Goldblatt LA Aflatoxin and its control Econ Botany 2251-62 (1968)

163 Goldin B and Har-Tzook A The effect of fertilization on the vegetative and reproductive development of Virginia bunch improved groundnuts Olagineux 2117-20 (1966)

164 - and_ Groundnut cultivation in Israel World Crops 1868-71 (1966)

165 Goldsworthy PR Methods of applying superphosphate to groundnuts Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Min Agr N Region Nigeria 151-5 (1961)

166 _ Methods of applying superphosphate to groundnuts in Northern Nigeria Emp J Exp Agr 32231-234 (1964)

167 and Heathcote R Fertilizer trials with groundshynuts in Northern Nigeria Emp J Exp Agr 31351-366 (1963)

168 Gonzales TT Crop Rotation studies with corn as the main crop in the Lamao experiment station Limay Bataan Philippines PhdippineJ Plant Industry 31165-176 (1966)

r

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169 Gopalakrishnan S et al Mineral nutrition and nitroge fixation in groundnut Current Sci 33391-393 (1964)

170 Gornat B and Goldberg D Effect of sprinkler irrigation intensity on the flowering and yield of peanuts grown in three different soils Israel J Agr Res 17187-191 (1967)

171 Greer HA Trpp L and Santlemen PW The influence of environmental conditions on weed control and spanish peanut injury by herbicides S Weed Sci Soc Proc 22D145-149 (1969)

172 (Groundnut season Northern Region of Nigeria) Ann Rep Dep Agr Nothern Region Nigeria 1958-59 p 25-30 (1960)shy

173 Gupton CL et al Reproductive efficiency of Virginia type peanuts III Relating the time of peg placement to the branching pattern of the plant Ol6agineux 23247-250 (1958)shy

174 and Emery DA Heritability estimates of the maturity of fruit from specific growth periods in Virginia type peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) Crop Sci 19127-129 (1970)

175 Gisten R Die Rentabilitat der Verwendung von Mineralshydinger bei Erdnissen in Senegal Nordnigeria und Niger (The profitability of the application of mineral fertilizers to groundnuts in Senegal N Nigeria and Niger) Z Auslindische Landwirtsch 4149-153 (1965)

176 Habish HA and Sh M Khairi Nodulation of legumes in the Sudan Cross-inoculation groups and the associated Rhizobium strains Expl Agr 4227-234 (1968)

177 Hadfield J The peasant farming scheme in Northern Rhodesia Agr Econ Bull Africa 156-57 (1962)

178 Hall DW Storage of produce in the Gambia Trop Sci 1293-299 (1959)

179 Halliday D Build-up of free fatty acid in Northern Nigerian groundnuts Trop Sci 9211-237 (1967)

180 Hammons RO Artificial cross-pollination of the peanut with bee-collected pollen Crop Sci 3562-563 (1963)

181 et al Some bees (Apoidea) associated with peanut flowering J Econ Entomol 56905 (1963)

182 _ Bailey WK Parham SA and HF Harrison Comparative performance of the Spanish peanut Argentine in cooperative tests in Georgia Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 72 (1959)

183 WK Bailey SA Parham and HF Harrison Comparative performance of four varieties of peanuts in cooperative tests in Georgia Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 76 (1958)

184 Hand sheller transforms Nigerias peanut industry Foreign Agr US Dep Agr 2321 (1959)

185 Harkness C et al The problem of mycotoxins in groundshynuts (peanuts) and other food crops of tropical Africa Samaru Res Bull 771-5 (1967)

186 Harris HC Copper deficiency of peanuts Proc Southern Agr Workers 46139 (1949)

187 Effect of minor elements particularly copper on peanuts Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull 494 (1952)

188 Har-Tzook A and Goldin E On the problem of producshytivity in groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) Ol6agineux 22677-678 (1967)

189 Hawkins JC The mechanisation of groundnut harvesting World Crops 14181-185 (1962)

190 Haynes DWM Mechanical tests of groundnut decortishycators 1960-1961 Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Mn Agr N Region Nigeria 221-7 (1962)

191 Hayward LAW Infestation control in stored groundnuts in Northern Nigeria World Crops 1563-67 (1963)

192 et al Technical aspects of groundnut storage in Northern Nigeria CCTAFAO Symposium on stored Food Freetown 20-24 February 1962 SF (62) 3 15th Dec p 1-6 (1961)

193 Heimann H and Ratner R The irrigation with saline water and the ionic environment Field experiments with groundnuts and cowpeas Oldagineux 20157-162 (1965)

194 Helms H et a Peanut plants in Queensland infected with tomato spotted wilt virus AustJ Agr Res 12239-246 (1961)

195 Hemingway JS The resistance of groundnuts to Cercoshyspora leafspots EmpJ Exp Agr 2560-68 (1957)

196 Higgins BB Peanut Breeding Proc 39th Ann Conf Assoc South Agr Workers Atlanta Ga (1938)

197 Relation of breeding and varieties to quality for specific uses Proc Peanut Res Conference pp 13-20 (1957)

198 and Bailey WK Peanut seed and seed treatshyments Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeograph Series NS 70 (1959)

199 Hogendorn JS Response to price change A Nigerian example Economica 34325 (1967)

200 Holland DA The component analysis approach to the interpretation of plant analysis data from groundnuts and sugar cane Exp Agr 4179-185 (1968)

201 Holley KT Strain and seasonal effects on peanut characshyteristics Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bull 32 27 p (1968)

202 Horst K ter Enige proeven ter bestrijding van de Cercoshyspora-bladvlekkenziekte van de aardnoot (Some experiments on the control of the Cercospora leaf spot disease of the groundnut) Surinaamse Iandbouw 9103-117 (1961)

203 utt Het optimale plantverband voor pinda van het ras Matjan (The optimum spacing for the Matjan variety of groundnuts) Surinaamse Landbouw 7121-128 (1959)

204 Hull R and Adams AN Groundnut rosette and its assistor virus The Annals of Applied Biology 62 (1968)

205 Hutchison RS Recherches sur le sechage des arachides stockers par les cultivateurs (Research on drying of groundshynuts stocked by farmers) Oleagineux 22737-740 (1967)

24

206 Inforzato R and Tella R de Sistema radicular do amendoim (The root system of the groundnut) Bragantia 19119-123 (1960)

207 Instruc6es para a colheita de material destinado ia analise foliar do amendoim (Instructions on the collection of mateshyrial for foliar analysis of the groundnut) Gaz Agr Angola 7201-203 211 (1962)

208 Intercropping sugarcane with legumes Exp Stat Bull Victorias Milling Co Inc 148-9 (1967)

209 Jackson CR A list of fungi reported on peanut pods and kernels Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 234 (1965)

210 Growth of Aspergllusflavus and other fungi in windrowed peanuts in Georgia-Part VII Trop Sci 227-34 (1965)

__ Development of fungi in peanuts during artishyicial drying Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Report 19 (1967)

112 studies on control of peanut pod fungi Georgia Exp Sta Res Report 11 p 18 (1967)

213 A field study of funer gtciations on peanut truit Georgia Agr hxp Sta Res BT (1968)

214 _ and Bell DK Lptosphaerulina erassiasca The cause of leaf scorch and pepper spot of peanut (Oldagishyneux 23387-388 (1968)

215 _ and Minton NA Peanut pod invasion by fungi in the presence of lesion nematodes in Georgia Oleagishyneux 23531-534 (194)

216 Jacquot M Echantillonnage dun lot darachides pour le calcul du rend-ent au ddcorticae (Sampling of a parcel of groundnuts foL the calculation of yield after shelling) Agron Trop17 1-181 (1962)

217 Observations de quelques caractres morphoshylogiques floraux sur Arachis hypogaea Liaisons naturelles de ces caractives Remarques sur I classification des machides cultivies (Observations on some floral morphological characshyters in Ararhis hypogaea Natural combinations of these characters Remark on the classification of the cultivated groundnuts) Agron Trop 17817-827 (1962)

218 Joffe AZ Aflatoxin produced by 1626 isolates of Aspergillusflaus from groundnut kernels and soils in Israel Nature 22149sect2 (1969)

219 Johnson FR The peanut story Murfreesboro NC Johnson Publishing Co 192 p Tables Figs Photos Maps Refs (1964)

220 Johnson MB and Gilhland CB Changes in farmers stock peanuts in storage Marketing Res Rep USDep Agr 381 p 1-34 (1960)

221 Joshi SN and Joshi HU Study of rotation of groundshynut-wheat under irrigated conditions in Saurashtra Indian OilseedsJ 8133-135 (1964)

222 _ and _ Spacing experiments on bunch variety of groundnut in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State Indian OilseedsJ 8162-166 (1964)

223 _ and _ Study of spacing on spreading groundnut in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State Indian OilseedsJ 8214-217 (1964)

224 Kanwar JS Investigations on sulphur in soils I Sulphur deficiency in groundnut soils of Samrala (Ludhiana) Indian J Agr Sci 33196-198 (1963)

225 Katarki BH and Banahatti AL Effect of N P and K on yields of groundnut in black soils of Mysore State Indian OilseedsJ 950-57 (1965)

226 Kay DE Production darachides de bouche pour le Royaume-Uni (Production of comestible groundnuts for the United Kingdom) Oleagineux 20105-107 (1965)

227 Kirinde STW Some effects of PIC and CIPC on groundshynuts Trop Agr Ceylon 1157-13 (1959)

228 Klesser PJ A veinbanding virus of groundnuts Arachis hypogaea S AfrJ Agr Sci 10515-528 (1967)

229 Mwitunde groundnuts and their reaction to virus infection in South Africa S Afr J Agr Sci 10675-686 (1967)

230 Arachis species and their reaction to virus infection S Aft J Agr Sc 10919-927 (1967)

231 Green rosette virus of groadnuts in South Africa S AfrJ Agr Sci 1177-85 (196R1

232 Reactions of groundnut varieties to the groundnut viruses S Afr J Agr Sci 11415-421 (1968)

233 Kousalya G et al Assessment of crop losses caused by rosette disease of groundnut Indian J AgrSci 37356-361 (1967)

234 Kramer M Resultados de dois anos do emprEgo de herbishycidas parao contr~le de ervas no amendoin nas condic-es de Sfo Paulo (Results of 2 years use of herbicides for weed control in groundnuts under SSo Paulo conditions) Anais III Semindrio Bras Herbicidas Ervas Daninhas 1960 p 237-248 (1961)

235 and Liederman I Controle de ervas daninhas do amendoim pela aplicacao de herbicidas de preshyemergencia (Weed control in groundnuts by the application of pre-emergence herbicides) Arq Inst Biol 28175-184 (1961)

236 Krishnaswamy MA and Johar DS Vegetable cheese from groundnut milk Food Sci 9235-240 (1960)

237 Krishnamurthy K Differential effect of hormones as follar applications on the yield of groundnut IndianJ Sci amp Industry 179-82 (1967)

238 Kulkarni LG et al Studies on weeding and interculture in relation to weed control in the yield of groundnut Indian OilseedsJ 7126-129 (1963)

239 Kutumba Rao S et al Pilot plant studies on processing of groundnuts Some factors influencing the quality of products and efficiency of processing Indian Oilseeds J 8106-109 (1964)

240 et al Compositional studies in Idnian groundshynuts Indian Oilseeds J 95-13 (19 65)

25

241 Labrousse G and Godron E Michanisation de la culture study of mineral nutrition of groundnuts Effects of boron de larachide notamment dans lea pays francophones and manganese toxicity) Agron Trop 14657-711 (1959) dAfrique tropicale et 1 Madagascar (Mechanization of groundnut production with special reference to the French- 254 Lin H FW Ho and Wang JS Studies on the yield spealang countries of tropical Africa and to Madagascar) components of peanuts II The path coefficient of yield Machinisme Agr Trop 113-103 (1965) components in different crops of peanuts (In Chinese) Agr

Assn ChinaJ 6522-31 (1969) 242 Lachover D Influence de ldpandage fractionnd de sulfate

dammoniaque sur le rendement et I qualit6 des arachides de 255 Lins R de and Ramos JAB Producio e comercialshybouche en terre limonsablonneuse rouge (Effect of split izado de amendoim no Estado de Sto Paulo (Production of applicat9a pf-t MIhrmPrm m i yeldNag4lyp and tra i sectorpd1f ql a Af ul- aia)PCPntle l a ) of cornestihle groundit oa W turn em S Paulo141-54(196

256 Lung DDl Whe petan the uapredhctable legume A 243_ La i sponse de Larachide debouche en nture sympnsm)Thc Tqtinal io V ng U

irrigup jpppt pr4uits rp ( DC ( edible roundnuts under irrigation to the application of calciumcompounds) 6agnuxiY- (i6 257 McDonald D and AArouk J Giowth u Apergflus

flavus and production of aflatoxia in groudnuts -Part I 244 et al Influencodengrais azatdsliquides surle Trop Scd20S-24(93)

rendement ot lIqualitd des arachides (Effect pf liquid nitroshygen feFizrs on yie~d and 9q9lity of g n ) a 258 et al Growth of spergillus andproducshyneux1107-111 (1962) tion of aflatoxm in groundnuits-PIart f Trop Sci

131-154 (1964) 245 et al Influence dengrais verts et dengrais

azot e etla qualit4 des arachides(The 1 259 __ and Harknqs C Growth of Aspejgilus flavusleendement effect f grepn W g arira i e lz 9 he and production of aflatoxin inggundat- II Trop Sc yield and quality of groundnuts) Ol6agineux 18153-156 5148-154 196) (19 63) 0C l--0A4M

an a nss row o pg s

24b _ and Arnon I Influence sur Parachide du and production of aflatoxin ir groundnuts-Part IV Trop unanque de potassium de potassium de certains sols Determai- Sd 612-27 (1964) l nation de~la deficience (Influence on groundnuts of potassishyum de iepsy pqegi3 spa 261 t and Hffkne ss 9 7Groth94 r 1 avusefr pq rraipAtheq e ciencyqeaineux$9117 (1964 and production ot hatox nn groundnuts5-Pa 91i fop

8d7P2-A(1 Jl Il 247 Lal SP ad Ma~tha SD Studies on Icd-buinc fungi of IN gwgrliuut LA frew rltbod far 1ntectipg fungi nsnad 262 za and H g qfltoii f g9gyndBrjr

isamples f yee1sperp elrngp4lapprp crop at harest fig Northey p Sci9j4 8-161igeria-1 61

ph paseol(ubl hby (sys cs otium ataticolaTub) (1967) I Laboratory assay ot fungicides for controlhng seca-borne

infections CR Assuc flt Essis Semncuces 32a5-606 203 MelGtUesick N A nams aluck on low pnoduclivity in (1067)e peasant agriculture TntDevelopmeetRe9 -G6 (19r7)kI

248 Lancaster MC et al Toxicity associated with certain 264 Al mani mecanizado nuevo cultivo de la zona algodonera samples of gronuts Nature 1921095-1097 (19U1 (Mechanized groundnut a new crop for the cotton area)

0 I --o Iass1 I Igt e1-1 Rev Nhc Agr Culuhnbia 705-706 p 43 (1964) 249 Langfoad WR Spanucoss Geosgia Agr Expt Sta Res

Report 76 (1970) 265 Mahapatra LN Preliminary studies on corzelatipn of yield with other characters of groundnut Indian Agriculturist

250 Laes DA Rainfall conservatin nd he yields of 1097-106 (1966) sorghum and grownthuts impNorthernigeria Egp Agr 2139-146(1966) 266 Maize whats the alternative crop 1 Groundnts

-Rhodesia Agr J5928-269 (1962) 251 Liedernws L et al Aplicauil desherbiidas em ieshy

emergencia no amendoim em terra arenosa (Pro-emergence 267 MaPtellA and Gqalin E Th9 influence ofirrigatiq applicagn pffberbicidest groundpytson an ay oi) frequency and intensity on the yield and quality of peanuts

(Arachis liypogaea) Israel j Agr Res 14203-21 (1964)ABioldg~cy rasp1 206J6sectj19)d

it 252 and SnUs CALtlos Cunit5k de garneaica 268 MarlrifmrgrouadoutsandgroundaytcoLStud4 group a rltuxaArQanaudoimcemmistaiu exfiuinedipn Oilsee4sQIfr apg Fp (4O 9ti Sess (3POF g8

it em trJp t u s Ieill (1968)1l1 groundnut fields with mixtures of triflumlin and dauron in

In Iii three rego of tie State o So Paulo)Bsoldgco a 269 Mattin G 1 Lavage dlt Patathide de bouchc (Thst wash Iii 332Wt-222 (1907)0 big of graodudius fo direct consumtptiou Olgineuxhi

r ii Iii

253 Ifeqqe54 And BelqyjCpntrikyi~p I4tp4e dgJ nutritios mindale de larachide (Arachis hypogaea) Effets 270 te sechage artificiel des arachides en coques des to citis bifue et man aque (Contributin to the (The artificiAl drying of groundnuts in the shell) Oldagineux

N Ill

1 iii thin hilts

if

26

271 Conservation des semences darachide (Storshyage of groundnut seeds) Olagineux 1985-87 (1964)

272 Diagnostic follaire de larachide (Foliar diagshynosis of the groundnut) Olagineux 20241-242 (1965)

273 _ and Fourrier P Les oligo-lnements dans la culture de larachide du Nord S6 ndgal (Trace elements in the cultivation of groundnuts in Northern Senegal) 01oagineux 20287-291 (1965)

274 Martin JP Influence de I date de semis et de la longueur de cycle sur la richesse en huile et sur quelques autres cameshyteres de larachide (The effect of sowing date and growing period on the oil content and other characteristics of the groundnut) Oleagineux 23315-316 (1968)

275 Differences de richesse en huile des graines darachide selon leur position dans Ia gousse avec observation simultande do Ia grosseur des graines (Differences in oil conshytent between groundnut kernels according to their position in

- the pod with simultaneous observations on kernel sizes) OlWagineux 27453-455 (1968)

276 and Bilquez AF Nouvelle contribution a la connaissance de la floraison et de la fructification de azachide (New contribution to the knowledge of the flowering and fruiting of groundnuts) Oleagineux 17469-471 (1962)

277 Martinez JA and Bastos Cruz BP Contrle quimico da murcha do amendoim (Chemical control of groundnut wilt)Bioldgico Brasil 27191-193 (1961)

278 Masilungan VA et al Studies on some important factors involved in the mold process of making soy sauce Philippine J Sci 89149-162 (1960)

279 Mazzani B El mani en Venequela (The groundnut in Venezuela) Monogr Centro Invest Agron 11-138 (1961)

280 _ and Allievi J Efectos de varias pocas de despegue de los frutos sobre algunas caracteristicas del mani (Effect of various times of pod removal on some groundnut characteristics) Agron Trop Venezuela 17127-132 (1967)

281 _ et al Quelques aspects de la fertilisation minarale de Iarachide au Venequela (Some aspects of the application of mineral fertilizers to groundnuts in Veneshyzuela) Olagineux 23383-385 (1968)

282 _ and Inojosa S Diferencias varietales de suscepshytibilidad a Ia roya del mani en Venezuela (Varietal differshyences in susceptibility to rust of groundnuts in Venezuela)Agron Trop Venezuela 114145 (1961)

283 _ and Inojosa S Resultados de la aplicacion pregerminativa del herbicida prometrin en mani (Results of pre-germination application of the herbicide prometrine in groundnuts) Agron Trop Venezuela 12137-142 (1962)

284 Mazzei Patrone I Siembras experimentales con variedades de mani (Experimental sowings with groundnut varieties) Bol Inform Uruguay 177-10 (1961)

285 Meikle J0 A survey of African-grown groundnut varieshyties in Rhodesia Rhodesia Agr J 62109-113 (1965)

286 Mendes Conagin CHT and Conagin A EficiEncia reproshyductiva no amendoim cultivado (Arachis hypogaea) (Effishyciency of reproduction in the cultivated groundnut) Bragantia 191081-1104 (1960)

287 Meredith RM The effects of population density and manuring on groundnut yields in Northern Nigeria Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Min Agr N Region Nigeria 251-12 (1962)

288 The effects of planting density and manuring on the yields of bunch-type groundnuts Enmp J Exp Agr 32136-140 (1964)

289 Metelerkamp HRR Response to early planting and irrishygation of a late maturing groudnut variety Rhodesia Age J 64127 (1967)

290 Mixon AC Effect of seed size on vigor and yield of runner peanuts Alabama Age Exp Sta Bul 346 (1963)

291 Mohan JC and Ali AM Yield response of irrigated groundnut to organic mulches Indian J Agr Sci 39196-199 (1969)

292 Morris Porter D and Garren KH An analysis of the endogeocarpic microflora of peanuts in Virginia Trop Sci 10100-106 (1968)

293 Mortiss PD Peanut cutter-rake Queensland Agr J f8889-90 (1962)

294 Moursi MA and Abd EI-Gawad AA Production of peanut crop in UAR Growth and yield response to plant population Ann Agric Sci Univ Ain shams 10281-305 (1967)

295 Muhammad SV and Dorairaj MS Screening the genetic stock of Arachis hypogaea for seed dormancy in Madras State IndianjAgr Sci 3873-75 (1968)

296 Murty AGK Exports of groundnut extractions a price study Indianj Agr Econ 23184-191 (1968)

297 Musangi RS and Soneji SV Feeding groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) haulms to dairy cows in Uganda E Afr Agr Forestryj 33170-174 (1967)

298 Muthiah C and Rao MP Shifting of area under culture Agr Situation India 17337-341 (1962)

299 Myers JM and Rogers F Mechanical drying and harvesshyting peanuts Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull 507 (1952)

300 Nariani TK and Dhingra KL A mosaic disease of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Indian J Age Sci 3325-27 (1963)

301 Nelson GL et al Vacuum techniques for mycotoxin-free peanut drying Oklahoma Agr Res Prog Rep Processed Series P-608 14 p (1969)

302 Nicholaides JJand Cox FR Effect of mineral nutrition on chemical composition and early reproductive development of Virginia type peanuts Arachis hypogaea Agron J 62262-264 (1970)

303 Niger Levolution du rendement de larachide (Nigera

27

Development of the yield of groundnuts) Chron dOutre-Mer 5138-39 (1958)

304 Nigerian peanut output drops sharply Foreign Crops and Markets 8015 (1960)

305 Nigerian peanut purchases down sharply palm products forecast at 1959 level Foreign Crops and Markets 8116-17 (1960)

306 Nijhawan HL Response of groundnut to fertilizers Indian OilseedsJ 6185-192 (1962)

307 Effect of time of harvesting on the quality of groundnut crop Indian OilseedsJ 6298-302 (1962)

308 Effect of time of planting on the quality of groundnut crop Indian OilseedsJ 71-3 (1963)

- 309 Effect of sowing groundnut in different spashycings on the chemical composition of the crop Indian Oilshyseedsj 7133-135 (1963)

310 Njao N Groundinuts and groundnut oil Agr Econ Bull Africa 344-47 (1 9 6 3)

311 Norden AJ and Block DH Variety BlendsA considershyation in peanut oil improvement and production Oleagineux 23583-585 (1969)

312 RLipscomb and WA Carver Florunner-A new peanut variety Florida Agr Exp Sta Circ S-196 (1969)

313 Norris DO Acid Production by Rhizobium Plant and Soil 22143-166 (1965)

314 Nutnan FJ FM Roberts andjG Williamson Studies on varietal resistance in the groundnut (Arachis hypogeae) to Rosette disease RhodJ Agric Res 263-77 (1964)

315 Ofori CS Response of groundnuts to phosphatic fertilishyzers on the granitic soils of the Upper Region in Ghana Agron Trop 20489-494 (1965)

316 Ollagnier M and Gillier P Comparaison du diagnostic foliarire et de lanalyse des sols pour ia determination des besoins en engrais de Iarachide an S~ndgal (phosphore et potassium) (Comparison of foliai diagnosis and soil analysis for the assessment of P and K fertilizer requirements of groundnuts in Senegal) Ollagineux20513-516 (1965)

317 Oosthuizen SA Grondbonehooi is arm ann protene (Groundnut hay is poor in protein) Boerdery S-Afrika 3247-64 (1957)

318 Operations de pr6vulgarisation sur arachide conduites par IlRHO en Hiute-Volta et au Sengal (Demonstration experiments with groundnuts conducted by the IRHO in Upper-Volta and Senegal) Bul Engrais 461 pp 141-144 (1963)

319 Oram PA High-quality groundnuts for direct consumpshytion I Production research and development in Libya World Crops 9159-162 (1957)

320 Oram PA Recent developments in groundnut producshytion with specialreference to Africa Field Crop Abstracts Part 111-6 PartlI 1175-84 (1958)

321 Ordish G Pest Control in groundnuts Pest articles and news summaries No 2 Ministry of Overseas Development London p 138 (1967)

322 Parker RC Wynne JC and Embry DA 1970 Comshybining ability estimates in Arachis hypogaea I F1 seedling responses in a controlled environment Crop Sci 10429-432 (1970)

323 Parkin EA and Scott EIC The germination of foodshycrop seeds stored in contact with lindane and DDT dusts Trop Sci 1206-211 (1959)

324 Patel MS et al Wealth from groundnut waste-a review Indian Oilseeds J 8380-382 (1964)

325 Pathak GN and Verma G Studies on the cultural and manurial requirements of groundnut in Uttar Pradesh Indian Oilseeds J 8167-174 (1964)

326 Patil SH and Desai BM Introduction of groundnut cultivation in high rainfall regions of Bombay Indian OilshyseedsJ 8218-221 (1964)

327 Pattinson L et al The separation of aflatoxin infected groundnut kernels Trop Sci 10212-221 (1968)

328 Peers FG Aflatoxin-A summary of recent work Trop Sci 9186-203 (1967)

329 Phillips LJ and Norman MJT Sorghum-peanut crop sequences at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 1144-149 (1 9 6 1)

330 - - and - Fodder crop-cash crop sequences at Katherine NT Techn Paper Commonwealth Sci Industr Res Organiz Australia 203-12 (1962)

331 and The influence of inter-row spacing and plant population on the yield of peanuts at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 254-60 (1962)

332 _ and The response of peanuts to phosphate fertilizers at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 5470-474 (1965)

333 Piggott CJ The effect of fertilizers on the yield and quality of groundnuts in Sierra Leone Emp J Exp Agr 2859-64 (1960)

334 Pinto de Matos AH Influtncia dos tratamentos insectishycidas no poder germinativo das sementes de amendoim (Effect of insecticidal treatments on the germinative power of groundnut seed) Garcia de Orta 9471-477 (1961)

335 Pothecary BP Handling groundnuts with auger conveyer World Crops 21180-182 (1969)

336 Prabhakara Reddy G and Sanyasi Rao C Fertilizer response in groundnut Indian Oilseedsj 9274-279 (1965)

337 Prevot P and Billaz R Recherches agrophysiologiques sur le probl6me de la r6sistance de larachide baIa sdcheresse (Agro-physiological investigations into the problem of drought resistance of groundnuts) Oldagineux 17911-917 (1962)

28

338 and Martin G Comparaison des fumures organiques et mindrales pour Parachide en Haute-Volta (Comparison between organic and mineral manures for groundnuts in Upper Volta) Olagineux 19533-537 (1964)

339 Pugnat C Rapport au Gouvernement du Cameroune sur lamelioration des cultures vivrieres (Report to the governshyment of Cameroon on the improvement of subsistence crops) Progr Elargi Assist Techn FAO 1834 p 1-17143 (1964)

340 Pursglove JW Tropical Crops Dicotyledons Longmans Press (1968)

341 Punrss GS Wilt of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in Queensshyland with particular reference to Verticillium wilt Queens landJ Agr Sci 18453-462 (1961)

342 Peanut diseases in Queensland Queensland Agr J 88540-543 (1962)

343 Rebechault H and Guenin G Effects de Pacide gibbershyellique sur deux varietes darachide (Arachis hypogaea) (Effects of gibberellic acid on two groundnut varieties) Cah ORSTOM Ser Biologic 43-29 (1967)

344 Ramly AWH A simple groundnut stripper World Crops 1834-35 (1966)

345 Rawson JE Susceptibility of Virginia Bunch peanut to post-emergence application of 24-D and related herbicides Queensland JAgr Sci 20463-470 (1963)

346 Controlling weeds in peanuts Queensland Agr J90656-661 (1964)

347 Ravindra Nath V and Kulkarni LG Effect of different dates of sowing of groundnut on the development and intensity of leaf-spot disease by Cercospora spp Indian J Agr Sci 37362-368 (1967)

348 Rickards CE Mechanised groundnut cultivation Farming Zambia 45-7 (1968)

349 Roche P and Velly J Etudes de fertilisation sur arachides dans la rcgion du Lac Alaotra (1957-60) (Studies on fertilizer application to groundnuts in the Lake Alaotra region 1957-60) Agron Trop 18477-510 (1963)

350 Le r6le de larachide dans ]a croissance iconomique du Senigal (The role of the groundnut in Senegals economic growth) Ed by JB Mas Rep du Senegal Ministampre du Plan et due Developpement Service de la Statistique 16 p Tables Appendix (1964)

351 Rosher PH and Sheldrick RD The effect of postshyemergence applications of MCPB on groundnuts Trop Agr Trinidad 36211-217 (1959)

352 Rothwell A Diseases of groundnuts in Southern Rhoshydesia Rhodesia AgrJ 59199-201 (1962)

353 Sardone LT The groundnut industry of Queensland World Crops 12351-354 (1960)

354 Scaife A Groundnut cultivation in Western Tanzania Ukiriguru Progress Rep Tanzania 21-6 (1966)

855 Schenk RV Development of the peanut fruit Georgia Agr Expt Sta Tech Bull ns 22 (19 61)

356 Schiffman J Field experiments on inoculation of peanuts in Northern Negev soils Israel J Agr Res 11151-158 (1961)

357 and Y Alper 1968 Effects of Rhizobiumshyinoculum placement on peanut inoculation Expl Agric 4203-208 (1968)

358 and Alper Y Inoculation of peanut by applishycation of Rhizobium suspension into the planting furrows Exp Agr 4219-226 (1968)

359 Schilling R Larachide en cultures associes avec les c6 r~ales (Groundnuts in association with cereals) Oldagineux 20673-676 (1965)

360 Seeger JR Essais dinoculation artificielle de Parachide - au Congo (Experiments on the artificial inoculation of

groundnuts in Congo) Ann Gembloux 67220-241 (1961)

361 Sen S and Ghosh M Influence of time of harvesting on the quantity of oil in groundnut Indian Oilseeds J 9260-265 (1965)

362 Serry A and EI-Banna E A study of correlation beshytween rapid soil tests and response of groundnut to potassishyum application on some Sharkeia sandy soils in pot experishyments Agr Res Rev Egypt 4040-47 (1962)

363 Seshadri CR et al Studies on root development in groundnut Indianj Agr Sci 28211-215 (1958)

364 Shekhawat GS et al Studies on the effect of methods of sowing row spacing and seed-rate on the yield of groundshynut Indian OilseedsJ9280-282 (1965)

365 Shiralipour A Harris HC West SH Boron deficiency and amino acid and protein contents of peanut leaves Crop Sci 9455-456 (1969)

366 Siewart Sara and JG Woodroof Nouveau proced6 de salage des arachides en coques (New procedure for salting groundnuts in their shells) Oleagineux 8230-231 (1953)

367 Silvestre P Monographie des recherches conduites Ia Bambey sur larachide (Monograph of the research work on groundnuts conducted at Bombey) Agron Trop 16623-733 (1961)

368 La production de larachide h Madagascar (Groundnut production in Madagascar) Agron Trop 18511-526 (1963)

369 Simposium oor makotoksiene in voedselsoorte landshyboukundige aspekte gehou te Pretoria 25-26 Februari 1965 (Symposium on mycotoxins in foodstuffs agricultural aspects held at Pretoria February 25-26 1965) Techn Commun Dep Agr Techn Serv Rep S Africa 351-60 (1965)

370 Smartt J Groundnuts in Northern Rhodesia Rhodesia AgrJ 5769-72 (1960)

371 A guide to groundnut cultivation in Northern Rhodesia Rhodesia AgrJ5894-102 (1961)

372 Factors influencing yield and quality of groundnuts in Northern Rhodesia Emp J Exp Agr 32343-351 (1964)

29

373 Snyman JW The secret of higher groundnut yields Farming S Africa 4334-37 (1968)

374 Soudan me caisse de stabilisation des prix de larachide (A price Stabilization Fund for Groundauts) Marches Trop du Monde 141251 (1958)

375 South China area interplants peanuts and sugar cane to raise outputs of both Surv China Mainland Press 3536 p 19 (1965)

376 Spensley PC Aflatoxin the active principle in Turkey I disease Endeavour 2275-79 (1963)

377 Stead PRS Groundnut drying trials Rhod Agr J 6651-53 (1969)

378 Stem WR The influence of sowing date on the yield of peanuts in a short summer rainfall environment Aust J Exp Agr and Animal Husbandry 8594-598 (1968)

379 Strauss JL and Gizzard AL The effect of calcium magnesium and potassium on peanut yields Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 12348-352 (1948)

380 Sulaiman M Investigations on the control of tikka disease of groundnut in the Maharashtra State Beitrige Trop Subshytrop Landwirtsch u Tropenveterindrmedizin 251-54 (1964)

381 and Agashe NG Influence of climate on the incidence of tikka disease of groundnut Indian Oilseeds J 9176-179 (1965)

382 Sundaran NV Note on creation of tikka leaf spot of groundnut Indian Oilseeds J998-101 (1965)

383 Tella R de and Bacchi 0 Longevidade das sementes de amendoin (Longevity of groundnut seed) Bragantia 2121-23 (1962)

384 and Canecchio Filho V Instrucoes praticas-a cultura do amendoim (Practical instructions for groundnut cultivation) Agronomico 117-11 (1959)

385 Terblanche M and Rabie CJ A toxic fungus (Scerotshyium rolfsii) isolated from groundnuts S Afr J Agr Sci 10253-261 (1967)

386 Thompson SS Peanut leafspot diseases Ga Univ Ext Leafl 25 Res 8 p (1969)

387 Thornton I Quelques observations sur la nodulation de larachide en Gambie (Some observations on root nodule formation of groundnuts in Gambia) Oleagineux 18781-783 (1963)

388 The effect of fertilizers on the uptake of nitroshygen phosphorus and potassium by the groundnut EmpJ Exp Agr 32235-240 (1964)

389 Tippins HH Morgan LW and CM Beckham Biology of Derobrachusbrevicollis a pest of Bahiagrass and peanuts Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bul 33 (1968)

390 Toms AM Agricultural progress in the Sudan World Crops 14200-202 (1962)

391 Irrigated groundnuts in the Sudan Gezira World Crops 1539-42 (1963)

392 Toole VL WK Bailey EH Toole Factors influencing dormancy of peanut seeds Plant Physiol 308Z2-832 (1964)

398 Tuelieres R Larachide an Sud-Vitnam (The groundnut in South Viet Nam) Bull Soc Et Indochinoises 37435-463 (1962)

394 Une alimentation saine et abondante grace 1a (A healthy and abundant alimentation thanks to ) Sin6gal Magazine Aug p 16-9 (1961)

395 Uptrend in Brazils peanut production temporarily halted by dry weather Foreign Crops and Markets 7916-17 (1959)

396 Vachhani MV et al Crop rotations double cropping and cropping pattern in the rice areas in India News Letter Int Rice Comm 1119-23 (1962)

397 Verma JK and Bajpai MR A brief review of mineral nutrition of groundnut in relation to its growth yield and quality Indian Oilseeds J 8222-229 (1964)

398 Vidhyasekaran P and lothandaraman R Fungicidal control of tikka leaf-spot of groundnut Indian J Agr Sci 38373-377 (1968)

399 Wadhwa ND Mechanical cultivation of groundnut in Northern Ghana Ghana Farmer 85-13 (1964)

400 Weiss EA Castor Sesame and Safflower 901 p Leonard Hill London (1971)

401 Whitaker RB and Wiser EH Theoretical investigations into the accuracy of sampling shelled peanuts for aflatoxin Amer Oil Chem SocJ 46377-379 (1969)

402 Whiteside JD and Bailey RA Application of fungicides for the control of Cercospora leaf-spot of groundnuts Rhoshydesia Agr J 64128-132 (1967)

403 Wilson C Peanut seed treatments Plant Disease Reptr 3487-95 (1950)

404 Wood IMW The effects of seed size seed treatment method of shelling and organic matter on the establishment of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 881-84 (1968)

405 The effect of temperature at early flowering on the growth and development of peanuts (Arachis hyposhygaea) AustJ Agr Res 19241-251 (1968)

406 Chemical weed control in peanut crops at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr and Animal Husbandry 8762-766 (1968)

407 Woodroof JG Peanuts Production processing products The AVI Publishing Company Westport Connecticut p 291 (1966)

408 World peanut production second largest of record World Summaries Crops and Livestock Nov 24 p 16-18 (1960)

409 World peanut production sets new record Foreign Agr Carc US Dept Agr FFO 16-65 p 1-29 (1965)

410 World peanut production at near-record high in 1966 exports at record level Foreign Agr arc US Dep Agr FPO 7-67 p 1-28 (1967)

30

411 Zink E et al Estudos s8bre a conservacio de sementes X-Amendoin (Studies on seed storage X Groundnuts) Bragantia 21159-165 (1962)

Additional Reference

This manuscript has been a long time in preparation After the manuscript was put in final form and most of the typing had been done asignificant book on peanuts was publishedPeanuts-Cultureand Uses a Symposium was published by the American Peanut Research and Education Association Inc (Executive Secretary-Treasurer Leland

Tripp Agronomy Department Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma 74074) Thirty-eight authors contributed to the 20 chapters and in the 684 pages of the book there are over 2000 references listed This book covers in considerable detail all the topics that have been

briefly summarized in this manuscript Peanut proteins and the physicoshychemical and nutritional properties of peanuts are well covered

31

ABBREVIATIONS AND ADDRESSES OF SOME SOURCES OF LITERATURE CITATIONS

Agr Assn China J-Agricultural Association of China Journal Taipei Taiwan

Agrekon-Agrekon Department of Agricultural Economics and Marketing Pretoria South Africa

Agricultura em Sio Paulo-Instituto de Economia Agricola Caixa Postal 8083 Sio Paulo Brazil

Agron J-Agronomy Journal American Society of Agronomy 677 S Segoc Road Madison Wisconsin 53711 (USA)

Agronomico-Agronomico Instituto Agronomico Caixa Postal 28 Campanis Brazil

Agron Trop-Agronomia Tropical Centro de Investigaciones Agronomicas Maracay Venezuela

Agr Res Rev Egypt-Agricultural Research Review Dokki

Egypt Agr Situation India-Agricultural Situation in India Ministry of

Food and Agriculture Delhi 6 India Agr Trop-Agricultura Tropical Asociacion Columbiana de

Ingenieros Agronomo Bogota Columbia Alabama Age Exp Sta Bul-Alabama Agricultural Experiment

Station-Bulletin Auburn Alabama 36830 (USA) Amer Oil Chem Soc J-American Oil Chemists Society

Journal 35 East WackerNDrive Chicago Illinois 60601 (USA)

Amer Soc Agr Eng Trans-American Society of Agricultural Engineers Transactions St Joseph Michigan 49085 (USA)

Ann Agric Sci Univ Ain Shams-Annals of Agricultural Science University of Ain Shams Cairo Egypt

Arq Inst Biol-Arquivos do Instituto Biolgico Baixa Postal 7119 Sao Paulo Brazil

Aust J Agr Res-Australian Journal of Agricultural Research MelbourneAustralia

Beitrige Trop Subtrop Landwirtsch u Tropenveterinarshymedizin-Beitrige zur Tropischen und Subtropischen Landwirtschaft and Tropenveteriniirmedizin Karl Marx University Leipzig

Biolodgico-Biologico Caixa Postal 4185 Sao Paulo Brazil Biologist-Biologist Denver Colorado (USA) Bragantia-Bragantia Boletim Technico do Instituto Agronomshy

ico do Estado de Sgo Paulo Sgo Paulo Brazil Bull Engrais-Bulletin des Engrais Paris Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Belge-Bulletin

deinformation de Institut National pour IEtude Agroshynomique du Congo Beige Brussels

Cah ORSTOM Ser Biologi-Cahiers Office de In Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer Series Biologi Paris

CCTACSA Symposium Lagos-Bukavu Savannah-Commission for Technical Cooperation in Africa Scientific Council for Africa

CCTAFAO Symposium-Commission pour la Cooperation Technique en Afrique (Commission for Technical Coopershyation in Africa South of the Sahara) Food and Agriculshytune Organization Symposium

Cenicafe-Cenicafe Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Cafe Chinchina Columbia

Chemistry and Industry London

Crop Sci-Crop Science Society of America 677 S Segoe Road Madison Wisconsin 53711 (USA)

Current Sci-Current Science Raman Research Institute Bangalore India

Diss Abstr Sect B-Dissertation Abstracts Section B Sciences and Engineering University Microfilms Ann Arbor Michigan 48106 (USA)

E Afr Agr Forestry J-East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal PO Box 30148 Nairobi

Econ Botany-Economic Botany The New York Botanical Garden New York New York 10458 (USA)

Economica-Economica London Empire J of Exper Agric-Empire Journal of Experimental

Agriculture London Emp J Exp Agr Gambia-Empire Journal of Experimental

Agriculture Gambia Endeavour-Endeavour Thames House London Etud Senegelaises-Etudes Senegelaises Dakar Expl Agric-Experimental Agriculture London FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome Italy FAO Plant Protection Bulletin-Food and Agriculture Organizashy

tion International Documents Service 136 S Broadway Irvington on Hudson New York 10533 (USA)

FAO 4th Sess CCP OF-Food and Agricultural Organization 4th Session Committee on Commodity Problems Oils and Fats

Farming S Africa-Famning in South Africa Agricultural Technical Services Private Bag 144 Pretoria South Africa

Field Crop Abstracts-Field Crop Abstracts Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux Farnham Royal England

Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull-Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin Gainesville Florida 32601 (USA)

Florida Agr Exp Sta Crc-Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Circular Gainesville Florida 32601 (USA)

Foreign Agr Circ U S Dept Agr FFO-Foreign Agricultural Circular United States Department of Agriculture Fats and Oils

Garcia de Orta-Garcia de Orta Junta de Investigacces do Ultrashymar Lisbon Portugal

Ga Univ Ext Ixafl-Georgia University Extension Leaflet Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Gaz Agr Angola-Gazeta Agricola de Angola Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 203-Georgia Agriculshy

tural Experiment Station Mimeo Series (New Series) Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Report-Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Ghana Farmer-Ghana Farmer Accra Ghana Indian Agriculturist-Indian Agriculturist Agricultural Society

of India Ballygunge Circular Road Calcutta India Indian Farming-Indian Council of Agricultural Research New

Delhi India Indian J Agr Sci-Indian Journal of Agricultural Science

Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi India

32

Indian J Sci amp Industry-Indian Journal of Science and Indusshytry Karnal India

Indian Oilseeds J-Indian Oilseeds Journal Hyderabad India Israel J Agr Res-Israel Journal of Agricultural Research J Amer Soc Agron-Journal of the American Society of

Agronomy Geneva New York 14456 (USA) J Econ Entomol-Joumnal of Economic Entomology Entoshy

mological Society of America Baltimore Maryland 21201 (USA)

J of Food Sci amp Technol-Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore India

J Sci Food Age-Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculshyture London

Marketing Res Rep U S Dept Agr-Marketing Research Reports Publications Division Office of Information United States Department of Agriculture Washington DC 20250 (USA)

Nature-Nature London N Carolina Agr Exp Sta BuU-North Carolina Agricultural

Experiment Station Bulletin Raleigh North Carolina 27607 (USA)

Neth J Age Sci-Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science Wageningen

Newsletter Int Rice Comm-Newsletter of the International Rice Commission Bangkok Thailand

NT Aust J Exp Agr-Northern Territories Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture

Okla Agr Res Prog Rep Processed Series-Oklahoma Agriculshytural Research Project Report Processed Series Stillwater Oklahoma 74074 (USA)

Oleagineux-Oleagineux LInstitut de Recherches pour les

Huiles et Oleagineux 8 Square Petrarque Paris Peanut J Nut World-Peanut Journal and Nut World Philippine J Plant Industry-Philippine Journal of Plant Indusshy

try Manila Philippine J Sci-Philippine Journal of Science Manila Plantand Soil-Plant and Soil The Hague Netherlands Plant Disease Reptr-Plant Disease Reporter Washington DC

(USA) Plant Physiol-Plant Physiology American Society of Plant

Physiologists PO Box 5706 Washington DC 20014 (USA)

Proc Peanut Res Conference-Proceedings Peanut Research Conference

Proc Southern Agr Workers-Proceedings of Southern Agriculshytural Workers Conference

Proc 5th Nat Peanut Res Conf-Proceedings of the 5th National Peanut Research Conference

Prod Res Rep US Dept Agr-Production Research Reports United States Department of Agriculture

Queensland J Agr Animal Sci-Queensland Journal of Agriculshytural and Animal Sciences Brisbane Australia

Rev Nac Agr Columbia-Revista Nacional de Agricultura Bogota Columbia

Rhodesia Agr J-Rhodesia Agricultural Journal Salisbury Rhodesia

Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res-Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi Journal of Agricultural Research Salisbury Rhodesia

Riv Agr Subtrop Trop-Rivista di Agricultura Subtropicale e Tropicale Florence Italy

S Ar J Agr Sci-South African Journal of Agricultural Science Pretoria South Africa

Samarm Research Bulletin-Samaru Research Bulletin Institute for Agricultural Research Ahmada Bello University Zaria Nigeria

Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc-Soil Science Society of America Proceedings

Surinaamse Landbouw-Surinaamse Landbouw Paramaribo Surinam

S Weed Sci Soc Proc-Southern Weed Science Society Proshyceedings

Techn Commun Dept Agr Techn Serv Rep S Africa-Technical Communications Department Technical Services Republic of South Africa Pretoria South Africa

Techn Paper Commonw Scl Industr Res Organiz Land Res Reg Survey-Technical Paper Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Land Research Regional Survey Canberra Australia

Texas Agr Exp Sta Bull-Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin College Station Texas 77843 (USA)

Trop Agr Ceylon-Tropical Agriculture Peradeniya Ceylon Trop Agric Trinidad-Tropical Agriculture The Journal of the

Imperial College of Agriculture University of the West Indies St Augustine Trinidad

Trop Sci-Tropical Science London Trop Stored Prod Inform-Tropical Stored Products Informashy

tion US Dept Agr Agr Econ Rept-United States Department of

Agriculture Agricultural Economics Reports Superintenshydent of Documents Washington DC 20250 (USA)

W Afr Rev-West Africian Review Liverpool World Crops-World Crops 28Essex St Strand London WD 2

England

1M-10-73

17

Use of Peanuts as a Source of Food-No attempt will be made to cover this important subject Only a few references that deal with food are cited here A vegetable cheese made from peanut milk is described (236) An infant foof from peanut and milk solids (91) and the production of soysauce by fermentation are discussed (278) The details of quality factors and requirements for salting peanuts are given (226 366)

Oil from Peanuts-Peanuts are mainly grown for the oil and protein of the seed There is an indication that more oil crushing will be done in the area of proshyduction (44) Although the protein meal has been an excellent export product for foreign exchange this use may decrease as more use of the protein for livestock and as human food is stressed for the area of production (77296 394)

Oil content of the peanut decreased when planting was delayed but the protein was increased Oil yield is closely associated with seed yield Factors which tend to increase seed yield also increase oil yield (308 309 311) Closer spacing increases seed yields and oil but decreases protein (309)

Quality of Peanuts-Quality of peanut seed is affected by many factors (178 199) Proper shelling (184) and pest control are important (192) Free fatty acid level is an indication of quality A level of 6 free fatty acids was found in insect-damaged peanuts but only 13 when insects were controlled (192) Efforts have been made to remove undesirable peanuts mechanishycally as peanuts are moved (18) Grade standards of quality are listed (151 172)

Economics of Production-One country in Africa is reported to have half of its cultivated area in peanuts with 75 of farm income 42 of total industrial inshycome 23 of the gross national product and 65 of total value of exports credited to this one crop (350) Other countries seek to add peanuts to their cropping programs in order to diversify (86 266 390 391) and some that plan to switch to crops other than peanuts (5 16 42) to diversify are not intending to reduce peanut production

Some countries are trying to increase peanut proshyduction by stressing extension methods or by improving cultural practices These include helping farmers learn to select good seed and varieties to use disease-resistant varieties to treat seed to seed at a heavy rate to use

proper fertilization including animal and green manures to use proper weeding proper crop rotations to diversify cropping and to harvest at the right time (5 16 59 139 303319339)

Several countries have found it necessary to subshysidize the production of peanuts (134 199 374 395) and several African countries have recognized the need for a cooperative effort in marketing and meet once a year to discuss policy (102)

A survey of the peanut industry in the USA is given (400) The long-term outlook for the peanut is reviewed and uses of peanut and other oils are discussed (310) The world production of peanuts continues to expand even though the demand is variable from year to year (5 268 304 305 408409410) Problems of the processing industry are reviewed (84 239) Transportashytion and storage are serious problems and factors affecshyting quality are getting attention The quantity of peanuts that moves in export trade is a small percentage of total production Details and problems of exports are discussed (14 174445 77 88 119)

Improving Production by Variety Improvement-There is little doubt but that improved varieties have contributed to the gradually higher level of production around the world It takes 12 to 15 years for a variety to be available to growers after a cross has been made Of 24 varieties released in the USA during the last quartershycentury 11 selections came from commercial strains 2 from foreign introductions 9 from controlled crosses 1 from irradiation and 1 from interspecific hybridization (29)

No attempt will be made to list references to varieshyty comparisons Most experiments with peanuts involve variety comparisons It has been shown that an apparentshyly superior variety may be definitely inferior under certain environmental conditions It is essential in varieshyty evaluation that varieties be evaluated at different levels of soil fertility and under other variations in enshyvironmental conditions after preliminary screening to eliminate the most undesirable types (256) Examples of comparative yield tests are given (48 182 183) Blending of varieties for planting has been tested but has not been found to be of benefit (311)

GENERAL PAPERS

Numerous papers are general in nature and cover al methods are given in some detail (46 101 109 114 several topics Several factors that need to be considered 120 164) Mineral nutrition (397) variety improvement in over-all peanut production are discussed (28 101 (46) harvesting (153) seed treatment (46) and mechanishy106 138 160 179255353 368 370) General cultur- zation (121 371) are subjects in other general papers

18

LITERATURE CITATIONS (AbbreviationsandAddresses ofSome Sources of LiteratureCitations-pages31-32)

1 Abraham TP and Agarwal KN Yield effect on soil fertilshyity and economics of crop rotations with and without groundnut Indian J Agr Sci 37560-57 1 (1967)

2 ABrook J Artificial drying of groundnuts a method for the small farmer Trop Agric Trinidad 40241-245 (1963)

3 A cheap crop drier for the farmer Trop Stored Prod Inform 725-38 (1964)

4 A cheap crop drier for the farmer results and recommended design Trop Stored Prod Inform 8301-307 (1964)

5 Laction de developpement de la productivite arachidiere au Snigal en 1964 (Activity for the development of groundnut production in Senegal in 1964) 014agineux 20725-729 (1965)

6 Adams AN Groundnut Rosette Virus-Another vector Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 4125 (1966)

7 The vectors and alternative hosts of groundnut rosette virus in central province Molaioc Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res 5145-151 (1967)

8 - and JAK Farrell The seasonal occurrence of aphids in traps at Chitedge Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res Vol 5153-159 (1967)

9 Adams F and RW Pearson Differential response of cotton and peanuts to subsoil acidity AgronJ 629-12 (1970)

10 Akehurst BC and Sreedharan A Time of planting-a brief review of experimental work in Tanganyika E Afr Agr Forestry J 30189-201 (1965)

11 Alcroft R and Carnaghan RBA Toxic products in groundnuts Chemistry and Industry 250-61 (1963)

12 Amendoim pragas e doencas silo o n6 (Groundnuts pests and diseases are the problem) Dirigente Rural 412-32 (1965)shy

13 Anderson GD Fertility studies on a sandy loam in semishyarid Tanzania 11 Effects on phosphorus potassium and lime on yields of Groundnuts Expl Agric 6213-222 (1970)

14 Larachide au Senigal (Groundnut growing in Senegal) 016 agineux 14649-650 (1959)

15 Larachide au Senigal Rsultats des essais de confirmation (Groundnuts in Senegal Rep Results of confirmation trials) Oleagineux 17103-104 (1962)

16 Larachide au Senigal Risultats des essais de confirmation (Groundinuts in Senegal Results of demonstration trials) Olagineux 1972 (1964)

17 Les arachides du Nigeria (The groundrnuts of Nigeria)Kadouna (Nigeria) Ministere de PInformation 12 p Graph Photos Map (1966)

18 Ariztizabal L Bums EE and OR Kunze Physical chemical and organoleptic properties of peanuts separated in a controlled air stream Amer Soc Agr -Eng Trans 12298-304 (1969)

19 Arndt W The continuous cropping of peanuts at Kathshyarine NT Techn Paper Commonw Sci Industr Res Organiz Div Land Res Reg Survey Australia 161-11 (1961)

20 Larrachage de Parachide (Groundnut lifting) Olagineaux 18553-555 (1963)

21 Arroya J et al Ensayo de fertilizacidn en mani realizado en la Sabana de Londres Estado Lar (A groundnut fertilizer trial conducted in the Sabana de Londres State of Lara) Agron Trop Venezuela 17101-111 (1967)

22 Ashri A A second locus controlling red testa in peanuts (ArachishypogaeaL) Crop Sci 9514-517 (1969)

23 Ashrif M Effet du calcium sur larachide (Effect of calcium on groundnuts) Oleagineux 18681-683 (1963)

24 Effect of sulphur on groundnuts Olampgineux 20243-244 (1965)

25 and Thornton I Effects of grass mulch on groundnuts in the Gambia Expl Agric 1145-152 (1965)

26 Avadhani KK and Ramano Rao BV Studies of the effects of diethyl sulfate on TMV 2 groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Indian J of Science Indus 269-71 (1968)

27 Lavenir de larachide au Sinigal Doses dengrais et augshymentation de production (The future of the groundnut in Senegal Fertilizer rates for increased production) Olagishyneux 23528 (1968)

28 Bachy A Conduite de 1expirimentation agronomique a IRHO (Performance of agricultural research at IRHO)

Oleagineux 1675-80 (1961)

29 Bailey WK Peanut variety improvement in the USA Proc 5th Nat Peanut Res Conf (1968)

30 Bampton SS Growth of Aspergillusflavusand production of aflatoxin in groundinuts-Part I Trop Sci 574-81 (1963)

31 Barcenas VC Enfermedades del mani ajonjoli en El Tolima (Groundnut and sesame diseases in El Tolima) Bol Not Inst Fomento Algodonero 31-2 (1962)

32 and Montoya A A Efectividad de algunos fungicidas protectores en el tratarniento de la semilla de mani (Effectivity of some protective fungicides for the treatment of groundnut seed) Bol Not Inst Fomento Algodonero Columbia 46-8 (1964)

33 Barreto Figuciredo M and Cardoso RMG (Occurrence of grey mold in groundnuts in the State of Sao Paulo) Bioshylogico Brasil 34217-220(1968)

From TropicalAbstracts-seeAcknowledgments page 2

19

34 Barros Ferraz M de A secagem do amendoim (Drying of groundnuts) Brasil Rural 1377-79 (1959)

35 Preparo do amendoim das aguas (Drying of groundauts) Brasil Rural 1612-18 (1962)

36 Barrs HD The relation between kernel development and time of harvesting of peanuts at Katherine NT AustJ Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 2106-109 (1962)

37 Basinski JJ et al Some input-output relations in peanut cultivation at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 4295-299 (1964)

38 Bastos Cruz BP et al Nota preliminar s6bre a suscetishybilidade de variedades e hibridos de amendoim i algumas mollstias da folhagem (Preliminary note on the susceptibility of groundnut varieties and hybrids to some leaf diseases) Bioldgico Brasil 33191-195 (1967)

39 Bates WN Mechanization of Tropical Crops Temple Press London 410 p (1957)

40 Behncken GM The occurrence of Peanut mottle virus in Queensland AustJ Agr Res 21465-492 (1970)

41 Belloncle G Larachide an Senegal Mouvement cooperatif et developpement cononique (Groundnuts in Senegal coshyoperative movement and economic development) Ol1agineux 19439-444 (1964)

42 Bentin LA Das Problem der Monokultur in Senegal (The problem of mono-culture in Senegal) Int Afrika Forum 4615-619 (1968)

43 Berchoux Chr de La rosette de Iarachide en Houte-Volta (Rosette disease of groundnut in the Upper Volta) Olagishyneux 15229-233 (1960)

44 Berg ER Nigeria Senegal and the Congo (Kinshasa) Projected level of demand supply and exports of oilseed products to 1975 with implications for US exports to the European Economic Community Edmonton (Canada) Departments of Economics and Agricultural Economics University of Alberta 78 p tables maps (1967)

45 Berichten nit Afrika (Reports from Africa) Oli6n Vetten en Zeep 53215 (1969)

46 Bezot P La zone arachidiere au Tchad Etude densemble recherche dun syst me valable de rotation culturale (The groundnut zone in Chad A study on rotation systems) Agron Trop 2031-48 (1965)

47 Bhardwaj SP and Pathak AN Effect of sulphur on bacterial nodulation of groundnut roots Current Sci 37351-352 (1968)

48 Bhattacharjee TK et al W Bengal farmers can grow groundnut in irrigated summer fallow Indian Farming 1827-29 (1968)

49 Bielorai R Comparative digestibility of groundnut and soyshybean meal in vitro and in chicks J Sci Food Agr 20345-348 (1969)

50 Billaz R and Ochs R Stades de sensibilite de larachide a la secheresse (Developmental stages of the groundnut in relashytion to its susceptibility to drought) Olagineux 16605-611 (1961)

51 Bisht NS et al Groundnut rosette virus in Uttar Pradesh Indian OilseedsJ 7335-336 (1963)

52 Blatchford SM and Hall DW Methods of drying groundshynuts I Natural methods (Literature survey) Trop Sci 56-33 (1963)

53 and Methods of drying groundnuts II Artificial methods Trop Sci 582-98 (1963)

54 Bledsoe RW and Harris HC Leafspot of peanut associshyated with Magnesium deficiency Plant Physiol 21237-240 (1946)

55 Bockele-Morvan A Recherches de lIRHO sur 1utilishysation des phosphates du Sin6gal en fumure de fond pour Iarachide (Research of IRHO on the utilization of Senegal phosphates as a basal dressing for groundnut) Oleagineux 16685-691 (1961)

56 Etude explrimentale et pratique du placement des engrais (Experimental and practical studies on feftilizer placement) OlLagineux 18687-688 (1963)

57 Etudes sur la carence potasique de Iarachide an S~n-gal(A study o potash deficiency in the groundnut in Senegal) Olagineux 19603-609 (1964)

58 - Surface foliaire de Parachide et densite optishymum de semis (Folhar area of groundnuts and optimum sowing density) Ol4ageneux 201-12 (1965)

59 _ Application des engrais sur arachide au Sindgal (Application of fertilizers to groundnuts in Senegal) Oliagishyneux 20589-590 (1965)

60 Efficacit4 des diverses formes dapports des elements mineraux sur Parachide (The efficiency of different forms of mineral elements applied to groundnuts) Olagishyneux 21163-166 (1966)

61 Fumure annuelle et fumure de fond en zone arachidiere du Senegal (Annual and basal manuring in groundshynut-growing zones of Senegal) Oleagineux 23179-184 (1968)shy

62 _ La maturitede Iarachide (The maturity of the groundnut) Ollagineux 27457-459 (1968)

63 _ and Capitaine J Larachide de bouche dans le Sine-Saloum (Senegal) (The edible groundnut in the Sine-Saloum region of Senegal) Oliagineux 21285-291 (1966)

64 Bolhuis GG Observations on the flowering and fructificashytion of the groundnut Arachis hypogaea Neth J Agr Sci 7138-140 (1959)

65 et al Observations on the opening of flowers dehiscence of anthers and growth of pollen tubes in Arachis hypogaea NethJ Agr Sci 13361-365 (1965)

66 _ et al Occurrence of flowers with short styles in the groundnut Arachis hypogaea Oldagineux 20293-296 (1965)

67 and Stubbs RW The influence of calcium and other elements on the fructification of the peanut in connecshytion with the absorption capacity of its gynophores NethJ Agr Sci 3220-237 (1955)

I

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68 Booker RH The effect of sowing date and spacing on rosette disease of groundnut in Northern Nigeria with obshyservations on the vector Aphus craccivoraSamarn Res Bull 30125-131 (1964)

69 Boswell TE Pathogenicity of Pratylenchus brachyrus to Spanish peanut Diss Abstr Sect B 29(10)3570 B (1969)

70 Bouhot D Etude du Macrophominaphaseoli sur arachide Mission an Sinigal du 27 septembre an 7 novembre 1966 (Study of Macrophomina phaseoll on groundnut Mission in Senegal from 27 Sept to 7 Nov 1966) Agron Trop 231165-1171 (1968)

71 Le Macrophomina phaseoli sur les plantes cultivees au Senedgal (Macrophomina phaseol on the cultivated plants in Senegal) Agron Trop 231172-1181 (1968)

72 terabougrissement de arachide Mission an Seng en 1966 (The shrivelling of the groundnut Mission in Senegal in 1966) Agron Trop 231126-1127 (1968)

73 Boush GM et al Field tests with new insecticides for control of the southern corn rootworm attacking peanuts in VirginiaJ Econ Entomol 5615-18 (1963)

74 Boyle LW Low-Gallonage applications of fungicides for control of Peanut leafspots Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 203 (1964)

75 A factonal study of certain schemes of peanut culture Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bull 18 (1967)

76 Brennan JR The peanut gynophore Biologist 5171-82 (1969)

77 Broche G Debouchs des produits des industries de transshyformation dol6agineux des Itats Africains et Malgache Associes (Outlets for the products of the oilseed processing industries in the Associated African and Malagasy States) Oldagineux 20419-423 (1965)

78 Brown P A review of Groundnut experiments in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 339-50 (1965)

79 Brzozowska J and Hanower P Absorption et distribution du 3 5 s chez quelques cultures tropicales I Arachide (Uptake and distribution of S35 in some tropical crops I Groundshynuts) Oleagineux 19663-672 (1964)

80 Buchanan GA Dickens R Burns ER and McCormick RM Performance of several herbicides for weed control in peanuts S Weed Sci Soc Proc 22D P 122-126 (1969)

81 Bunting AH A classification of cultivated groundnuts Empire J of Exper Agric 23158-170 (1955)

82 Eurrell NJ et al Growth of Aspergillus flavus and proshyduction of aflatoxin in groundnuts-Part V Trop Sci 674-90 (1964)

83 Bushnell DG The importance and prevention of mould on groundnuts Rhodesia Agr J61108-113 (1964)

84 Calil G De ontwikkeling van de aardnoten verwerkende industrie in Noord Nigeria Problemen en moeilijkheden (The development of the groundnut processing industry in N Nigeria Problems and difficulties) Olidn Vetten en Zeep 48211-213 (1964)

85 Compacci CA and Silveira Filho JP da Disinfecqgo de sementes de anendoim (Disinfection of groundnut seed) Biol6gico Brasil 30320-323 (1964)

86 Carneiro Fraga C Erradicaglio de caf6 e diversificaqio de culturas (Eradication of coffee and diversification of culshytures) Supl Agicola 85 (1962)

87 Carrire de Belgarric R and Bor F Le ddveloppement de Ia productivit6 de larachide au Sn~gl (Development of groundnut productivity in Senegal) O16agineux 18613-620 (1963)

88 Carter K Pyramids of the north W Afr Rev 3353-55 (1962)

89 Chalon G Une billonneuse-marquese pour les semis darachides (Sowing groundnuts by means of a ridge dammer) Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Beige 8141-146 (1959)

90 Champ BR and Cribb JN An investigation of peanut storage pests in Queensland 2 Insecticidal treatment of bulk nut-in-shell peanuts in silos Queensland J Agr Animal Sci 22241-257 (1965)

91 Chandrasekhara MR S Aswathanarayan SR Shurpaleshykar B11 Surba Ray Pilot plant production of infant food based on groundnut and milk solids J of Food Sci amp Technol 6267-271 (1969)

92 Chohan JS and Gupta VK Aflaroot A new disease of groundnut caused by Aspergillus flavs Indian J Agr Sci 38568-570 (1968)

93 Clarke JH Fungi in stored products Trop Stored Prod Inform 153-14 (1968)

94 Clinton PKS Seed-bed pathogens of groundnuts in the Sudan and an -attempt to control wth an artificial testa EmpJ Exp Agri 28211-222 (1960)

95 The control of soil-borne pests and diseases of groundnuts in the Sudan Central Rainlands Emp J Exp Agr 30145-154 (1962)

96 Causes of loss of yield in groundnuts in the Sudan Central Rainlands Emp J Exp Agr 30137-144 (1962)

97 Coelho FA Soares and Tella R de Absorcio de nutrishyentes por plantes de amendoim na cultura de outono (Nutrishyent absorption by groundnut plants grown in the autumn) Bragantia 26235-252 (1967)

98 and Absorg5o de nutrientes pela planta de amendoim em cultura de primavera (Nutrient uptake by springtime groundnuts) Bragantia 26393-408 (1967)

99 Collins ER and Morris HD Soil fertility studies with peanuts N Carolina Agr Exp Sta Bull 330 (1942)

100 Collins RF US peanut abroad Peanut J Nut World 4832-34 (1969)

101 Colwell WE and Brady NC The effect of calcium on certain characteristics of peanut fruit J Amer Soc Agron 37696-708 (1945)

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102 Counseil Africain de larachide (African advisory body on groundinuts) Ol6 agineux 183-168 (1963)

103 Corbett DCM and Brown P Fungicidal control of cercospora leaf-spots of groundnuts in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 413-21 (1966)

104 Correia C Bento 0 amendoim na Guini Portuguesa (Groundnuts in Portuguese Guinea) Estud Pol Soclais 3217-322 (1965)

105 Cuellar I and Toler RW Control de la mancha foliar del mani (Control of leaf spot in groundnut) Foil Serv Nac Invest Agr Panama 301-13 (1957)

106 La culture de larachide en zone soudano-sahilienne (Groundnut cultivation in the Sudan-Sahelian zone of Africa) 0liagineux 1729-33 (1962)

107 Curtis DL and Harkness C Some aspects of crop improvement in relation to groundinuts and sorghum in the Northern Region of Nigeria CCTACSA Symposium Lagos-Bukavu Savannah 621-10 (1962)

108 Dalal JL et al Investigations on soil sulphur II Gypsum as a fertilizer for groundnut in the Punjab Indianj Agr Sc 33199-204 (1963)

109 Damiano A and Parrini U La coltivazione dellarachide in Tripolitania (Groundnut cultivation in Tripolitania) Riv Agr Subtrop Trop 55156-162 (1961)

110 Davey PM et al The effect of insect infestation on the quality of decorticated groundnuts with special reference to storage at high and low humidities Trop Sci 1296-307 (1959)

111 Davis VW et al Economic consequence of restricting the use of organochlorine insecticides on cotton corn peanuts and tobacco 52 p US Dept Agr Agr Econ Rept No 178 (1970)

112 Delassus M Etudes phytosanitaires sur Parachide et les cer6 ales alimentaires au Senegal (Phytosanitary studies on groundnut and cereals in Senegal) Agron Trop 221226-1234 (1967)

113 Delbosc G Etudes surla regeneration de la fertilite dusol dans la zone arachidiere du Senegal (Studies on the restorashytion of soil fertility in the groundnut zone of Senegal) Oleagineux 2327-33 (1968)

114 Dewez J la culture de Iarachide dans la plaine de Ia Ruzizi (Groundnut cultivation in the Ruzizi plain) Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Belge 8219-230 (1959)

115 Dickens JW Shelling equipment for samples of peanuts Marketing Res Rep US Dep Agr5281-11 (1962)

116 and Khalsa JS Windrow orientation and harvesting damage to peanuts Olagineux 22741-746 (1967)shy

117 Diener UL and Davis ND Effect of environment on aflatoxin production in freshly dug peanuts Trop Sci 1021-28 (1968)

119 Dragt HJ The marketingof South African edible groundshynuts in foreign markets Agrekon 89-13 (1969)

120 Ducker HC Groundnut growing in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland Part II Rhodesia Agr J5990-95 (1962)

121 1 and Spear AJ Groundnut growing in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland-Part IV Mechanization Rhodesia Agr J 59192-194 (1962)

122 Duke GB and Alexander M Effects of close-row spacings on peanut yield and on production equipment requirements Prod Res Rep US Dep Agr 771-14 (1964)

123 Dwarakanath CT Sreenivasamurth V and Parpia HAB Aflatoxin in Indian peanut oil J of Food Science and Technology 6107-109 (1969)

124 Agousseuse darachides (A groundnut stripper) 016agineux 2191-93 (1966)

125 El-Khaden M Untersuchungen fiber die durch Aspergillus-Arten an Erdnuszkeimlingen hervorgerufenen Schiden und deren Verhiitung (Investigations into the damage caused to groundnut seedlings by Aspergillus spp and its prevention) Gieszen Institut fir Phytopathologie der Justus Liebig-Universitiit 108 p Tables Graphs Fig Photos Ref Thesis (1967)

126 Emery DA and Gupton CL Reproductive efficiency of Virginia type peanuts II The influence of variety and seasonal growth period upon fruit and kernel maturation 0l6agineux 2399-104 (1968)

127 Epandeur dengrais A faible ddbit pour les cultures darachides (An apparatus for the application of small quantishyties of fertilizer in groundnut cultivation) Oldagineux 13881-883 (1958)

128 Esteves JD Aspetos da cultura do amendoim em Inshyharrime (Aspects of groundnut cultivation in Inharrime) Rev Aricola Mocambique 517-20 (1963)

129 Ettori OJT and Falcao MJ Aspectos econ6micos da producao de amendoim em S Paulo (Economic aspects of groundnut production in Sio Paulo) Agricultura Slo Paulo 121-48 (1965)

130 Evelyn SH and Thornton I Soil fertility and the response of groundnuts to fertilizers in the Gambia EmpJ Exp Agr 32153-160 (1964)

131 Farrell JAK et al The effects of planting spacing and fungicide on Cercospora leaf spots of groundnuts in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 5241-247 (1967)

132 Fauche J Compte rendu dun essai de semis 6chelonnes sur anachide avec ou sans d6snfection des semences (Report on a trial on groundnuts with successive sowing dates with and without seed treatment) Agron Trop 171089-1809 (1962)

133 Figueiredo M et al Mancha barrenta da f6lba do amendoim (Mud spot of the groundnut leaf) Biol6gico 27164-165 (1961)

118 Donovan PA Groundnut investigation at Matopos 134 Fouquet J la traite des arachides dans le pays de Research Station Rhodesia AgrJ 60121-122 (1963) Kaolack et ses consequences 6 conomiques sociales et

22

juridiques (The groundnut trade in Knolack and its ecoshynomic social and juridical consequences) Etud Sindplaises 81-262 (1958)

135 Frank ZR and Krikun J Verticilium wilt of groundnut in Israel screening for varietal resistance Israel J Agr Res 1888-85 (1968)

136 Fraps GS The composition of peanuts and peanut by-products Texas Agr Exp Sta Bull 222 (1917)

137 French West Africa has smaller peanut crop Foreign Crops and Markets 8015 (1960)

138 Galland Ph Amilioration des conditions de culture de Parachide sur billions (Improvement of the conditions of ridge-cultivated groundnuts) OlEagineux 17929-932 (1962)

139 Vulgarisation aupres des cultivateurs voltashyrques des r6 sultats de Ia recherche agronomique sur Iarachide (Extension work concerning the results of agriculshytural research on groundnuts among the farmers of the Upper Volta Rep) 016agineux 18771-775 (1963)

140 Garcia RF and Castillo Z J Observacion preliminar sobre el efecto de los fertilizantes la cal y la materia orginica en mani (Arachishypogaeo) (Preliminary observation on the effect of fertilizers lime and organic matter on groundnuts) Cenicafe 1169-82 (1960)

141 Garg KP et al Effect of varying spacing on yield of groundnut Indian OilseedsJ934-37 (1965)

142 Gargantini H et al Ensaio de adubatilo N-P-K em amendoim (N P K fertilizer test with groundnuts) Bragantia 171-12 (1958)shy

143 Gibbons RW The branching habit of Arachis monticola Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 49-11 (1966)

144 Mycosphaerella Leafspots of groundnuts FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 14(2) April 1966

145 and Farrell JAK Test plant age and the transmission of groundnut Rosette virus by the vector Aphis craccivora Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 423-33 (1966)

146 and Tattersfield JR Outcrossing trials with groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res 771-75 (1969)

147 and Turley AC The effect of rosette virus on flowering in the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 5139-143 (1967)

148 Gillier P Utilisation du diagnostic foliaire pour la cartoshygraphic des besoins en engrais de larachide au Sn 6 gal (Foliar diagnosis used for the cartography of the fertilizer requireshyments of groundnuts in Senegal) Oleagineinx 15147-151 (1960)

149 Semoirset pandeurs dengrais pour Iarachide (Sowing machines and fertilizer spreaders for groundnuts) Olagineux 17697-699 (1962)

150 Germination et djsinfection des semences darachide (Germination and disinfection of groundnut seed) O1agineux 18243-245 (1963)

Iib1 _ Le triage de larachide de bouche bigraine

Rappel des normes de qualit6 (The grading of 2-seeded groundnuts for human consumption Review of quality standards) Oleagineux 19455-458 (1964) I

152 _ Ls coques darachides leur utilisation en agrishyculture (Groundnut shells their use in agriculture) Oltagishyneux 19473-475 (1964)

153 ___ Quand r6colter comment trater les ricoltes darachide (When to harvest how to treat the groundnut harvests) Ol6agineux 19681-682 (1964)

154 Ls exportations en e1ements minampaux dune culture darachide dans les diff6rentes zones du Sampngal (Removal of mineral nutrients by a crop of groundnuts in the different zones of Senegal) Oldagineux 19745-746 (1964)

155 Comment proceder a lvaluation des rendeshyments dans une culture darachides (How to assess the yield of a groundnut field) Olagineux 20591-593 (1965)

156 Les exportations en 614ments minraux dune culture darachide dans les diffirentes zones du Senigal (Removal of mineral elements by a groundnut crop in the different zones of Senegal) Oleagineux 2113-15 (1966)

157 and Prevot P Fumures minerales d 1arachide au Senegal (Inorganic fertilizers for groundnuts in Senegal) Bull Res CouncilIsrael Sect D Botany SD 3-4 (1960)

158 _ and Prevot P Fumures minerales de Parachide au Sdn6gal (Groundnut fertilizer in Senegal) Olbagineux 15783-791 (1960)

159 and Prevot P Bull Res Council Israel 8D131 (1960)

160 Silvestre P Arnould JP Breniere J and Mauboussin JC 1969 The peanut (in French) Tech Agr Prod Trop 15292

161 Girardeau JH and Leuck DB Effect of mechanical and bee tripping on yield of the peanut J Econ Entomol 601454-1455 (1967)

162 Goldblatt LA Aflatoxin and its control Econ Botany 2251-62 (1968)

163 Goldin B and Har-Tzook A The effect of fertilization on the vegetative and reproductive development of Virginia bunch improved groundnuts Olagineux 2117-20 (1966)

164 - and_ Groundnut cultivation in Israel World Crops 1868-71 (1966)

165 Goldsworthy PR Methods of applying superphosphate to groundnuts Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Min Agr N Region Nigeria 151-5 (1961)

166 _ Methods of applying superphosphate to groundnuts in Northern Nigeria Emp J Exp Agr 32231-234 (1964)

167 and Heathcote R Fertilizer trials with groundshynuts in Northern Nigeria Emp J Exp Agr 31351-366 (1963)

168 Gonzales TT Crop Rotation studies with corn as the main crop in the Lamao experiment station Limay Bataan Philippines PhdippineJ Plant Industry 31165-176 (1966)

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169 Gopalakrishnan S et al Mineral nutrition and nitroge fixation in groundnut Current Sci 33391-393 (1964)

170 Gornat B and Goldberg D Effect of sprinkler irrigation intensity on the flowering and yield of peanuts grown in three different soils Israel J Agr Res 17187-191 (1967)

171 Greer HA Trpp L and Santlemen PW The influence of environmental conditions on weed control and spanish peanut injury by herbicides S Weed Sci Soc Proc 22D145-149 (1969)

172 (Groundnut season Northern Region of Nigeria) Ann Rep Dep Agr Nothern Region Nigeria 1958-59 p 25-30 (1960)shy

173 Gupton CL et al Reproductive efficiency of Virginia type peanuts III Relating the time of peg placement to the branching pattern of the plant Ol6agineux 23247-250 (1958)shy

174 and Emery DA Heritability estimates of the maturity of fruit from specific growth periods in Virginia type peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) Crop Sci 19127-129 (1970)

175 Gisten R Die Rentabilitat der Verwendung von Mineralshydinger bei Erdnissen in Senegal Nordnigeria und Niger (The profitability of the application of mineral fertilizers to groundnuts in Senegal N Nigeria and Niger) Z Auslindische Landwirtsch 4149-153 (1965)

176 Habish HA and Sh M Khairi Nodulation of legumes in the Sudan Cross-inoculation groups and the associated Rhizobium strains Expl Agr 4227-234 (1968)

177 Hadfield J The peasant farming scheme in Northern Rhodesia Agr Econ Bull Africa 156-57 (1962)

178 Hall DW Storage of produce in the Gambia Trop Sci 1293-299 (1959)

179 Halliday D Build-up of free fatty acid in Northern Nigerian groundnuts Trop Sci 9211-237 (1967)

180 Hammons RO Artificial cross-pollination of the peanut with bee-collected pollen Crop Sci 3562-563 (1963)

181 et al Some bees (Apoidea) associated with peanut flowering J Econ Entomol 56905 (1963)

182 _ Bailey WK Parham SA and HF Harrison Comparative performance of the Spanish peanut Argentine in cooperative tests in Georgia Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 72 (1959)

183 WK Bailey SA Parham and HF Harrison Comparative performance of four varieties of peanuts in cooperative tests in Georgia Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 76 (1958)

184 Hand sheller transforms Nigerias peanut industry Foreign Agr US Dep Agr 2321 (1959)

185 Harkness C et al The problem of mycotoxins in groundshynuts (peanuts) and other food crops of tropical Africa Samaru Res Bull 771-5 (1967)

186 Harris HC Copper deficiency of peanuts Proc Southern Agr Workers 46139 (1949)

187 Effect of minor elements particularly copper on peanuts Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull 494 (1952)

188 Har-Tzook A and Goldin E On the problem of producshytivity in groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) Ol6agineux 22677-678 (1967)

189 Hawkins JC The mechanisation of groundnut harvesting World Crops 14181-185 (1962)

190 Haynes DWM Mechanical tests of groundnut decortishycators 1960-1961 Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Mn Agr N Region Nigeria 221-7 (1962)

191 Hayward LAW Infestation control in stored groundnuts in Northern Nigeria World Crops 1563-67 (1963)

192 et al Technical aspects of groundnut storage in Northern Nigeria CCTAFAO Symposium on stored Food Freetown 20-24 February 1962 SF (62) 3 15th Dec p 1-6 (1961)

193 Heimann H and Ratner R The irrigation with saline water and the ionic environment Field experiments with groundnuts and cowpeas Oldagineux 20157-162 (1965)

194 Helms H et a Peanut plants in Queensland infected with tomato spotted wilt virus AustJ Agr Res 12239-246 (1961)

195 Hemingway JS The resistance of groundnuts to Cercoshyspora leafspots EmpJ Exp Agr 2560-68 (1957)

196 Higgins BB Peanut Breeding Proc 39th Ann Conf Assoc South Agr Workers Atlanta Ga (1938)

197 Relation of breeding and varieties to quality for specific uses Proc Peanut Res Conference pp 13-20 (1957)

198 and Bailey WK Peanut seed and seed treatshyments Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeograph Series NS 70 (1959)

199 Hogendorn JS Response to price change A Nigerian example Economica 34325 (1967)

200 Holland DA The component analysis approach to the interpretation of plant analysis data from groundnuts and sugar cane Exp Agr 4179-185 (1968)

201 Holley KT Strain and seasonal effects on peanut characshyteristics Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bull 32 27 p (1968)

202 Horst K ter Enige proeven ter bestrijding van de Cercoshyspora-bladvlekkenziekte van de aardnoot (Some experiments on the control of the Cercospora leaf spot disease of the groundnut) Surinaamse Iandbouw 9103-117 (1961)

203 utt Het optimale plantverband voor pinda van het ras Matjan (The optimum spacing for the Matjan variety of groundnuts) Surinaamse Landbouw 7121-128 (1959)

204 Hull R and Adams AN Groundnut rosette and its assistor virus The Annals of Applied Biology 62 (1968)

205 Hutchison RS Recherches sur le sechage des arachides stockers par les cultivateurs (Research on drying of groundshynuts stocked by farmers) Oleagineux 22737-740 (1967)

24

206 Inforzato R and Tella R de Sistema radicular do amendoim (The root system of the groundnut) Bragantia 19119-123 (1960)

207 Instruc6es para a colheita de material destinado ia analise foliar do amendoim (Instructions on the collection of mateshyrial for foliar analysis of the groundnut) Gaz Agr Angola 7201-203 211 (1962)

208 Intercropping sugarcane with legumes Exp Stat Bull Victorias Milling Co Inc 148-9 (1967)

209 Jackson CR A list of fungi reported on peanut pods and kernels Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 234 (1965)

210 Growth of Aspergllusflavus and other fungi in windrowed peanuts in Georgia-Part VII Trop Sci 227-34 (1965)

__ Development of fungi in peanuts during artishyicial drying Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Report 19 (1967)

112 studies on control of peanut pod fungi Georgia Exp Sta Res Report 11 p 18 (1967)

213 A field study of funer gtciations on peanut truit Georgia Agr hxp Sta Res BT (1968)

214 _ and Bell DK Lptosphaerulina erassiasca The cause of leaf scorch and pepper spot of peanut (Oldagishyneux 23387-388 (1968)

215 _ and Minton NA Peanut pod invasion by fungi in the presence of lesion nematodes in Georgia Oleagishyneux 23531-534 (194)

216 Jacquot M Echantillonnage dun lot darachides pour le calcul du rend-ent au ddcorticae (Sampling of a parcel of groundnuts foL the calculation of yield after shelling) Agron Trop17 1-181 (1962)

217 Observations de quelques caractres morphoshylogiques floraux sur Arachis hypogaea Liaisons naturelles de ces caractives Remarques sur I classification des machides cultivies (Observations on some floral morphological characshyters in Ararhis hypogaea Natural combinations of these characters Remark on the classification of the cultivated groundnuts) Agron Trop 17817-827 (1962)

218 Joffe AZ Aflatoxin produced by 1626 isolates of Aspergillusflaus from groundnut kernels and soils in Israel Nature 22149sect2 (1969)

219 Johnson FR The peanut story Murfreesboro NC Johnson Publishing Co 192 p Tables Figs Photos Maps Refs (1964)

220 Johnson MB and Gilhland CB Changes in farmers stock peanuts in storage Marketing Res Rep USDep Agr 381 p 1-34 (1960)

221 Joshi SN and Joshi HU Study of rotation of groundshynut-wheat under irrigated conditions in Saurashtra Indian OilseedsJ 8133-135 (1964)

222 _ and _ Spacing experiments on bunch variety of groundnut in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State Indian OilseedsJ 8162-166 (1964)

223 _ and _ Study of spacing on spreading groundnut in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State Indian OilseedsJ 8214-217 (1964)

224 Kanwar JS Investigations on sulphur in soils I Sulphur deficiency in groundnut soils of Samrala (Ludhiana) Indian J Agr Sci 33196-198 (1963)

225 Katarki BH and Banahatti AL Effect of N P and K on yields of groundnut in black soils of Mysore State Indian OilseedsJ 950-57 (1965)

226 Kay DE Production darachides de bouche pour le Royaume-Uni (Production of comestible groundnuts for the United Kingdom) Oleagineux 20105-107 (1965)

227 Kirinde STW Some effects of PIC and CIPC on groundshynuts Trop Agr Ceylon 1157-13 (1959)

228 Klesser PJ A veinbanding virus of groundnuts Arachis hypogaea S AfrJ Agr Sci 10515-528 (1967)

229 Mwitunde groundnuts and their reaction to virus infection in South Africa S Afr J Agr Sci 10675-686 (1967)

230 Arachis species and their reaction to virus infection S Aft J Agr Sc 10919-927 (1967)

231 Green rosette virus of groadnuts in South Africa S AfrJ Agr Sci 1177-85 (196R1

232 Reactions of groundnut varieties to the groundnut viruses S Afr J Agr Sci 11415-421 (1968)

233 Kousalya G et al Assessment of crop losses caused by rosette disease of groundnut Indian J AgrSci 37356-361 (1967)

234 Kramer M Resultados de dois anos do emprEgo de herbishycidas parao contr~le de ervas no amendoin nas condic-es de Sfo Paulo (Results of 2 years use of herbicides for weed control in groundnuts under SSo Paulo conditions) Anais III Semindrio Bras Herbicidas Ervas Daninhas 1960 p 237-248 (1961)

235 and Liederman I Controle de ervas daninhas do amendoim pela aplicacao de herbicidas de preshyemergencia (Weed control in groundnuts by the application of pre-emergence herbicides) Arq Inst Biol 28175-184 (1961)

236 Krishnaswamy MA and Johar DS Vegetable cheese from groundnut milk Food Sci 9235-240 (1960)

237 Krishnamurthy K Differential effect of hormones as follar applications on the yield of groundnut IndianJ Sci amp Industry 179-82 (1967)

238 Kulkarni LG et al Studies on weeding and interculture in relation to weed control in the yield of groundnut Indian OilseedsJ 7126-129 (1963)

239 Kutumba Rao S et al Pilot plant studies on processing of groundnuts Some factors influencing the quality of products and efficiency of processing Indian Oilseeds J 8106-109 (1964)

240 et al Compositional studies in Idnian groundshynuts Indian Oilseeds J 95-13 (19 65)

25

241 Labrousse G and Godron E Michanisation de la culture study of mineral nutrition of groundnuts Effects of boron de larachide notamment dans lea pays francophones and manganese toxicity) Agron Trop 14657-711 (1959) dAfrique tropicale et 1 Madagascar (Mechanization of groundnut production with special reference to the French- 254 Lin H FW Ho and Wang JS Studies on the yield spealang countries of tropical Africa and to Madagascar) components of peanuts II The path coefficient of yield Machinisme Agr Trop 113-103 (1965) components in different crops of peanuts (In Chinese) Agr

Assn ChinaJ 6522-31 (1969) 242 Lachover D Influence de ldpandage fractionnd de sulfate

dammoniaque sur le rendement et I qualit6 des arachides de 255 Lins R de and Ramos JAB Producio e comercialshybouche en terre limonsablonneuse rouge (Effect of split izado de amendoim no Estado de Sto Paulo (Production of applicat9a pf-t MIhrmPrm m i yeldNag4lyp and tra i sectorpd1f ql a Af ul- aia)PCPntle l a ) of cornestihle groundit oa W turn em S Paulo141-54(196

256 Lung DDl Whe petan the uapredhctable legume A 243_ La i sponse de Larachide debouche en nture sympnsm)Thc Tqtinal io V ng U

irrigup jpppt pr4uits rp ( DC ( edible roundnuts under irrigation to the application of calciumcompounds) 6agnuxiY- (i6 257 McDonald D and AArouk J Giowth u Apergflus

flavus and production of aflatoxia in groudnuts -Part I 244 et al Influencodengrais azatdsliquides surle Trop Scd20S-24(93)

rendement ot lIqualitd des arachides (Effect pf liquid nitroshygen feFizrs on yie~d and 9q9lity of g n ) a 258 et al Growth of spergillus andproducshyneux1107-111 (1962) tion of aflatoxm in groundnuits-PIart f Trop Sci

131-154 (1964) 245 et al Influence dengrais verts et dengrais

azot e etla qualit4 des arachides(The 1 259 __ and Harknqs C Growth of Aspejgilus flavusleendement effect f grepn W g arira i e lz 9 he and production of aflatoxin inggundat- II Trop Sc yield and quality of groundnuts) Ol6agineux 18153-156 5148-154 196) (19 63) 0C l--0A4M

an a nss row o pg s

24b _ and Arnon I Influence sur Parachide du and production of aflatoxin ir groundnuts-Part IV Trop unanque de potassium de potassium de certains sols Determai- Sd 612-27 (1964) l nation de~la deficience (Influence on groundnuts of potassishyum de iepsy pqegi3 spa 261 t and Hffkne ss 9 7Groth94 r 1 avusefr pq rraipAtheq e ciencyqeaineux$9117 (1964 and production ot hatox nn groundnuts5-Pa 91i fop

8d7P2-A(1 Jl Il 247 Lal SP ad Ma~tha SD Studies on Icd-buinc fungi of IN gwgrliuut LA frew rltbod far 1ntectipg fungi nsnad 262 za and H g qfltoii f g9gyndBrjr

isamples f yee1sperp elrngp4lapprp crop at harest fig Northey p Sci9j4 8-161igeria-1 61

ph paseol(ubl hby (sys cs otium ataticolaTub) (1967) I Laboratory assay ot fungicides for controlhng seca-borne

infections CR Assuc flt Essis Semncuces 32a5-606 203 MelGtUesick N A nams aluck on low pnoduclivity in (1067)e peasant agriculture TntDevelopmeetRe9 -G6 (19r7)kI

248 Lancaster MC et al Toxicity associated with certain 264 Al mani mecanizado nuevo cultivo de la zona algodonera samples of gronuts Nature 1921095-1097 (19U1 (Mechanized groundnut a new crop for the cotton area)

0 I --o Iass1 I Igt e1-1 Rev Nhc Agr Culuhnbia 705-706 p 43 (1964) 249 Langfoad WR Spanucoss Geosgia Agr Expt Sta Res

Report 76 (1970) 265 Mahapatra LN Preliminary studies on corzelatipn of yield with other characters of groundnut Indian Agriculturist

250 Laes DA Rainfall conservatin nd he yields of 1097-106 (1966) sorghum and grownthuts impNorthernigeria Egp Agr 2139-146(1966) 266 Maize whats the alternative crop 1 Groundnts

-Rhodesia Agr J5928-269 (1962) 251 Liedernws L et al Aplicauil desherbiidas em ieshy

emergencia no amendoim em terra arenosa (Pro-emergence 267 MaPtellA and Gqalin E Th9 influence ofirrigatiq applicagn pffberbicidest groundpytson an ay oi) frequency and intensity on the yield and quality of peanuts

(Arachis liypogaea) Israel j Agr Res 14203-21 (1964)ABioldg~cy rasp1 206J6sectj19)d

it 252 and SnUs CALtlos Cunit5k de garneaica 268 MarlrifmrgrouadoutsandgroundaytcoLStud4 group a rltuxaArQanaudoimcemmistaiu exfiuinedipn Oilsee4sQIfr apg Fp (4O 9ti Sess (3POF g8

it em trJp t u s Ieill (1968)1l1 groundnut fields with mixtures of triflumlin and dauron in

In Iii three rego of tie State o So Paulo)Bsoldgco a 269 Mattin G 1 Lavage dlt Patathide de bouchc (Thst wash Iii 332Wt-222 (1907)0 big of graodudius fo direct consumtptiou Olgineuxhi

r ii Iii

253 Ifeqqe54 And BelqyjCpntrikyi~p I4tp4e dgJ nutritios mindale de larachide (Arachis hypogaea) Effets 270 te sechage artificiel des arachides en coques des to citis bifue et man aque (Contributin to the (The artificiAl drying of groundnuts in the shell) Oldagineux

N Ill

1 iii thin hilts

if

26

271 Conservation des semences darachide (Storshyage of groundnut seeds) Olagineux 1985-87 (1964)

272 Diagnostic follaire de larachide (Foliar diagshynosis of the groundnut) Olagineux 20241-242 (1965)

273 _ and Fourrier P Les oligo-lnements dans la culture de larachide du Nord S6 ndgal (Trace elements in the cultivation of groundnuts in Northern Senegal) 01oagineux 20287-291 (1965)

274 Martin JP Influence de I date de semis et de la longueur de cycle sur la richesse en huile et sur quelques autres cameshyteres de larachide (The effect of sowing date and growing period on the oil content and other characteristics of the groundnut) Oleagineux 23315-316 (1968)

275 Differences de richesse en huile des graines darachide selon leur position dans Ia gousse avec observation simultande do Ia grosseur des graines (Differences in oil conshytent between groundnut kernels according to their position in

- the pod with simultaneous observations on kernel sizes) OlWagineux 27453-455 (1968)

276 and Bilquez AF Nouvelle contribution a la connaissance de la floraison et de la fructification de azachide (New contribution to the knowledge of the flowering and fruiting of groundnuts) Oleagineux 17469-471 (1962)

277 Martinez JA and Bastos Cruz BP Contrle quimico da murcha do amendoim (Chemical control of groundnut wilt)Bioldgico Brasil 27191-193 (1961)

278 Masilungan VA et al Studies on some important factors involved in the mold process of making soy sauce Philippine J Sci 89149-162 (1960)

279 Mazzani B El mani en Venequela (The groundnut in Venezuela) Monogr Centro Invest Agron 11-138 (1961)

280 _ and Allievi J Efectos de varias pocas de despegue de los frutos sobre algunas caracteristicas del mani (Effect of various times of pod removal on some groundnut characteristics) Agron Trop Venezuela 17127-132 (1967)

281 _ et al Quelques aspects de la fertilisation minarale de Iarachide au Venequela (Some aspects of the application of mineral fertilizers to groundnuts in Veneshyzuela) Olagineux 23383-385 (1968)

282 _ and Inojosa S Diferencias varietales de suscepshytibilidad a Ia roya del mani en Venezuela (Varietal differshyences in susceptibility to rust of groundnuts in Venezuela)Agron Trop Venezuela 114145 (1961)

283 _ and Inojosa S Resultados de la aplicacion pregerminativa del herbicida prometrin en mani (Results of pre-germination application of the herbicide prometrine in groundnuts) Agron Trop Venezuela 12137-142 (1962)

284 Mazzei Patrone I Siembras experimentales con variedades de mani (Experimental sowings with groundnut varieties) Bol Inform Uruguay 177-10 (1961)

285 Meikle J0 A survey of African-grown groundnut varieshyties in Rhodesia Rhodesia Agr J 62109-113 (1965)

286 Mendes Conagin CHT and Conagin A EficiEncia reproshyductiva no amendoim cultivado (Arachis hypogaea) (Effishyciency of reproduction in the cultivated groundnut) Bragantia 191081-1104 (1960)

287 Meredith RM The effects of population density and manuring on groundnut yields in Northern Nigeria Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Min Agr N Region Nigeria 251-12 (1962)

288 The effects of planting density and manuring on the yields of bunch-type groundnuts Enmp J Exp Agr 32136-140 (1964)

289 Metelerkamp HRR Response to early planting and irrishygation of a late maturing groudnut variety Rhodesia Age J 64127 (1967)

290 Mixon AC Effect of seed size on vigor and yield of runner peanuts Alabama Age Exp Sta Bul 346 (1963)

291 Mohan JC and Ali AM Yield response of irrigated groundnut to organic mulches Indian J Agr Sci 39196-199 (1969)

292 Morris Porter D and Garren KH An analysis of the endogeocarpic microflora of peanuts in Virginia Trop Sci 10100-106 (1968)

293 Mortiss PD Peanut cutter-rake Queensland Agr J f8889-90 (1962)

294 Moursi MA and Abd EI-Gawad AA Production of peanut crop in UAR Growth and yield response to plant population Ann Agric Sci Univ Ain shams 10281-305 (1967)

295 Muhammad SV and Dorairaj MS Screening the genetic stock of Arachis hypogaea for seed dormancy in Madras State IndianjAgr Sci 3873-75 (1968)

296 Murty AGK Exports of groundnut extractions a price study Indianj Agr Econ 23184-191 (1968)

297 Musangi RS and Soneji SV Feeding groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) haulms to dairy cows in Uganda E Afr Agr Forestryj 33170-174 (1967)

298 Muthiah C and Rao MP Shifting of area under culture Agr Situation India 17337-341 (1962)

299 Myers JM and Rogers F Mechanical drying and harvesshyting peanuts Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull 507 (1952)

300 Nariani TK and Dhingra KL A mosaic disease of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Indian J Age Sci 3325-27 (1963)

301 Nelson GL et al Vacuum techniques for mycotoxin-free peanut drying Oklahoma Agr Res Prog Rep Processed Series P-608 14 p (1969)

302 Nicholaides JJand Cox FR Effect of mineral nutrition on chemical composition and early reproductive development of Virginia type peanuts Arachis hypogaea Agron J 62262-264 (1970)

303 Niger Levolution du rendement de larachide (Nigera

27

Development of the yield of groundnuts) Chron dOutre-Mer 5138-39 (1958)

304 Nigerian peanut output drops sharply Foreign Crops and Markets 8015 (1960)

305 Nigerian peanut purchases down sharply palm products forecast at 1959 level Foreign Crops and Markets 8116-17 (1960)

306 Nijhawan HL Response of groundnut to fertilizers Indian OilseedsJ 6185-192 (1962)

307 Effect of time of harvesting on the quality of groundnut crop Indian OilseedsJ 6298-302 (1962)

308 Effect of time of planting on the quality of groundnut crop Indian OilseedsJ 71-3 (1963)

- 309 Effect of sowing groundnut in different spashycings on the chemical composition of the crop Indian Oilshyseedsj 7133-135 (1963)

310 Njao N Groundinuts and groundnut oil Agr Econ Bull Africa 344-47 (1 9 6 3)

311 Norden AJ and Block DH Variety BlendsA considershyation in peanut oil improvement and production Oleagineux 23583-585 (1969)

312 RLipscomb and WA Carver Florunner-A new peanut variety Florida Agr Exp Sta Circ S-196 (1969)

313 Norris DO Acid Production by Rhizobium Plant and Soil 22143-166 (1965)

314 Nutnan FJ FM Roberts andjG Williamson Studies on varietal resistance in the groundnut (Arachis hypogeae) to Rosette disease RhodJ Agric Res 263-77 (1964)

315 Ofori CS Response of groundnuts to phosphatic fertilishyzers on the granitic soils of the Upper Region in Ghana Agron Trop 20489-494 (1965)

316 Ollagnier M and Gillier P Comparaison du diagnostic foliarire et de lanalyse des sols pour ia determination des besoins en engrais de Iarachide an S~ndgal (phosphore et potassium) (Comparison of foliai diagnosis and soil analysis for the assessment of P and K fertilizer requirements of groundnuts in Senegal) Ollagineux20513-516 (1965)

317 Oosthuizen SA Grondbonehooi is arm ann protene (Groundnut hay is poor in protein) Boerdery S-Afrika 3247-64 (1957)

318 Operations de pr6vulgarisation sur arachide conduites par IlRHO en Hiute-Volta et au Sengal (Demonstration experiments with groundnuts conducted by the IRHO in Upper-Volta and Senegal) Bul Engrais 461 pp 141-144 (1963)

319 Oram PA High-quality groundnuts for direct consumpshytion I Production research and development in Libya World Crops 9159-162 (1957)

320 Oram PA Recent developments in groundnut producshytion with specialreference to Africa Field Crop Abstracts Part 111-6 PartlI 1175-84 (1958)

321 Ordish G Pest Control in groundnuts Pest articles and news summaries No 2 Ministry of Overseas Development London p 138 (1967)

322 Parker RC Wynne JC and Embry DA 1970 Comshybining ability estimates in Arachis hypogaea I F1 seedling responses in a controlled environment Crop Sci 10429-432 (1970)

323 Parkin EA and Scott EIC The germination of foodshycrop seeds stored in contact with lindane and DDT dusts Trop Sci 1206-211 (1959)

324 Patel MS et al Wealth from groundnut waste-a review Indian Oilseeds J 8380-382 (1964)

325 Pathak GN and Verma G Studies on the cultural and manurial requirements of groundnut in Uttar Pradesh Indian Oilseeds J 8167-174 (1964)

326 Patil SH and Desai BM Introduction of groundnut cultivation in high rainfall regions of Bombay Indian OilshyseedsJ 8218-221 (1964)

327 Pattinson L et al The separation of aflatoxin infected groundnut kernels Trop Sci 10212-221 (1968)

328 Peers FG Aflatoxin-A summary of recent work Trop Sci 9186-203 (1967)

329 Phillips LJ and Norman MJT Sorghum-peanut crop sequences at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 1144-149 (1 9 6 1)

330 - - and - Fodder crop-cash crop sequences at Katherine NT Techn Paper Commonwealth Sci Industr Res Organiz Australia 203-12 (1962)

331 and The influence of inter-row spacing and plant population on the yield of peanuts at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 254-60 (1962)

332 _ and The response of peanuts to phosphate fertilizers at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 5470-474 (1965)

333 Piggott CJ The effect of fertilizers on the yield and quality of groundnuts in Sierra Leone Emp J Exp Agr 2859-64 (1960)

334 Pinto de Matos AH Influtncia dos tratamentos insectishycidas no poder germinativo das sementes de amendoim (Effect of insecticidal treatments on the germinative power of groundnut seed) Garcia de Orta 9471-477 (1961)

335 Pothecary BP Handling groundnuts with auger conveyer World Crops 21180-182 (1969)

336 Prabhakara Reddy G and Sanyasi Rao C Fertilizer response in groundnut Indian Oilseedsj 9274-279 (1965)

337 Prevot P and Billaz R Recherches agrophysiologiques sur le probl6me de la r6sistance de larachide baIa sdcheresse (Agro-physiological investigations into the problem of drought resistance of groundnuts) Oldagineux 17911-917 (1962)

28

338 and Martin G Comparaison des fumures organiques et mindrales pour Parachide en Haute-Volta (Comparison between organic and mineral manures for groundnuts in Upper Volta) Olagineux 19533-537 (1964)

339 Pugnat C Rapport au Gouvernement du Cameroune sur lamelioration des cultures vivrieres (Report to the governshyment of Cameroon on the improvement of subsistence crops) Progr Elargi Assist Techn FAO 1834 p 1-17143 (1964)

340 Pursglove JW Tropical Crops Dicotyledons Longmans Press (1968)

341 Punrss GS Wilt of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in Queensshyland with particular reference to Verticillium wilt Queens landJ Agr Sci 18453-462 (1961)

342 Peanut diseases in Queensland Queensland Agr J 88540-543 (1962)

343 Rebechault H and Guenin G Effects de Pacide gibbershyellique sur deux varietes darachide (Arachis hypogaea) (Effects of gibberellic acid on two groundnut varieties) Cah ORSTOM Ser Biologic 43-29 (1967)

344 Ramly AWH A simple groundnut stripper World Crops 1834-35 (1966)

345 Rawson JE Susceptibility of Virginia Bunch peanut to post-emergence application of 24-D and related herbicides Queensland JAgr Sci 20463-470 (1963)

346 Controlling weeds in peanuts Queensland Agr J90656-661 (1964)

347 Ravindra Nath V and Kulkarni LG Effect of different dates of sowing of groundnut on the development and intensity of leaf-spot disease by Cercospora spp Indian J Agr Sci 37362-368 (1967)

348 Rickards CE Mechanised groundnut cultivation Farming Zambia 45-7 (1968)

349 Roche P and Velly J Etudes de fertilisation sur arachides dans la rcgion du Lac Alaotra (1957-60) (Studies on fertilizer application to groundnuts in the Lake Alaotra region 1957-60) Agron Trop 18477-510 (1963)

350 Le r6le de larachide dans ]a croissance iconomique du Senigal (The role of the groundnut in Senegals economic growth) Ed by JB Mas Rep du Senegal Ministampre du Plan et due Developpement Service de la Statistique 16 p Tables Appendix (1964)

351 Rosher PH and Sheldrick RD The effect of postshyemergence applications of MCPB on groundnuts Trop Agr Trinidad 36211-217 (1959)

352 Rothwell A Diseases of groundnuts in Southern Rhoshydesia Rhodesia AgrJ 59199-201 (1962)

353 Sardone LT The groundnut industry of Queensland World Crops 12351-354 (1960)

354 Scaife A Groundnut cultivation in Western Tanzania Ukiriguru Progress Rep Tanzania 21-6 (1966)

855 Schenk RV Development of the peanut fruit Georgia Agr Expt Sta Tech Bull ns 22 (19 61)

356 Schiffman J Field experiments on inoculation of peanuts in Northern Negev soils Israel J Agr Res 11151-158 (1961)

357 and Y Alper 1968 Effects of Rhizobiumshyinoculum placement on peanut inoculation Expl Agric 4203-208 (1968)

358 and Alper Y Inoculation of peanut by applishycation of Rhizobium suspension into the planting furrows Exp Agr 4219-226 (1968)

359 Schilling R Larachide en cultures associes avec les c6 r~ales (Groundnuts in association with cereals) Oldagineux 20673-676 (1965)

360 Seeger JR Essais dinoculation artificielle de Parachide - au Congo (Experiments on the artificial inoculation of

groundnuts in Congo) Ann Gembloux 67220-241 (1961)

361 Sen S and Ghosh M Influence of time of harvesting on the quantity of oil in groundnut Indian Oilseeds J 9260-265 (1965)

362 Serry A and EI-Banna E A study of correlation beshytween rapid soil tests and response of groundnut to potassishyum application on some Sharkeia sandy soils in pot experishyments Agr Res Rev Egypt 4040-47 (1962)

363 Seshadri CR et al Studies on root development in groundnut Indianj Agr Sci 28211-215 (1958)

364 Shekhawat GS et al Studies on the effect of methods of sowing row spacing and seed-rate on the yield of groundshynut Indian OilseedsJ9280-282 (1965)

365 Shiralipour A Harris HC West SH Boron deficiency and amino acid and protein contents of peanut leaves Crop Sci 9455-456 (1969)

366 Siewart Sara and JG Woodroof Nouveau proced6 de salage des arachides en coques (New procedure for salting groundnuts in their shells) Oleagineux 8230-231 (1953)

367 Silvestre P Monographie des recherches conduites Ia Bambey sur larachide (Monograph of the research work on groundnuts conducted at Bombey) Agron Trop 16623-733 (1961)

368 La production de larachide h Madagascar (Groundnut production in Madagascar) Agron Trop 18511-526 (1963)

369 Simposium oor makotoksiene in voedselsoorte landshyboukundige aspekte gehou te Pretoria 25-26 Februari 1965 (Symposium on mycotoxins in foodstuffs agricultural aspects held at Pretoria February 25-26 1965) Techn Commun Dep Agr Techn Serv Rep S Africa 351-60 (1965)

370 Smartt J Groundnuts in Northern Rhodesia Rhodesia AgrJ 5769-72 (1960)

371 A guide to groundnut cultivation in Northern Rhodesia Rhodesia AgrJ5894-102 (1961)

372 Factors influencing yield and quality of groundnuts in Northern Rhodesia Emp J Exp Agr 32343-351 (1964)

29

373 Snyman JW The secret of higher groundnut yields Farming S Africa 4334-37 (1968)

374 Soudan me caisse de stabilisation des prix de larachide (A price Stabilization Fund for Groundauts) Marches Trop du Monde 141251 (1958)

375 South China area interplants peanuts and sugar cane to raise outputs of both Surv China Mainland Press 3536 p 19 (1965)

376 Spensley PC Aflatoxin the active principle in Turkey I disease Endeavour 2275-79 (1963)

377 Stead PRS Groundnut drying trials Rhod Agr J 6651-53 (1969)

378 Stem WR The influence of sowing date on the yield of peanuts in a short summer rainfall environment Aust J Exp Agr and Animal Husbandry 8594-598 (1968)

379 Strauss JL and Gizzard AL The effect of calcium magnesium and potassium on peanut yields Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 12348-352 (1948)

380 Sulaiman M Investigations on the control of tikka disease of groundnut in the Maharashtra State Beitrige Trop Subshytrop Landwirtsch u Tropenveterindrmedizin 251-54 (1964)

381 and Agashe NG Influence of climate on the incidence of tikka disease of groundnut Indian Oilseeds J 9176-179 (1965)

382 Sundaran NV Note on creation of tikka leaf spot of groundnut Indian Oilseeds J998-101 (1965)

383 Tella R de and Bacchi 0 Longevidade das sementes de amendoin (Longevity of groundnut seed) Bragantia 2121-23 (1962)

384 and Canecchio Filho V Instrucoes praticas-a cultura do amendoim (Practical instructions for groundnut cultivation) Agronomico 117-11 (1959)

385 Terblanche M and Rabie CJ A toxic fungus (Scerotshyium rolfsii) isolated from groundnuts S Afr J Agr Sci 10253-261 (1967)

386 Thompson SS Peanut leafspot diseases Ga Univ Ext Leafl 25 Res 8 p (1969)

387 Thornton I Quelques observations sur la nodulation de larachide en Gambie (Some observations on root nodule formation of groundnuts in Gambia) Oleagineux 18781-783 (1963)

388 The effect of fertilizers on the uptake of nitroshygen phosphorus and potassium by the groundnut EmpJ Exp Agr 32235-240 (1964)

389 Tippins HH Morgan LW and CM Beckham Biology of Derobrachusbrevicollis a pest of Bahiagrass and peanuts Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bul 33 (1968)

390 Toms AM Agricultural progress in the Sudan World Crops 14200-202 (1962)

391 Irrigated groundnuts in the Sudan Gezira World Crops 1539-42 (1963)

392 Toole VL WK Bailey EH Toole Factors influencing dormancy of peanut seeds Plant Physiol 308Z2-832 (1964)

398 Tuelieres R Larachide an Sud-Vitnam (The groundnut in South Viet Nam) Bull Soc Et Indochinoises 37435-463 (1962)

394 Une alimentation saine et abondante grace 1a (A healthy and abundant alimentation thanks to ) Sin6gal Magazine Aug p 16-9 (1961)

395 Uptrend in Brazils peanut production temporarily halted by dry weather Foreign Crops and Markets 7916-17 (1959)

396 Vachhani MV et al Crop rotations double cropping and cropping pattern in the rice areas in India News Letter Int Rice Comm 1119-23 (1962)

397 Verma JK and Bajpai MR A brief review of mineral nutrition of groundnut in relation to its growth yield and quality Indian Oilseeds J 8222-229 (1964)

398 Vidhyasekaran P and lothandaraman R Fungicidal control of tikka leaf-spot of groundnut Indian J Agr Sci 38373-377 (1968)

399 Wadhwa ND Mechanical cultivation of groundnut in Northern Ghana Ghana Farmer 85-13 (1964)

400 Weiss EA Castor Sesame and Safflower 901 p Leonard Hill London (1971)

401 Whitaker RB and Wiser EH Theoretical investigations into the accuracy of sampling shelled peanuts for aflatoxin Amer Oil Chem SocJ 46377-379 (1969)

402 Whiteside JD and Bailey RA Application of fungicides for the control of Cercospora leaf-spot of groundnuts Rhoshydesia Agr J 64128-132 (1967)

403 Wilson C Peanut seed treatments Plant Disease Reptr 3487-95 (1950)

404 Wood IMW The effects of seed size seed treatment method of shelling and organic matter on the establishment of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 881-84 (1968)

405 The effect of temperature at early flowering on the growth and development of peanuts (Arachis hyposhygaea) AustJ Agr Res 19241-251 (1968)

406 Chemical weed control in peanut crops at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr and Animal Husbandry 8762-766 (1968)

407 Woodroof JG Peanuts Production processing products The AVI Publishing Company Westport Connecticut p 291 (1966)

408 World peanut production second largest of record World Summaries Crops and Livestock Nov 24 p 16-18 (1960)

409 World peanut production sets new record Foreign Agr Carc US Dept Agr FFO 16-65 p 1-29 (1965)

410 World peanut production at near-record high in 1966 exports at record level Foreign Agr arc US Dep Agr FPO 7-67 p 1-28 (1967)

30

411 Zink E et al Estudos s8bre a conservacio de sementes X-Amendoin (Studies on seed storage X Groundnuts) Bragantia 21159-165 (1962)

Additional Reference

This manuscript has been a long time in preparation After the manuscript was put in final form and most of the typing had been done asignificant book on peanuts was publishedPeanuts-Cultureand Uses a Symposium was published by the American Peanut Research and Education Association Inc (Executive Secretary-Treasurer Leland

Tripp Agronomy Department Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma 74074) Thirty-eight authors contributed to the 20 chapters and in the 684 pages of the book there are over 2000 references listed This book covers in considerable detail all the topics that have been

briefly summarized in this manuscript Peanut proteins and the physicoshychemical and nutritional properties of peanuts are well covered

31

ABBREVIATIONS AND ADDRESSES OF SOME SOURCES OF LITERATURE CITATIONS

Agr Assn China J-Agricultural Association of China Journal Taipei Taiwan

Agrekon-Agrekon Department of Agricultural Economics and Marketing Pretoria South Africa

Agricultura em Sio Paulo-Instituto de Economia Agricola Caixa Postal 8083 Sio Paulo Brazil

Agron J-Agronomy Journal American Society of Agronomy 677 S Segoc Road Madison Wisconsin 53711 (USA)

Agronomico-Agronomico Instituto Agronomico Caixa Postal 28 Campanis Brazil

Agron Trop-Agronomia Tropical Centro de Investigaciones Agronomicas Maracay Venezuela

Agr Res Rev Egypt-Agricultural Research Review Dokki

Egypt Agr Situation India-Agricultural Situation in India Ministry of

Food and Agriculture Delhi 6 India Agr Trop-Agricultura Tropical Asociacion Columbiana de

Ingenieros Agronomo Bogota Columbia Alabama Age Exp Sta Bul-Alabama Agricultural Experiment

Station-Bulletin Auburn Alabama 36830 (USA) Amer Oil Chem Soc J-American Oil Chemists Society

Journal 35 East WackerNDrive Chicago Illinois 60601 (USA)

Amer Soc Agr Eng Trans-American Society of Agricultural Engineers Transactions St Joseph Michigan 49085 (USA)

Ann Agric Sci Univ Ain Shams-Annals of Agricultural Science University of Ain Shams Cairo Egypt

Arq Inst Biol-Arquivos do Instituto Biolgico Baixa Postal 7119 Sao Paulo Brazil

Aust J Agr Res-Australian Journal of Agricultural Research MelbourneAustralia

Beitrige Trop Subtrop Landwirtsch u Tropenveterinarshymedizin-Beitrige zur Tropischen und Subtropischen Landwirtschaft and Tropenveteriniirmedizin Karl Marx University Leipzig

Biolodgico-Biologico Caixa Postal 4185 Sao Paulo Brazil Biologist-Biologist Denver Colorado (USA) Bragantia-Bragantia Boletim Technico do Instituto Agronomshy

ico do Estado de Sgo Paulo Sgo Paulo Brazil Bull Engrais-Bulletin des Engrais Paris Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Belge-Bulletin

deinformation de Institut National pour IEtude Agroshynomique du Congo Beige Brussels

Cah ORSTOM Ser Biologi-Cahiers Office de In Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer Series Biologi Paris

CCTACSA Symposium Lagos-Bukavu Savannah-Commission for Technical Cooperation in Africa Scientific Council for Africa

CCTAFAO Symposium-Commission pour la Cooperation Technique en Afrique (Commission for Technical Coopershyation in Africa South of the Sahara) Food and Agriculshytune Organization Symposium

Cenicafe-Cenicafe Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Cafe Chinchina Columbia

Chemistry and Industry London

Crop Sci-Crop Science Society of America 677 S Segoe Road Madison Wisconsin 53711 (USA)

Current Sci-Current Science Raman Research Institute Bangalore India

Diss Abstr Sect B-Dissertation Abstracts Section B Sciences and Engineering University Microfilms Ann Arbor Michigan 48106 (USA)

E Afr Agr Forestry J-East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal PO Box 30148 Nairobi

Econ Botany-Economic Botany The New York Botanical Garden New York New York 10458 (USA)

Economica-Economica London Empire J of Exper Agric-Empire Journal of Experimental

Agriculture London Emp J Exp Agr Gambia-Empire Journal of Experimental

Agriculture Gambia Endeavour-Endeavour Thames House London Etud Senegelaises-Etudes Senegelaises Dakar Expl Agric-Experimental Agriculture London FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome Italy FAO Plant Protection Bulletin-Food and Agriculture Organizashy

tion International Documents Service 136 S Broadway Irvington on Hudson New York 10533 (USA)

FAO 4th Sess CCP OF-Food and Agricultural Organization 4th Session Committee on Commodity Problems Oils and Fats

Farming S Africa-Famning in South Africa Agricultural Technical Services Private Bag 144 Pretoria South Africa

Field Crop Abstracts-Field Crop Abstracts Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux Farnham Royal England

Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull-Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin Gainesville Florida 32601 (USA)

Florida Agr Exp Sta Crc-Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Circular Gainesville Florida 32601 (USA)

Foreign Agr Circ U S Dept Agr FFO-Foreign Agricultural Circular United States Department of Agriculture Fats and Oils

Garcia de Orta-Garcia de Orta Junta de Investigacces do Ultrashymar Lisbon Portugal

Ga Univ Ext Ixafl-Georgia University Extension Leaflet Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Gaz Agr Angola-Gazeta Agricola de Angola Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 203-Georgia Agriculshy

tural Experiment Station Mimeo Series (New Series) Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Report-Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Ghana Farmer-Ghana Farmer Accra Ghana Indian Agriculturist-Indian Agriculturist Agricultural Society

of India Ballygunge Circular Road Calcutta India Indian Farming-Indian Council of Agricultural Research New

Delhi India Indian J Agr Sci-Indian Journal of Agricultural Science

Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi India

32

Indian J Sci amp Industry-Indian Journal of Science and Indusshytry Karnal India

Indian Oilseeds J-Indian Oilseeds Journal Hyderabad India Israel J Agr Res-Israel Journal of Agricultural Research J Amer Soc Agron-Journal of the American Society of

Agronomy Geneva New York 14456 (USA) J Econ Entomol-Joumnal of Economic Entomology Entoshy

mological Society of America Baltimore Maryland 21201 (USA)

J of Food Sci amp Technol-Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore India

J Sci Food Age-Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculshyture London

Marketing Res Rep U S Dept Agr-Marketing Research Reports Publications Division Office of Information United States Department of Agriculture Washington DC 20250 (USA)

Nature-Nature London N Carolina Agr Exp Sta BuU-North Carolina Agricultural

Experiment Station Bulletin Raleigh North Carolina 27607 (USA)

Neth J Age Sci-Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science Wageningen

Newsletter Int Rice Comm-Newsletter of the International Rice Commission Bangkok Thailand

NT Aust J Exp Agr-Northern Territories Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture

Okla Agr Res Prog Rep Processed Series-Oklahoma Agriculshytural Research Project Report Processed Series Stillwater Oklahoma 74074 (USA)

Oleagineux-Oleagineux LInstitut de Recherches pour les

Huiles et Oleagineux 8 Square Petrarque Paris Peanut J Nut World-Peanut Journal and Nut World Philippine J Plant Industry-Philippine Journal of Plant Indusshy

try Manila Philippine J Sci-Philippine Journal of Science Manila Plantand Soil-Plant and Soil The Hague Netherlands Plant Disease Reptr-Plant Disease Reporter Washington DC

(USA) Plant Physiol-Plant Physiology American Society of Plant

Physiologists PO Box 5706 Washington DC 20014 (USA)

Proc Peanut Res Conference-Proceedings Peanut Research Conference

Proc Southern Agr Workers-Proceedings of Southern Agriculshytural Workers Conference

Proc 5th Nat Peanut Res Conf-Proceedings of the 5th National Peanut Research Conference

Prod Res Rep US Dept Agr-Production Research Reports United States Department of Agriculture

Queensland J Agr Animal Sci-Queensland Journal of Agriculshytural and Animal Sciences Brisbane Australia

Rev Nac Agr Columbia-Revista Nacional de Agricultura Bogota Columbia

Rhodesia Agr J-Rhodesia Agricultural Journal Salisbury Rhodesia

Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res-Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi Journal of Agricultural Research Salisbury Rhodesia

Riv Agr Subtrop Trop-Rivista di Agricultura Subtropicale e Tropicale Florence Italy

S Ar J Agr Sci-South African Journal of Agricultural Science Pretoria South Africa

Samarm Research Bulletin-Samaru Research Bulletin Institute for Agricultural Research Ahmada Bello University Zaria Nigeria

Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc-Soil Science Society of America Proceedings

Surinaamse Landbouw-Surinaamse Landbouw Paramaribo Surinam

S Weed Sci Soc Proc-Southern Weed Science Society Proshyceedings

Techn Commun Dept Agr Techn Serv Rep S Africa-Technical Communications Department Technical Services Republic of South Africa Pretoria South Africa

Techn Paper Commonw Scl Industr Res Organiz Land Res Reg Survey-Technical Paper Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Land Research Regional Survey Canberra Australia

Texas Agr Exp Sta Bull-Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin College Station Texas 77843 (USA)

Trop Agr Ceylon-Tropical Agriculture Peradeniya Ceylon Trop Agric Trinidad-Tropical Agriculture The Journal of the

Imperial College of Agriculture University of the West Indies St Augustine Trinidad

Trop Sci-Tropical Science London Trop Stored Prod Inform-Tropical Stored Products Informashy

tion US Dept Agr Agr Econ Rept-United States Department of

Agriculture Agricultural Economics Reports Superintenshydent of Documents Washington DC 20250 (USA)

W Afr Rev-West Africian Review Liverpool World Crops-World Crops 28Essex St Strand London WD 2

England

1M-10-73

18

LITERATURE CITATIONS (AbbreviationsandAddresses ofSome Sources of LiteratureCitations-pages31-32)

1 Abraham TP and Agarwal KN Yield effect on soil fertilshyity and economics of crop rotations with and without groundnut Indian J Agr Sci 37560-57 1 (1967)

2 ABrook J Artificial drying of groundnuts a method for the small farmer Trop Agric Trinidad 40241-245 (1963)

3 A cheap crop drier for the farmer Trop Stored Prod Inform 725-38 (1964)

4 A cheap crop drier for the farmer results and recommended design Trop Stored Prod Inform 8301-307 (1964)

5 Laction de developpement de la productivite arachidiere au Snigal en 1964 (Activity for the development of groundnut production in Senegal in 1964) 014agineux 20725-729 (1965)

6 Adams AN Groundnut Rosette Virus-Another vector Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 4125 (1966)

7 The vectors and alternative hosts of groundnut rosette virus in central province Molaioc Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res 5145-151 (1967)

8 - and JAK Farrell The seasonal occurrence of aphids in traps at Chitedge Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res Vol 5153-159 (1967)

9 Adams F and RW Pearson Differential response of cotton and peanuts to subsoil acidity AgronJ 629-12 (1970)

10 Akehurst BC and Sreedharan A Time of planting-a brief review of experimental work in Tanganyika E Afr Agr Forestry J 30189-201 (1965)

11 Alcroft R and Carnaghan RBA Toxic products in groundnuts Chemistry and Industry 250-61 (1963)

12 Amendoim pragas e doencas silo o n6 (Groundnuts pests and diseases are the problem) Dirigente Rural 412-32 (1965)shy

13 Anderson GD Fertility studies on a sandy loam in semishyarid Tanzania 11 Effects on phosphorus potassium and lime on yields of Groundnuts Expl Agric 6213-222 (1970)

14 Larachide au Senigal (Groundnut growing in Senegal) 016 agineux 14649-650 (1959)

15 Larachide au Senigal Rsultats des essais de confirmation (Groundnuts in Senegal Rep Results of confirmation trials) Oleagineux 17103-104 (1962)

16 Larachide au Senigal Risultats des essais de confirmation (Groundinuts in Senegal Results of demonstration trials) Olagineux 1972 (1964)

17 Les arachides du Nigeria (The groundrnuts of Nigeria)Kadouna (Nigeria) Ministere de PInformation 12 p Graph Photos Map (1966)

18 Ariztizabal L Bums EE and OR Kunze Physical chemical and organoleptic properties of peanuts separated in a controlled air stream Amer Soc Agr -Eng Trans 12298-304 (1969)

19 Arndt W The continuous cropping of peanuts at Kathshyarine NT Techn Paper Commonw Sci Industr Res Organiz Div Land Res Reg Survey Australia 161-11 (1961)

20 Larrachage de Parachide (Groundnut lifting) Olagineaux 18553-555 (1963)

21 Arroya J et al Ensayo de fertilizacidn en mani realizado en la Sabana de Londres Estado Lar (A groundnut fertilizer trial conducted in the Sabana de Londres State of Lara) Agron Trop Venezuela 17101-111 (1967)

22 Ashri A A second locus controlling red testa in peanuts (ArachishypogaeaL) Crop Sci 9514-517 (1969)

23 Ashrif M Effet du calcium sur larachide (Effect of calcium on groundnuts) Oleagineux 18681-683 (1963)

24 Effect of sulphur on groundnuts Olampgineux 20243-244 (1965)

25 and Thornton I Effects of grass mulch on groundnuts in the Gambia Expl Agric 1145-152 (1965)

26 Avadhani KK and Ramano Rao BV Studies of the effects of diethyl sulfate on TMV 2 groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Indian J of Science Indus 269-71 (1968)

27 Lavenir de larachide au Sinigal Doses dengrais et augshymentation de production (The future of the groundnut in Senegal Fertilizer rates for increased production) Olagishyneux 23528 (1968)

28 Bachy A Conduite de 1expirimentation agronomique a IRHO (Performance of agricultural research at IRHO)

Oleagineux 1675-80 (1961)

29 Bailey WK Peanut variety improvement in the USA Proc 5th Nat Peanut Res Conf (1968)

30 Bampton SS Growth of Aspergillusflavusand production of aflatoxin in groundinuts-Part I Trop Sci 574-81 (1963)

31 Barcenas VC Enfermedades del mani ajonjoli en El Tolima (Groundnut and sesame diseases in El Tolima) Bol Not Inst Fomento Algodonero 31-2 (1962)

32 and Montoya A A Efectividad de algunos fungicidas protectores en el tratarniento de la semilla de mani (Effectivity of some protective fungicides for the treatment of groundnut seed) Bol Not Inst Fomento Algodonero Columbia 46-8 (1964)

33 Barreto Figuciredo M and Cardoso RMG (Occurrence of grey mold in groundnuts in the State of Sao Paulo) Bioshylogico Brasil 34217-220(1968)

From TropicalAbstracts-seeAcknowledgments page 2

19

34 Barros Ferraz M de A secagem do amendoim (Drying of groundnuts) Brasil Rural 1377-79 (1959)

35 Preparo do amendoim das aguas (Drying of groundauts) Brasil Rural 1612-18 (1962)

36 Barrs HD The relation between kernel development and time of harvesting of peanuts at Katherine NT AustJ Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 2106-109 (1962)

37 Basinski JJ et al Some input-output relations in peanut cultivation at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 4295-299 (1964)

38 Bastos Cruz BP et al Nota preliminar s6bre a suscetishybilidade de variedades e hibridos de amendoim i algumas mollstias da folhagem (Preliminary note on the susceptibility of groundnut varieties and hybrids to some leaf diseases) Bioldgico Brasil 33191-195 (1967)

39 Bates WN Mechanization of Tropical Crops Temple Press London 410 p (1957)

40 Behncken GM The occurrence of Peanut mottle virus in Queensland AustJ Agr Res 21465-492 (1970)

41 Belloncle G Larachide an Senegal Mouvement cooperatif et developpement cononique (Groundnuts in Senegal coshyoperative movement and economic development) Ol1agineux 19439-444 (1964)

42 Bentin LA Das Problem der Monokultur in Senegal (The problem of mono-culture in Senegal) Int Afrika Forum 4615-619 (1968)

43 Berchoux Chr de La rosette de Iarachide en Houte-Volta (Rosette disease of groundnut in the Upper Volta) Olagishyneux 15229-233 (1960)

44 Berg ER Nigeria Senegal and the Congo (Kinshasa) Projected level of demand supply and exports of oilseed products to 1975 with implications for US exports to the European Economic Community Edmonton (Canada) Departments of Economics and Agricultural Economics University of Alberta 78 p tables maps (1967)

45 Berichten nit Afrika (Reports from Africa) Oli6n Vetten en Zeep 53215 (1969)

46 Bezot P La zone arachidiere au Tchad Etude densemble recherche dun syst me valable de rotation culturale (The groundnut zone in Chad A study on rotation systems) Agron Trop 2031-48 (1965)

47 Bhardwaj SP and Pathak AN Effect of sulphur on bacterial nodulation of groundnut roots Current Sci 37351-352 (1968)

48 Bhattacharjee TK et al W Bengal farmers can grow groundnut in irrigated summer fallow Indian Farming 1827-29 (1968)

49 Bielorai R Comparative digestibility of groundnut and soyshybean meal in vitro and in chicks J Sci Food Agr 20345-348 (1969)

50 Billaz R and Ochs R Stades de sensibilite de larachide a la secheresse (Developmental stages of the groundnut in relashytion to its susceptibility to drought) Olagineux 16605-611 (1961)

51 Bisht NS et al Groundnut rosette virus in Uttar Pradesh Indian OilseedsJ 7335-336 (1963)

52 Blatchford SM and Hall DW Methods of drying groundshynuts I Natural methods (Literature survey) Trop Sci 56-33 (1963)

53 and Methods of drying groundnuts II Artificial methods Trop Sci 582-98 (1963)

54 Bledsoe RW and Harris HC Leafspot of peanut associshyated with Magnesium deficiency Plant Physiol 21237-240 (1946)

55 Bockele-Morvan A Recherches de lIRHO sur 1utilishysation des phosphates du Sin6gal en fumure de fond pour Iarachide (Research of IRHO on the utilization of Senegal phosphates as a basal dressing for groundnut) Oleagineux 16685-691 (1961)

56 Etude explrimentale et pratique du placement des engrais (Experimental and practical studies on feftilizer placement) OlLagineux 18687-688 (1963)

57 Etudes sur la carence potasique de Iarachide an S~n-gal(A study o potash deficiency in the groundnut in Senegal) Olagineux 19603-609 (1964)

58 - Surface foliaire de Parachide et densite optishymum de semis (Folhar area of groundnuts and optimum sowing density) Ol4ageneux 201-12 (1965)

59 _ Application des engrais sur arachide au Sindgal (Application of fertilizers to groundnuts in Senegal) Oliagishyneux 20589-590 (1965)

60 Efficacit4 des diverses formes dapports des elements mineraux sur Parachide (The efficiency of different forms of mineral elements applied to groundnuts) Olagishyneux 21163-166 (1966)

61 Fumure annuelle et fumure de fond en zone arachidiere du Senegal (Annual and basal manuring in groundshynut-growing zones of Senegal) Oleagineux 23179-184 (1968)shy

62 _ La maturitede Iarachide (The maturity of the groundnut) Ollagineux 27457-459 (1968)

63 _ and Capitaine J Larachide de bouche dans le Sine-Saloum (Senegal) (The edible groundnut in the Sine-Saloum region of Senegal) Oliagineux 21285-291 (1966)

64 Bolhuis GG Observations on the flowering and fructificashytion of the groundnut Arachis hypogaea Neth J Agr Sci 7138-140 (1959)

65 et al Observations on the opening of flowers dehiscence of anthers and growth of pollen tubes in Arachis hypogaea NethJ Agr Sci 13361-365 (1965)

66 _ et al Occurrence of flowers with short styles in the groundnut Arachis hypogaea Oldagineux 20293-296 (1965)

67 and Stubbs RW The influence of calcium and other elements on the fructification of the peanut in connecshytion with the absorption capacity of its gynophores NethJ Agr Sci 3220-237 (1955)

I

20

68 Booker RH The effect of sowing date and spacing on rosette disease of groundnut in Northern Nigeria with obshyservations on the vector Aphus craccivoraSamarn Res Bull 30125-131 (1964)

69 Boswell TE Pathogenicity of Pratylenchus brachyrus to Spanish peanut Diss Abstr Sect B 29(10)3570 B (1969)

70 Bouhot D Etude du Macrophominaphaseoli sur arachide Mission an Sinigal du 27 septembre an 7 novembre 1966 (Study of Macrophomina phaseoll on groundnut Mission in Senegal from 27 Sept to 7 Nov 1966) Agron Trop 231165-1171 (1968)

71 Le Macrophomina phaseoli sur les plantes cultivees au Senedgal (Macrophomina phaseol on the cultivated plants in Senegal) Agron Trop 231172-1181 (1968)

72 terabougrissement de arachide Mission an Seng en 1966 (The shrivelling of the groundnut Mission in Senegal in 1966) Agron Trop 231126-1127 (1968)

73 Boush GM et al Field tests with new insecticides for control of the southern corn rootworm attacking peanuts in VirginiaJ Econ Entomol 5615-18 (1963)

74 Boyle LW Low-Gallonage applications of fungicides for control of Peanut leafspots Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 203 (1964)

75 A factonal study of certain schemes of peanut culture Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bull 18 (1967)

76 Brennan JR The peanut gynophore Biologist 5171-82 (1969)

77 Broche G Debouchs des produits des industries de transshyformation dol6agineux des Itats Africains et Malgache Associes (Outlets for the products of the oilseed processing industries in the Associated African and Malagasy States) Oldagineux 20419-423 (1965)

78 Brown P A review of Groundnut experiments in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 339-50 (1965)

79 Brzozowska J and Hanower P Absorption et distribution du 3 5 s chez quelques cultures tropicales I Arachide (Uptake and distribution of S35 in some tropical crops I Groundshynuts) Oleagineux 19663-672 (1964)

80 Buchanan GA Dickens R Burns ER and McCormick RM Performance of several herbicides for weed control in peanuts S Weed Sci Soc Proc 22D P 122-126 (1969)

81 Bunting AH A classification of cultivated groundnuts Empire J of Exper Agric 23158-170 (1955)

82 Eurrell NJ et al Growth of Aspergillus flavus and proshyduction of aflatoxin in groundnuts-Part V Trop Sci 674-90 (1964)

83 Bushnell DG The importance and prevention of mould on groundnuts Rhodesia Agr J61108-113 (1964)

84 Calil G De ontwikkeling van de aardnoten verwerkende industrie in Noord Nigeria Problemen en moeilijkheden (The development of the groundnut processing industry in N Nigeria Problems and difficulties) Olidn Vetten en Zeep 48211-213 (1964)

85 Compacci CA and Silveira Filho JP da Disinfecqgo de sementes de anendoim (Disinfection of groundnut seed) Biol6gico Brasil 30320-323 (1964)

86 Carneiro Fraga C Erradicaglio de caf6 e diversificaqio de culturas (Eradication of coffee and diversification of culshytures) Supl Agicola 85 (1962)

87 Carrire de Belgarric R and Bor F Le ddveloppement de Ia productivit6 de larachide au Sn~gl (Development of groundnut productivity in Senegal) O16agineux 18613-620 (1963)

88 Carter K Pyramids of the north W Afr Rev 3353-55 (1962)

89 Chalon G Une billonneuse-marquese pour les semis darachides (Sowing groundnuts by means of a ridge dammer) Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Beige 8141-146 (1959)

90 Champ BR and Cribb JN An investigation of peanut storage pests in Queensland 2 Insecticidal treatment of bulk nut-in-shell peanuts in silos Queensland J Agr Animal Sci 22241-257 (1965)

91 Chandrasekhara MR S Aswathanarayan SR Shurpaleshykar B11 Surba Ray Pilot plant production of infant food based on groundnut and milk solids J of Food Sci amp Technol 6267-271 (1969)

92 Chohan JS and Gupta VK Aflaroot A new disease of groundnut caused by Aspergillus flavs Indian J Agr Sci 38568-570 (1968)

93 Clarke JH Fungi in stored products Trop Stored Prod Inform 153-14 (1968)

94 Clinton PKS Seed-bed pathogens of groundnuts in the Sudan and an -attempt to control wth an artificial testa EmpJ Exp Agri 28211-222 (1960)

95 The control of soil-borne pests and diseases of groundnuts in the Sudan Central Rainlands Emp J Exp Agr 30145-154 (1962)

96 Causes of loss of yield in groundnuts in the Sudan Central Rainlands Emp J Exp Agr 30137-144 (1962)

97 Coelho FA Soares and Tella R de Absorcio de nutrishyentes por plantes de amendoim na cultura de outono (Nutrishyent absorption by groundnut plants grown in the autumn) Bragantia 26235-252 (1967)

98 and Absorg5o de nutrientes pela planta de amendoim em cultura de primavera (Nutrient uptake by springtime groundnuts) Bragantia 26393-408 (1967)

99 Collins ER and Morris HD Soil fertility studies with peanuts N Carolina Agr Exp Sta Bull 330 (1942)

100 Collins RF US peanut abroad Peanut J Nut World 4832-34 (1969)

101 Colwell WE and Brady NC The effect of calcium on certain characteristics of peanut fruit J Amer Soc Agron 37696-708 (1945)

21

102 Counseil Africain de larachide (African advisory body on groundinuts) Ol6 agineux 183-168 (1963)

103 Corbett DCM and Brown P Fungicidal control of cercospora leaf-spots of groundnuts in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 413-21 (1966)

104 Correia C Bento 0 amendoim na Guini Portuguesa (Groundnuts in Portuguese Guinea) Estud Pol Soclais 3217-322 (1965)

105 Cuellar I and Toler RW Control de la mancha foliar del mani (Control of leaf spot in groundnut) Foil Serv Nac Invest Agr Panama 301-13 (1957)

106 La culture de larachide en zone soudano-sahilienne (Groundnut cultivation in the Sudan-Sahelian zone of Africa) 0liagineux 1729-33 (1962)

107 Curtis DL and Harkness C Some aspects of crop improvement in relation to groundinuts and sorghum in the Northern Region of Nigeria CCTACSA Symposium Lagos-Bukavu Savannah 621-10 (1962)

108 Dalal JL et al Investigations on soil sulphur II Gypsum as a fertilizer for groundnut in the Punjab Indianj Agr Sc 33199-204 (1963)

109 Damiano A and Parrini U La coltivazione dellarachide in Tripolitania (Groundnut cultivation in Tripolitania) Riv Agr Subtrop Trop 55156-162 (1961)

110 Davey PM et al The effect of insect infestation on the quality of decorticated groundnuts with special reference to storage at high and low humidities Trop Sci 1296-307 (1959)

111 Davis VW et al Economic consequence of restricting the use of organochlorine insecticides on cotton corn peanuts and tobacco 52 p US Dept Agr Agr Econ Rept No 178 (1970)

112 Delassus M Etudes phytosanitaires sur Parachide et les cer6 ales alimentaires au Senegal (Phytosanitary studies on groundnut and cereals in Senegal) Agron Trop 221226-1234 (1967)

113 Delbosc G Etudes surla regeneration de la fertilite dusol dans la zone arachidiere du Senegal (Studies on the restorashytion of soil fertility in the groundnut zone of Senegal) Oleagineux 2327-33 (1968)

114 Dewez J la culture de Iarachide dans la plaine de Ia Ruzizi (Groundnut cultivation in the Ruzizi plain) Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Belge 8219-230 (1959)

115 Dickens JW Shelling equipment for samples of peanuts Marketing Res Rep US Dep Agr5281-11 (1962)

116 and Khalsa JS Windrow orientation and harvesting damage to peanuts Olagineux 22741-746 (1967)shy

117 Diener UL and Davis ND Effect of environment on aflatoxin production in freshly dug peanuts Trop Sci 1021-28 (1968)

119 Dragt HJ The marketingof South African edible groundshynuts in foreign markets Agrekon 89-13 (1969)

120 Ducker HC Groundnut growing in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland Part II Rhodesia Agr J5990-95 (1962)

121 1 and Spear AJ Groundnut growing in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland-Part IV Mechanization Rhodesia Agr J 59192-194 (1962)

122 Duke GB and Alexander M Effects of close-row spacings on peanut yield and on production equipment requirements Prod Res Rep US Dep Agr 771-14 (1964)

123 Dwarakanath CT Sreenivasamurth V and Parpia HAB Aflatoxin in Indian peanut oil J of Food Science and Technology 6107-109 (1969)

124 Agousseuse darachides (A groundnut stripper) 016agineux 2191-93 (1966)

125 El-Khaden M Untersuchungen fiber die durch Aspergillus-Arten an Erdnuszkeimlingen hervorgerufenen Schiden und deren Verhiitung (Investigations into the damage caused to groundnut seedlings by Aspergillus spp and its prevention) Gieszen Institut fir Phytopathologie der Justus Liebig-Universitiit 108 p Tables Graphs Fig Photos Ref Thesis (1967)

126 Emery DA and Gupton CL Reproductive efficiency of Virginia type peanuts II The influence of variety and seasonal growth period upon fruit and kernel maturation 0l6agineux 2399-104 (1968)

127 Epandeur dengrais A faible ddbit pour les cultures darachides (An apparatus for the application of small quantishyties of fertilizer in groundnut cultivation) Oldagineux 13881-883 (1958)

128 Esteves JD Aspetos da cultura do amendoim em Inshyharrime (Aspects of groundnut cultivation in Inharrime) Rev Aricola Mocambique 517-20 (1963)

129 Ettori OJT and Falcao MJ Aspectos econ6micos da producao de amendoim em S Paulo (Economic aspects of groundnut production in Sio Paulo) Agricultura Slo Paulo 121-48 (1965)

130 Evelyn SH and Thornton I Soil fertility and the response of groundnuts to fertilizers in the Gambia EmpJ Exp Agr 32153-160 (1964)

131 Farrell JAK et al The effects of planting spacing and fungicide on Cercospora leaf spots of groundnuts in Malawi Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 5241-247 (1967)

132 Fauche J Compte rendu dun essai de semis 6chelonnes sur anachide avec ou sans d6snfection des semences (Report on a trial on groundnuts with successive sowing dates with and without seed treatment) Agron Trop 171089-1809 (1962)

133 Figueiredo M et al Mancha barrenta da f6lba do amendoim (Mud spot of the groundnut leaf) Biol6gico 27164-165 (1961)

118 Donovan PA Groundnut investigation at Matopos 134 Fouquet J la traite des arachides dans le pays de Research Station Rhodesia AgrJ 60121-122 (1963) Kaolack et ses consequences 6 conomiques sociales et

22

juridiques (The groundnut trade in Knolack and its ecoshynomic social and juridical consequences) Etud Sindplaises 81-262 (1958)

135 Frank ZR and Krikun J Verticilium wilt of groundnut in Israel screening for varietal resistance Israel J Agr Res 1888-85 (1968)

136 Fraps GS The composition of peanuts and peanut by-products Texas Agr Exp Sta Bull 222 (1917)

137 French West Africa has smaller peanut crop Foreign Crops and Markets 8015 (1960)

138 Galland Ph Amilioration des conditions de culture de Parachide sur billions (Improvement of the conditions of ridge-cultivated groundnuts) OlEagineux 17929-932 (1962)

139 Vulgarisation aupres des cultivateurs voltashyrques des r6 sultats de Ia recherche agronomique sur Iarachide (Extension work concerning the results of agriculshytural research on groundnuts among the farmers of the Upper Volta Rep) 016agineux 18771-775 (1963)

140 Garcia RF and Castillo Z J Observacion preliminar sobre el efecto de los fertilizantes la cal y la materia orginica en mani (Arachishypogaeo) (Preliminary observation on the effect of fertilizers lime and organic matter on groundnuts) Cenicafe 1169-82 (1960)

141 Garg KP et al Effect of varying spacing on yield of groundnut Indian OilseedsJ934-37 (1965)

142 Gargantini H et al Ensaio de adubatilo N-P-K em amendoim (N P K fertilizer test with groundnuts) Bragantia 171-12 (1958)shy

143 Gibbons RW The branching habit of Arachis monticola Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 49-11 (1966)

144 Mycosphaerella Leafspots of groundnuts FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 14(2) April 1966

145 and Farrell JAK Test plant age and the transmission of groundnut Rosette virus by the vector Aphis craccivora Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 423-33 (1966)

146 and Tattersfield JR Outcrossing trials with groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) Rhodesia Zambia and MalawiJ Agr Res 771-75 (1969)

147 and Turley AC The effect of rosette virus on flowering in the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res 5139-143 (1967)

148 Gillier P Utilisation du diagnostic foliaire pour la cartoshygraphic des besoins en engrais de larachide au Sn 6 gal (Foliar diagnosis used for the cartography of the fertilizer requireshyments of groundnuts in Senegal) Oleagineinx 15147-151 (1960)

149 Semoirset pandeurs dengrais pour Iarachide (Sowing machines and fertilizer spreaders for groundnuts) Olagineux 17697-699 (1962)

150 Germination et djsinfection des semences darachide (Germination and disinfection of groundnut seed) O1agineux 18243-245 (1963)

Iib1 _ Le triage de larachide de bouche bigraine

Rappel des normes de qualit6 (The grading of 2-seeded groundnuts for human consumption Review of quality standards) Oleagineux 19455-458 (1964) I

152 _ Ls coques darachides leur utilisation en agrishyculture (Groundnut shells their use in agriculture) Oltagishyneux 19473-475 (1964)

153 ___ Quand r6colter comment trater les ricoltes darachide (When to harvest how to treat the groundnut harvests) Ol6agineux 19681-682 (1964)

154 Ls exportations en e1ements minampaux dune culture darachide dans les diff6rentes zones du Sampngal (Removal of mineral nutrients by a crop of groundnuts in the different zones of Senegal) Oldagineux 19745-746 (1964)

155 Comment proceder a lvaluation des rendeshyments dans une culture darachides (How to assess the yield of a groundnut field) Olagineux 20591-593 (1965)

156 Les exportations en 614ments minraux dune culture darachide dans les diffirentes zones du Senigal (Removal of mineral elements by a groundnut crop in the different zones of Senegal) Oleagineux 2113-15 (1966)

157 and Prevot P Fumures minerales d 1arachide au Senegal (Inorganic fertilizers for groundnuts in Senegal) Bull Res CouncilIsrael Sect D Botany SD 3-4 (1960)

158 _ and Prevot P Fumures minerales de Parachide au Sdn6gal (Groundnut fertilizer in Senegal) Olbagineux 15783-791 (1960)

159 and Prevot P Bull Res Council Israel 8D131 (1960)

160 Silvestre P Arnould JP Breniere J and Mauboussin JC 1969 The peanut (in French) Tech Agr Prod Trop 15292

161 Girardeau JH and Leuck DB Effect of mechanical and bee tripping on yield of the peanut J Econ Entomol 601454-1455 (1967)

162 Goldblatt LA Aflatoxin and its control Econ Botany 2251-62 (1968)

163 Goldin B and Har-Tzook A The effect of fertilization on the vegetative and reproductive development of Virginia bunch improved groundnuts Olagineux 2117-20 (1966)

164 - and_ Groundnut cultivation in Israel World Crops 1868-71 (1966)

165 Goldsworthy PR Methods of applying superphosphate to groundnuts Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Min Agr N Region Nigeria 151-5 (1961)

166 _ Methods of applying superphosphate to groundnuts in Northern Nigeria Emp J Exp Agr 32231-234 (1964)

167 and Heathcote R Fertilizer trials with groundshynuts in Northern Nigeria Emp J Exp Agr 31351-366 (1963)

168 Gonzales TT Crop Rotation studies with corn as the main crop in the Lamao experiment station Limay Bataan Philippines PhdippineJ Plant Industry 31165-176 (1966)

r

23

169 Gopalakrishnan S et al Mineral nutrition and nitroge fixation in groundnut Current Sci 33391-393 (1964)

170 Gornat B and Goldberg D Effect of sprinkler irrigation intensity on the flowering and yield of peanuts grown in three different soils Israel J Agr Res 17187-191 (1967)

171 Greer HA Trpp L and Santlemen PW The influence of environmental conditions on weed control and spanish peanut injury by herbicides S Weed Sci Soc Proc 22D145-149 (1969)

172 (Groundnut season Northern Region of Nigeria) Ann Rep Dep Agr Nothern Region Nigeria 1958-59 p 25-30 (1960)shy

173 Gupton CL et al Reproductive efficiency of Virginia type peanuts III Relating the time of peg placement to the branching pattern of the plant Ol6agineux 23247-250 (1958)shy

174 and Emery DA Heritability estimates of the maturity of fruit from specific growth periods in Virginia type peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) Crop Sci 19127-129 (1970)

175 Gisten R Die Rentabilitat der Verwendung von Mineralshydinger bei Erdnissen in Senegal Nordnigeria und Niger (The profitability of the application of mineral fertilizers to groundnuts in Senegal N Nigeria and Niger) Z Auslindische Landwirtsch 4149-153 (1965)

176 Habish HA and Sh M Khairi Nodulation of legumes in the Sudan Cross-inoculation groups and the associated Rhizobium strains Expl Agr 4227-234 (1968)

177 Hadfield J The peasant farming scheme in Northern Rhodesia Agr Econ Bull Africa 156-57 (1962)

178 Hall DW Storage of produce in the Gambia Trop Sci 1293-299 (1959)

179 Halliday D Build-up of free fatty acid in Northern Nigerian groundnuts Trop Sci 9211-237 (1967)

180 Hammons RO Artificial cross-pollination of the peanut with bee-collected pollen Crop Sci 3562-563 (1963)

181 et al Some bees (Apoidea) associated with peanut flowering J Econ Entomol 56905 (1963)

182 _ Bailey WK Parham SA and HF Harrison Comparative performance of the Spanish peanut Argentine in cooperative tests in Georgia Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 72 (1959)

183 WK Bailey SA Parham and HF Harrison Comparative performance of four varieties of peanuts in cooperative tests in Georgia Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 76 (1958)

184 Hand sheller transforms Nigerias peanut industry Foreign Agr US Dep Agr 2321 (1959)

185 Harkness C et al The problem of mycotoxins in groundshynuts (peanuts) and other food crops of tropical Africa Samaru Res Bull 771-5 (1967)

186 Harris HC Copper deficiency of peanuts Proc Southern Agr Workers 46139 (1949)

187 Effect of minor elements particularly copper on peanuts Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull 494 (1952)

188 Har-Tzook A and Goldin E On the problem of producshytivity in groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) Ol6agineux 22677-678 (1967)

189 Hawkins JC The mechanisation of groundnut harvesting World Crops 14181-185 (1962)

190 Haynes DWM Mechanical tests of groundnut decortishycators 1960-1961 Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Mn Agr N Region Nigeria 221-7 (1962)

191 Hayward LAW Infestation control in stored groundnuts in Northern Nigeria World Crops 1563-67 (1963)

192 et al Technical aspects of groundnut storage in Northern Nigeria CCTAFAO Symposium on stored Food Freetown 20-24 February 1962 SF (62) 3 15th Dec p 1-6 (1961)

193 Heimann H and Ratner R The irrigation with saline water and the ionic environment Field experiments with groundnuts and cowpeas Oldagineux 20157-162 (1965)

194 Helms H et a Peanut plants in Queensland infected with tomato spotted wilt virus AustJ Agr Res 12239-246 (1961)

195 Hemingway JS The resistance of groundnuts to Cercoshyspora leafspots EmpJ Exp Agr 2560-68 (1957)

196 Higgins BB Peanut Breeding Proc 39th Ann Conf Assoc South Agr Workers Atlanta Ga (1938)

197 Relation of breeding and varieties to quality for specific uses Proc Peanut Res Conference pp 13-20 (1957)

198 and Bailey WK Peanut seed and seed treatshyments Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeograph Series NS 70 (1959)

199 Hogendorn JS Response to price change A Nigerian example Economica 34325 (1967)

200 Holland DA The component analysis approach to the interpretation of plant analysis data from groundnuts and sugar cane Exp Agr 4179-185 (1968)

201 Holley KT Strain and seasonal effects on peanut characshyteristics Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bull 32 27 p (1968)

202 Horst K ter Enige proeven ter bestrijding van de Cercoshyspora-bladvlekkenziekte van de aardnoot (Some experiments on the control of the Cercospora leaf spot disease of the groundnut) Surinaamse Iandbouw 9103-117 (1961)

203 utt Het optimale plantverband voor pinda van het ras Matjan (The optimum spacing for the Matjan variety of groundnuts) Surinaamse Landbouw 7121-128 (1959)

204 Hull R and Adams AN Groundnut rosette and its assistor virus The Annals of Applied Biology 62 (1968)

205 Hutchison RS Recherches sur le sechage des arachides stockers par les cultivateurs (Research on drying of groundshynuts stocked by farmers) Oleagineux 22737-740 (1967)

24

206 Inforzato R and Tella R de Sistema radicular do amendoim (The root system of the groundnut) Bragantia 19119-123 (1960)

207 Instruc6es para a colheita de material destinado ia analise foliar do amendoim (Instructions on the collection of mateshyrial for foliar analysis of the groundnut) Gaz Agr Angola 7201-203 211 (1962)

208 Intercropping sugarcane with legumes Exp Stat Bull Victorias Milling Co Inc 148-9 (1967)

209 Jackson CR A list of fungi reported on peanut pods and kernels Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 234 (1965)

210 Growth of Aspergllusflavus and other fungi in windrowed peanuts in Georgia-Part VII Trop Sci 227-34 (1965)

__ Development of fungi in peanuts during artishyicial drying Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Report 19 (1967)

112 studies on control of peanut pod fungi Georgia Exp Sta Res Report 11 p 18 (1967)

213 A field study of funer gtciations on peanut truit Georgia Agr hxp Sta Res BT (1968)

214 _ and Bell DK Lptosphaerulina erassiasca The cause of leaf scorch and pepper spot of peanut (Oldagishyneux 23387-388 (1968)

215 _ and Minton NA Peanut pod invasion by fungi in the presence of lesion nematodes in Georgia Oleagishyneux 23531-534 (194)

216 Jacquot M Echantillonnage dun lot darachides pour le calcul du rend-ent au ddcorticae (Sampling of a parcel of groundnuts foL the calculation of yield after shelling) Agron Trop17 1-181 (1962)

217 Observations de quelques caractres morphoshylogiques floraux sur Arachis hypogaea Liaisons naturelles de ces caractives Remarques sur I classification des machides cultivies (Observations on some floral morphological characshyters in Ararhis hypogaea Natural combinations of these characters Remark on the classification of the cultivated groundnuts) Agron Trop 17817-827 (1962)

218 Joffe AZ Aflatoxin produced by 1626 isolates of Aspergillusflaus from groundnut kernels and soils in Israel Nature 22149sect2 (1969)

219 Johnson FR The peanut story Murfreesboro NC Johnson Publishing Co 192 p Tables Figs Photos Maps Refs (1964)

220 Johnson MB and Gilhland CB Changes in farmers stock peanuts in storage Marketing Res Rep USDep Agr 381 p 1-34 (1960)

221 Joshi SN and Joshi HU Study of rotation of groundshynut-wheat under irrigated conditions in Saurashtra Indian OilseedsJ 8133-135 (1964)

222 _ and _ Spacing experiments on bunch variety of groundnut in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State Indian OilseedsJ 8162-166 (1964)

223 _ and _ Study of spacing on spreading groundnut in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State Indian OilseedsJ 8214-217 (1964)

224 Kanwar JS Investigations on sulphur in soils I Sulphur deficiency in groundnut soils of Samrala (Ludhiana) Indian J Agr Sci 33196-198 (1963)

225 Katarki BH and Banahatti AL Effect of N P and K on yields of groundnut in black soils of Mysore State Indian OilseedsJ 950-57 (1965)

226 Kay DE Production darachides de bouche pour le Royaume-Uni (Production of comestible groundnuts for the United Kingdom) Oleagineux 20105-107 (1965)

227 Kirinde STW Some effects of PIC and CIPC on groundshynuts Trop Agr Ceylon 1157-13 (1959)

228 Klesser PJ A veinbanding virus of groundnuts Arachis hypogaea S AfrJ Agr Sci 10515-528 (1967)

229 Mwitunde groundnuts and their reaction to virus infection in South Africa S Afr J Agr Sci 10675-686 (1967)

230 Arachis species and their reaction to virus infection S Aft J Agr Sc 10919-927 (1967)

231 Green rosette virus of groadnuts in South Africa S AfrJ Agr Sci 1177-85 (196R1

232 Reactions of groundnut varieties to the groundnut viruses S Afr J Agr Sci 11415-421 (1968)

233 Kousalya G et al Assessment of crop losses caused by rosette disease of groundnut Indian J AgrSci 37356-361 (1967)

234 Kramer M Resultados de dois anos do emprEgo de herbishycidas parao contr~le de ervas no amendoin nas condic-es de Sfo Paulo (Results of 2 years use of herbicides for weed control in groundnuts under SSo Paulo conditions) Anais III Semindrio Bras Herbicidas Ervas Daninhas 1960 p 237-248 (1961)

235 and Liederman I Controle de ervas daninhas do amendoim pela aplicacao de herbicidas de preshyemergencia (Weed control in groundnuts by the application of pre-emergence herbicides) Arq Inst Biol 28175-184 (1961)

236 Krishnaswamy MA and Johar DS Vegetable cheese from groundnut milk Food Sci 9235-240 (1960)

237 Krishnamurthy K Differential effect of hormones as follar applications on the yield of groundnut IndianJ Sci amp Industry 179-82 (1967)

238 Kulkarni LG et al Studies on weeding and interculture in relation to weed control in the yield of groundnut Indian OilseedsJ 7126-129 (1963)

239 Kutumba Rao S et al Pilot plant studies on processing of groundnuts Some factors influencing the quality of products and efficiency of processing Indian Oilseeds J 8106-109 (1964)

240 et al Compositional studies in Idnian groundshynuts Indian Oilseeds J 95-13 (19 65)

25

241 Labrousse G and Godron E Michanisation de la culture study of mineral nutrition of groundnuts Effects of boron de larachide notamment dans lea pays francophones and manganese toxicity) Agron Trop 14657-711 (1959) dAfrique tropicale et 1 Madagascar (Mechanization of groundnut production with special reference to the French- 254 Lin H FW Ho and Wang JS Studies on the yield spealang countries of tropical Africa and to Madagascar) components of peanuts II The path coefficient of yield Machinisme Agr Trop 113-103 (1965) components in different crops of peanuts (In Chinese) Agr

Assn ChinaJ 6522-31 (1969) 242 Lachover D Influence de ldpandage fractionnd de sulfate

dammoniaque sur le rendement et I qualit6 des arachides de 255 Lins R de and Ramos JAB Producio e comercialshybouche en terre limonsablonneuse rouge (Effect of split izado de amendoim no Estado de Sto Paulo (Production of applicat9a pf-t MIhrmPrm m i yeldNag4lyp and tra i sectorpd1f ql a Af ul- aia)PCPntle l a ) of cornestihle groundit oa W turn em S Paulo141-54(196

256 Lung DDl Whe petan the uapredhctable legume A 243_ La i sponse de Larachide debouche en nture sympnsm)Thc Tqtinal io V ng U

irrigup jpppt pr4uits rp ( DC ( edible roundnuts under irrigation to the application of calciumcompounds) 6agnuxiY- (i6 257 McDonald D and AArouk J Giowth u Apergflus

flavus and production of aflatoxia in groudnuts -Part I 244 et al Influencodengrais azatdsliquides surle Trop Scd20S-24(93)

rendement ot lIqualitd des arachides (Effect pf liquid nitroshygen feFizrs on yie~d and 9q9lity of g n ) a 258 et al Growth of spergillus andproducshyneux1107-111 (1962) tion of aflatoxm in groundnuits-PIart f Trop Sci

131-154 (1964) 245 et al Influence dengrais verts et dengrais

azot e etla qualit4 des arachides(The 1 259 __ and Harknqs C Growth of Aspejgilus flavusleendement effect f grepn W g arira i e lz 9 he and production of aflatoxin inggundat- II Trop Sc yield and quality of groundnuts) Ol6agineux 18153-156 5148-154 196) (19 63) 0C l--0A4M

an a nss row o pg s

24b _ and Arnon I Influence sur Parachide du and production of aflatoxin ir groundnuts-Part IV Trop unanque de potassium de potassium de certains sols Determai- Sd 612-27 (1964) l nation de~la deficience (Influence on groundnuts of potassishyum de iepsy pqegi3 spa 261 t and Hffkne ss 9 7Groth94 r 1 avusefr pq rraipAtheq e ciencyqeaineux$9117 (1964 and production ot hatox nn groundnuts5-Pa 91i fop

8d7P2-A(1 Jl Il 247 Lal SP ad Ma~tha SD Studies on Icd-buinc fungi of IN gwgrliuut LA frew rltbod far 1ntectipg fungi nsnad 262 za and H g qfltoii f g9gyndBrjr

isamples f yee1sperp elrngp4lapprp crop at harest fig Northey p Sci9j4 8-161igeria-1 61

ph paseol(ubl hby (sys cs otium ataticolaTub) (1967) I Laboratory assay ot fungicides for controlhng seca-borne

infections CR Assuc flt Essis Semncuces 32a5-606 203 MelGtUesick N A nams aluck on low pnoduclivity in (1067)e peasant agriculture TntDevelopmeetRe9 -G6 (19r7)kI

248 Lancaster MC et al Toxicity associated with certain 264 Al mani mecanizado nuevo cultivo de la zona algodonera samples of gronuts Nature 1921095-1097 (19U1 (Mechanized groundnut a new crop for the cotton area)

0 I --o Iass1 I Igt e1-1 Rev Nhc Agr Culuhnbia 705-706 p 43 (1964) 249 Langfoad WR Spanucoss Geosgia Agr Expt Sta Res

Report 76 (1970) 265 Mahapatra LN Preliminary studies on corzelatipn of yield with other characters of groundnut Indian Agriculturist

250 Laes DA Rainfall conservatin nd he yields of 1097-106 (1966) sorghum and grownthuts impNorthernigeria Egp Agr 2139-146(1966) 266 Maize whats the alternative crop 1 Groundnts

-Rhodesia Agr J5928-269 (1962) 251 Liedernws L et al Aplicauil desherbiidas em ieshy

emergencia no amendoim em terra arenosa (Pro-emergence 267 MaPtellA and Gqalin E Th9 influence ofirrigatiq applicagn pffberbicidest groundpytson an ay oi) frequency and intensity on the yield and quality of peanuts

(Arachis liypogaea) Israel j Agr Res 14203-21 (1964)ABioldg~cy rasp1 206J6sectj19)d

it 252 and SnUs CALtlos Cunit5k de garneaica 268 MarlrifmrgrouadoutsandgroundaytcoLStud4 group a rltuxaArQanaudoimcemmistaiu exfiuinedipn Oilsee4sQIfr apg Fp (4O 9ti Sess (3POF g8

it em trJp t u s Ieill (1968)1l1 groundnut fields with mixtures of triflumlin and dauron in

In Iii three rego of tie State o So Paulo)Bsoldgco a 269 Mattin G 1 Lavage dlt Patathide de bouchc (Thst wash Iii 332Wt-222 (1907)0 big of graodudius fo direct consumtptiou Olgineuxhi

r ii Iii

253 Ifeqqe54 And BelqyjCpntrikyi~p I4tp4e dgJ nutritios mindale de larachide (Arachis hypogaea) Effets 270 te sechage artificiel des arachides en coques des to citis bifue et man aque (Contributin to the (The artificiAl drying of groundnuts in the shell) Oldagineux

N Ill

1 iii thin hilts

if

26

271 Conservation des semences darachide (Storshyage of groundnut seeds) Olagineux 1985-87 (1964)

272 Diagnostic follaire de larachide (Foliar diagshynosis of the groundnut) Olagineux 20241-242 (1965)

273 _ and Fourrier P Les oligo-lnements dans la culture de larachide du Nord S6 ndgal (Trace elements in the cultivation of groundnuts in Northern Senegal) 01oagineux 20287-291 (1965)

274 Martin JP Influence de I date de semis et de la longueur de cycle sur la richesse en huile et sur quelques autres cameshyteres de larachide (The effect of sowing date and growing period on the oil content and other characteristics of the groundnut) Oleagineux 23315-316 (1968)

275 Differences de richesse en huile des graines darachide selon leur position dans Ia gousse avec observation simultande do Ia grosseur des graines (Differences in oil conshytent between groundnut kernels according to their position in

- the pod with simultaneous observations on kernel sizes) OlWagineux 27453-455 (1968)

276 and Bilquez AF Nouvelle contribution a la connaissance de la floraison et de la fructification de azachide (New contribution to the knowledge of the flowering and fruiting of groundnuts) Oleagineux 17469-471 (1962)

277 Martinez JA and Bastos Cruz BP Contrle quimico da murcha do amendoim (Chemical control of groundnut wilt)Bioldgico Brasil 27191-193 (1961)

278 Masilungan VA et al Studies on some important factors involved in the mold process of making soy sauce Philippine J Sci 89149-162 (1960)

279 Mazzani B El mani en Venequela (The groundnut in Venezuela) Monogr Centro Invest Agron 11-138 (1961)

280 _ and Allievi J Efectos de varias pocas de despegue de los frutos sobre algunas caracteristicas del mani (Effect of various times of pod removal on some groundnut characteristics) Agron Trop Venezuela 17127-132 (1967)

281 _ et al Quelques aspects de la fertilisation minarale de Iarachide au Venequela (Some aspects of the application of mineral fertilizers to groundnuts in Veneshyzuela) Olagineux 23383-385 (1968)

282 _ and Inojosa S Diferencias varietales de suscepshytibilidad a Ia roya del mani en Venezuela (Varietal differshyences in susceptibility to rust of groundnuts in Venezuela)Agron Trop Venezuela 114145 (1961)

283 _ and Inojosa S Resultados de la aplicacion pregerminativa del herbicida prometrin en mani (Results of pre-germination application of the herbicide prometrine in groundnuts) Agron Trop Venezuela 12137-142 (1962)

284 Mazzei Patrone I Siembras experimentales con variedades de mani (Experimental sowings with groundnut varieties) Bol Inform Uruguay 177-10 (1961)

285 Meikle J0 A survey of African-grown groundnut varieshyties in Rhodesia Rhodesia Agr J 62109-113 (1965)

286 Mendes Conagin CHT and Conagin A EficiEncia reproshyductiva no amendoim cultivado (Arachis hypogaea) (Effishyciency of reproduction in the cultivated groundnut) Bragantia 191081-1104 (1960)

287 Meredith RM The effects of population density and manuring on groundnut yields in Northern Nigeria Techn Rep Reg Res Stat Min Agr N Region Nigeria 251-12 (1962)

288 The effects of planting density and manuring on the yields of bunch-type groundnuts Enmp J Exp Agr 32136-140 (1964)

289 Metelerkamp HRR Response to early planting and irrishygation of a late maturing groudnut variety Rhodesia Age J 64127 (1967)

290 Mixon AC Effect of seed size on vigor and yield of runner peanuts Alabama Age Exp Sta Bul 346 (1963)

291 Mohan JC and Ali AM Yield response of irrigated groundnut to organic mulches Indian J Agr Sci 39196-199 (1969)

292 Morris Porter D and Garren KH An analysis of the endogeocarpic microflora of peanuts in Virginia Trop Sci 10100-106 (1968)

293 Mortiss PD Peanut cutter-rake Queensland Agr J f8889-90 (1962)

294 Moursi MA and Abd EI-Gawad AA Production of peanut crop in UAR Growth and yield response to plant population Ann Agric Sci Univ Ain shams 10281-305 (1967)

295 Muhammad SV and Dorairaj MS Screening the genetic stock of Arachis hypogaea for seed dormancy in Madras State IndianjAgr Sci 3873-75 (1968)

296 Murty AGK Exports of groundnut extractions a price study Indianj Agr Econ 23184-191 (1968)

297 Musangi RS and Soneji SV Feeding groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) haulms to dairy cows in Uganda E Afr Agr Forestryj 33170-174 (1967)

298 Muthiah C and Rao MP Shifting of area under culture Agr Situation India 17337-341 (1962)

299 Myers JM and Rogers F Mechanical drying and harvesshyting peanuts Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull 507 (1952)

300 Nariani TK and Dhingra KL A mosaic disease of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Indian J Age Sci 3325-27 (1963)

301 Nelson GL et al Vacuum techniques for mycotoxin-free peanut drying Oklahoma Agr Res Prog Rep Processed Series P-608 14 p (1969)

302 Nicholaides JJand Cox FR Effect of mineral nutrition on chemical composition and early reproductive development of Virginia type peanuts Arachis hypogaea Agron J 62262-264 (1970)

303 Niger Levolution du rendement de larachide (Nigera

27

Development of the yield of groundnuts) Chron dOutre-Mer 5138-39 (1958)

304 Nigerian peanut output drops sharply Foreign Crops and Markets 8015 (1960)

305 Nigerian peanut purchases down sharply palm products forecast at 1959 level Foreign Crops and Markets 8116-17 (1960)

306 Nijhawan HL Response of groundnut to fertilizers Indian OilseedsJ 6185-192 (1962)

307 Effect of time of harvesting on the quality of groundnut crop Indian OilseedsJ 6298-302 (1962)

308 Effect of time of planting on the quality of groundnut crop Indian OilseedsJ 71-3 (1963)

- 309 Effect of sowing groundnut in different spashycings on the chemical composition of the crop Indian Oilshyseedsj 7133-135 (1963)

310 Njao N Groundinuts and groundnut oil Agr Econ Bull Africa 344-47 (1 9 6 3)

311 Norden AJ and Block DH Variety BlendsA considershyation in peanut oil improvement and production Oleagineux 23583-585 (1969)

312 RLipscomb and WA Carver Florunner-A new peanut variety Florida Agr Exp Sta Circ S-196 (1969)

313 Norris DO Acid Production by Rhizobium Plant and Soil 22143-166 (1965)

314 Nutnan FJ FM Roberts andjG Williamson Studies on varietal resistance in the groundnut (Arachis hypogeae) to Rosette disease RhodJ Agric Res 263-77 (1964)

315 Ofori CS Response of groundnuts to phosphatic fertilishyzers on the granitic soils of the Upper Region in Ghana Agron Trop 20489-494 (1965)

316 Ollagnier M and Gillier P Comparaison du diagnostic foliarire et de lanalyse des sols pour ia determination des besoins en engrais de Iarachide an S~ndgal (phosphore et potassium) (Comparison of foliai diagnosis and soil analysis for the assessment of P and K fertilizer requirements of groundnuts in Senegal) Ollagineux20513-516 (1965)

317 Oosthuizen SA Grondbonehooi is arm ann protene (Groundnut hay is poor in protein) Boerdery S-Afrika 3247-64 (1957)

318 Operations de pr6vulgarisation sur arachide conduites par IlRHO en Hiute-Volta et au Sengal (Demonstration experiments with groundnuts conducted by the IRHO in Upper-Volta and Senegal) Bul Engrais 461 pp 141-144 (1963)

319 Oram PA High-quality groundnuts for direct consumpshytion I Production research and development in Libya World Crops 9159-162 (1957)

320 Oram PA Recent developments in groundnut producshytion with specialreference to Africa Field Crop Abstracts Part 111-6 PartlI 1175-84 (1958)

321 Ordish G Pest Control in groundnuts Pest articles and news summaries No 2 Ministry of Overseas Development London p 138 (1967)

322 Parker RC Wynne JC and Embry DA 1970 Comshybining ability estimates in Arachis hypogaea I F1 seedling responses in a controlled environment Crop Sci 10429-432 (1970)

323 Parkin EA and Scott EIC The germination of foodshycrop seeds stored in contact with lindane and DDT dusts Trop Sci 1206-211 (1959)

324 Patel MS et al Wealth from groundnut waste-a review Indian Oilseeds J 8380-382 (1964)

325 Pathak GN and Verma G Studies on the cultural and manurial requirements of groundnut in Uttar Pradesh Indian Oilseeds J 8167-174 (1964)

326 Patil SH and Desai BM Introduction of groundnut cultivation in high rainfall regions of Bombay Indian OilshyseedsJ 8218-221 (1964)

327 Pattinson L et al The separation of aflatoxin infected groundnut kernels Trop Sci 10212-221 (1968)

328 Peers FG Aflatoxin-A summary of recent work Trop Sci 9186-203 (1967)

329 Phillips LJ and Norman MJT Sorghum-peanut crop sequences at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 1144-149 (1 9 6 1)

330 - - and - Fodder crop-cash crop sequences at Katherine NT Techn Paper Commonwealth Sci Industr Res Organiz Australia 203-12 (1962)

331 and The influence of inter-row spacing and plant population on the yield of peanuts at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 254-60 (1962)

332 _ and The response of peanuts to phosphate fertilizers at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 5470-474 (1965)

333 Piggott CJ The effect of fertilizers on the yield and quality of groundnuts in Sierra Leone Emp J Exp Agr 2859-64 (1960)

334 Pinto de Matos AH Influtncia dos tratamentos insectishycidas no poder germinativo das sementes de amendoim (Effect of insecticidal treatments on the germinative power of groundnut seed) Garcia de Orta 9471-477 (1961)

335 Pothecary BP Handling groundnuts with auger conveyer World Crops 21180-182 (1969)

336 Prabhakara Reddy G and Sanyasi Rao C Fertilizer response in groundnut Indian Oilseedsj 9274-279 (1965)

337 Prevot P and Billaz R Recherches agrophysiologiques sur le probl6me de la r6sistance de larachide baIa sdcheresse (Agro-physiological investigations into the problem of drought resistance of groundnuts) Oldagineux 17911-917 (1962)

28

338 and Martin G Comparaison des fumures organiques et mindrales pour Parachide en Haute-Volta (Comparison between organic and mineral manures for groundnuts in Upper Volta) Olagineux 19533-537 (1964)

339 Pugnat C Rapport au Gouvernement du Cameroune sur lamelioration des cultures vivrieres (Report to the governshyment of Cameroon on the improvement of subsistence crops) Progr Elargi Assist Techn FAO 1834 p 1-17143 (1964)

340 Pursglove JW Tropical Crops Dicotyledons Longmans Press (1968)

341 Punrss GS Wilt of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in Queensshyland with particular reference to Verticillium wilt Queens landJ Agr Sci 18453-462 (1961)

342 Peanut diseases in Queensland Queensland Agr J 88540-543 (1962)

343 Rebechault H and Guenin G Effects de Pacide gibbershyellique sur deux varietes darachide (Arachis hypogaea) (Effects of gibberellic acid on two groundnut varieties) Cah ORSTOM Ser Biologic 43-29 (1967)

344 Ramly AWH A simple groundnut stripper World Crops 1834-35 (1966)

345 Rawson JE Susceptibility of Virginia Bunch peanut to post-emergence application of 24-D and related herbicides Queensland JAgr Sci 20463-470 (1963)

346 Controlling weeds in peanuts Queensland Agr J90656-661 (1964)

347 Ravindra Nath V and Kulkarni LG Effect of different dates of sowing of groundnut on the development and intensity of leaf-spot disease by Cercospora spp Indian J Agr Sci 37362-368 (1967)

348 Rickards CE Mechanised groundnut cultivation Farming Zambia 45-7 (1968)

349 Roche P and Velly J Etudes de fertilisation sur arachides dans la rcgion du Lac Alaotra (1957-60) (Studies on fertilizer application to groundnuts in the Lake Alaotra region 1957-60) Agron Trop 18477-510 (1963)

350 Le r6le de larachide dans ]a croissance iconomique du Senigal (The role of the groundnut in Senegals economic growth) Ed by JB Mas Rep du Senegal Ministampre du Plan et due Developpement Service de la Statistique 16 p Tables Appendix (1964)

351 Rosher PH and Sheldrick RD The effect of postshyemergence applications of MCPB on groundnuts Trop Agr Trinidad 36211-217 (1959)

352 Rothwell A Diseases of groundnuts in Southern Rhoshydesia Rhodesia AgrJ 59199-201 (1962)

353 Sardone LT The groundnut industry of Queensland World Crops 12351-354 (1960)

354 Scaife A Groundnut cultivation in Western Tanzania Ukiriguru Progress Rep Tanzania 21-6 (1966)

855 Schenk RV Development of the peanut fruit Georgia Agr Expt Sta Tech Bull ns 22 (19 61)

356 Schiffman J Field experiments on inoculation of peanuts in Northern Negev soils Israel J Agr Res 11151-158 (1961)

357 and Y Alper 1968 Effects of Rhizobiumshyinoculum placement on peanut inoculation Expl Agric 4203-208 (1968)

358 and Alper Y Inoculation of peanut by applishycation of Rhizobium suspension into the planting furrows Exp Agr 4219-226 (1968)

359 Schilling R Larachide en cultures associes avec les c6 r~ales (Groundnuts in association with cereals) Oldagineux 20673-676 (1965)

360 Seeger JR Essais dinoculation artificielle de Parachide - au Congo (Experiments on the artificial inoculation of

groundnuts in Congo) Ann Gembloux 67220-241 (1961)

361 Sen S and Ghosh M Influence of time of harvesting on the quantity of oil in groundnut Indian Oilseeds J 9260-265 (1965)

362 Serry A and EI-Banna E A study of correlation beshytween rapid soil tests and response of groundnut to potassishyum application on some Sharkeia sandy soils in pot experishyments Agr Res Rev Egypt 4040-47 (1962)

363 Seshadri CR et al Studies on root development in groundnut Indianj Agr Sci 28211-215 (1958)

364 Shekhawat GS et al Studies on the effect of methods of sowing row spacing and seed-rate on the yield of groundshynut Indian OilseedsJ9280-282 (1965)

365 Shiralipour A Harris HC West SH Boron deficiency and amino acid and protein contents of peanut leaves Crop Sci 9455-456 (1969)

366 Siewart Sara and JG Woodroof Nouveau proced6 de salage des arachides en coques (New procedure for salting groundnuts in their shells) Oleagineux 8230-231 (1953)

367 Silvestre P Monographie des recherches conduites Ia Bambey sur larachide (Monograph of the research work on groundnuts conducted at Bombey) Agron Trop 16623-733 (1961)

368 La production de larachide h Madagascar (Groundnut production in Madagascar) Agron Trop 18511-526 (1963)

369 Simposium oor makotoksiene in voedselsoorte landshyboukundige aspekte gehou te Pretoria 25-26 Februari 1965 (Symposium on mycotoxins in foodstuffs agricultural aspects held at Pretoria February 25-26 1965) Techn Commun Dep Agr Techn Serv Rep S Africa 351-60 (1965)

370 Smartt J Groundnuts in Northern Rhodesia Rhodesia AgrJ 5769-72 (1960)

371 A guide to groundnut cultivation in Northern Rhodesia Rhodesia AgrJ5894-102 (1961)

372 Factors influencing yield and quality of groundnuts in Northern Rhodesia Emp J Exp Agr 32343-351 (1964)

29

373 Snyman JW The secret of higher groundnut yields Farming S Africa 4334-37 (1968)

374 Soudan me caisse de stabilisation des prix de larachide (A price Stabilization Fund for Groundauts) Marches Trop du Monde 141251 (1958)

375 South China area interplants peanuts and sugar cane to raise outputs of both Surv China Mainland Press 3536 p 19 (1965)

376 Spensley PC Aflatoxin the active principle in Turkey I disease Endeavour 2275-79 (1963)

377 Stead PRS Groundnut drying trials Rhod Agr J 6651-53 (1969)

378 Stem WR The influence of sowing date on the yield of peanuts in a short summer rainfall environment Aust J Exp Agr and Animal Husbandry 8594-598 (1968)

379 Strauss JL and Gizzard AL The effect of calcium magnesium and potassium on peanut yields Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 12348-352 (1948)

380 Sulaiman M Investigations on the control of tikka disease of groundnut in the Maharashtra State Beitrige Trop Subshytrop Landwirtsch u Tropenveterindrmedizin 251-54 (1964)

381 and Agashe NG Influence of climate on the incidence of tikka disease of groundnut Indian Oilseeds J 9176-179 (1965)

382 Sundaran NV Note on creation of tikka leaf spot of groundnut Indian Oilseeds J998-101 (1965)

383 Tella R de and Bacchi 0 Longevidade das sementes de amendoin (Longevity of groundnut seed) Bragantia 2121-23 (1962)

384 and Canecchio Filho V Instrucoes praticas-a cultura do amendoim (Practical instructions for groundnut cultivation) Agronomico 117-11 (1959)

385 Terblanche M and Rabie CJ A toxic fungus (Scerotshyium rolfsii) isolated from groundnuts S Afr J Agr Sci 10253-261 (1967)

386 Thompson SS Peanut leafspot diseases Ga Univ Ext Leafl 25 Res 8 p (1969)

387 Thornton I Quelques observations sur la nodulation de larachide en Gambie (Some observations on root nodule formation of groundnuts in Gambia) Oleagineux 18781-783 (1963)

388 The effect of fertilizers on the uptake of nitroshygen phosphorus and potassium by the groundnut EmpJ Exp Agr 32235-240 (1964)

389 Tippins HH Morgan LW and CM Beckham Biology of Derobrachusbrevicollis a pest of Bahiagrass and peanuts Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Bul 33 (1968)

390 Toms AM Agricultural progress in the Sudan World Crops 14200-202 (1962)

391 Irrigated groundnuts in the Sudan Gezira World Crops 1539-42 (1963)

392 Toole VL WK Bailey EH Toole Factors influencing dormancy of peanut seeds Plant Physiol 308Z2-832 (1964)

398 Tuelieres R Larachide an Sud-Vitnam (The groundnut in South Viet Nam) Bull Soc Et Indochinoises 37435-463 (1962)

394 Une alimentation saine et abondante grace 1a (A healthy and abundant alimentation thanks to ) Sin6gal Magazine Aug p 16-9 (1961)

395 Uptrend in Brazils peanut production temporarily halted by dry weather Foreign Crops and Markets 7916-17 (1959)

396 Vachhani MV et al Crop rotations double cropping and cropping pattern in the rice areas in India News Letter Int Rice Comm 1119-23 (1962)

397 Verma JK and Bajpai MR A brief review of mineral nutrition of groundnut in relation to its growth yield and quality Indian Oilseeds J 8222-229 (1964)

398 Vidhyasekaran P and lothandaraman R Fungicidal control of tikka leaf-spot of groundnut Indian J Agr Sci 38373-377 (1968)

399 Wadhwa ND Mechanical cultivation of groundnut in Northern Ghana Ghana Farmer 85-13 (1964)

400 Weiss EA Castor Sesame and Safflower 901 p Leonard Hill London (1971)

401 Whitaker RB and Wiser EH Theoretical investigations into the accuracy of sampling shelled peanuts for aflatoxin Amer Oil Chem SocJ 46377-379 (1969)

402 Whiteside JD and Bailey RA Application of fungicides for the control of Cercospora leaf-spot of groundnuts Rhoshydesia Agr J 64128-132 (1967)

403 Wilson C Peanut seed treatments Plant Disease Reptr 3487-95 (1950)

404 Wood IMW The effects of seed size seed treatment method of shelling and organic matter on the establishment of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr Animal Husbandry 881-84 (1968)

405 The effect of temperature at early flowering on the growth and development of peanuts (Arachis hyposhygaea) AustJ Agr Res 19241-251 (1968)

406 Chemical weed control in peanut crops at Katherine NT Aust J Exp Agr and Animal Husbandry 8762-766 (1968)

407 Woodroof JG Peanuts Production processing products The AVI Publishing Company Westport Connecticut p 291 (1966)

408 World peanut production second largest of record World Summaries Crops and Livestock Nov 24 p 16-18 (1960)

409 World peanut production sets new record Foreign Agr Carc US Dept Agr FFO 16-65 p 1-29 (1965)

410 World peanut production at near-record high in 1966 exports at record level Foreign Agr arc US Dep Agr FPO 7-67 p 1-28 (1967)

30

411 Zink E et al Estudos s8bre a conservacio de sementes X-Amendoin (Studies on seed storage X Groundnuts) Bragantia 21159-165 (1962)

Additional Reference

This manuscript has been a long time in preparation After the manuscript was put in final form and most of the typing had been done asignificant book on peanuts was publishedPeanuts-Cultureand Uses a Symposium was published by the American Peanut Research and Education Association Inc (Executive Secretary-Treasurer Leland

Tripp Agronomy Department Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma 74074) Thirty-eight authors contributed to the 20 chapters and in the 684 pages of the book there are over 2000 references listed This book covers in considerable detail all the topics that have been

briefly summarized in this manuscript Peanut proteins and the physicoshychemical and nutritional properties of peanuts are well covered

31

ABBREVIATIONS AND ADDRESSES OF SOME SOURCES OF LITERATURE CITATIONS

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Agrekon-Agrekon Department of Agricultural Economics and Marketing Pretoria South Africa

Agricultura em Sio Paulo-Instituto de Economia Agricola Caixa Postal 8083 Sio Paulo Brazil

Agron J-Agronomy Journal American Society of Agronomy 677 S Segoc Road Madison Wisconsin 53711 (USA)

Agronomico-Agronomico Instituto Agronomico Caixa Postal 28 Campanis Brazil

Agron Trop-Agronomia Tropical Centro de Investigaciones Agronomicas Maracay Venezuela

Agr Res Rev Egypt-Agricultural Research Review Dokki

Egypt Agr Situation India-Agricultural Situation in India Ministry of

Food and Agriculture Delhi 6 India Agr Trop-Agricultura Tropical Asociacion Columbiana de

Ingenieros Agronomo Bogota Columbia Alabama Age Exp Sta Bul-Alabama Agricultural Experiment

Station-Bulletin Auburn Alabama 36830 (USA) Amer Oil Chem Soc J-American Oil Chemists Society

Journal 35 East WackerNDrive Chicago Illinois 60601 (USA)

Amer Soc Agr Eng Trans-American Society of Agricultural Engineers Transactions St Joseph Michigan 49085 (USA)

Ann Agric Sci Univ Ain Shams-Annals of Agricultural Science University of Ain Shams Cairo Egypt

Arq Inst Biol-Arquivos do Instituto Biolgico Baixa Postal 7119 Sao Paulo Brazil

Aust J Agr Res-Australian Journal of Agricultural Research MelbourneAustralia

Beitrige Trop Subtrop Landwirtsch u Tropenveterinarshymedizin-Beitrige zur Tropischen und Subtropischen Landwirtschaft and Tropenveteriniirmedizin Karl Marx University Leipzig

Biolodgico-Biologico Caixa Postal 4185 Sao Paulo Brazil Biologist-Biologist Denver Colorado (USA) Bragantia-Bragantia Boletim Technico do Instituto Agronomshy

ico do Estado de Sgo Paulo Sgo Paulo Brazil Bull Engrais-Bulletin des Engrais Paris Bull Inform Inst Nat Etud Agron Congo Belge-Bulletin

deinformation de Institut National pour IEtude Agroshynomique du Congo Beige Brussels

Cah ORSTOM Ser Biologi-Cahiers Office de In Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer Series Biologi Paris

CCTACSA Symposium Lagos-Bukavu Savannah-Commission for Technical Cooperation in Africa Scientific Council for Africa

CCTAFAO Symposium-Commission pour la Cooperation Technique en Afrique (Commission for Technical Coopershyation in Africa South of the Sahara) Food and Agriculshytune Organization Symposium

Cenicafe-Cenicafe Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Cafe Chinchina Columbia

Chemistry and Industry London

Crop Sci-Crop Science Society of America 677 S Segoe Road Madison Wisconsin 53711 (USA)

Current Sci-Current Science Raman Research Institute Bangalore India

Diss Abstr Sect B-Dissertation Abstracts Section B Sciences and Engineering University Microfilms Ann Arbor Michigan 48106 (USA)

E Afr Agr Forestry J-East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal PO Box 30148 Nairobi

Econ Botany-Economic Botany The New York Botanical Garden New York New York 10458 (USA)

Economica-Economica London Empire J of Exper Agric-Empire Journal of Experimental

Agriculture London Emp J Exp Agr Gambia-Empire Journal of Experimental

Agriculture Gambia Endeavour-Endeavour Thames House London Etud Senegelaises-Etudes Senegelaises Dakar Expl Agric-Experimental Agriculture London FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome Italy FAO Plant Protection Bulletin-Food and Agriculture Organizashy

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FAO 4th Sess CCP OF-Food and Agricultural Organization 4th Session Committee on Commodity Problems Oils and Fats

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Field Crop Abstracts-Field Crop Abstracts Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux Farnham Royal England

Florida Agr Exp Sta Bull-Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin Gainesville Florida 32601 (USA)

Florida Agr Exp Sta Crc-Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Circular Gainesville Florida 32601 (USA)

Foreign Agr Circ U S Dept Agr FFO-Foreign Agricultural Circular United States Department of Agriculture Fats and Oils

Garcia de Orta-Garcia de Orta Junta de Investigacces do Ultrashymar Lisbon Portugal

Ga Univ Ext Ixafl-Georgia University Extension Leaflet Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Gaz Agr Angola-Gazeta Agricola de Angola Georgia Agr Exp Sta Mimeo Series NS 203-Georgia Agriculshy

tural Experiment Station Mimeo Series (New Series) Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Georgia Agr Exp Sta Res Report-Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report Athens Georgia 30601 (USA)

Ghana Farmer-Ghana Farmer Accra Ghana Indian Agriculturist-Indian Agriculturist Agricultural Society

of India Ballygunge Circular Road Calcutta India Indian Farming-Indian Council of Agricultural Research New

Delhi India Indian J Agr Sci-Indian Journal of Agricultural Science

Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi India

32

Indian J Sci amp Industry-Indian Journal of Science and Indusshytry Karnal India

Indian Oilseeds J-Indian Oilseeds Journal Hyderabad India Israel J Agr Res-Israel Journal of Agricultural Research J Amer Soc Agron-Journal of the American Society of

Agronomy Geneva New York 14456 (USA) J Econ Entomol-Joumnal of Economic Entomology Entoshy

mological Society of America Baltimore Maryland 21201 (USA)

J of Food Sci amp Technol-Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore India

J Sci Food Age-Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculshyture London

Marketing Res Rep U S Dept Agr-Marketing Research Reports Publications Division Office of Information United States Department of Agriculture Washington DC 20250 (USA)

Nature-Nature London N Carolina Agr Exp Sta BuU-North Carolina Agricultural

Experiment Station Bulletin Raleigh North Carolina 27607 (USA)

Neth J Age Sci-Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science Wageningen

Newsletter Int Rice Comm-Newsletter of the International Rice Commission Bangkok Thailand

NT Aust J Exp Agr-Northern Territories Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture

Okla Agr Res Prog Rep Processed Series-Oklahoma Agriculshytural Research Project Report Processed Series Stillwater Oklahoma 74074 (USA)

Oleagineux-Oleagineux LInstitut de Recherches pour les

Huiles et Oleagineux 8 Square Petrarque Paris Peanut J Nut World-Peanut Journal and Nut World Philippine J Plant Industry-Philippine Journal of Plant Indusshy

try Manila Philippine J Sci-Philippine Journal of Science Manila Plantand Soil-Plant and Soil The Hague Netherlands Plant Disease Reptr-Plant Disease Reporter Washington DC

(USA) Plant Physiol-Plant Physiology American Society of Plant

Physiologists PO Box 5706 Washington DC 20014 (USA)

Proc Peanut Res Conference-Proceedings Peanut Research Conference

Proc Southern Agr Workers-Proceedings of Southern Agriculshytural Workers Conference

Proc 5th Nat Peanut Res Conf-Proceedings of the 5th National Peanut Research Conference

Prod Res Rep US Dept Agr-Production Research Reports United States Department of Agriculture

Queensland J Agr Animal Sci-Queensland Journal of Agriculshytural and Animal Sciences Brisbane Australia

Rev Nac Agr Columbia-Revista Nacional de Agricultura Bogota Columbia

Rhodesia Agr J-Rhodesia Agricultural Journal Salisbury Rhodesia

Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi J Agr Res-Rhodesia Zambia and Malawi Journal of Agricultural Research Salisbury Rhodesia

Riv Agr Subtrop Trop-Rivista di Agricultura Subtropicale e Tropicale Florence Italy

S Ar J Agr Sci-South African Journal of Agricultural Science Pretoria South Africa

Samarm Research Bulletin-Samaru Research Bulletin Institute for Agricultural Research Ahmada Bello University Zaria Nigeria

Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc-Soil Science Society of America Proceedings

Surinaamse Landbouw-Surinaamse Landbouw Paramaribo Surinam

S Weed Sci Soc Proc-Southern Weed Science Society Proshyceedings

Techn Commun Dept Agr Techn Serv Rep S Africa-Technical Communications Department Technical Services Republic of South Africa Pretoria South Africa

Techn Paper Commonw Scl Industr Res Organiz Land Res Reg Survey-Technical Paper Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Land Research Regional Survey Canberra Australia

Texas Agr Exp Sta Bull-Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin College Station Texas 77843 (USA)

Trop Agr Ceylon-Tropical Agriculture Peradeniya Ceylon Trop Agric Trinidad-Tropical Agriculture The Journal of the

Imperial College of Agriculture University of the West Indies St Augustine Trinidad

Trop Sci-Tropical Science London Trop Stored Prod Inform-Tropical Stored Products Informashy

tion US Dept Agr Agr Econ Rept-United States Department of

Agriculture Agricultural Economics Reports Superintenshydent of Documents Washington DC 20250 (USA)

W Afr Rev-West Africian Review Liverpool World Crops-World Crops 28Essex St Strand London WD 2

England

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