peasant conduits

8/7/2019 Peasant Conduits

1/22

Dz} wfo} jvoh}ip `x }f`x x}o}j nc wot> Jsjk }fj wjoe aok eknwx! nt o} ijox} }f`kex! }fo}

fj `x kn} cot ctna dj`kg ox x}tnkg ox f`x kj`gfdnt+ Okm xn fj mnjx kn} odokmnk oii

}fnzgf} nc wot+ Dz} }fj x}tnkgjt aok! nt o} ijox} }fj aok wfn `x o i`}}ij x}tnkgjt }fok }fj

n}fjtx! eknwx mjxr`}j `} oii }fo} fj aop dj wjoejt }fok }fj n}fjt jxrjhòiip `c }fj n}fjt

zxjx wìjx xztrt`xj nt ok oiiòkhj+

!A`hfji Cnzhozi} Xnh`j}p Azx} Dj Mjcjkmjm

X}okm`kg nk }fj x`mj cnzt rjoxok}x z}}jtjm sot`nzx tzantx< }fo} Jsjtpnkj nc }fja otj

oièj w`}f tjgzio}`nkx }fjk }fo} Wj otj kn} ctjj ctna dotxf`ko }fjk }fo} Oxx`gk`kg

nc }fj gzotm `x nkip }n dj mnkj nkhj `k o pjot okm xn nk+

!M`x}t`h} Rni`hj Hf`jc Xfzxfejs`hf Rnmniò Rtns`khj ?6=6

Wjii pnz m`xhzxx dz} wj eknw }fj iow+

!Rjoxok} Hijtgpaok nc Mzdjhfkn }n @arjtòi Xnim`jtx ?6=6

]nwotmx }fj djg`kk`kg nc }fj xrt`kg ogt`hzi}ztoi fotsjx} nc ?6=6 rjoxok}x `k }fj

sìiogj nc Etàkn djgok }n gtzadij nsjt }fj àrnx`}`nk nc o kjw `ksjk}ntp iow? jkoh}jm

}fj rtjs`nzx pjot tjqz`t`kg }fja }n tjkmjt omm`}`nkoi cota iodnt okm xfjosjx nc gto`k }n

}fj`t iokmnwkjt+ Ièj aokp cotajtx `k xzttnzkm`kg sìiogjx }fj Etàk rjoxok}x dji`jsjm

}fj kjw iowx }n dj ok zklzx}òdij dztmjk htjo}jm nkip cnt }fj djkj} nc wjoi}fp nt

kndij iokmnwkjtx+ ]fjp tjxjk}jm }fj omm`}`nkoi mop nc hntsjj iodnt cnthjm zrnk }fja

kn}`kg }fo} kj`gfdnt`kg rjoxok}x wfn ro`m iokmnwkjtx w`}f okkzoi tjk}x `kx}jom nc iodnt

co`tjm azhf dj}}jt zkmjt }fj kjw iow+ Wfjk }fj Etàk rjoxok}x hnkctnk}jm }fj inhoi

rni`hj nchòi }fjp x}o}jm }fj`t w`xf }n dj ansjm ctna dotxf`ko nt hntsjj iodnt }n

ndtne nt vjm }jta tjk}+ ]n ozgajk} }fj`t hioà }fj rjoxok}x rtjxjk}jm }fj jvoarij nc

kjotdp sìiogjx }fo} ro`m }fj`t iokmnwkjtx w`}f ndtne5 hnzim }fjp }nn rop }fj`t

iokmnwkjt `k }f`x coxf`nk> ]fj okxwjt wox o tjxniz}j kn okm }fj x}okmncc dj}wjjk }fj

Etàkn rjoxok}x okm inhoi rni`hj cnthjx nsjt cziii`kg }fj kjw `ksjk}ntp qzn}ox iox}jm

]F@X @X O MTOC]! MN KN] H@]J W@]FNZ] OXE@KG LOK]IJPBGAO@I+HNA

?]fj @ksjk}ntp Iow jkoh}jm `k ?6=3 }otgj}jm }fj Wjx}jtk rtns`khjx nc Rnmniò E`js okmSnifpkò ox wjii ox }fj Hnkgtjxx E`kgmna+ O} `}x doxj }fj iow xnzgf} }n oxxjxx }fj iokm

fjim `k }fjxj }jtt`}nt`jx okm tj!jsoizo}j }fj }ov ndi`go}`nk mjt`sjm ctna }fjxj jx}o}jx+ ]fj

`ksjk}ntp iow oixn x}`rzio}jm }fj kzadjt nc mopx rjoxok}x wjtj ndi`go}jm }n rjtcnta hntsjj

iodnt okm k`gf} gzotm mz}p+
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


2/22

sj mopx+ Mzt`kg }f`x hnkctnk}o}`nk }fj xr`t`} nc tjx`x}okhj xrtjom }n kjotdp sìiogjx nc

Mzdjhfkn I`zdnef`ko okm Ipz}e ok otjo }fo} hnk}o`kjm nsjt 8222 rjoxok}x+ ]fj

x`}zo}`nk wox snio}ìj }n xop }fj ijox}+

]f`x hnkctnk}o}`nk dj}wjjk }fj sìiogjtx nc Etàkn okm inhoi àrjtòi oz}fnt`}`jx

hnk}o`kx kn jijajk}x nc xztrt`xj cnt }fnxj wfn x}zmp rjoxok} nt xzd!oi}jtk tjx`x}okhj+

Otj wj xfnhejm }n m`xhnsjt }fo} }fj rnwjtijxx nc}jk cnzkm fzaì`}p wfjk hnkctnk}jm dp

}fj hnjth`sj fokm nc }fj rnwjtczi> Cnt }fj rjoxok}x nc Etàkn }fj`t tjczxoi }n hottp nz}

}fj kjw ogt`hzi}ztj iow jkmjm w`}f d`thf tnm djo}`kgx oma`k`x}jtjm dp m`x}t`h} rni`hj

hf`jc C+J+ Aj`jt+ ]fj rjoxok}x rijomjm cnt cntg`sjkjxx pj} }fj }ftjo} nc }fj`t

wìicziikjxx wox cot ctna qzoxfjm+ Wfo} `x anx} xztrt`x`kg `x }fo} kjwx nc }fj Etàkn

`kh`mjk} xrtjom okm n}fjt sìiogjx omlzx}jm }fj`t x}to}jg`jx cnt tjx`x}`kg }fj kjw `ksjk}ntp

iowx ohhntm`kgip+ O hnkmz`} nc `kcntao}`nk fflnwjm dj}wjjk }fj sìiogjx dijkm`kg tzant

okm kjwx roxxjm nk dp }fj rjoxok}tp+ ]f`x hnkmz`} gosj }fj rnwjtijxx rjoxok}tp gtjo}jt

odì`}p }n a`}`go}j hioàx okm cnthj zxjm ogo`kx} }fja dp }fj Tzxxòk àrjtòi oz}fnt`}`jx+

Zx`kg tjrnt}x ctna m`x}t`h} rni`hj hf`jcx okm aì`}otp nchjtx nc }ftjj rtns`khjx }fo} aomj

zr }fj t`gf}!doke Zeto`kòk iokmx `k @arjtòi Tzxxò &E`js Rnmniò okm Snifpkò) }f`x

x}zmp wìi okoip|j tjx`x}okhj }n }fj kjw `ksjk}ntp iowx nc ?6=3 w`}f xrjhòi cnhzx nk

rjoxok} zxj nc }fj kcntao}`nk hnkmz`}+ Cnhzx`kg nk }fj pjot ?6=6 }fj Xrt`kg nc

Ko}`nkx oiinwx }fj rnxx`dì`}p nc mj}jh}`kg xzd}ij `kfflzjkhjx }fj tjsniz}`nkotp ansjajk}

rnxxjxxjm `k }fj wjx}jtk rtns`khjx `k tjgotmx }n }fj`t oàx `k tjx`x}`kg }fj

àrijajk}o}`nk nc }fj kjw `ksjk}ntp iow+ Rjoxok}x xfotjm `kcntao}`nk nc xzhhjxxjx okm

coìztjx `k hnkctnk}o}`nkx w`}f oz}fnt`}`jx hnntm`ko}jm riokx cnt hniijh}`sj tjx`x}okhj okm

xrtjom tzantx nc cz}ztj jm`h}x oii `k ok o}}jar} }n }fwot} @arjtòi oad`}`nkx+



3/22

Gjntgjx Ijcjdstjx xja`koi wnte ]fj Gtjo} Cjot nc ?760 oixn mjr`h}jm rjoxok}x

zx`kg `kcntao}`nk hnkmz`}x }n go`k eknwijmgj wf`hf `k }ztk xforjm }fj`t oh}`nkx okm

tjxrnkxjx }n inhoi jsjk}x+ @k`}òi kjwx nc }fj cjot xrtjom oinkg }fj rnx}oi tnz}jx okm }fjk

i}jtjm mnwk }fj hfo`k }n }nwkx okm }fjk tztoi otjox+ Iohe nc Ctjkhf iokgzogj xeìix

rtnsjm kn} }n dj ok jccjh}`sj mj}jttjk} ogo`kx} }fj xrtjom`kg nc tzant5 }fj aolnt`}p nc

hnzk}`jx }ftnzgf wf`hf }fj Cjot xrtjom xrnej i`}}ij nt kn Ctjkhf+4 Sìiogjx xjk} h`}`|jkx

}nwotmx fzdx nc `kcntao}`nk! iotgjt }nwkx }tom`kg aotej}x j}h+! `k ntmjt }n go}fjt }fj

kjwx okm tjrnt} dohe+ Ijcjdstj x}o}jm }fo} `x wox }ftnzgf }fjxj ajokx }fj Gtjo} Cjot

xrtjom otnzkm Ctokhj+8

Mzt`kg }f`x rjt`nm nc ht`x`x Ctjkhf rjoxok}x jkgogjm w`}f }fj`t

`kcntao}`nk hnkmz`}x ijotk`kg kn} nkip odnz} inhoi jsjk}x dz} oixn tzantx okm

xrjhzio}`nkx }tosji`kg ohtnxx }fj hnzk}tp+

Rtjs`nzx xhfniotxf`r nk Tzxxòk rjoxok} tjx`x}okhj fox cnhzxjm nk }fj oh}`sj

aj}fnmx jarinpjm xzhf ox nz}t`gf} tjsni} nt xj`|ztj.mjx}tzh}`nk nc aokntòi rtnrjt}p+

]fjtj otj kzajtnzx jvoarijx }n mtow zrnk ox }fjxj jsjk}x rtnmzhjm o iotgjt cnn}rt`k}

`k }fj f`x}nt`hoi mnhzajk}o}`nk+ Roxx`sj tjx`x}okhj dp `}x sjtp ko}ztj `x m`chzi} }n }tohe

`k }fj xoaj mnhzajk} xnzthj doxj+ Loajx Xhn}} hoiijm }f`x roxx`sj oh}`s`}p jsjtpmop

tjx`x}okhj x}o}`kg

Wfjtj jsjtpmop tjx`x}okhj anx} x}tè`kgip mjrot}x ctna

n}fjt cntax nc tjx`x}okhj `x `k `}x àri`h`} m`xosnwoi nc

rzdi`h okm xpadni`h gnoix+ Wfjtj `kx}`}z}`nkoi`|jm rni`}`hx

`x cntaoi nsjt} hnkhjtkjm w`}f xpx}ja`h mj lztj hfokgj


4 Jzgjk Wjdjt Rjoxok}x `k}n Ctjkhfajk< }fj anmjtk`|o}`nk nc tztoi Ctokhj) ?672!?04=+

&X}okcntm Hoi`cntkò< X}okcntm Zk`sjtx`}p Rtjxx) 36+

8 Gjngtjx Ijcjdstj ]fj Gtjo} Cjot nc ?760< Tztoi Rok`h `k Tjsniz}`nkotp Ctokhj+

&Kjw Pnte< Xhfnhejk Dnnex ?060) 37!36 ?40+


4/22

jsjtpmop tjx`x}okhj `x `kcntaoi nc}jk hnsjt} okm

hnkhjtkjm iotgjip w`}f àajmò}j mj coh}n go`kx+ =

Xhn}} mjsjinrjm f`x anmji nc jsjtpmop tjx`x}okhj doxjm zrnk oh}zoi jvrjt`jkhj okm

jim tjxjothf `k }fj xaoii Aoiopxòk sìiogj nc Xjmoeo pj} f`x `kx`gf}x hnk}o`kjm

x`gk`hok} àri`ho}`nkx cnt }fj x}zmp nc Tzxxòk rjoxok} tjx`x}okhj+ Zxj nc tzant okm

gnxx`r rot}`hziotip `k}jtjx}jm Xhn}} ox fj s`jwjm }f`x djfos`nt ox o ajokx dp wf`hf }fj

rnnt nc Xjmoeo jkgogjm `k }fj m`xhnztxj nc rnwjt w`}f`k }fj sìiogj+ Fj kn}jx Djf`km

jsjtp r`jhj nc gnxx`r }fo} `x kn} ajtjip kjwx `x ok àri`h`} x}o}jajk} nc o tzij nt knta

}fo} fox djjk dtnejk+ @} `x `k coh} nkip }fj s`nio}`nk nc jvrjh}jm djfos`nt }fo} aoej ok

jsjk} wnt}f gnxx`r`kg odnz}+: @kx}jom nc rtnan}`kg o m`xhnztxj }fo} jks`x`nkjm o tom`hoi

hfokgj nc rnwjt tjio}`nkx ox cnzkm `k tjsni} ansjajk}x gnxx`r oiinwjm }fj rjoxok} }n

zxj }fj jx}odi`xfjm knta ox o doxji`kj cnt ht`}`qzj+

Gnxx`r okm tzant ctjqzjk}ip zxjm dp }fj Tzxxòk rjoxok}tp xjtsjm ox o ajokx nc

ht`}`qz`kg }fj x}o}zx qzn w`}f`k dnzkmot`jx }nijto}jm dp }fj @arjtòi tjgàj+ Ox xjjk `k

}fj mnhzajk}x djinw tzant oiinwjm }fj rjoxok}tp }n riop cnt }àj okm }fjtj otj xjsjtoi

jvoarijx nc xzhf }oh}`hx p`jim`kg cosntodij tjxzi}x cnt }fj xzrrnxjmip wjoejt rot}p+

Antj oh}`sj ajokx nc tjx`x}okhj xzhf ox nz}t`gf} tjsni} nt tjriohjajk} nc jx}o}j nchòix

jkgjkmjtjm oh}`sj tjrtjxx`nk+ Hniijh}`sj tjxrnkx`dì`}p riohjm zrnk jk}`tj sìiogjx

jkxztjm }fo} }fnxj wfn hnaa`}}jm t`n}nzx oh}x ogo`kx} }fj x}o}j ro`m cnt }fnxj oh}x+

X}jrfjk Fnhf `k f`x x}zmp nk }fj sìiogj nc Rj}tnsxenj `k }fj ]oadns rtns`khj kn}jm

}fo} hnaazkoi oz}fnt`}`jx wjtj cnthjm }n rop }fj hnx}x nc o rjoxok} nz}dztx} `k ?6465 }fj


= Loajx H+ Xhn}} Wjornkx nc }fj Wjoe< Jsjtpmop cntax nc Rjoxok} Tjx`x}okhj+ &Kjw

Fosjk< Poij Zk`sjtx`}p Rtjxx ?06:) 88+

: @d`m+ 464+


5/22

xza `khizmjm moaogj nc rtnrjt}p `khzttjm qzot}jt`kg okm cjjm`kg nc xnim`jtx xjk} }n rz}

mnwk }fj nz}dztx} okm }fj }tokxrnt}o}`nk hnx} oxxnhò}jm w`}f jvì`kg }fj anx} nkjtnzx

rjoxok}x }n X`djtò+3 Oh}`sj tjx`x}okhj `k gjkjtoi rtnsjm }nn hnx}ip }n jkgogj `k cnt anx}

rjoxok}x+

Jsjtpmop tjx`x}okhj nk }fj n}fjt fokm oiinwjm cnt rjoxok}x nc Tzxxò }n

hfoiijkgj }fj mjaokmx nc iokmnwkjtx okm }fj x}o}j oièj hnado}`kg }fj tjgàj w`}f }fj

sjtp ing`h okm xpadni`xa zxjm }n lzx}`cp }fj tzij nc }fj rnwjtczi+ Oiiok Wìmaok `k f`x

x}zmp nk iokm hfot}jtx nc }fj rnx}!jaokh`ro}`nk xj}}ijajk} kn}jm fnw rjoxok}x zxjm

tzantx }n rnx}rnkj }fj x`gk`kg nc kjw iokm ogtjjajk}x+ Ox }fj }xotx mjhtjj nk iokm

ogtjjajk}x hnk}o`kjm o x}`rzio}`nk }fo} rtj!jaokh`ro}`nk iodnt tjqz`tjajk}x wnzim dj

fnkntjm cnt }wn omm`}`nkoi pjotx oc}jt }fj jaokh`ro}`nk nc ?63? aokp rjoxok}x

rtncjxxjm }fj dji`jc }fo} o kjw mjhtjj nc }fj }xotx }tzj wìi7 cnt rjoxok} ctjjmna wnzim

cniinw }fj jkm nc }f`x iodnt jv}jkx`nk rjt`nm+ ]fj`t tjczxoi }n x`gk }fj kjw ogtjjajk}x

okm dji`jc `k xìip tzantx ox kn}jm dp }fj gnsjtknt nc Efotens `k ?63? cnthjm aokp

iokmnwkjtx mjxrjto}j cnt }fj qz`he hoxf `kczx`nk }fj iokm xj}}ijajk}x rtns`mjm }n

ohqz`jxhj }n rjoxok} mjaokmx nk cota oiin}ajk}x okm rt`hj nc iokm+6


3 X}jrfjk Fnhf Xjtcmna okm Xnhòi Hnk}tni `k Tzxxò+ &Hf`hogn< Zk`sjtx`}p nc Hf`hogn

Rtjxx ?063)

7 Oz}fnt`}p `k }fj Tzxxòk @arjtòi x}o}j hoaj m`tjh}ip ctna }fj }xot fàxjic+ @c rjoxok}x

mjh`mjm }fo} o kjw iow nt jm`h} wox zkco`t }fjp hnzim hioà }fo} }fj inhoi iokmnwkjtx nt

kndijx wjtj ndxhzt`kg }fj }tzj ko}ztj nc }fj }xotx mjhtjj+ ]fzx }fj rftoxj ]fj }xotwok}x `} dz} }fj dnpotx tjx`x} `x o rtàj jvoarij nc fnw rjoxok}x `kgjk`nzxip }ztkjm }fj

rnwjt doxj nc }fj Tzxxòk x}o}j nk `}x fjom+ @c }fj }xot rnxxjxxjx oii }fj rnwjt }fjk fnw

hnzim o iokmnwkjt jvjth`xj o mjhtjj }fo} s`nio}jx &`k }fj rjoxok} a`kmxj}) }fj dox`h

ro}jtkoi tjio}`nkxf`r rtncjxxjm dp }fj odxniz}`x} tjgàj>

6 Oiiok E+ Wìmaok ]fj Mjk`kg Anajk}< Iokm Hfot}jtx okm }fj Rnx}!Jaokh`ro}`nk

Ogtotòk Xj}}ijajk} `k Tzxxò ?63?!?638 ]fj Hoti Djhe Rorjtx `k Tzxxòk okm Jox}

Jztnrjok X}zm`jx ?42: &?003)< 47!46+


6/22

]f`x wox kn} }fj tx} }àj rjoxok}x zxjm tzantx nc }fj }xotx }tzj wìi }n czt}fjt

}fj`t gnoix+ Mok`ji C`jim `k f`x x}zmp nc rjoxok} `ksnisjajk} `k tjdjii`nk m`xxjh}jm

rjoxok} hioàx nc kosj ankothf`xa jvrtjxxjm `k }fj cniinw`kg x}o}jajk}< ]fj }xot

wok}x `} dz} }fj dnpotx tjx`x}+ 0C`jim m`xhnsjtjm }fo} rjoxok}x zxjm }f`x x}o}jajk} ox o

ajokx }n tjx`x} iokmnwkjt hioàx cnt omm`}`nkoi iodnt nt tjk} jxrjhòiip zrnk

`k}tnmzh}`nk nc kjw iowx nt rtnhioao}`nkx+ Tzxxòk oz}fnt`}`jx cjotjm }fj m`xxja`ko}`nk

nc coixj `k}jtrtj}o}`nkx nc kjw mjhtjjx okm }nne xrjhòi hotj `k mj}jta`k`kg wfn tjhj`sjm

kn}`hj nc àrjkm`kg hfokgjx nc }fj iow+ Ox anx} rjoxok}x wjtj ìi`}jto}j jm`h}x }fo}

oi}jtjm }fj czkmoajk}oi tjio}`nkxf`r dj}wjjk iokmnwkjt okm rjoxok} wjtj }tokxa`}}jm

ntoiip w`}f mjhtjjx tjom oinzm o} aotej}x co`tx }nwk xqzotjx okm cnt }fj tztoi

rnrzio}`nk hfzthf xjts`hjx+ Rnnt tnomx okm gjngtorf`hoiip m`x}ok} inho}`nkx nc}jk ajok}

}fo} hnzt`jtx ott`sjm `k rtns`khòi otjox o} m`ccjt`kg xrjjmx ajok`kg }fo} xnaj inhoijx

tjhj`sjm }fj kjw iow djcntj n}fjtx+?2 ]f`x x}oggjtjm ott`soi nc jm`h}x htjo}jm o ijg`}ào}j

rjthjr}`nk cnt }fj rjoxok} rnrzio}`nk }fo} xnaj m`x}t`h}x wjtj }tjo}jm m`ccjtjk}ip }fo}

n}fjtx `k }fj jpjx nc }fj iow+

O rtàj jvoarij nc }f`x iog jccjh} `x cnzkm w`}f`k }fj hnttjxrnkmjkhj dj}wjjk

K`hniox @ okm @sok Roxejs`hf }fj orrn`k}jm ijomjt nc Tzxxòk }tnnrx `k }fj wjx}jtk

rtns`khjx mo}jm ?2 Ortì ?6=6+ Oc}jt Aothf ?6=6 K`hfniox @ ntmjtjm }fo} }fj kjw

@ksjk}ntp iowx dj odokmnkjm `k i`gf} nc }fj zktjx} }fjk zkcnim`kg `k }fj wjx}+ Wok}`kg

kn m`xtzr}`nkx K`hfniox ntmjtjm }fo} oii cnthj dj zxjm }n rz} mnwk tjsni}x `k }fj


0 Mok`ji C`jimTjdjix `k }fj Koaj nc }fj ]xot+ &Dnx}nk< Fnzgf}nk A`cffl`k Hnarokp

?073)

?2 Mos`m AnnkTzxxòk Rjoxok}x okm ]xot`x} Ijg`xio}`nk nk }fj Jsj nc Tjcnta

&Dox`kgx}nej< Aohaìiòk ?004) ?2!?4+


7/22

rtns`khjx nc E`js Rnmniò okm Snifpkò+ Oc}jt Roxejs`hf tjhj`sjm }fj ntmjt fj roxxjm

`} nk `k mzri`ho}j }n }fj gnsjtknt nc }fj wjx}jtk rtns`khjx M+G+ D`dèns nk ?0 Ortì

?6=6+ Wntm nc }fj ijgoi okkziajk} }nne jsjk inkgjt }n tjohf }fj tztoi rnrzio}`nk okm

}fj mnhzajk}o}`nk `km`ho}jm }fo} tjx`x}okhj ogo`kx} }fj `ksjk}ntp iow hnk}`kzjm }ftnzgf

Ozgzx} `k }fj rtns`khj nc Rnmniò+ Hijotip }fj }tokxa`xx`nk nc }fj kjw mjhtjj }nne

hnkx`mjtodij }àj }n rjtajo}j `k}n }fj wjx}jtk rtns`khjx+

Mnhzajk}x ctna }fj t`gf}!doke Zeto`kòk }jtt`}nt`jx nc Tzxxò wt`}}jk `k ?6=6

oiinw zx }n s`jw }fjxj `kcntao}`nk hnkmz`}x `k oh}`nk+ ]tjajkmnzx tjsniz}`nkotp oh}`s`}p

}nne riohj `k Wjx}jtk Jztnrj ox Ctokhj Rtzxxò okm Ozx}tò cohjm ht`xjx rtn}jx}`kg

ogo`kx} }fj ankothf`hoi xpx}ja+ ]xot K`hfniox @ cjotczi }fo} }fj Jztnrjok jvoarij

wnzim xrtjom }n Tzxxò ntmjtjm o andì`|o}`nk nc }tnnrx nk }fj wjx}jtk }jtt`}nt`jx okm

`xxzjm o mjhtjj tjom `k oii Tzxxòk hfzthfjx nk 43 Aothf ?6=6 x}o}`kg }fo} Tzxxò wnzim

tjx`x} tjsniz}`nkotp oggtjxx`nk o} `}x dntmjtx+ Aok`cjx}nx okm roarfij}x wt`}}jk dp

cntj`gk a`gtx `k dn}f Rni`xf okm Zeto`kòk okm m`x}t`dz}jm `k }fj t`gf}!doke Zeto`kòk

}jtt`}nt`jx ztgjm rjoxok}x }n tjx`x} }fj }xotx ntmjtx okm ln`k w`}f }fj`t dtn}fjtx `k

Jztnrj??+ Oii nc }fjxj jsjk}x htjo}jm xfnhewosjx }fo} fflnnmjm }ftnzgf }fj wjx}jtk

rtns`khjx nc Tzxxò+ Rjoxok}x zkxztj nc }fj snio}ìj x`}zo}`nk }ztkjm }n inhoi `kcntao}`nk

hnkmz`}x xzhf ox kj`gfdnt`kg sìiogjx okm aotej}x ox wjii ox iotgjt hnkmz`}x xzhf ox

x}o}j okknzkhjajk}x okm cntj`gk!nt`g`k roarfij}x }n oxxjxx }fj`t osoìodij nr}`nkx+

M`m Tzxxòk @arjtòi rjoxok}x `k }fj t`gf}!doke Zeto`kòk rtns`khjx jkgogj `k

xàìot djfos`nt mzt`kg }fj Xrt`kg nc Ko}`nkx ansjajk} nc ?6=6> ]fj js`mjkhj

rtjxjk}jm djinw `km`ho}jx }fo} rjoxok}x zxjm inhoi hnkkjh}`nkx }n ohhjxx }fj `kcntao}`nk


?? O+\+ Dotodn` Rtosndjtj|fkopo Zeto`ko s ?6=6 g+@x}nt`hfjxe`j \or`xe` 8= &?0:2)

63!?4?+


8/22

hnkmz`}+ ]fj eknwijmgj }fjp go`kjm j`}fjt tzant nt coh}zoi ohhnzk} oiinwjm }fja }n

hfoiijkgj }fj `ksjk}ntp iowx àrijajk}o}`nk w`}f`k }fj`t nwk sìiogjx+

Mnhzajk}x ctna }fj E`js Rtns`khj

Nk 42 Aothf &Ortì ?)?4 ?6=6 E`js gnsjtknt @+@+ Czkmzeij` wtn}j }n K`hfniox @

odnz} }fj tjczxoi nc xjsjtoi sìiogjx?8 `k }fj E`jsòk zj|m &o xaoiijt m`s`x`nk nc }fj

rtns`khj) }n hottp nz} }fj tjqz`tjajk}x nc }fj kjw `ksjk}ntp iow?=+ Wfjk }fj iokmnwkjt

nc }fjxj jx}o}jx ott`sjm `k }fj sìiogj nc Eotoxf`k }n rzk`xf }fj `kx}`go}ntx nc }fj wnte

x}nrrogj fj kn}`hjm }fj àrjt}`kjk} }nkj zxjm dp }fj rjoxok}x `k }fj`t hnksjtxo}`nk+ ]fj

gnsjtknt tjiop`kg `kcntao}`nk go}fjtjm ctna }fnxj o} }fj xhjkj kn}jm }fo} o rjoxok}

ctna Ipmaìnseo fztijm `kxzi}x o} }fj inhoi x}jwotm+ @k tjxrnkxj }fj m`x}t`h} rni`hj hf`jc

w`}f xnim`jtx ctna }fj cnzt}f do}}oi`nk s`x`}jm johf sìiogj ijos`kg nkip wfjk }fj

rjoxok}x ogtjjm }n cziii }fj omm`}`nkoi mop nc hntsjj iodnt x}`rzio}jm dp }fj kjw

`ksjk}ntp iow+

]fj tjrnt} `x kn} sjtp inkg okm hnk}o`kx cjw mj}oìx5 }fnxj rtns`mjm otj ajok}

nkip }n dnix}jt }fj mjh`x`nk }n zxj cnthj ogo`kx} }fj tjx`x}`kg rjoxok}x+ Wfo} `x anx}

x`gk`hok} odnz} }f`x `kh`mjk} `x }fo} xjsjk sìiogjx zk`}jm }n rtn}jx} }fj `ksjk}ntp iow+

Zk`}jm }ngj}fjt }fjp rnxxjxxjm o azhf gtjo}jt hfokhj nc xjhzt`kg }fj`t mjaokmx ctna

}fj iokmnwkjt wf`hf `k }f`x hoxj oanzk}jm }n tji`jc ctna ok omm`}`nkoi mop nc hntsjj


?4

@k`}òi mo}jx g`sjk cnt }fj tjrnt}x otj nk }fj Lziòk hoijkmot xpx}ja5 dp ?6=6 }fjTzxxòk Jar`tj fom coiijk ?4 mopx djf`km }fj hoijkmotx nc }fj wjx}+ Mo}jx `k }fj

rotjk}fjx`x `km`ho}j }fj omlzx}jm mo}j+

?8 ]fjxj sìiogjx wjtj Gostnkxfhf`kò Eotoxf`k @ztnso Etoxkn` Xindnmp Koi`soènse`

I`zmaìnsxeo okm E`k}jjse`+

?= O+S+ Rtjm}jhfjkxe`` jm+ Etjx}òkxenj ms`|fjk`j s Tnxx`` s ?643!?6=0 gg &Anxhnw 42+ ]fj

xnim`jtx okxwjtjm kn+ ]fjk ohhntm`kg }n }fj tjrnt} }fj hijtgpaok tjsjoijm o dnne


?0 ]fnxj ajk}`nkjm otj Rne`}` Gizef Xfjei` okm I`z}e`+

42>


14/22

xzrrnxjmip f`mmjk `k f`x hin}f`kg rn`k}jm }n }fj xnim`jtx okm mjhiotjm Wjii pnz

m`xhzxx &}fj iow) dz} wj eknw }fj iow+ 4?Fjot`kg }fo} o hijtgpaok nrjkip m`xrz}jm }fj

iow Aj`jt ntmjtjm f`x ottjx}+ ]fj htnwm tjczxjm }n g`sj fà zr oheknwijmg`kg }fo} }fj

rni`hj hf`jc wok}jm }fj hijtgpaok djhozxj fj xzrrnt}jm }fj rjoxok}x hozxj+ Mjxr`}j

s`gntnzx tjx`x}okhj dp }fj htnwm }fj nccjkm`kg hijtgpaok ottjx}jm wox zi}ào}jip xjk}

}n loì+ Fjtj }fj mnhzajk} }toì jkmx+

Hizjx jv`x} `k }f`x tjrnt} ox }n }fj zxj dp rjoxok}x nc }fj `kcntao}`nk hnkmz`}

otnzkm }fj`t inhoi otjo+ ]fj zxj nc no}fx dj}wjjk xjsjtoi sìiogjx `km`ho}j }fo} }fj

rjoxok} rnrzio}`nk kn} nkip hnaazk`ho}jm w`}f johf n}fjt dz} oixn riokkjm }fj

hniijh}`sj tjx`x}okhj ogo`kx} }fj mjaokmx nc }fj `ksjk}ntp iowx+ Hnjth`sj cnthj mjczxjm

}fj tx} x`}zo}`nk `k }fj sìiogj nc Etàk pj} dp }fj sjtp kjv} mop }fj sìiogjtx nc

Mzdjhfko ekjw nc }fj`t hnaro}t`n}x hor`}zio}`nk+ ]fj wntm nds`nzxip xrtjom ox }fj

ajj}`kg dj}wjjk Aj`jt okm }fj rjoxok}x nc Mzdjhfko o}}toh}jm o htnwm ctna xjsjtoi

n}fjt kj`gfdnt`kg sìiogjx+ Hijotip aokp rjoxok}x fjim o x}oej `k }fj hnkctnk}o}`nk nsjt

}fj `ksjk}ntp iowx+ ]fj tjcjtjkhj }n }fj kzadjt nc xfotrjkjm rèjx aomj dp }fj

hijtgpaok aop nkip fosj djjk o dnox}czi dizcc pj} jsjk }fj f`k} nc jxhoio}`kg `k}jk}

x`gkoijm }fj mjm`ho}`nk nc }fj rjoxok}x cnt }fj hozxj+

Wfo} `x anx} `k}jtjx}`kg odnz} }f`x xhjkj `x }fj zxj nc i`}jtotp eknwijmgj ox o

lzx}`ho}`nk cnt `k}jtrtj}o}`nk nc }fj iow+ Wfjk }fj hijtgpaok oxex odnz} }fj i`}jtohp nc

}fj xnim`jtx fj mnjx xn }n xfnw }fj fprnht`xp nc }fnxj wfn jvrnzkm }fj iow pj} hokkn}

tjom `}+ Djf`km }f`x x}o}jajk} nkj hok tjom }fj nc}jk!tjnhhztt`kg dji`jc }fo} inhoi

iokmnwkjtx okm kndijajk ndxhztj }fj }xotx }tzj wìi dp coixjip `k}jtrtj}`kg f`x mjhtjjx+


4?! +


15/22

]f`x kn}jm hijtgpaok a`gf} fosj rnxxjxxjm sjtp dox`h i`}jtohp xeìix pj} }f`x wox nc}jk

jknzgf cnt rjoxok}x }n hioà }fo} }fj`t `k}jtrtj}o}`nk nc }fj iow wox }fj hnttjh} nkj+ 44

]fj }jv} mnjx kn} tjsjoi `c }fj dnne rtnmzhjm dp }fj hijtgpaok wox nc o xjhziot nt

tji`g`nzx ko}ztj+ Wfìj wj hokkn} dj xztj wj hok tjoxnkodip oxxzaj }fo} }fj dnne wox o

tji`g`nzx }naj+ @ksne`kg }fj }tzj ajok`kg nc }fj iow wfìj dtokm`xf`kg }fj rnxxjxxjm

dnne xpadni`hoiip i`kejm }fj rtncjxx`nkx nc tji`g`nzx iow w`}f }fj àrnx`}`nkx nc h`sì

iow+ ]f`x i`ke oiinwjm }fj rjoxok}x }n ing`hoiip oxxjt} }fo} }fj `ksjk}ntp iow kct`kgjm

zrnk }fj ro}jtkoi ndi`go}`nkx àri`jm w`}f tji`g`nzx lzx}`ho}`nk nc xjhziot tzij+

Gtjgntp Ctjj|j kn}jm }fo} rt`jx}x okm hijtgpajk m`m kn} nc}jk rtjohf nk }fj

xzdljh} nc xjtcmna ox ok `kx}`}z}`nk+48 Wfjk okm `c }fjp m`m }fj xjtankx }nne nk o }nkj

nc djkjsnijk} xjts`hj+ Rftoxjx ièj Tjkmjt zk}n Hojxot wfo} `x Hojxotx wjtj zxjm }n

x}tjxx }fj mz}p okm ndi`go}`nk nc }fj rjoxok} }n }fj iokmnwkjt nt x}o}j pj} `k hnklzkh}`nk

w`}f }f`x xjtsìj ndi`go}`nk wox }fj tnij nc }fj iokmnwkjt nt x}o}j }n oh} ox o djkjsnijk}

co}fjt }tjo}`kg johf nc }fj`t rjoxok}x w`}f e`kmkjxx okm hfot`}p+ Rjoxok}x dji`jsjm }fo}

}fj omm`}`nkoi mop nc iodnt x}`rzio}jm dp }fj `ksjk}ntp iow }n dj nkjtnzx okm `k

hnk}tom`h}`nk w`}f }fj hotj j}f`h cnzkm `k Hft`x}òk`}p okm rtncjxxjm dp }fj m`s`kj }xot+

Rnmniò inho}jm nk }fj dntmjt nc }fj Tzxxòk }jtt`}ntp hnk}o`kjm xnaj nc }fj anx}

hnntm`ko}jm roxx`sj tjx`x}okhj cnzkm `k }f`x x}zmp+ Tzantx joxìp fflnwjm ctna nkj


44 ]fj wntex nc X}jrfjk Fnhf Mos`m Annk Oiiok Wìmaok okm Mok`ji C`jim hnsjtx

}f`x rfjknajknk+ @k rot}`hziot Annk okm C`jim mjankx}to}j `k }fj`t wntex }fo} rjoxok}xkn} nkip zxjm i`}jto}j rjoxok}x ox `kcntao}`nk dtnejtx dz} oixn ox }tzx}jm `k}jtrtj}jtx nc

}fj iow+ @arjtòi oz}fnt`}`jx ekjw nc }f`x rn}jk}òi `k}jtrtj}o}`nk odzxj okm }`gf}ip

hnk}tniijm m`xxja`ko}`nk nc sot`nzx mjhtjjx+ Ox js`mjkhjm `k xjsjtoi nc }fj mnhzajk}x

okoip|jm fjtj rni`hj nchòix okm iokmnwkjtx nc}jk tjom iowx aokp }àjx }n rjoxok }x `k

ntmjt }fo} }fjp tjhj`sj }fj hnttjh} `k}jtrtj}o}`nk+

48 Gtjgntp Ctjj|j ]fj Nt}fnmnv Hfzthf okm Xjtcmna `k Rtjtjcnta Tzxxò Xios`h

Tjs`jw =6


16/22

sìiogj }n okn}fjt ox }fj hinxj rtnvà`}p }n }fj Forxdztg dntmjt rtnan}jm htnxx!

hnk}oa`ko}`nk nc Jztnrjok tjsniz}`nkotp `mjoix+ @k }fjxj mnhzajk}x wj km }fj anx}

ot}`hzio}jm hoxj nc rjoxok} `ksnisjajk} `k }fj `kcntao}`nk hnkmz`} ox }fjp o}}jar}jm }n

tjx`x} }fj kjw `ksjk}ntp iow+ Cnt}p!cnzt `kh`mjk}x `k }fj pjot ?6=6 otj o}}t`dz}jm }n

Rnmniò wf`hf riohjm nkip xjhnkm }n Sntnkj|f rtns`khj w`}f cnt}p!xjsjk+ O+\+ Dotodn`

kn}jm `k f`x x}zmp nc }fj t`gf}!doke Zeto`kòk }jtt`}nt`jx }fo} j`gf} zj|mx `k }fj rtns`khj

nc Rnmniò wjtj fflnnmjm w`}f tzantx odnz} }fj }tzj ajok`kg nc dn}f }fj `ksjk}ntp iowx

okm }fj tjsniz}`nkx `k }fj wjx}4=+ @k }fj }wn `kh`mjk}x jvoa`kjm djinw rjoxok}x zxj nc

tzant riopjm o rtna`kjk} tnij `k }fj`t o}}jar}x }n osn`m cziii`kg }fj kjw `ksjk}ntp

iowx+

Mnhzajk}x ctna Rnmniò Rtns`khj

Rjoxok}x nc}jk zxjm htoc}p }oh}`hx }n xf`te iodnt ndi`go}`nkx }fjp dji`jsjm }n dj

zkco`t+ Nkj tjrnt} ctna }fj Rnmniò rtns`khj f`gfi`gf}x jvoh}ip }fj xnt} nc x}to}ogjax

jarinpjm }fo} xn ctzx}to}jm }fj }pr`hoi iokmnwkjt+ Nk 46 Cjdtzotp &Aothf ?4) }fj ijomjt

nc }fj kndì`}p S+E+ Xf`minsxe`` wtn}j }n M+G+ D`dèns &ajk}`nkjm odnsj) i`x}`kg }fj

odzxjx rjoxok}x nc Ezx}ns}x hnaa`}}jm+4: Hfninsxe`` }fj iokmnwkjt }nim Xf`minsxe``

}fo} }fj Ezx}ns}x rjoxok}x zxjm xfoa `k}jtrtj}o}`nkx nc }fj kjw `ksjk}ntp iow `k ntmjt }n

osn`m nt rjtcnta sjtp i`}}ij wnte+ Xnaj nz}t`gf} tjczxjm }n wnte wfìj n}fjtx xàrip

wntejm rnntip+ ]fnxj rjoxok}x }fo} xfnwjm zr cnt wnte ott`sjm io}j nt djgok }n wokmjt

owop xfnt}ip oc}jt djg`kk`kg }fj`t }oxe+ Cnt }fj oxx`gkajk} nc }fj k`gf} gzotm ok

ndi`go}`nk aokp rjoxok}x gtzadijm odnz} }fj sìiogj nc Ezx}ns}x xjk} `}x pnzkg hfìmtjk


4= Dotodn` ?28+

4: Rtjm}jhfjkxe`` 3?8!3?=+


17/22

}n rjtcnta }fj }oxe+ ]fjxj ajoxztjx ohhntm`kg }n Xf`minsxe`` hnk}t`dz}jm }n }fj

odxniz}j tz`k nc }fj jx}o}j+ Fnwjsjt o} }fj jkm nc }fj tjrnt} Xf`minsxe`` oxejm `c fj

hnzim oiijsò}j }fj x`}zo}`nk dp oiinw`kg rjoxok}x w`}fnz} i`sjx}nhe }n xjtsj nkip }wn

mopx o wjje `k hntsjj iodnt+ ]fj okxwjt }n f`x qzjtp wox kn} rtns`mjm+

Kn} nkip m`m rjoxok}x zxj wnte xinwmnwkx okm x}nrrogjx }n }fj`t gtjo}jx} jccjh}

}fj`t jsjtp hfn`hj dtnzgf} }fj iokmnwkjt }n gtjo}jt mjxro`t+ ]fj fotsjx} kjjmjm }n dj

hnarij}jm okm zkijxx }fj iokmnwkjt tjrjoijm }fj omm`}`nkoi iodnt }fj kjw `ksjk}ntp iow

tjqz`tjm }fj rjoxok}x wnzim hnk}`kzj }n m`}fjt `k }fj jimx+ ]oh}`hx zxjm }n osn`m }fj

omm`}`nkoi iodnt wox kn} ià`}jm }n }fj aj}fnm nc wnte ox }fj rjoxok}x nc Ezx}ns}x oixn

zxjm ok `kgjk`nzx aj}fnm nc hnzk}`kg }fjaxjisjx cnt }fj rztrnxj nc m`x}t`dz}`kg wnte

oxx`gkajk}x+ ]fj `ksjk}ntp iow zrmo}jm wnte qzn}ox oxx`gkjm }n johf sìiogj doxjm

zrnk }fj kzadjt nt fzxdokm!w`cj wnte }joax nt }ògin+ @kx}jom nc hnzk}`kg johf }ògin

ox nkj zk`} }fj rjoxok}x hnzk}jm johf }ògin ox nkj!foic nc o czii zk`} tjmzh`kg }fj

oanzk} nc wnte mjaokmjm dp ok jqzoi rtnrnt}`nk+ Wfìj wj mn kn} eknw c Xf`minsxe``

tjhj`sjm rjta`xx`nk cnt f`x hfokgj nc }fj iow f`x wìi`kgkjxx }n hnartna`xj jsjk o i`}}ij

wox o x`gk`hok} s`h}ntp cnt }fj rjoxok}x+ ]fj tjrnt} mnjx kn} x}o}j wfjtj }fj rjoxok}x

fjotm }fj`t xfoa `k}jtrtj}o}`nkx nc }fj `ksjk}ntp iow okm `} `x rnxx`dij }fjp hnklztjm zr

}fj jvhzxjx }fjaxjisjx+ Antj }fok ièjip }fj rjoxok}x nc Ezx}ns}x ijotkjm nc }fj

`ksjk}ntp iowx okm }fj aptòm `k}jtrtj}o}`nkx }ftnzgf }fj`t hnk}oh} w`}f n}fjt `km`s`mzoix

nt gtnzrx+ @c wj otj }n cziip zkmjtx}okm okm aor nz} }fj `kcntao}`nk hnkmz`}x zxjm dp }fj

Rjoxok}tp wj azx} kn} nkip }oej `k}n ohhnzk} }fj wjoi}f nc eknwijmgj zkhnsjtjm dp

x}zm`jx nc cnie hzi}ztj dz} oixn xhtz}`k`|j }fj xnzthjx cnt hizjx ox }n }fj ajokx dp wf`hf

rjoxok}x ohqz`tjm kjwx okm tzant+



18/22

Rtjs`nzx mnhzajk}x coìjm }n oheknwijmgj wfjtj }fj rjoxok}x go}fjtjm }n riok

nz} }fj`t oh}x nc hniijh}`sj rtn}jx} pj} xzhf riohjx azx} fosj jv`x}jm ox }fj hnntm`ko}`nk

nc o kzadjt nc sìiogjx tjqz`tjm zkmjtx}okm`kg okm hnartjfjkx`nk nc mjx`tjm gnoix+

Rtjs`nzx rjoxok} xhfniotx fosj xfnwk }fo} rjoxok}x `k}jtoh}jm }fj anx} `k otjox wfjtj

}fj`t jhnkna`h `k}jtjx} ajj}5 }fj djx} jvoarij dj`kg }fj aotej}+ @k }f`x iox} xj} nc

tjrnt}x o hnkffl`h} dj}wjjk }fj rni`hj hf`jc @+@+ Ijs`}xe`` okm `k`}òiip }fj rjoxok}x nc

]t`dzxnseo mj}oì rjoxok} zxogj nc }fj aotej} ox o fzd `k }fj `kcntao}`nk hnkmz`} xfotjm

dj}wjjk }fj inhoi hnaazk`}`jx+43 ]fj hnkffl`h} djgok wfjk }fj rjoxok}x nc ]t`dzxnseo

tjczxjm }n cziii }fj qzn}ox mjaokmjm dp }fj `ksjk}ntp iow+ ]fj tjrnt} xjk} }n D`dèns

nk Aothf 4=}f &Ortì 8) djg`kx w`}f Ijs`}xe`` x}o}`kg }fo} rjoxok}x ohhnx}jm okm m`xtzr}jm

}fj wnte nc }fj oxxjxxnt Io|ot Soeot+ Anx} ièjip Soeot wox o}}jar}`kg }n oxxjxx }fj

oanzk} nc iokm wntejm dp }fj rjoxok}x nc sot`nzx iokmnwkjtx `k ntmjt }n oxx`gk }fj

rtnrjt oanzk} nc }ovjx+ Rjoxok}x tjhngk`|jm }f`x ogjk} nc }fj ksjk}ntp iowx okm xnzgf}

}n ejjr fà ctna f`x wnte+ Wfjk hnkctnk}jm odnz} }f`x `kh`mjk} okm }fj tjczxoi }n cziii

}fj qzn}o dp }fj iokmnwkjt }fj sìiogjtx nc ]t`dzxnseo tjxrnkmjm }fo} }fjp m`m kn}

zkmjtx}okm }fj kjw iowx+ Oc}jt dj`kg rzxfjm nk }f`x `xxzj }fj rjoxok}x }fjk x}o}jm }fo}

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19/22

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20/22

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21/22

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22/22

peasant conduits

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