pedestrian impact tests update - oasys · pdf filepedestrian impact ls-dyna environment...

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

Pedestrian Impact Tests UpdateArup Advanced Technology and Research Group Shanghai

6th November 2009

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

Contents

• General approach to pedestrian safety testing

• Development of legislative and consumer tests

• Pedestrian safety tests

– European regulation summary and updates

– EuroNCAP summary and recent developments

– Current status of GB draft

– CNCAP

– Draft GTR

• Summary of pedestrian impact models

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

General approach

• WG10/WG17 aimed to develop tests that simulate the impact of the front of a

vehicle on the side of a pedestrian at 40km/h

• Typical impact sequence:

•Stage 1: Bumper impacts leg of pedestrian near knee

•Stage 2: Pedestrian rotates and upper leg is impacted by the bonnet

leading edge

•Stage 3: Pedestrian head impacts windscreen/ bonnet

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

General approach

• Testing of full dummies was not implemented due to the large range of

possible impact points and test repeatability issues

• Instead, WG10/WG17 developed a set of 24 component tests that replicate in

a simplified manner the maximum impact forces when a vehicle impacts the

side of a pedestrian

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

Development of Legislation

• 1987 EEVC WG 10 begins development of test procedures

• 1994 Publication of WG10 test procedures

• 1997 EEVC WG17 reviews WG10 test procedures

• 1998 Publication of WG17 proposed legislation

• 2000 ACEA develops proposals for voluntary tests

• 2003 ACEA commitment adopted as European

Directive 2003/102/EC

• 2009 ACEA commitment adopted as European Directive No 78/2009

• 2009 Chinese government currently reviewing the proposed national

Standard for pedestrian impact

EEVC - European Enhanced Vehicle Safety

WG - Working Group

ACEA - European Automobile Manufacturers Association

GB - Chinese National standard

GTR - Global Technical Regulation

Pedestrian Impact

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Development of Consumer Tests

• 1997 EuroNCAP begins testing based on WG10

• 2004 EuroNCAP modifies testing to be more compatible

with WG17

• 2004 Japan NCAP begins testing using own procedures

Australia NCAP is identical to EuroNCAP

• 2009 EuroNCAP modifies the three ratings to one overall star rating

• 2009 CNCAP begins plans to include pedestrian tests in the vehicle

star rating

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

European Regulation - Update

• The new European regulation, 78/2009 was adopted on January 14th 2009,

and published February 2nd 2009

• The so called phase 2 (often referred to as Part B) includes modified test

parameters and a new implementation schedule

• The different phase of the regulation will come into effect in a total of eight

stages, depending on vehicle categories and masses

• The following slides describe these recent changes to the regulation

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

Original European Regulation - Directive 2003/102/EC

• From 2005 Phase 1 (ACEA Part A)

– Required impact tests:

• Child /small adult headform on bonnet

• Lower legform on bumper

– Impact tests for monitoring purposes:

• Adult headform on windscreen

• Upper legform on BLE

• From 2010 Phase 2 (ACEA Part B - Same as WG17)

– Required impact tests:

• Adult headform on adult zone

• Child /small adult headform on child zone

• Lower legform on bumper

• Upper legform on BLE

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

Original European Regulation - Directive 2003/102/EC

< 5 kNTest for monitoring onlyTotal forceUpper legform to

BLE impact< 300 NmTest for monitoring onlyBending moment

< 5 kN< 7.5 kNTotal forceUpper legform to

bumper impact*< 300 Nm< 510 NmBending moment

< 150 g< 200 gTibia acceleration

Lower legform to

bumper impact< 15°< 21°Knee rotation

< 6 mm< 6 mmKnee shear

2.5kg headform / 40km/h

Impact on child zone

< 1000


Impact on bonnet

< 1000 for 2/3 of child zone

<2000 for 1/3 of child zone

HICChild headform

impact


Impact on adult zone

< 1000

2003/102/EC phase 2

(ACEA Part B)


Impact on Windscreen

< 1000

Test for monitoring purposes only

HICAdult headform

impact

2003/102/EC phase 1

(ACEA Part A)CriterionTest

*Performed if lower bumper reference line height > 500mm

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

New European Regulation 78/2009

• Feedback from tests showed that some of the requirements set out under

phase 2 were not feasible

• It was appreciated that pedestrian protection requirements should apply to

heavier vehicles due to their greater numbers

• A updated regulation (based on Directive 78/2009) now exists which is a

combination of feasible requirements and active safety systems:

– Keep the contents of phase 1

– Update the contents of phase 2

– Test vehicles with mass exceeding 2,500kg

– Update the implementation timetable

– Add test for Brake Assist System (BAS)

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT


Impact Zone

Impact Velocity

Headform

Impact Zone

Impact Velocity

Headform

3.5kg headform

HIC

35km/h

Impact on bonnet

4.8kg headform

HIC

35km/h

Impact on Windscreen

Test for monitoring onlyTotal forceUpper legform to

BLE impactTest for monitoring onlyBending moment

< 7.5 kNTotal forceUpper legform to

bumper impact*< 510 NmBending moment

< 200 gTibia acceleration

Lower legform to

bumper impact< 21°Knee rotation

< 6 mmKnee shear

< 1000 for 2/3 of child zone

<2000 for 1/3 of child zone

Child headform

impact

Same as the original

Regulation 78/2009 phase 1

< 1000 (Test for monitoring only)

Adult headform

impact

Original 2003/102/EC phase 1CriterionTest


Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT


3.5kg headform2.5kg headformHeadform

35km/h40km/hImpact Velocity

Impact on bonnetImpact on child zoneImpact Zone

4.5kg headform4.8kg headformHeadform

35km/h40km/hImpact Velocity

Impact on bonnet onlyImpact on adult zoneImpact Zone

Test for information only< 5 kNTotal forceUpper legform to

BLE impact Test for information only< 300 NmBending moment

< 7.5 kN< 5 kNTotal forceUpper legform to

bumper impact* < 510 Nm< 300 NmBending moment

< 170 g< 150 gTibia accelerationLower legform to



< 1000 for ½ of child zone

<1700 for ½ of child zone

combined with Adult

< 1000 for 2/3 of bonnet

<1700 for 1/3 of bonnet

< 1000HIC

Child headform

impact

Combined with Child:



< 1000HIC

Adult headform

impact

Regulation 78/2009 phase 2Original 2003/102/EC phase 2CriterionTest


Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

Original European Regulation - Timetable

Phase 2

1/10/2005

1/9/2010 1/9/2015

31/12/2012

All new vehicle types

≤2500kg

Phase 1

All new vehicle types

≤2500kg

All new vehicles

≤2500kg

‘Vehicle type’ = New vehicles that differ significantly from an existing vehicle forward of the A-pillar

All = Passenger and commercial vehicles with ≤ 9 seats and maximum laden mass ≤2500kg

All new vehicles

≤2500kg

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

New European Regulation - Timetable

24/2/201324/2/201824/8/2019 24/2/2015

All New vehicles All New vehicle types

Phase 1

Phase 2

1/10/2005 31/12/2012


All = Passenger and commercial vehicles with ≤ 9 seats and commercial vehicles with maximum laden mass ≤3500kg

New vehicle types

≤2500kgNew vehicles

≤2500kg

New vehicle types

≤2500kg

New vehicles

≤2500kg

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

New European Regulation – Brake Assist System

• The Brake Assist System (BAS) is effective in reducing pedestrian protection.

From 24/2/2011 it will be mandatory to equip all new vehicles in the European

Union with BAS

• The fitting of BAS is combined with the Pedestrian Protection requirements,

but the timing of the implementation is different

• Timetable for supplication of BAS as follow:

Phase 2

24/11/2009 24/2/2015

All new vehicles

24/8/2015

All new vehicles types

24/2/2011


All = Passenger and commercial vehicles with ≤ 9 seats and commercial vehicles with maximum laden mass ≤3500kg

New vehicle types +

commercial ≤2500kg

New vehicles +

commercial ≤2500kg

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

EuroNCAP Testing Summary

• Required tests:

– Minimum of 6 adult and 6 child headform impacts onto bonnet/windscreen,

as determined my bonnet Wrap Around Distance (WAD) lines

– Minimum of 3 upper legform impacts onto bonnet the leading edge

– Minimum of 3 lower legform impacts onto bumper reference line

• Each zone is divided into segments:

– Headforms 12 segments

– Upper legform 3 segments

– Lower legform 3 segments

• Worst-case point is tested within each segment

• Manufacturers may nominate and fund up to 3 additional upper and lower

legform tests, and 6 additional adult and child headform tests

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

EuroNCAP Requirements

< 6 kN< 5 kNTotal forceUpper legform to

BLE or bumper

impact < 380 Nm< 300 NmBending moment

< 200 g< 150gTibia acceleration

Lower legform to




Impact on child zone (WAD1000 – 1500mm)

< 1350


Impact on child zone (WAD1000 – 1500mm)

<1000

HICChild headform

impact

4.8kg, 130mm Ø headform

40km/h / 50º

Impact on adult zone (WAD1500 – 2100mm)

< 1350

Lower Performance Limit

4.8kg, 165mm Ø headform

40km/h / 65º

Impact on adult zone (WAD1500 – 2100mm)

< 1000

HICAdult headform

impact

Higher Performance LimitCriterionTest

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

EuroNCAP Pedestrian Impact Scoring – to 2009

• Sliding scale system for awarding points

• 0 to 2 points for each of the 18 impact locations

• Vehicle rating:

– 28-36 points: 4 *

– 19-27 points: 3 *

– 10-18 points: 2 *

– 1-9 points: 1 *

– 0 points: 0

0 points

0.01-1.99 points

2 points

• Euro NCAP released a separate star rating for

pedestrian valid from 1997 to 2009.

• The pedestrian protection rating was based on the

adult and child head form tests and the two

legform tests.

• As of 2009, the pedestrian score has become

integral part of the overall rating scheme, however

the technical assessment has remained the same.

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

EuroNCAP Scoring – From 2009 onwards

• As of 2009, Euro NCAP only releases one overall star rating for each car

tested with a maximum of five stars

• All aspects of a car’s safety performance are rated as a percentage of the

maximum no. of points and integrated into the new overall star rating.

• This overall safety rating is composed of scores in four areas:

– adult protection

– child protection

– pedestrian protection

– safety assist

• The child score and pedestrian score have become integral part of the

overall rating scheme, however the technical assessment has remained

the same.

• Safety assist is the only new item to be added to the assessment

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

EuroNCAP Scoring - Update

• Pole test has become mandatory and now includes assessments on other

critical body regions that might be affected such as chest and abdomen

• The whiplash score is included in the Adult Protection score. It is based on

both the geometrical aspects and dynamic performance.

• Euro NCAP now rewards not only Seatbelt Reminders (SBR), but also Speed

Limiter Device (SLD) and the standard fitment of Electronic Stability Control

(ESC)

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT


• The weight factors reflect the relative importance of the four areas in the final

score

• It can be seen that the percentage required to attain 5* performance levels in

pedestrian impact increases steeply over the next 3 years

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT


• The scores in each of the 4 areas are then multiplied by their weight factors

and added together

• The percentage of the weighted and summed scores to the maximum

achievable overall score is use to calculate the overall star rating

• To reach 4 or 5 stars in the future, cars will have to achieve a good pedestrian

impact score

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

Chinese GB Draft Regulation

• GB Draft was initiated in 2005*

• Current GB Draft requirements are same as the new European Directive

78/2009 phase 2, except that vehicles up to a mass of 4500kg are

considered**

• GB Draft was submitted to the government in September 2009 and is

expected to gain approval by the end of 2010*

• The GB pedestrian standard may be implemented as the national regulation

in 2013*

Source:

*China Automotive Technology & Research Center (CATARC)

**The GB Draft used in this slide was written in 2007 (ICS: 43.020 T09)

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

CNCAP Consumer Test

• CNCAP will consider the existing pedestrian protection tests (e.g. EuroNCAP,

GTR) and develop a suitable standard for China situation within 2 years

Source:

China Automotive Technology & Research Center (CATARC)

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

GTR Draft Regulation

• Global technical regulations (GTRs) – main purpose is to maintain standards whilst reducing technical barriers to trade

• As of January 2009, pedestrian impact draft GTR is the same as the new ACEA part B requirement, except for the following:

– Relaxation of tibia acceleration limit to from 170 to 250g over a portion of bumper width totalling 264mm (2x width of legform)

– Vehicles up to a mass of 4500kg (not 3500kg) are considered

• The following changes are under consideration:

– Investigation into possible tests for knee, hip, thigh and pelvis injury caused by high bumpers

– Use of the Flex-PLI legform in place of the existing TRL legform for increased biofidelity and less environmental sensitivity

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

Flex-PLI Legform Model

Internal StructureLS-DYNA development model by JARI and JAMA

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

Arup Pedestrian Impactor Models

• Arup has developed a full range of LS-DYNA pedestrian impactor

models which cover the current consumer and regulatory tests

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

EU Phase 1 & 2 Lower Legform (WG17)

Relevant TestsRegulation

1. EU Directive No 78/2009 Pedestrian Impact Protection

• Phase 1

• Phase 2

2. GB Draft/GTR Draft

• Consumer

1. Euro-NCAP, A-NCAP

Pseudonyms

ACEA Part A, ACEA Part B, WG17

Comments

LS-DYNA Model: Arup Lower Legform Model

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

EU Phase 1 & 2 Upper Legform (WG17)



• Phase 1 (monitoring only)



Consumer


Pseudonyms

ACEA Part A, ACEA Part B, WG17

LS-DYNA Model: Arup Upper Legform Model

Comments

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

EU Phase 1 3.5kg Child/Small Adult Headform



• Phase 1


Pseudonyms

ACEA Part A ACEA Part B

Comments

LS-DYNA Model: Arup ACEA child headform model

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

EU Phase 2 2.5kg Child Headform


1. EU Directive 2003/102/EC Pedestrian Impact Protection

• Phase 2

Consumer


Pseudonyms

Original ACEA Part B, WG17

Comments

LS-DYNA Model: Arup WG17 child headform model

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

EU Phase 2 4.8kg Adult Headform


1. EU Directive 2003/102/EC Pedestrian Impact Protection


• Phase 2

Consumer


Pseudonyms

Original ACEA Part B, WG17

Comments

LS-DYNA Model: Arup WG17 adult headform model

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

J-NCAP 3.5kg Child Headform


1. Japanese Pedestrian Impact Regulation

2. EU Regulation 78/2009 Phase 2 (under review)

Consumer

1. J-NCAP

Pseudonyms

Comments

Same basic design as the EU Phase 1 3.5kg Child/Small Adult

Headform (ACEA Part a) but with a different skin material

LS-DYNA Model: Arup J-NCAP child headform model

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

ISO (J-NCAP) 4.5kg Adult Headform


1. Japanese Pedestrian Impact Regulation

2. EU Regulation 78/2009 Phase 2 (under review)

Consumer

1. J-NCAP

Pseudonyms

Comments

Same basic design as the EU Phase 2 4.8kg Adult Headform (WG17),

but with a reduced mass of 4.5kg and also with a different skin

material.

LS-DYNA Model: Arup ISO adult headform model

Pedestrian Impact

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

Summary of Regulations & Consumer Tests

Ø165

1700-2100

Ø165

1700-2100

Ø165

1500-2100

Ø165

1500-2100

Ø165

4.8kg4.5kg4.8kg4.5kg4.5kg

65°65°65°

40km/h35km/h40km/h35km/h35km/h32km/hSpeed

<300 Nm

Ø130

< 15°< 19°< 15°< 21°NANAKnee Bend

40 km/h40 km/h40 km/h40 km/hNANASpeed

Lower Leg

50°50°50°50°65°65°Angle

Ø165Ø130Ø165Ø165Ø165Size

Uprleg

NA<300 NmNANANABending

Moment

<5kNNA<5kNNANANAForce

AdultAdultAdultAdultAdult

Knee Shear

Acceleration

Hic

WAD

Weight

Headform

< 6 mm

<170 G

< 1000 for ½ of child zone

<1700 for ½ of child zone

combined with Adult



-

3.5kg

Child

UpdatedEU Regulation

Part B (Feb 2013)

GB Draft/GTR Draft

< 6 mm

< 200G

2/3 Bonnet Area

<1000

1/3Bonnet Area

<2000

-

3.5kg

Child/Small Adult

Original/Updated

EU Regulation

Part A (Oct 2005)

NA

NA

2/3 Bonnet Area<1000

1/3Bonnet Area<2000

1000-1700

3.5kg

Child

Japanese Regulation

< 6 mm

< 150 G

Bonnet Area <1000

1000-1500

2.5kg

Child

Euro NCAP

< 6 mm

< 150 G

Bonnet Area <1000

1000-1500

2.5kg

Child

Original EU Regulation

Part B (Sep 2010)

NA

NA

Rank5:<876

Rank4:877-1016

Rank31017-1156

Rank2:1157-1296

Rank1:>1297

1000-1700

3.5kg

Child

J NCAP

Head

Test Summary

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT

Pedestrian Impact Tests UpdateArup Advanced Technology and Research Group Shanghai

6th November 2009

pedestrian impact tests update - oasys · pdf filepedestrian impact ls-dyna environment...

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