Pediatrics as a science about a Pediatrics as a science about a healthy and sick child. Periods healthy and sick child. Periods

childhood. Health groups. Dentist childhood. Health groups. Dentist importance in child’s health care.importance in child’s health care.

SAKHAROVA Inna.Ye., MD, PhDSAKHAROVA Inna.Ye., MD, PhD

General birth rate of the General birth rate of the population, ‰population, ‰==

The number of people which were born alive during one The number of people which were born alive during one year×1000year×1000

Mid-annual populationMid-annual population

General mortality rate of the General mortality rate of the population, ‰population, ‰==

The number died during one year ×1000The number died during one year ×1000 Mid-annual populationMid-annual population

Infant mortality rate,Infant mortality rate, ‰ = ‰ =

Number of infant which were born alive Number of infant which were born alive and under the age of one year×1000and under the age of one year×1000

The common number of infant which were The common number of infant which were born alive for a yearborn alive for a year

Neonatal mortality rate, ‰Neonatal mortality rate, ‰==

Number of infant which were born alive Number of infant which were born alive and have died on the first month of a and have died on the first month of a life×1000life×1000

The common number of infant which were The common number of infant which were born alive during one yearborn alive during one year

Early neonatal mortality rate, ‰Early neonatal mortality rate, ‰==

The number of infant which were born alive and The number of infant which were born alive and have died in the first 6 days×1000have died in the first 6 days×1000

The common number of infant which were born The common number of infant which were born alive during one yearalive during one year

Stillbirth rate, ‰Stillbirth rate, ‰==

The number of infant which were born The number of infant which were born dead after 28 weeks of pregnancy×1000dead after 28 weeks of pregnancy×1000 The number of infant which were born The number of infant which were born alive and dead during one yearalive and dead during one year

Health indicesHealth indices

Demographically indices (birth rate, mortality Demographically indices (birth rate, mortality rate, neonatal mortality rate , early neonatal rate, neonatal mortality rate , early neonatal mortality rate , still birth rate, infant mortality mortality rate , still birth rate, infant mortality rate ).rate ).

Morbidity indices (primary, general, according to Morbidity indices (primary, general, according to preventive servicespreventive services,, hospital morbidity, morbidity hospital morbidity, morbidity with temporary disability ).with temporary disability ).

Invalidity indices (primary, general).Invalidity indices (primary, general). Indices of physical development.Indices of physical development.

Health groupsHealth groupsI.I. Healthy children without any deflections according to all Healthy children without any deflections according to all signs of health; they don’t get ill or get sick rarely; children with signs of health; they don’t get ill or get sick rarely; children with insignificant deflections which don’t influence health condition insignificant deflections which don’t influence health condition and don’t need any correction.and don’t need any correction.

II A.II A. Children with burdened biological history (pathology of Children with burdened biological history (pathology of pregnancy, pathologic or difficult labor, multiple pregnancy, pregnancy, pathologic or difficult labor, multiple pregnancy, immature pregnancy, complicated early neonatal period) and immature pregnancy, complicated early neonatal period) and aggravated social history (harmful parents’ habits, divorced aggravated social history (harmful parents’ habits, divorced parents, orphans, etc.), but with normal physical and parents, orphans, etc.), but with normal physical and psychomotor development, without functional disorders.psychomotor development, without functional disorders.

II-B. II-B. Children with functional disorders; children which have Children with functional disorders; children which have been ill often and longly; with often and long episodes of virus been ill often and longly; with often and long episodes of virus respiratory diseases; children with risk of developing chronic respiratory diseases; children with risk of developing chronic pathology; reconvalescent children after severe acute diseases.pathology; reconvalescent children after severe acute diseases.

III.III. Children with chronic pathology in compensation. Children with chronic pathology in compensation. IV. IV. Children with chronic pathology in subcompensation.Children with chronic pathology in subcompensation. V. V. Children with chronic pathology in decompensation.Children with chronic pathology in decompensation.

Risk groupRisk group- Children from the II health group, which - Children from the II health group, which haven’t developed chronic pathology, but they have haven’t developed chronic pathology, but they have different functional and morphological deflections different functional and morphological deflections that may course change the health condition for the that may course change the health condition for the worse.worse.

Risk groupsRisk groups: : with risk of developing pathology of central nervous with risk of developing pathology of central nervous

system;system; immature babies;immature babies; with risk of developing throphical disorders;with risk of developing throphical disorders; with risk of developing anemia;with risk of developing anemia; with risk of developing respiratory pathology;with risk of developing respiratory pathology; with congenital defects;with congenital defects; group of social risk.group of social risk.

Prenatal period:Prenatal period: it lasts from conception it lasts from conception to birth. Prenatal period is divided into to birth. Prenatal period is divided into

embryonic and fetal periods.embryonic and fetal periods. EmbryonicEmbryonic periodperiod begins from conception to 8 begins from conception to 8

weeks of gestations. weeks of gestations. FetalFetal periodperiod lasts from 8 to 40 weeks of lasts from 8 to 40 weeks of

intrauterine life (by the birth).intrauterine life (by the birth). A rapid growth rate and total dependency makes A rapid growth rate and total dependency makes

this one of the most crucial periods in the this one of the most crucial periods in the developmental process. The relationship developmental process. The relationship between maternal health and certain between maternal health and certain manifestations in the newborn emphasizes the manifestations in the newborn emphasizes the importance of adequate prenatal care to the importance of adequate prenatal care to the health and well-being of the infant.health and well-being of the infant.

The common diseases that appear in embryonic period The common diseases that appear in embryonic period (embryopathy):(embryopathy):

anencephalia,anencephalia, hydrocephaly, hydrocephaly, pylorostenosis, pylorostenosis, congenital malformation of lungs, kidney, congenital malformation of lungs, kidney, congenital heart defect.congenital heart defect. The common diseases that appear in fetalThe common diseases that appear in fetal period period

(fetopathy):(fetopathy): microsomia – microsomia – decreaseddecreased sizessizes of some parts of the of some parts of the

body,body, hypoplasia – hypoplasia – organ or system of organsorgan or system of organs

underdevelopedunderdeveloped,, macrosomia – macrosomia – increased sizes of increased sizes of some parts of the some parts of the

body,body, intrauterine infection (intrauterine infection (herpetic infectionherpetic infection, , hepatitis, hepatitis,

rubella, rubella, mycoplasmosismycoplasmosis, , toxoplasmosistoxoplasmosis))..

Infancy periodInfancy period: it lasts from birth to 12 : it lasts from birth to 12 months. Infancy is divided into neonatal months. Infancy is divided into neonatal

and infancy.and infancy.

Neonatal periodNeonatal period: it begins from birth of the baby and : it begins from birth of the baby and lasts by 28 days.lasts by 28 days.

InfancyInfancy lasts from 1 to 12 months. lasts from 1 to 12 months. The infancy period is one of rapid motor, cognitive, The infancy period is one of rapid motor, cognitive,

and social development. Through mutuality with the and social development. Through mutuality with the caregiver (mother), the infant establishes a basic trust caregiver (mother), the infant establishes a basic trust in the world and the foundation for future in the world and the foundation for future interpersonal relationships. The critical first month of interpersonal relationships. The critical first month of life, although the part of the infancy period, is often life, although the part of the infancy period, is often differentiated from the remainder because of the differentiated from the remainder because of the major physical adjustments to extrauterine existence major physical adjustments to extrauterine existence and the psychologic adjustment of the mother.and the psychologic adjustment of the mother.

The common diseases that appear in neonatal period:The common diseases that appear in neonatal period: embryopathy,embryopathy, fetopathy, fetopathy, intrauterine infection,intrauterine infection, birth ingeries (cephalhematoma, caput succedaneum, skull fracture, birth ingeries (cephalhematoma, caput succedaneum, skull fracture,

fractures of clavicle, humerus, facial paralysis, brachial palsy).fractures of clavicle, humerus, facial paralysis, brachial palsy). The common diseases that appear in infancy:The common diseases that appear in infancy: rickets, rachitis,rickets, rachitis, anemia,anemia, hypotrophy,hypotrophy, paratrophy,paratrophy, acute diarrhea,acute diarrhea, acute respiratory virus infections,acute respiratory virus infections, acute pneumonia, acute pneumonia, infantile eczema.infantile eczema.

Early childhoodEarly childhood includes the children in age includes the children in age from 1 to 6 years. It is divided into toddler and from 1 to 6 years. It is divided into toddler and

preschool periods.preschool periods. Toddler periodToddler period lasts from 1 to 3 years. lasts from 1 to 3 years. Preschool periodPreschool period begins from 3 years and ended at 6 begins from 3 years and ended at 6

years.years. This period, which extends from the time children This period, which extends from the time children

attain upright locomotion until they enter school, is attain upright locomotion until they enter school, is characterized by intense activity and discovery. It is a characterized by intense activity and discovery. It is a time of marked physical and personality time of marked physical and personality development. Motor development advances steadily. development. Motor development advances steadily. Children at this age acquire language and wider social Children at this age acquire language and wider social relationships, learn role standards, gain self-control relationships, learn role standards, gain self-control and mastery, develop increasing awareness of and mastery, develop increasing awareness of dependence and independence, and begin to develop dependence and independence, and begin to develop a self-concept.a self-concept.

The common diseases that appear in toddler period:The common diseases that appear in toddler period: acute children infections (rubella, measles, acute children infections (rubella, measles,

scarlet fever, pertussis, chickenpox, dysentery).scarlet fever, pertussis, chickenpox, dysentery).The common diseases that appear in preschool The common diseases that appear in preschool period:period:

acute children infections (rubella, measles, acute children infections (rubella, measles, scarlet fever, pertussis, chickenpox, dysentery),scarlet fever, pertussis, chickenpox, dysentery),

tuberculosis,tuberculosis, bronchial asthma,bronchial asthma, obesity,obesity, rheumatism,rheumatism, ingery.ingery.

Middle childhood:Middle childhood: it lasts from 6 to it lasts from 6 to 12 years.12 years.

Middle childhood includes Middle childhood includes prepubertal period:prepubertal period: it begins from it begins from 10 years and completes at 12 years.10 years and completes at 12 years.

Frequently referred to as the "school age," this period of Frequently referred to as the "school age," this period of development is one in which the child is directed away from development is one in which the child is directed away from the family group and is centered around the wider world of the family group and is centered around the wider world of peer relationships. There is steady advancement in physical, peer relationships. There is steady advancement in physical, mental, and social development with emphasis on developing mental, and social development with emphasis on developing skill competencies. Social cooperation and early moral skill competencies. Social cooperation and early moral development take on more importance with relevance for later development take on more importance with relevance for later life stages. This is a critical period in the development of a life stages. This is a critical period in the development of a self-concept.self-concept.

A developmental task is a set of skills and competencies A developmental task is a set of skills and competencies peculiar to each developmental stage that children must peculiar to each developmental stage that children must accomplish or master in order to deal effectively with their accomplish or master in order to deal effectively with their environment. environment.

The common diseases that appear in middle The common diseases that appear in middle childhood:childhood:

chronic heart diseases (myocarditis, chronic heart diseases (myocarditis, rheumatism),rheumatism),

chronic kidneys diseases (pyelonephritis, chronic kidneys diseases (pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis),glomerulonephritis),

diseases of diseases of nervious systemnervious systems,s, scoliosis,scoliosis, disease of eye sight.disease of eye sight.

Later childhood (Later childhood (adolescence periodadolescence period)): it : it lasts from 12 to 18 years.lasts from 12 to 18 years.

The tumultuous period of rapid maturation and The tumultuous period of rapid maturation and change known as adolescence has been described in change known as adolescence has been described in various ways. It is considered to be a transitional various ways. It is considered to be a transitional period that begins at the onset of puberty and extends period that begins at the onset of puberty and extends to the point of entry into the adult world - usually to the point of entry into the adult world - usually high school graduation. Biologic and personality high school graduation. Biologic and personality maturation are accompanied by physical and maturation are accompanied by physical and emotional turmoil, and there is redefining of the self-emotional turmoil, and there is redefining of the self-concept. In the late adolescent period the child begins concept. In the late adolescent period the child begins to internalize all the previously learned values and to to internalize all the previously learned values and to focus on an individual, rather than a group, identity.focus on an individual, rather than a group, identity.

The common diseases that appear in later The common diseases that appear in later childhood:childhood:

dysfunction of the nervous system,dysfunction of the nervous system, dysfunction of the cardiovascular system,dysfunction of the cardiovascular system, dysfunction of the digestive system,dysfunction of the digestive system, dysfunction of the endocrine system,dysfunction of the endocrine system, chronic heart diseases (myocarditis, chronic heart diseases (myocarditis,

rheumatism),rheumatism), chronic kidneys diseases (pyelonephritis, chronic kidneys diseases (pyelonephritis,

glomerulonephritis),glomerulonephritis), diseases of the diseases of the nervous systemnervous systems.s.