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Peeling Back the Onion:

A Taxpayers Audit of Technology Partnerships Canada

February 2002News Release

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Web: www.taxpayer.com

http://www.taxpayer.com/newsreleases/federal/February19-02.htm

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CTF Audit of TPC February 20022

About the CTF

The Canadian Taxpayers Federation (CTF) is a federally incorporated, non-profit, non-partisan, education and advocacy organization founded in Saskatchewan in 1990. Ithas grown to become Canada’s foremost taxpayer advocacy organization with morethan 61,000 supporters nation-wide.

The CTF’s three-fold mission statement is:

To act as a watchdog on government spending and to inform taxpayers ofgovernments’ impact on their economic well-being;

To promote responsible fiscal and democratic reforms, and to advocate thecommon interests of taxpayers; and

To mobilize taxpayers to exercise their democratic rights and responsibilities.

The CTF maintains a federal and Ontario office in Ottawa and offices in the fourprovincial capitals of B.C., Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Provincial officesconduct research and advocacy activities specific to their provinces in addition to actingas regional organizers of Canada-wide initiatives.

The CTF’s official publication, The Taxpayer magazine, is published six times a year.CTF offices also send out weekly Let’s Talk Taxes commentaries to over 800 mediaoutlets as well as providing media comment on current events. CTF staff and Boardmembers are prohibited from holding memberships in any political party. The CTF isfunded by free will, non-receiptable contributions.

The CTF does not receive government funding. The CTF’s award winning web site canbe found at: www.taxpayer.com

This report’s primary author is CTF Federal Director, Walter Robinson. Dataaggregation, presentation and background research was completed by CTF ResearchDirector, Bruce Winchester.

http://www.taxpayer.com


C O N T E N T S

Introduction … 4The CTF’s Opposition to Corporate Welfare … 5Academic Studies Prove the Point … 6The Case Against Corporate Welfare … 8A Look Back at the DIPP Program … 10

Audit Question #1: Is TPC the Son of DIPP? … 11Audit Question #2: Accountability Abandoned? … 12Audit Question #3: Snail’s Pace of Repayments? … 13Audit Question #4: What’s With March Madness? … 13Audit Question #5: Who is Minding the Store? … 14Audit Question #6: Where’s the Balance? … 16Audit Question #7: It Cost How Much per Job? … 17Audit Question #8: How about a News Release? … 18Audit Question #9: How Much will be Repaid? … 19Audit Question #10: Repayable or Not? … 20Audit Question #11: The Cart Before the Horse … 21Conclusion … 21

Appendix A: CTF Access to Information DataAppendix B: TPC – Master List by Fiscal YearAppendix C: TPC – Master List by RecipientAppendix D: TPC – March Madness AuthorizationsAppendix E: TPC – Authorizations by SectorAppendix F: TPC – Authorizations by ProvinceAppendix G: TPC – Bombardier Letter to the Editor Appendix H: TPC – CTF Letter to the Industry MinisterAppendix I: TPC – CTF Letter to the Auditor General


IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONNThis document provides a critical and detailed overview of the Technology PartnershipsCanada (TPC) program, a special operating agency (SOA) of the federal governmentreporting to Parliament through the Minister of Industry. According to the TPC website:

TPC is a technology investment fund established to contribute to the achievement ofCanada's objectives: increasing economic growth, creating jobs and wealth, andsupporting sustainable development. TPC advances and supports government initiativesby investing strategically in research, development and innovation in order to encourageprivate sector investment, and so maintain and grow the technology base andtechnological capabilities of Canadian industry … TPC supports research, developmentand innovation in:

Environmental technologies;Enabling technologies (advanced manufacturing and processing technologies,advanced materials processes and applications, applications of biotechnology,and applications of selected information technologies); andAerospace and Defence.

The political genesis for TPC arose out of the federal government’s decision tocancel the Defense Industry Productivity Program (DIPP) in 1995. DIPP had beenin existence for over 20 years, and had funnelled out in excess of $2.15 billion ingrants and various loans to a variety of aerospace and defence companies –including some of Canada’s most successful and profitable – with less than 20% ofthis amount being repaid. In response to some aggressive lobbying by this powerfulindustrial sector, the federal government announced the creation of TPC as part ofthe 1996 budget. Ottawa proclaimed that TPC would better manage and targetindustrial investment.

This report points shows that in excess of 1.7 billion taxpayer dollars have been putat risk in TPC. Since the inception of TPC in 1996, the CTF has followed itsactivities and gathered data on its operations through a variety of sources including:

Almost daily visits to the TPC web site;Access to Information (ATIP) requests;Media scanning (print, radio, TV and Internet); and Monitoring publicly available data sources of TPC funding recipients andstakeholder groups.

This “audit” raises troubling issues of transparency and disclosure, adhering toregulations, consistency in statements with respect to repayments and overall financialobjectives and most important, value for taxpayer dollars expended. A copy of thisreport has been forwarded to the Minister of Industry as well as the Auditor General forappropriate response and follow-up.


TTHHEE CCTTFF’’SS OOPPPPOOSSIITTIIOONN TTOO CCOORRPPOORRAATTEE WWEELLFFAARREESince its inception in 1990, the Canadian Taxpayers Federation (CTF) has vociferouslyand consistently argued against direct government financial assistance to all types ofbusinesses, large and small. In this sense, it has continued the legacy championed byformer federal NDP leader, David Lewis, who effectively established ‘corporate welfare’as a serious public policy issue in Canada during the early 1970s.

Sadly, today’s NDP has – along with other opposition parties – betrayed Mr. Lewis’foundational work on this file.

Opposition parties have timidly and haphazardly held the federal Liberal government toaccount for its squandering of billions of hard-earned tax dollars and the disturbingpattern of obfuscation and inconsistency perpetuated by federal officials responsible foradministering programs and agencies under the auspices of Industry Canada.

The federal government is not alone in its love of corporate welfare. Provincialadministrations of all political stripes also embrace government assistance to businessin varying degrees. And even those administrations that claim to have eliminated directsubsidies have more often than not simply replaced them with industry or evencompany specific tax credit programs on the back end.

Finally, municipal governments also play the game of corporate welfare through avariety of tax abatement schemes and/or direct incubator centre funding from theproperty tax base, just to name a few of the creative financing measures local law-makers and officials use to subsidize businesses.

Over the past five years, the CTF has released the following reports detailing federalbusiness and regional assistance programs:

Corporate Welfare: A Report on Sixteen Years of Industry Canada FinancialAssistance – April 16, 1998;

Corporate Welfare Volume Two: A Nightmare on Queen Street – June 4,1998;

ACOA: The Lost Decade, A 10-Year Quantitative Analysis of the AtlanticCanada Opportunities Agency – May 9, 2000; and

WED: Wasted Effort and Dollars? – A 13-Year Quantitative Analysis ofWestern Economic Diversification – November 2, 2000.


Each of these reports has yielded some common findings:

An alarmingly low level of loan, contribution, and ‘conditionally repayable’contribution repayments;

Dubious economic benefits and alleged numbers of jobs created and/ormaintained;

The majority of financial assistance has been consistently provided to some ofCanada’s largest and most profitable companies as ranked by Report onBusiness (ROB 1000) and the Financial Post (FP 500); and

Increasing percentages of loan write-offs representing over $500 million when allfour reports (see above) are combined.

In response to these reports, the federal government has refused to acknowledge theproblem or has provided answers that can only be described as ‘economical with thetruth.’

AACCAADDEEMMIICC SSTTUUDDIIEESS PPRROOVVEE TTHHEE PPOOIINNTTThe CTF has consistently maintained that lowering personal and business taxationlevels and fostering an internationally competitive regulatory framework facilitated byadopting an aggressive anti-subsidy stance at the WTO and other multilateralorganizations are two of the key elements needed to promoting economic growth andraising the real incomes of citizens. This two-track approach should be adopted insteadof direct government intervention in the marketplace.

The fundamental problem with corporate welfare is that it consistently fails to deliver thepromised goods. Despite the widespread adoption of corporate welfare programs bygovernments around the world, there is no solid evidence that such programs actuallypromote economic development (Moore & Stansel, 1995; McMahon, 1996; Mihlar &Satinder, 1998; Buss, 1999a; Moore, 1999).

This should not come as much of a surprise. In his 1995 Report, the Auditor General ofCanada examined the issue of regional economic development programs. While thegovernment spent nearly $4.5 billion on these programs between 1988 and 1995, theAuditor found no “appropriate accountability information about the results achieved.” Insome areas faulty or limited evaluations were performed while in other areas noevaluations were performed at all. Even proponents recognize that the lack ofsupporting evidence imperils the future of these programs (Bachelor, 1997; Bartik,1994; Dewar, 1998; Grant II & Wallace, 1995). As such, there is a growing body ofscholarly research on how to evaluate and demonstrate the benefits of “economicdevelopment” programs.


These efforts, however, have failed to counter the growing body of evidence that directgovernment incentives to retain, attract or expand business do not significantly influencethe location or growth of economic activity.

As noted in previous CTF studies, Professor Terry Buss of Suffolk University reviewedover 100 targeted industry studies and concluded that corporate welfare programs inthe United States are based on poor data, unsound evaluative methods, and faultyeconomic reasoning (Buss, 1999a). While these “targeting” studies are routinely usedto justify the annual expenditure of tens of billions of taxpayer dollars, their efficacy hasnever been scientifically validated.

Did government intervention contribute to growth and development? Or were otherfactors responsible for change? What were the positive and negative effects,unintended consequences, and long-term impacts? Did the costs exceed benefits?What public investments were foregone in favour of the interventions? Buss could findno studies that answered these important questions – nor could his critics (Buss,1999b).

On the other hand, Buss found that targeted industry studies use poor or inappropriatedata, deeply flawed social science methods, and simplistic mathematical models toproduce often-dubious targets. Even when proponents point to apparent successes,the underlying economic premises in the evaluations are so deeply and seriously flawedthat the benefits are illusory. And for every illusory success, there are mountains ofcostly failures.

So, why do so many governments throw tax dollars at private business? While thereare no certain economic benefits, there are clear political benefits (Dewar, 1998; Buss,1999a). Corporate welfare programs allow public officials to take credit for addressingimportant public concerns and protect themselves from blame for not acting to preventrelocation of firms to other communities.

Professor Kenneth Thomas of the University of Missouri at St. Louis – who isrecognized as North America’s leading academic on corporate welfare – reaches asimilar conclusion in his landmark study of Western hemispheric subsidy schemesentitled Competing for Capital (2000).

Elected officials need economic development programs to deliver quick, visible projectsin their efforts to solve their jurisdiction’s economic problems, manage business climateproblems, and achieve other aims. Ribbon-cutting photo opportunities, sod-turningevents, and upbeat press releases are clearly worth the millions in debt, taxes, and lostopportunities, at least for the elected officials. Regrettably, such folly is never worth itfor taxpayers and represents a tremendous opportunity cost where public dollars couldhave been left in taxpayers’ pockets, directed toward debt repayment or arguably,targeted for true public good spending in the realm of infrastructure, health care oreducation.


TTHHEE CCAASSEE AAGGAAIINNSSTT CCOORRPPOORRAATTEE WWEELLFFAARREE

Previous studies have catalogued the CTF’s main arguments against corporate welfarewhich are listed below for reference purposes.

1) Market decisions should be made by the market, NOT by politicians andbureaucrats.

The function of the private capital market is to direct investment to projects, industries orfirms that offer the best and most secure rate of return. Different pools of capital frominstitutional and non-institutional sources are available depending on the technologyinvolved and levels of risk inherent in each project. To try and replace or mimic thisjudgment through government intervention is fundamentally flawed and unnecessary.The difference between a good investment and a bad investment for a private investorcan be the difference between a life of luxury and permanent unemployment: nocomparable discipline exists for government bureaucrats or politicians.

2) Corporate Welfare is NOT driven by market imperatives.

Market driven investments are driven by investors who weigh reward against risk.Politically driven investments are driven by political imperatives and the number onefactor in these decisions is usually a preoccupation with “how many jobs are created”(an inexact science in its own right) regardless of profitability or sustainability.

3) Selecting winners and losers is NOT a task to which government officials arewell suited.

The best investment decisions are made in an environment characterized by a “glut” ofexperience and in a “vacuum” of politics. Corporate welfare decisions are often madeby individuals with no experience in private investing and set in a politically chargedenvironment. Ensuring that taxpayer financed projects meet geographic, industrialequity and politically saleable criteria can become an end in itself. Governments havean abysmal record of picking winners but losers have a stellar record of pickinggovernments.

4) Corporate welfare is inherently unfair.

Business subsidies create an uneven playing field. Credit and capital can be divertedfrom successful firms to less successful, politically connected firms. In addition, firmsthat do not receive government assistance subsidize their government-supportedcompetitors through their corporate tax payments.


5) Corporate welfare undermines confidence in our democratic institutions.

While portrayed as benign industrial policy, there is a growing perception thatgovernment assistance to industry is little more than reciprocal payola for financialsupport at election time. A series of funding analyses conducted by the CTF and othersrevealing the activities of Industry Canada, ACOA, WED, EDC, CED-Q, HRDC andother federal schemes have only served to reinforce this perception.

6) Corporate welfare runs contrary to free enterprise.

Business owners and entrepreneurs can become so enamoured and adept at securinggovernment financing that they lose sight of their core competencies, those being thecreation of wealth and maximization of product/service value. In essence, they canbecome better lobbyists than businesspeople. It turns our entrepreneurs intograntrepreneurs.

7) Corporate welfare creates a culture of dependency.

Business owners become so reliant on government assistance that they actually buildexpectations of government assistance into financial plans for various ventures whichhas the perverse of effect of slowing the growth of other non-institutional sources offinancing including venture capital funds and a critical mass of angel investors.

8) Corporate welfare leads to higher taxes.

Someone must pay the bill for years of corporate welfare; inevitably it is both personaland business taxpayers.

9) Corporate welfare is not a public good.

Tax dollars are to be directed to purposes and endeavours that offer the largest societalbenefit or those areas where society has determined that equity considerations mustprevail: public goods or social programs.

A few examples include: infrastructure such as roads and sewers; services such asnational defence, policing, customs, border control and immigration; and social serviceprograms such has universal health care or assistance for the disabled.

Business subsidies don’t fit these criteria.


AA LLOOOOKK BBAACCKK AATT TTHHEE DDIIPPPP PPRROOGGRRAAMMIn 1998, the CTF released information showing the financial performance for the DIPPprogram between April 1, 1982 and October 14, 1997. This report now enlarges thecatchment period to December 12, 2001 using new Access to Information data. (SeeAppendix A for summary charts for both ATIP requests).

FundingPeriod

FundsAuthorized

TotalExpenditures

Repaymentsto Date

% of Exp.Repaid

Apr 82 – Oct 97 $ 2,428,420,931 $ 2,141,554,450 $ 135,923,288 6.35 %Apr 82 – Dec 01 $ 2,477,328,437 $ 2,159,297,969 $ 393,873,081 18.24 %

Difference 48,907,506 17,743,519 257,949,793

While the CTF is encouraged with an increase in DIPP repayments, this new dataraises several questions that must be answered by the Minister of Industry.

Why was an extra $48.9 million authorized and an additional $17.7 millionexpended under DIPP after the program was cancelled in 1995?

What is the long-term forecast for a final repayment percentage underDIPP? Is it 20%, 30% … what is the exact forecast?

The CTF asks again, as it did back in 1998 and in subsequent testimonybefore the House of Commons Finance Committee, why won’t the Ministerof Industry release the forecast vs. actual repayment schedule (on a globalprogram basis so as to respect commercial confidentiality) for DIPP for thelast 20 years and a forecast of DIPP repayments for the next 20 years?

What exactly is the Minister or Department of Industry attempting toconceal in refusing to release this information which does not violatecorporate confidentiality and is available and easily retrievable from theDepartment’s computer systems?


AAUUDDIITT QQUUEESSTTIIOONN ##11:: IISS TTPPCC TTHHEE SSOONN OOFF DDIIPPPP??As noted earlier, shortly after the cancellation of the DIPP program, representativesprimarily from the aerospace and defence sectors of the Canadian economy stridentlylobbied the Government of Canada to establish a new fund that would allow them tocontinue to use the Government of Canada as a bank of first resort.

Under the predictions of mammoth job losses, plant closures, industrial relocation andother dire projections, the federal government acquiesced and its newfound policy ofeconomic self-sufficiency for businesses was short-lived with the creation of TechnologyPartnerships Canada in 1996. In responding to questions about TPC, the currentDeputy Prime Minister and then Minister of Industry, the Hon. John Manley stated:

“The problem with government intervention is not picking winners and losers, theproblem is governments can never shake the losers. They sink big money intosomething and then they keep throwing good money after bad.

The approach we’ve taken is quite different. Never is it really big money. It alwaysputs the worried money in first from the private investors and we’re picking sectorswhere Canada has reason to believe we’ve got some critical mass, and if we marshallour resources correctly, we can become world leaders.”

The Financial Post, October 25, 1997.

This quote represents the ultimate in contradiction. On the one hand, Minister Manleyadmits past corporate welfare policies were futile, and in the very next breath, convinceshimself that employing the same failed approach of the past will somehow make thingsdifferent this time around. Moreover, in this statement we see the permanence ofinstitutional obfuscation on this file in Mr. Manley’s assertion that “never is it really bigmoney.”

Consider the current record of TPC derived from two separate Access to Informationrequests (full data sets contained in Appendix A).

FundingPeriod

FundsAuthorized

TotalExpenditures

Repaymentsto Date

% of Exp.Repaid

Apr 96 - Oct 97 $ 459,597,513 $ 148,237,167 $ 11,516 0.01 %Apr 96 - Dec 01 $ 1,661,699,925 $ 947,704,615 $ 24,482,846 2.58 %

TPC has received a paltry 2.58% return on almost $1 billion of investment over the lastfive years.

A master listing of all TPC approvals by fiscal year is contained in Appendix B. Inaddition, this listing is broken down by recipient company in Appendix C.


This abysmal repayment result yields more questions for the Minister of Industry.

In 1998, TPC officials protested that due to the program’s infancy, it wasunreasonable for the CTF to raise the issue of repayment levels. However,now that the program is in its sixth year of operation, how does theMinister of Industry explain this 2.58% level of repayment? Moreover, theMinister himself recently stated under questioning in the House ofCommons that TPC investments start to yield positives results fortaxpayers within a span of five to ten years.

The CTF now requests that the Minister of Industry release the projectedforecast vs. actual repayments for the first five years of TPC’s operation. Inaddition, the Department should provide a global schedule for forecastrepayments over the coming 20 years for TPC contributions and updatethis forecast as annual data becomes available. Would this not be the mostsimple and transparent way to account for TPC’s performance totaxpayers?

AAUUDDIITT QQUUEESSTTIIOONN ##22:: AACCCCOOUUNNTTAABBIILLIITTYY AABBAANNDDOONNEEDD??As a special operating agency (SOA), TPC’s SOA framework went into effect onNovember 18, 1999. This framework lays out TPC internal governance principles andthe manner in which it is to report to clients, stakeholders and ultimately taxpayers,through the Minister of Industry.

Section 6.2.3 of this framework document reads:

The annual report completes the accountability cycle by reflecting financial andoperating results for the previous fiscal year. The annual report is the primary reportingframework to the Minister and will be tabled in Parliament by the Minister. It will alsoreport on the state of the overall TPC portfolio.

However, the last annual report to be tabled was for fiscal 1998/1999. This yields aninteresting question for the Minister of Industry.

Is the Minister of Industry concerned that TPC has not released its annualreports for 1999/2000 or 2000/2001? Is TPC not in fact violating its ownaccountability framework, and as such exhibiting contempt for Parliamentand Canadian taxpayers?


AAUUDDIITT QQUUEESSTTIIOONN ##33:: SSNNAAIILL’’SS PPAACCEE OOFF RREEPPAAYYMMEENNTTSS??As noted earlier, since TPC’s inception until December 12, 2001, a mere $24.48 millionof loans have been repaid representing a paltry 2.58% return on an approved loanportfolio of $947.7 million.

However, this meagre level of repayments is cast into an even darker shadow when onereads the 1998/1999 annual report. Page 21 reads: ”In fiscal year 1998/1999, TPCreceived repayments of $13 million.”

If one assumes that no other repayments were made in previous years, then simplemath yields a conclusion that since March 31/1999; approximately $11.4 million inadditional payments have trickled in.

Is the Minister of Industry concerned that TPC has – at a maximum – onlycollected an extra $11.4 million in repayments in the last three years?

AAUUDDIITT QQUUEESSTTIIOONN ##44:: WWHHAATT’’SS WWIITTHH MMAARRCCHH MMAADDNNEESSSS??A large amount of projects for TPC funding are approved each March. A full listing ofthis March Madness can be found in Appendix D. The following chart summarizes thisactivity since fiscal 1996/1997.

FiscalYear

MarchAuthorizations

TotalAuthorizations

March as a % of Fiscal Year Total

1996/1997 $ 172,831,307 $ 396,550,078 43.58 %1997/1998 23,703,592 156,585,376 15.14 %1998/1999 199,225,415 389,544,070 51.14 %1999/2000 167,189,447 309,070,341 54.09 %2000/2001 424,866,174 502,115,575 84.62 %

Five Year Totals $ 987,815,935 $ 1,753,865,440 56.32 %

Even though federal officials continue to assure the public that fiscal year-end bingespending is a thing of the past and Treasury Board regulations are designed to curbsuch activity, the numbers for TPC tell a different story. Indeed, the problem of year-end approvals has become more acute in the last three consecutive fiscal years.

Does the Minister of Industry endorse TPC’s apparent practice of pushingthrough fiscal year end authorizations?


AAUUDDIITT QQUUEESSTTIIOONN ##55:: WWHHOO IISS MMIINNDDIINNGG TTHHEE SSTTOORREE??Since its inception, TPC has escaped internal scrutiny by Industry Canada’s Audit andEvaluation Branch as the following Internal Audit and ensuing Program Evaluationlistings indicate.

List of Industry Canada Internal Audits

2001- Federal Economic Development Initiative in Northern Ontario (FedNor) (April 2001)- Review of the Access.ca Pilot Project - Phase II (April 2001)

2000- Management and Financial Audit of Selected Programs in the Information HighwaysApplication Branch (IHAB) (September 2000)- Follow-up Review of PeopleSoft/HRMS (March 2000)- Audit of the Contracting Function - Informatics Services Branch - Canadian IntellectualProperty Office (CIPO) (As of January 6, 2000)- Audit of the Security Function - Report on Preliminary Phase (January 2000)

1999- Review of the Communications Function (December 1999)- Industry Canada Business Continuity Plan Methodology Audit - Phase II (December 1999)- Special Study on Internal Financial Controls Industry Sector (November 1999)- Industry Canada Business Continuity Plan Methodology Audit (October 1999)- Follow-up Audit of Industry Canada's Year 2000 Readiness (September 1999)- A Facilitated Control Assessment Pilot for Risk Management Planning - Canadian IntellectualProperty Office (CIPO) (May 1999)- Interim Progress Review of Industry Canada's People Management Plan (April 1999)- Special Examination of Petty Cash Management (April 1999)- Audit of Industry Canada's Year 2000 Readiness (March 1999)- Official Languages Survey (January 1999)

1998- Post-Implementation Review of the PeopleSoft Human Resources Management System (January 1998)

1997- Audit of the Corporations Directorate Local Area Network (LAN) Security (September 1997)- Audit of Quebec Region (July 1997)- Directed Audit of Departure Incentive Programs (March 1997)

Source:http://www.ic.gc.ca/cmb/welcomeic.nsf/558d636590992942852564880052155b/6fc21aac21e11587852568e4007b3ae1!OpenDocument

http://www.ic.gc.ca/cmb/welcomeic.nsf/558d636590992942852564880052155b/6fc21aac21e11 587852568e4007b3ae1!OpenDocument


List of Industry Canada Program Evaluations

2001- Implementation of Section 41 of the Official Languages Act (July 2001)- Organizational Review of Investment Partnership Canada and Associated Departments andAgencies (May 2001)

2000- Francommunautés virtuelles - Final Report (October 2000)- Canada Community Investment Plan, Mid-term Review - Final Report (March 2000)

1999- Evaluation of the Canada Business Service Centres - National Secretariat (April 1999)

Source:

http://www.ic.gc.ca/cmb/welcomeic.nsf/532340a8523f33718525649d006b119d/8cea80c000cae61985256ac60056aebc!OpenDocument

This absence of audit or evaluation activity runs contrary to commitments made in theTPC SOA framework. Section 6.4.3 of the framework reads:

TPC will conduct an interim evaluation encompassing the Agency’s initial four years ofoperations (FYS 1996-1997 to 1999-2000 inclusive). Amongst other pertinent issues,the interim evaluation will address the appropriate timeframe to conduct a fullevaluation which would involve in-depth coverage of all issues and a rigourous reviewof program impacts and effects.

In addition, Section 6.4.4 reads:

TPC will be subject to regular internal audit by Industry Canada and to external audit bythe Auditor General of Canada.

Lack of internal or external scrutiny of what is supposed to be the federalgovernment’s flagship business assistance program is fundamentally troubling.

Will the Minister of Industry determine why his Department has notperformed an internal audit of TPC? When will TPC conduct andrelease the interim evaluation of its first four years of operation giventhat it is entering its seventh year of operation in less than 60 days?

http://www.ic.gc.ca/cmb/welcomeic.nsf/532340a8523f33718525649d006b119d/8cea80c000cae 61985256ac60056aebc!OpenDocument


AAUUDDIITT QQUUEESSTTIIOONN ##66:: WWHHEERREE’’SS TTHHEE BBAALLAANNCCEE??TPC funds have been disbursed across the following three technology areas:aerospace and defence technologies (AD), enabling technologies (ENA) andenvironmental technologies (ENV). Through to February 15, 2002, the breakdown is asfollows:

Technology Area Funds Authorized Cost per Job % of TotalAD $ 983,331,421 $ 61,057.52 54.86 %

ENA 687,237,885 73,493.52 38.34 %ENV 121,796,134 24,461.97 6.80 %

Totals $ 1,792,365,440 $ 58,891.59 100.00 %

To view the entire listing of data by technology area, see Appendix E. Another way toportray the impact of TPC is to break down its contributions by province (Appendix F).

ProvinceFunds

Authorized

% of Total FundsAuthorized

JobsCreated/

Maintained

% of Jobs Created/

MaintainedBritish Columbia $ 130,501,928 8.06 3,599 12.29

Alberta 23,235,706 1.43 942 3.22Manitoba 3,696,203 0.23 374 1.28Ontario 534,161,762 32.98 12,856 43.90Quebec 931,730,999 57.52 11,258 38.44

New Brunswick 1,468,488 .0.09 33 0.11Nova Scotia 8,400,000 0.52 135 0.46

Newfoundland 9,793,500 6.60 87 7.77Prince Edward Island 0 0 0 0

Saskatchewan 0 0 0 0Territories 0 0 0 0

While an argument can be made that a large cluster of Canada’s Aerospace andDefence sector is situated in Ontario and Quebec, issues of asymmetrical fiscalfederalism are still relevant. Page 5, of the TPC SOA framework document notes thatone of TPC’s guiding principles is to be:

National: accessible in all regions of Canada and consistent with the sectoral prioritiesof federal regional organizations.

TPC is about to enter its seventh year of operation, yet projects have not been funded inPEI, Saskatchewan and the Territories. Not that the CTF is advocating any morefunding anywhere in Canada, but from a policy viewpoint, one can still question if theprogram is truly national in its scope?

Is the Minister of Industry concerned with the 90.5% dominance of Ontarioand Quebec, which is disproportionate to their share of the national GDPand the apparent exclusion of two provinces from TPC?


AAUUDDIITT QQUUEESSTTIIOONN ##77:: IITT CCOOSSTT HHOOWW MMUUCCHH PPEERR JJOOBB??One of the many arguments for government involvement through business subsidizationis that it creates jobs. The following chart summarizes the estimated jobs created ormaintained since the inception of TPC (see Appendix B).

FiscalYear

Announced orApproved Funding

Jobs Created/Maintained

Cost per Job

1996/1997 $ 396,550,078 6,863 $ 57,780.871997/1998 156,585,376 5,012 31,242.091998/1999 389,544,070 4,725 82,443.191999/2000 309,070,341 5,397 57,267.062000/2001 502,115,575 8,036 62,483.272001/2002 38,500,000 402 95,771.14

Totals $ 1,792,365,440 30,435 $ 58,891.59

In 1987, the Auditor General noted – when addressing the jobs maintained issue in amore general sense – in Chapter 16.98:

We noted several projects where “jobs maintained” were indicated as an expectedbenefit, but where there was no indication that the jobs were at risk or in jeopardy hadthe project not taken place.

By hiding behind corporate confidentiality and third-party shielding clauses in theAccess to Information Act, governments and participant businesses can effectivelyprevent any outside party from undertaking any rigorous cost-benefit analysis of theprograms. Consequently, taxpayers are fed optimistic job creation forecasts but arenever told about the number of jobs that would have been created even without theassistance, or that would have been created elsewhere in the economy had the moneyhad been left in the pockets of consumers.

How many times are the jobs created double and triple counted? Such a practice iscommon in other programs funded by Industry Canada and playing with figures is verytempting especially when multiple government departments or agencies are involved.

This is particularly appalling to business owners who often see their hard-earned profitstaxed away only to be handed over to their competitors. Insofar as it concerns jobcreation, corporate welfare should in fact be characterized as job re-distribution: frommore successful business to less successful businesses and from taxpayers in generalto specific businesses.

On page 12 of the TPC SOA Framework Document, Criteria 3b notes thatTPC will keep a “summary table of actual jobs created or maintained.” Canthe Minister of Industry release TPC’s tracking of estimated vs. actual jobscreated or maintained for any or all TPC funding recipients since itsinception?


AAUUDDIITT QQUUEESSTTIIOONN ##88:: HHOOWW AABBOOUUTT AA NNEEWWSS RREELLEEAASSEE??Another troubling feature about TPC is its lack of transparency about ALL of its fundingactivities. For example, some 26 projects totaling in excess of $378 million in approvalshave not been announced. A search of the TPC archived news releases portion of theTPC web site (www.tpc.ic.gc.ca) confirms this substantive degree of secrecy.

While one excuse may be that some of these projects were just recently approved, atleast 20 projects were approved by Summer 2000 or earlier.

Funding Recipient Date# Recipient Location Authorized Amount

1 Aquarius Flight Inc. Markham, ON 20-Feb-97 $ 50,870 2 BAE Systems Canada Inc. Saint-Laurent, QC 27-Mar-97 1,111,000 3 AAR-KEL Moulds Wallaceburg, ON 17-Jul-97 221,100 4 Televitesse Systems Hull, QC 19-Feb-98 345,691 5 Engenuity Technologies Inc. Not disclosed 05-Mar-98 1,829,000 6 Formal Systems Inc. Fredericton, NB 23-Mar-98 495,288 7 Technology 2000 Inc. Winnipeg, MB 30-Mar-98 22,203 8 Naoki systmes Inc. Not disclosed 15-May-98 2,764,854 9 Harris Canada Inc. Calgary, AB 09-Jul-98 3,274,706 10 Pratt & Whitney Canada Not disclosed 02-Nov-98 3,397,239 11 Coltec Aerospace Canada Not disclosed 21-Jan-99 1,556,500 12 Societe D'Imagerie electromed Inc. Not disclosed 10-Feb-99 499,995 13 Irving Pulp and Paper Saint John, NB 31-Mar-99 497,200 14 Engenuity Technologies Inc. Not disclosed 10-Jun-99 3,635,000 15 AlliedSignal Aerospace Canada Not disclosed 12-Jul-99 1,920,300 16 Aqua Bounty Not disclosed 01-Sep-99 2,964,900 17 AlliedSignal Aerospace Canada Not disclosed 23-Sep-99 9,292,000 18 Coltec Aerospace Canada Not disclosed 08-Nov-99 3,161,000 19 AlliedSignal Aerospace Canada Not disclosed 12-Nov-99 9,940,000 20 Western Star Trucks Inc. Kelowna, BC 12-Nov-99 8,457,141 21 AlliedSignal Aerospace Canada Not disclosed 18-Aug-00 2,849,775 22 Cascades Data Service Not disclosed 09-Mar-01 87,068,000 23 Pratt & Whitney Canada Not disclosed 09-Mar-01 99,600,000 24 AlliedSignal Aerospace Canada Not disclosed 30-Mar-01 46,569,300 25 CAE Electronics Ltd. Saint-Laurent, QC 30-Mar-01 41,400,000 26 Coltec Aerospace Canada Not disclosed 30-Mar-01 45,500,000

Total: $ 378,372,192

Can the Minister explain why 26 projects over $378 million – with fiverequiring cabinet approval since they exceed $20 million each – in TPCapprovals are not listed on the TPC web site?

http://www.tpc.ic.gc.ca


AAUUDDIITT QQUUEESSTTIIOONN ##99:: HHOOWW MMUUCCHH WWIILLLL BBEE RREEPPAAIIDD??Successive Ministers of Industry have boasted about sharing risks and rewards withindustry and how the conditionally repayable contribution framework will actually benefitCanadian taxpayers in the long-term.

Yet reconciling conflicting statements in various TPC documents and public expressionsfrom TPC officials is almost impossible. Since TPC’s inception taxpayers have beendenied the answer to one simple question: What are the actual risk levels to which taxdollars are exposed and what overall level of repayment is likely – not projected – tooccur?

Examples of these conflicting statements are provided below. To start, page 21 of the1998/1999 TPC Annual Report states:

One measure of the extent to which TPC shares in revenues is the ratio of a company’sprojected repayments to TPC’s investment. To March 31, 1999, TPC approvedinvestments of $775 million in 79 projects. For every dollar of this investment, TPC isforecast to receive $1.74 in repayments over time. Assuming all projects are fullysuccessful to the extent projected by the companies, this would result in total repaymentof $1.35 billion. In fiscal year 1998-1999, TPC’s approved investment of about $214million in 22 projects is forecast to yield $363 million over time of $1.70 for everydollar invest by TPC, assuming success.

However, when TPC was first launched, supporting literature noted that TPC was to be50% self-sufficient (investing returns back into a new loan portfolio) within 10 years.The level of overall repayment issue grows more confusing when one reads the TPCSOA framework. Page 7 of the framework states:

Repayments of contributions will be set by the Minister in accordance with therepayable contributions policy of Treasury Board. In view of the risks inherent inprojects of a high-technology nature, it is recognized that not all projects will succeed,and consequently, that not all contributions will be fully repaid.

Finally, and most recently, TPC has cooked up a sweet deal with suppliers in theaerospace and defense sector.

Minutes from the 8th meeting of the Aerospace Industries Association of Canada (AIAC)– Canadian Defence Industries Association (CDIA) Joint Defence Procurement Councilheld at the AIAC Boardroom in Ottawa on December 8, 2000 note that:


A further letter was being sent to TPC setting out those changes which would make theparameters of the initiative acceptable to AIAC, including: a minimum sharing ratio of40%; a two-year grace period on repayment; and, capping repayments at 115% of thecontribution disbursed.

Source: http://www.cdia.ca/jdpc/8december.docAccording to the TPC web site, risk sharing will actually be between 40% and 50%which is above TPC’s usual level of a 33% maximum and a May 2001 TPC documentprovided to the CTF confirms that repayments are capped at 115% (meaning amaximum return of $1.15 for every dollar ‘invested’) under its Aerospace and DefenceSME Supplier Development Initiative. Through all these conflicting repaymentprojections and what Canadians know of some 30 years of corporate welfare, what willwe really get back.

Can the Minister of Industry indicate in the House of Commons whatthe projected repayments and over what time frame for the TPC loanportfolio to date are under the most optimistic, most realistic and mostpessimistic projections?

AAUUDDIITT QQUUEESSTTIIOONN ##1100:: RREEPPAAYYAABBLLEE OORR NNOOTT??On January 29, 2002, Yvon Turcot, Vice-President of Public Affairs for Bombardier Inc.,wrote a letter to the editor of the Ottawa Citizen in response to a story on TPC and itsrepayment history. In the letter (see Appendix G) Mr. Turcot states:

In 1996, under the Technology Partnerships Canada (TPC) program, the federalgovernment provided Bombardier with another fully repayable contribution of $87million to develop its 70-seat Bombardier CRJ700 aircraft. First deliveries of thisaircraft are now taking place and repayment will adhere to the schedule set with thegovernment. The Corporation has not applied for any TPC funding since 1996.

The key phrase is fully repayable. In all Access to Information material that the CTFhas received from TPC, each and every TPC loan is identified as being conditionallyrepayable.

The Minister of Industry must be unequivocal on this point. Is therepresentative from Bombardier misinforming the public through his lettersubmission in asserting that the $87 million loan to his company is fullyrepayable? Is it not actually conditionally repayable?

In 1995, Chapter 14 of the Auditor General’s report dealt with the management of grantsand contributions at Industry Canada. Specifically the AG raised grave concerns withrespect to royalty based conditionally repayable contributions by noting that “we foundthat information contained in business applications is often based on optimisticforecasts of potential sales and economic benefits. Usually, it is not possible fordepartmental officials to verify this information.”

http://www.cdia.ca/jdpc/8december.doc


Given the flimsy level of repayment in the TPC portfolio and various otherIndustry Canada portfolios as demonstrated by the CTF in past reports, is itfair to assume that many TPC repayment forecasts are and will continue tobe based on overly optimistic sales projections?

AAUUDDIITT QQUUEESSTTIIOONN ##1111:: TTHHEE CCAARRTT BBEEFFOORREE TTHHEE HHOORRSSEE??Access to Information reveals that at least three TPC projects were announced publiclybefore they were actually authorized and approved.

FundingRecipient

DateAnnounced

DateAuthorized

AuthorizedAmount

Bombardier October 21, 1996 March 26, 1997 $ 87,000,000Ballard Power Systems November 20, 1996 March 26, 1997 $ 30,000,000CAE Electronics Ltd. March 7, 1997 March 27, 1997 $ 32,000,000

According to the SOA framework, Treasury Board and Cabinet must approve funding inexcess of $20 million.

Is the Minister of Industry aware that $149 million in projects wereannounced publicly before all departmental, ministerial and potentiallyCabinet approvals were apparently received? Does this violate theFinancial Administration Act or other relevant Treasury Board ordepartmental guidelines governing financial probity?

CCOONNCCLLUUSSIIOONN

The 11 audit questions raised in this report bring the administration of TPC into seriousquestion. The evidence presented in this report, drawn from Access to Informationdocuments and other public sources, leads taxpayers to conclude that TPC is:

Needlessly putting taxpayer dollars at risk;Flouting its own accountability framework; andExhibiting contempt for Parliament and taxpayers by not transparently, annuallyand comprehensively reporting on its activities.

The Minister of Industry must take the 17 questions posed herein seriously and offer fulland frank responses forthwith.


The CTF believes that TPC should be wound down and eliminated. The moreprudent and responsible approach to stimulating investment in Canada remains one offurther lowering personal, payroll, corporate and capital taxes while consistentlymonitoring regulatory regimes and removing those barriers and fees deemed contrary topublic and competitive interests. In concert with this economic liberation strategy, theGovernment of Canada must adopt a more aggressive posture at the World TradeOrganization (WTO) and in other multilateral institutions to ensure that businesssubsidies are minimized and eventually eliminated worldwide.

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Aud

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Appe

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Aud

it of

TPC

Appe

ndix

CPa

ge 9

of 9

Febr

uary

200

2

TPC -- March Madness Authorizations

JobsDate Funding Authorized Created/

Authorized Recipient Funding Maintained

4-Mar-97 Inventus Technologies Inc. 161,000$ N.A.12-Mar-97 Crystalline Manufacturing Ltd. 1,469,675 N.A.12-Mar-97 Fleet Industries Ltd. 3,252,000 27621-Mar-97 CMC electronic Inc./BAE Systems 1,024,922 3421-Mar-97 Starvision Multimedia Corp. 1,089,740 421-Mar-97 Walbar Canada 976,031 2125-Mar-97 CAE Electronics Ltd. 31,181,758 1,28225-Mar-97 Orenda Aerospace Corporation 8,381,000 13526-Mar-97 AlliedSignal Aerospace Canada/Honeywell 6,106,000 6726-Mar-97 Ballard Power Systems 29,359,989 29227-Mar-97 Bombardier 85,491,595 2,08327-Mar-97 GFI Control Systems Inc. 4,337,597 59

March Authorizations 172,831,307$ 4,253Total Authorizations for 1996/1997 396,550,078

March as a % of FY Total 43.58%

13-Mar-98 LARCAN Inc. 5,227,053.00$ 17017-Mar-98 Baultar Composite Inc. (BCI) 446,480 2417-Mar-98 CAL Corporation/EMS 4,831,000 6517-Mar-98 Diffracto Limited 480,000 N.A.17-Mar-98 Formal Systems Inc. 495,288 N.A.17-Mar-98 International Water Guard Industries Inc. 235,845 1319-Mar-98 Ratheon Canada 3,349,000 7121-Mar-98 SCC Environmental Group Inc. 491,552 N.A.26-Mar-98 Heroux Incorporated 1,593,374 3530-Mar-98 AlliedSignal Aerospace Canada/Honeywell 6,554,000 1,397



24-Mar-99 Questor Industries Inc. 4,947,330$ 55029-Mar-99 Allied Signal Aerospace 3,663,895 11030-Mar-99 IBM Canada 33,000,000 17830-Mar-99 Spectrum Signal Processing 6,300,000 29631-Mar-99 Pratt & Whitney Canada 151,314,190 825



31-Mar-00 BioChem Pharma 80,000,000$ 45031-Mar-00 Research In Motion Limited 33,914,447 80431-Mar-00 Rolls-Royce Industries 53,275,000 650



CTF Audit of TPCAppendix DPage 1 of 2 February 2002

TPC -- March Madness Authorizations

JobsDate Funding Authorized Created/

Authorized Recipient Funding Maintained

9-Mar-01 Cascades Data Services Inc. 87,068,000$ 4589-Mar-01 Ifire Technologies 30,000,000 3879-Mar-01 Pratt & Whitney Canada 99,600,000 1,51912-Mar-01 Magellan Aerospace Limited 8,158,500 9612-Mar-01 Neptec Design Group/OPTEC Design 6,167,001 5723-Mar-01 FuelMaker corporation 2,960,309 12629-Mar-01 Guigne Inc 4,864,400 5929-Mar-01 Inteligent Mechatronic Systems Inc. 2,999,414 9430-Mar-01 AlliedSignal Aerospace Canada/Honeywell 46,569,300 1,09430-Mar-01 Bioniche Life Sciences 17,200,000 58930-Mar-01 CAE Electronics Ltd. 41,400,000 34530-Mar-01 Coltec Aerospace Canada Ltd./BF Goodrich 45,500,000 46030-Mar-01 Messier-Dowty Inc. 24,879,250 29930-Mar-01 Northstar Energy Corporation 7,500,000 93



March for Five Years 987,815,935$Five Year Authorizations 1,753,865,440

March as a % over Five Fiscal Years 56.32%

CTF Audit of TPCAppendix DPage 2 of 2 February 2002

TPC

: Aut

horiz

atio

ns B

y Se

ctor

Fund

ing

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ipie

ntD

ate

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e of

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bs C

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am, O

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$

20

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-96

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CTF

Aud

it of

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Appe

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of 5

Febr

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: Aut

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Tuesday, February 19, 2002.

Hon. Allan RockMinister of IndustryC.D. Howe Building11th Floor, East Tower235 Queen StreetOttawa, OntarioK1A 0H5 By Fax / By Mail

Dear Minister Rock:

On behalf of the 61,000 supporters of the Canadian Taxpayers Federation, I write to youtoday to express our grave concern with respect to the operation and management of theTechnology Partnerships Canada (TPC) program. Today we released a document entitled:Peeling Back the Onion – A Taxpayers Audit of Technology Partnerships Canada,which is the product of over four years of research and several Access to Informationrequests into your Department.

In our report, 17 pertinent questions are brought to your attention and are restated in thisletter (with appropriate page references). We would appreciate receiving responses to ALLthese questions as soon as possible given that TPC’s authorized portfolio value alreadystands in excess of $1.7 billion.

Questions

1. Why was an extra $48.9 million authorized and an additional $17.7 million expendedunder DIPP after the program was cancelled in 1995? (page 10)

2. What is the long-term forecast for a final repayment percentage under DIPP? Is it20%, 30% … what is the exact forecast? (page 10)

3. The CTF asks again, as it did back in 1998 and in subsequent testimony before theHouse of Commons Finance Committee, why won’t the Minister of Industry release theforecast vs. actual repayment schedule (on a global program basis so as to respectcommercial confidentiality) for DIPP for the last 20 years and a forecast of DIPPrepayments for the next 20 years? (page 10)

/…2

- 2 -

4. What exactly is the Minister or Department of Industry attempting to conceal inrefusing to release this information which does not violate corporate confidentiality andis available and easily retrievable from the Department’s computer systems?(page 10)

5. In 1998, TPC officials protested that due to the program’s infancy, it was unreasonablefor the CTF to raise the issue of repayment levels. However, now that the program isin its sixth year of operation, how does the Minister of Industry explain this 2.58% levelof repayment? Moreover, the Minister himself recently stated under questioning in theHouse of Commons that TPC investments start to yield positives results for taxpayerswithin a span of five to ten years. (page 12)

6. The CTF now requests that the Minister of Industry release the projected forecast vs.actual repayments for the first five years of TPC’s operation. In addition, theDepartment should provide a global schedule for forecast repayments over the coming20 years for TPC contributions and update this forecast as annual data becomesavailable. Would this not be the most simple and transparent way to account forTPC’s performance to taxpayers? (page 12)

7. Is the Minister of Industry concerned that TPC has not released its annual reports for1999/2000 or 2000/2001? Is TPC not in fact violating its own accountabilityframework, and as such exhibiting contempt for Parliament and Canadian taxpayers?(page 12)

8. Is the Minister of Industry concerned that TPC has – at a maximum – only collected anextra $11.4 million in repayments in the last three years? (page 13)

9. Does the Minister of Industry endorse TPC’s apparent practice of pushing throughfiscal year end authorizations? (page 13)

10. Will the Minister of Industry determine why his Department has not performed aninternal audit of TPC? When will TPC conduct and release the interim evaluationof its first four years of operation given that it is entering its seventh year ofoperation in less than 60 days? (page 15)

11. Is the Minister of Industry concerned with the 90.5% dominance of Ontario andQuebec, which is disproportionate to their share of the national GDP and the apparentexclusion of two provinces from TPC? (page 16)

12. On page 12 of the TPC SOA Framework Document, Criteria 3b notes that TPC willkeep a “summary table of actual jobs created or maintained.” Can the Minister ofIndustry release TPC’s tracking of estimated vs. actual jobs created or maintained forany or all TPC funding recipients since its inception? (page 17)

/…3

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13. Can the Minister explain why 26 projects over $378 million – with five requiring cabinetapproval since they exceed $20 million each – in TPC approvals are not listed on theTPC web site? (page 18)

14. Can the Minister of Industry indicate in the House of Commons what the projectedrepayments and over what time frame for the TPC loan portfolio to date are underthe most optimistic, most realistic and most pessimistic projections? (page 20)

15. The Minister of Industry must be unequivocal on this point. Is the representative fromBombardier misinforming the public through his letter submission in asserting that the$87 million loan to his company is fully repayable? Is it not actually conditionallyrepayable? (page 20)

16. Given the flimsy level of repayment in the TPC portfolio and various other IndustryCanada portfolios as demonstrated by the CTF in past reports, is it fair to assume thatmany TPC repayment forecasts are and will continue to be based on overly optimisticsales projections? (page 20)

17. Is the Minister of Industry aware that $149 million in projects were announced publiclybefore all departmental, ministerial and potentially Cabinet approvals were received?Does this violate the Financial Administration Act or other relevant Treasury Board ordepartmental guidelines governing financial probity? (page 21)

Mr. Minister, the questions we raise address issues of accountability, transparency, programmanagement and ultimately, TPC’s accountability to Parliament through you, and yourfiduciary duty to taxpayers as the Minister responsible for TPC.

Should you require clarification on any matters contained herein or in our report, we are opento meeting with you at your earliest convenience.

Regards …

Walter RobinsonFederal Director

Enclosure (1)

Tuesday, February 19, 2002.

Ms. Sheila FraserAuditor General of CanadaOffice of the Auditor General240 Sparks StreetOttawa, OntarioK1A 0G6 By Fax / By Mail

Dear Ms. Fraser:

On behalf of the 61,000 supporters of the Canadian Taxpayers Federation, I write to youtoday to express our grave concern with respect to the operation and management of theTechnology Partnerships Canada (TPC) program. Today we released a document entitled:Peeling Back the Onion – A Taxpayers Audit of Technology Partnerships Canada,which is the product of over four years of research and several Access to Informationrequests into Industry Canada.

In our report, we highlight 11 audit questions and 17 pertinent questions for response fromthe Minister of Industry. Throughout this report we uncover instances where it is clear thatTPC is not abiding by its own Special Operating Agency Accountability Framework, and assuch, the Minister of Industry cannot appropriately discharge his duty through Parliament toprovide an adequate accounting for TPC’s performance to taxpayers.

As the federal government’s flagship business assistance program, TPC must maintain themost rigourous audit and management controls. After reviewing the enclosed documentationand given the interest the AG’s office has taken in the past with respect to grant andcontribution programs, I trust you will concur that TPC warrants close and immediateattention from your office. Should you require clarification on any matters that arise from ourreport, we are open to meeting with you at your earliest convenience.

Regards …

Walter RobinsonFederal Director

Enclosure (1)

peeling back the onion: a taxpayers audit of technology ... · has grown to become canada’s...

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