peer groups
DESCRIPTION
The evolution of the ecology of peer groups, from infancy to adolescence.TRANSCRIPT
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PeerPeer Groups Groups
Stephanie ScharfCEHS 200: Chapter 8
Nov. 3, 2008
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Main Points:Main Points:•PurposePurpose
•Evolution of InteractionEvolution of Interaction
•Peer Groups and PlayPeer Groups and Play
•OrganizationOrganization
•Behavior InfluencesBehavior Influences
•Acceptance vs. RejectionAcceptance vs. Rejection
•Positive and Negative OutcomesPositive and Negative Outcomes
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Peersequals, individuals who are usually of the same gender, age, and social status and who share interests
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I am an only child.
Therefore, my social interactions
with peers took place only
at school and church.
Often, the friends I made would come visit
in the evenings,
where my parents would supervise
our activities.
Ecological ModelReal Life Example
Friends
visit
Make
Friends
CHILD
PEERS
FAMILY
SCHOOL/
CHURCH
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Purpose ofPurpose ofPeer GroupsPeer Groups
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• Satisfy certain belonging needs
• Often preferred to other socializing agents
• Influence social, cognitive and psychological development
• Influence development of morals and values
• Interaction provides instruction onacceptable behavior.
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• Social Support – resources provided by others in times of need–Validation for the self
–Encouragement to try new things
–Opportunities for comparison
–Enable self-disclosure
–Provide identity
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Evolution ofEvolution ofPeer InteractionPeer Interaction
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Infancy/Toddlerhood• First feel belonging and develop
attachment to parents
• Capable of simple interactions distinguishing self from others
• Progress from emotional to behavioral interactions
• By 3.5 can be socially involved with peers
• Friendship: momentary playmateship
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Early Childhood• Parenting styles affect opportunity
for social interactions
• Deal with more complex issues such as power, compliance, cooperation, and conflict
• Interaction increases and becomes more complex, forming groups
• Friendship: one-way assistance
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Middle Childhood• School age children experience increase
in social interaction
• Peer group attractive because opportunity for independence from family
• Enjoy the closeness and sharing of emotions
• Group provides identity models
• Peer interaction more than 30% of their time
• Activities become gender-specific and reflect culture
• Friendship: Two-way, fair-weather cooperation; intimate, mutually shared relationships
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Adolescence• Develop “best friends” and base friendships
off closeness of the relationship
• Peer group activities escalate
• Turn to group for “what’s hot now”
• “hang out”, talk, watch TV, listen to music, play video games, be seen, see who else is “hanging” with whom, wait for something to happen
• Friendship: autonomous interdependent friendships
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Peer GroupsPeer Groupsand Playand Play
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• Help learn about environment
• Imaginary situations governed by social rules
• Acceptable way to express emotions and impulses
• Practice skills necessary for adult life
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Peer GroupPeer GroupOrganizationOrganization
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• Cliques–mutually connected by doing things together
• Crowds– loosely organized reference groups of cliques
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Ways Peer GroupsWays Peer GroupsInfluence BehaviorInfluence Behavior
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• Reinforcement–giving attention and
acceptance
• Modeling– imitation, conformity
• Punishment– teasing, physical aggression, rejection
• Apprenticeship– the “expert” helps the “novice”
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• Stratify– some individuals more
dominant and other submissive
• Develop norms– standards that serve as
guidelines
• Frustration and competition contribute to hostility
• Competition between groups fosterscohesiveness within groups
• Intergroup hostility can often be reduced by working towards a common goal
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Adult influence
• How adults mediate the social interaction within a peer group – competitive or cooperative – influences children’s behavior
• Adult leadership style influences socialization
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Peer AcceptancePeer AcceptanceVersus RejectionVersus Rejection
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Common BehaviorTraits
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PositivePositivePeer Group OutcomesPeer Group Outcomes
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• Collaboration
• Tutoring
• Counseling
• Neighborhood affects positive or negative effects
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NegativeNegativePeer Group OutcomesPeer Group Outcomes
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•Bullies and Victims
•Gangs
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Bully Characteristics
• Domination
• Physically stronger
• Impulsive, low frustration tolerance, easily angered
• Rule-breakers
• Show little empathy
• Positive self-concept
• Antisocial behavior
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Victim Characteristics
• Physically weaker
• Show fear of pain
• Poor physical coordination
• Cautious, sensitive, quiet,passive, submissive, shy
• Anxious, insecure, unhappy
• Negative self-concept
• Relate better to adults than peers
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• What to do?
–Intervention with bullies that do notreinforce harassment
–Intervention with victims to alter negative self-concept and to respond in nonreinforcing ways to threats
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Gang
• group of people whoform an allegiance for acommon purpose andengage in unlawful orcriminal activity
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Reasons Gangs Form
• Racism
• Socioeconomics
• Family structure
• Belief system
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PeerPeer Groups Groups
Stephanie ScharfCEHS 200: Chapter 8
Nov. 3, 2008