Session 1

Peer Support Quiz

What is epidemiology?

What is epidemiology?

The study of disease in populations

What are the walls of the inguinal canal?

What are the walls of the inguinal canal?

• Roof: Arching fibers of the transversus abdominus reinforced by the internal oblique

• Anterior: aponeurosis of the external oblique reinforced by the internal oblique

• Floor: inguinal ligament• Posterior: conjoint tendon & transversalis fascia

Remember – M

A T

L

What are the components of a nucleotide?

What are the components of a nucleotide?

• A base• A sugar group• A phosphate

What is the biopsychosocial model?

What is the biopsychosocial model?

The biological, psychological and social aspects influencing an individuals health

What are the 4 P’s for increasing intra-abdominal pressure?

What are the 4 P’s for increasing intra-abdominal pressure?

• Peeing• Passing stool• Parturition • Puking

Give the definition of prevalence

Give the definition of prevalence

The number of people with a disease of interest in a defined population at a defined

point in time

What are the the body points of attachment of the inguinal ligament?

What are the the body points of attachment of the inguinal ligament?

• ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine) • Public tubercle

What is an aponeurosis?

What is an aponeurosis?

A sheet of connective tissue (rather than a cord) connecting muscles to the parts they

move

Give three reasons why doctors should take account of patient’s perspectives

Give three reasons why doctors should take account of patient’s perspectives

• Better medical outcomes• Aids diagnosis• Increased patient satisfaction

What is a mesentery?

What is a mesentery?

A double layer of peritoneum

What are the arteries supplying the foregut, midgut and hindgut?

What are the arteries supplying the foregut, midgut and hindgut?

• Foregut: coeliac • Midgut: superior mesenteric• Hindgut: inferior mesenteric

What are the five Mendelian patterns of inheritance?

What are the five Mendelian patterns of inheritance?

• Autosomal dominant• Autosomal recessive• X-linked dominant• X-linked recessive• Y-linked

Which GI organ develops first?

Which GI organ develops first?

The liver

What two types of clinical practice styles are there?

What two types of clinical practice styles are there?

• Doctor-centered• Patient-centered

Give the definition of incidence

Give the definition of incidence

The number of new cases of a disease of interest in a defined population in a defined

period of time

Remember – prevalence considers both old and new cases

What is a dermatome?

What is a dermatome?

An area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

What is the dermatome supply of the following regions – epigastric, umbilicus and suprapubic?

What is the dermatome supply of the following regions – epigastric, umbilicus and suprapubic?

• Epigastric: T7• Umbilicus: T10• Suprapubic: L1

What are the different sugars found in DNA and RNA?

What are the different sugars found in DNA and RNA?

• DNA: deoxyribose• RNA: ribose

What are the three layers of the embryo from external to internal?

What are the three layers of the embryo from external to internal?

• Ectoderm• Mesoderm• Endoderm

From what layer does the gut tube develop?

From what layer does the gut tube develop?

Endoderm

Name the only monosomy disorder that is not lethal

Name the only monosomy disorder that is not lethal

Turners syndrome 45XO

Monosomy is a chromosomal disorder where one chromosome of the pair is missing

Clinical decisions include what three considerations?

Clinical decisions include what three considerations?

• Clinical state and circumstances (of the patient)

• Patient preferences• Research evidence

What is the common attachment of the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?

What is the common attachment of the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?

The linea alba

From how many layers is the greater omentum formed?

From how many layers is the greater omentum formed?

Four

Remember – the four layers fuse to form a two layered greater omentum

What is the function of the greater omentum?

What is the function of the greater omentum?

The “policeman of the abdomen” – contains collections of macrophages, walls off areas of

infection e.g. in appendicitis

What are the five factors required for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium ?

What are the five factors required for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium ?

• A large population• No migration in or out of the population• Random mating• No allele selection• Constant mutation rate

Define confidence intervals

Define confidence intervals

A measure of certainty which can be attached to the results

With a 95% CI you are 95% sure the actual result is contained within the range of values calculated

Between which two muscle layers of the anterior abdominal wall do nerves run?

Between which two muscle layers of the anterior abdominal wall do nerves run?

The internal oblique and the transversus abdominus

Which ligament attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?

Which ligament attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?

The falciform ligament

Define event rate

Define event rate

The number of people dying in a defined population in a defined period of time

What bases are in DNA and RNA?

What bases are in DNA and RNA?

DNAA (adenine)C (cytosine)G (guanine)T (thymine)

RNAA (adenine)C (cytosine)G (guanine)U (uracil)

What are the coding and non-coding regions of genes?

What are the coding and non-coding regions of genes?

• Coding: extons• Non-coding: introns

Introns are removed by splicing

The lesser sac is found between which two organs?

The lesser sac is found between which two organs?

The inferior border of the liver and the lesser curvature of the stomach

Name the opening to the lesser sac

Name the opening to the lesser sac

The epiploic foramen or the foramen of Winslow

What do patients want from the consultation?

What do patients want from the consultation?

• Doctors to listen and take account of their views, perspectives and expectations

• Active involvement in decisions about their care

Is mitochondrial inheritance maternal or paternal?

Is mitochondrial inheritance maternal or paternal?

Maternal

Remember – mitochondria in sperm are destroyed by the egg after fertilization so mitochondria are inherited from the mother

What is a Meckel’s diverticulum?

What is a Meckel’s diverticulum?

A remnant of the embryonic yolk sac

What is the rule of twos for the Meckel’s diverticulum

What is the rule of twos for the Meckel’s diverticulum

• 2% are symptomatic • 2:1 males:females• 2 feets from the ileocaecal valve• 2 inches in length • 2 years is the most common age of

presentation

What is contained in the inguinal canal in males and in females?

What is contained in the inguinal canal in males and in females?

• Males: spermatic cord• Females: round ligament

Does the rectus sheath split above or below the umbilicus?

Does the rectus sheath split above or below the umbilicus?

Above

Remember – it is easier to get a ‘six pack’ above the umbilicus because there are fewer layers of muscles lying over the rectus abdominus (the six pack muscle)

Describe the rotation of the stomach during embryonic development

Describe the rotation of the stomach during embryonic development

90° to the right

Remember – ‘I am right behind you’

From which embryonic layer does the anterior abdominal wall develop?

From which embryonic layer does the anterior abdominal wall develop?

Mesoderm

Name the nine regions of the abdomen and the four planes

Name the nine regions of the abdomen and the four planes

Regions• L & R hypochondrium • Epigastric • L & R lumbar• Umbilicus• L & R iliac fossa• Suprapubic

Planes• L & R midclavicular• Transpyloric• Transtubercular

Where in the cell does protein synthesis occur?

Where in the cell does protein synthesis occur?

The ribosome

What are the boundaries of the foregut, midgut and hindgut?

What are the boundaries of the foregut, midgut and hindgut?

• Foregut: oesophagus – proximal ½ duodenum

• Midgut: distal ½ duodenum – proximal ⅔ transverse colon

• Hindgut: distal ⅓ transverse colon – proximal ½ rectum

State if the following structures are formed from ventral or dorsal mesentery – liver, spleen, pancreas

State if the following structures are formed from ventral or dorsal mesentery – liver, spleen, pancreas

• Liver: ventral mesentery• Spleen: dorsal mesentery• Pancreas: dorsal mesentery

What is a mosaicism?

What is a mosaicism?

The presence of two or more populations of cells in an individual who developed from a

single fertilized egg

List four agents that cause DNA damage

List four agents that cause DNA damage

• Ionizing radiation and UV light• Chemical• Viral• Spontaneous deamination

What are the spaces found lateral to the ascending and descending colon?

What are the spaces found lateral to the ascending and descending colon?

Paracolic gutters

List the organs that are intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal

List the organs that are intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal

Intraperitoneal• Stomach• 1st part of duodenum• Ileum• Jejenum• Caecum • Appendix• Transverse colon• Sigmoid colon• Upper ⅓ rectum

Retroperitoneal• 2nd, 3rd, 4th part of duodenum• Ascending colon• Descending colon• Pancreas

List the layers of the abdominal wall

List the layers of the abdominal wall

• Skin• Camper’s fascia (fatty)• Scarper’s fascia (membranous)• External oblique• Internal oblique• Transversus abdominus• Transversalis fascia • Extraperitoneal fascia• Parietal peritoneum

• Skin• Fascia

• Muscle

• Peritoneum

What are the four main muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?

What are the four main muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?

• External oblique• Internal oblique• Transversus abdominus• Rectus abdominus