peir glossary of terms and abbreviations...2019/06/02 · glossary of terms relevant to chapter 16:...

Heathrow Expansion Glossary of terms and list of abbreviations

© Heathrow Airport Limited 2019

PEIR Glossary of terms and abbreviations



CONTENTS

Glossary of terms and list of abbreviations 4

Glossary of general terms 4

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 7: Air quality and odour 17

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 8: Biodiversity 18

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 9: Carbon and greenhouse gases 21

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 10: Climate change 23

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 11: Community 27

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 12: Health 28

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 13: Historic environment 29

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 14: Land quality 32

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 15: Landscape and visual amenity 34

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 16: Major accidents and disasters 35

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 17: Noise and vibration 39

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 18: Socio-economics and employment 45

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 19: Transport network users 46

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 20: Waste 47

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 21: Water environment 50

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 22: In-combination effects 61

List of abbreviations 62

Symbols and units of measurement 62

Acronyms and initialisms 63

TABLE OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Glossary of general terms 4 Table 1.2: Glossary of terms relevant to air quality and odour 17 Table 1.3: Glossary of terms relevant to biodiversity 18 Table 1.4: Glossary of terms relevant to carbon and greenhouse gases 21 Table 1.5: Glossary of terms relevant to climate change 23 Table 1.6: Glossary of terms relevant to community 27 Table 1.7: Glossary of terms relevant to health 28 Table 1.8: Glossary of terms relevant to historic environment 29 Table 1.9: Glossary of terms relevant to land quality 32 Table 1.10: Glossary of terms relevant to landscape and visual amenity 34 Table 1.11: Glossary of terms relevant to major accidents and disasters 35 Table 1.12: Glossary of terms relevant to noise and vibration 39 Table 1.13: Glossary of terms relevant to socio-economics and employment 45 Table 1.14: Glossary of terms relevant to transport network users 46



Table 1.15: Glossary of terms relevant to waste 47 Table 1.16: Glossary of terms relevant to water environment 50 Table 0.17: Glossary of terms relevant to in-combination effects 61 Table 2.1: Symbols and unity of measurement 62 Table 2.2: Acronyms and initialisms 63



GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Glossary of general terms

Table 0.1: Glossary of general terms

Term Definition

Above Ordnance Datum Ordnance Datum is the vertical datum used by the Ordnance Survey as the

basis for deriving the height of ground level on maps. Topography may be

described using the level in comparison to ‘above’ ordnance datum.

Additional Environmental Measures

Equate to ‘secondary environmental measures’, as defined by Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (2016). These are environmental measures not specifically incorporated in the design, but additional environmental measures identified through the Environmental Impact Assessment process to further reduce environmental effects.

Agricultural Land

Classification

Agricultural Land Classification provides a means of assessing the quality

of farmland. Its assessment is based on physical limitations of the land,

such as climate, site characteristics (e.g. gradient) and soil. The

assessment gives an indication of the versatility and expected yield of the

land. The system classifies agricultural land in five grades. The ‘best and

most versatile’ agricultural land is classified as 1, 2 and 3a. The Agricultural

Land Classification was developed by the former Ministry of Agriculture,

Fisheries and Food in 1988 and revised in 1996.

Air Transport Movement The landings or take offs of aircraft engaged in the transport of passengers

or freight (note – this does not include all aircraft movements at Heathrow).

Airport Expansion Consultation

Refers to the statutory public consultation exercise to be carried out from June to September 2019 on the DCO Project.

Airport Expansion Consultation One

Refers to the non-statutory public consultation exercise carried out from January 2018 to March 2018.

Airport National Policy Statement

The Airports National Policy Statement sets out: 1. The need for additional airport capacity in the south-east of England 2. Why government believes that need is best met by a North West

Runway at Heathrow Airport 3. The specific requirements that the applicant for a new North West

Runway will need to meet to gain development consent.

Airport Supporting Development

Refers to development such as maintenance facilities, hotels and drainage facilities that support the DCO Project.

Airports Commission An independent Commission to identify and recommend options to maintain

the UK’s position as Europe’s most important aviation hub1.

Airside Areas of an airport that are within a secure boundary, access to which is through controlled security access points.

1 Airports Commission, Airports Commission: Final Report, para 1.1, July 2015



Airspace and Future Operations Consultation

The Airspace and Future Operations Consultation was a non-statutory consultation held from January 2019 – March 2019. It gave stakeholders the opportunity to see and comment on Heathrow’s proposals for airspace change for an expanded Airport, making better use of the existing runways and the future operation for an expanded Airport.

Airspace Change

Process

The Civil Aviation Authority’s airspace change process which is set out in its

Civil Aviation Publication CAP1616.

Airspace Change

Proposal

A formal proposal for airspace change, made to the Civil Aviation Authority

as part of the airspace change process.

Ancillary Facilities Facilities that support the main functions and activities of the airport.

Apron The area of an airport where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded,

refueled or boarded.

Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty

Land protected for conservation and preservation under section 82 of the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 for its natural beauty.

Areas of Temporary Land Use

Land required for construction but not permanent land requirement for the DCO Project.

Aspect Used to refer to the individual environmental topics.

Assessment Area Geographical area considered in the environmental assessment for a given topic.

Associated Development

Associated Development is defined by the Planning Act 2008 as having a direct relationship with the principal development, either supporting the construction or operation or helping to address its impact It is for the Secretary of State to decide on a case by case basis whether or not development should be treated as associated development.

Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Comprehensive review of the state of climate science published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The Fifth Assessment Report was published in 2014, and the Sixth Assessment Report will be published in 2022.

Authorised Vehicle Area This is a dedicated area for private vehicles in which to wait for passengers prior to picking up from a short stay car park and meeting at an agreed location within the terminal.

Aviation Policy

Framework

National Policy which sets out that aviation needs to grow delivering the benefits essential to our economic wellbeing, whilst respecting the environment and quality of life published by the UK government in March 2013.

Baseline Refers to existing conditions as represented by latest available survey and other data which is used as a benchmark for making comparisons to assess the impact of development.

Best and Most Versatile

Agricultural Land

Land in Grades 1, 2 and 3a of the Agricultural Land Classification system as defined by Annex 2 of National Planning Policy Framework guidance. It is the land which is most flexible, productive and efficient in response to inputs and which can best deliver future crops for food and non-food uses such as biomass, fibres and pharmaceuticals.

Biodiversity Offsetting Conservation activities that are designed to provide biodiversity benefits to compensate for losses in biodiversity following a development.



Biological Notification

Site

Local designation for area of land of high importance for wildlife.

Borrow Pits An area where material has been dug for use at another location for construction.

Business Objective

Search System

Heathrow’s own flight information database.

Capability A system’s capability to accommodate a designated level of demand at a

desirable level of service (e.g. waiting time, space per passenger,

satisfaction score).

Capacity A system’s capability to accommodate a designated level of demand at a

desirable level of service.

Cargo Area Access

Road

A new link road with two at-grade roundabouts to link Stirling Road to the

Cargo Area and Beacon Roundabout

Catchment The area contributing surface water flow to a point on a drainage or river

system. Can be divided into sub-catchments.

Central Bus Station Serves Heathrow Airport Terminals 2 and 3.

Central Terminal Area Terminals 1 & 3, as well as the Central Bus Station.

Circular Economy An alternative to a traditional linear economy in which resources are kept in

use for as long as possible, to extract the maximum value from them whilst

in use, and then recover and regenerate products and materials at the end

of each service life.

Civil Aviation Authority The statutory body which oversees and regulates all aspects of civil aviation

in the UK.

Climate Change A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. by using

statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its

properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or

longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes, to

external forcing or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition

of the atmosphere, ocean or in land use.

Climate Change Act Legislation enacted in 2008 by the UK Parliament to establish a framework

for the reduction of greenhouse gas, which includes a target for the year

2050 emissions, a system of carbon budgeting, establishing the Committee

on Climate Change, carbon trading schemes and other provisions.

Code of Construction

Practice

The code sets out the standards and procedures to which developers

and contractors must adhere to when undertaking construction of major

projects. This will assist with managing the environmental impacts and will

identify the main responsibilities and requirements of developers and

contractors in constructing their projects.

Collector Distributor

Roads

Collector distributor roads, that will help avoid weaving of traffic between

junctions and allows those travelling between J14 and J15 to avoid using

the ‘mainline’ of the motorway.



Committee on Climate

Change

Independent, statutory body established under the Climate Change Act

2008 to advise the UK Government and Devolved Administrations on

emissions targets and report to Parliament on progress made in reducing

greenhouse gas emissions and preparing for climate change.

Compensation Loss of value is remedied or offset by a corresponding compensatory action on the same site or elsewhere, determined through the process of Environmental Impact Assessment.

Competent Authority An organisation or individual who is responsible for determining an

application for consent for a project. In the context of the UK Habitats

Regulations, ‘competent authority’ has a wider meaning, which includes any

Minister, government department, public or statutory undertaker, public

body of any description or person holding a public office.

Competent Expert The Environmental Consultants are competent experts within the meaning

of the 2017 EIA Regulations in relation to relevant expertise, level of

experience and qualifications in preparing environmental statements.

The evidence of the Environmental Consultants’ competence is

demonstrated in Appendix 1.1: Competent experts, Volume 3.

Compulsory Purchase

Zone

Heathrow’s proposed expansion will need a large area of land which includes residential, commercial and agricultural properties and land. There is a zone that will be within the proposed boundary of the future expanded Heathrow. This area will need to be acquired by Heathrow and is referred to as the Compulsory Purchase Zone.

Since our public consultation in January 2018, detailed design and assessment work has been completed and the Compulsory Purchase Zone reflects the proposed boundary of the future airport as currently understood. Within this boundary are residential properties generally located in Longford, parts of Harmondsworth, parts of Sipson; agricultural units, generally between Sipson and Harmondsworth and on Harmondsworth Moor; and commercial properties located along the A4, in Poyle and Colnbrook. Elbow Meadow in Colnbrook is also in the Compulsory Purchase Zone due to the realignment of the A3044 local road.

Conservation Area An area of special architectural or historic interest to the character or appearance of which is desirable to preserve or enhance.

Construction Effects Used to describe both temporary effects that arise during the construction phases as well as permanent existence effects that arise from the physical existence of development (for example new buildings).

Construction Roads Temporary construction roads developed within the construction site to facilitate the movement of construction vehicles and include: haul roads, site roads, and service roads.

Core Years Major period of construction and operational activities that align with key milestones in the DCO Project.

Core Zone of Influence Covers the maximum extent of the Aspects zone of influences. For planning data collection purposes, a Core Zone of Influence has been established which covers the maximum extent of the majority of aspect Zone if Influences. For planning data collection purposes, a ‘core Zone of Influence’ will be established which covers the maximum extent of the majority of aspect



Zone of Influences. Several aspect Zone of Influence s may be significantly larger than the core Zone of Influence. Within these larger aspect Zone of Influence s, only certain types of ‘other development’ may result in potential cumulative effects and therefore a search for all ‘other development’ meeting all inclusion criteria will not be required.

Cumulative Effects

Assessment

Assessment of impacts as a result of the incremental changes caused by other past, present and reasonably foreseeable human activities and natural processes together with the DCO Project.

Cut and Fill Operations Whereby the 'cut' material consists of the removal of soil from its original location, and the 'fill' is the placement and compaction of layers of the soil to form a level surface that would enable construction.

DCO Application An application for consent to undertake a Nationally Significant

Infrastructure Project made to the Planning Inspectorate who will consider

the application and make a recommendation to the Secretary of State, who

will decide on whether development consent should be granted for the DCO

Project.

DCO Project The development that is subject to the application for development consent,

as described in Chapter 6: DCO Project description, Volume 1.

Department for

Business, Energy &

Industrial Strategy

The Government department responsible for business; industrial strategy;

science; research and innovation; energy and clean growth; and climate

change.

Department for

Environment, Food and

Rural Affairs

The lead UK Government Department for overall environmental policy.

Department for

Transport

The Government department responsible for the English transport network and a limited number of transport matters in Scotland.

Desk-Based

Assessment

A data collection exercise using existing sources of data. The purpose is to

identify relevant known resources.

Development Consent

Order

This is the means of obtaining permission for developments categorised as

Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects, under the Planning Act 2008.

application for

development consent

An application for consent to undertake a Nationally Significant

Infrastructure Project is made to the Planning Inspectorate who will

consider the application and make a recommendation to the Secretary of

State, who will decide on whether development consent should be granted

for the DCO Project.

Draft Development

Consent Order Limits

The boundary for planning purposes showing the horizontal limits of the

works for the DCO Project.

Development Zone Subdivisions within the DCO Project Limits.

Docklands Light

Railway

An automated light metro system.



Do Minimum A future assessment reference scenario without the DCO Project.

Effect The consequences of an impact.

EIA Regulations, 2017 The Infrastructure Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2017. The EIA regulations require that the effects of a project, where these are likely to have a significant effect on the environment, are taken into account in the decision-making process for the project.

Embedded environmental measures

Equate to ‘primary environmental measures’ as defined by Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (2016). They are measures to avoid or reduce environmental effects that are directly incorporated into the preferred masterplan for the DCO Project and the airport operational procedures.

English Heritage A charity and company with responsibility for managing historic buildings, monuments and sites in England.

Enhancement A measure that is over and above what is required to mitigate the adverse effects of a project.

Environment Agency A non-departmental public body, with responsibilities relating to the protection and enhancement of the environment in England.

Environmental Impact Assessment

The process of evaluating the likely significant environmental effects of a proposed project or development over and above the existing circumstances (or ‘baseline’).

Environmental Protection Act

An Act of the Parliament of the UK that as of 2008 defines, within England and Wales and Scotland, the fundamental structure and authority for waste management and control of emissions into the environment.

Environmental Quality

Standards

The Environmental Quality Standards determines priority substances and certain other polluting chemicals as set out in the Water Framework Directive and Environmental Quality Standards Directive. A value is provided, generally defined by regulation, which specifies the maximum permissible concentration of a potentially hazardous chemical in an environmental sample, generally of air or water.

Environmental

Statement

The written output presenting the full findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment.

Equality Impact Assessment

The process for public authorities to have regard for equality considerations to prevent disproportional impacts on individuals or groups protected under the Equality Act 2010.

European Union The union of 28 European member states.

European Protected

Species

European Protected Species are species of plants and animals (other than birds) protected by law throughout the European Union.

Excavation The removal of ground material to form a hole/pit.

Fixed Electrical Ground Power

System for aircraft to plug in to electricity whilst on stand.

Future Baseline Refers to the situation in future years without the DCO Project.

Geohazard Geohazards are geological or environmental conditions which can lead to damage or risks to buildings and infrastructure (and the people that use them). Geohazards can be naturally occurring (such as landslides or the



presence of weak and compressible ground) or caused by human activities (such as ground contamination which leads to chemicals dissolving concrete foundations or the generation of harmful gases from the breakdown of landfill material).

Good Practice Environmental Measures

Equate to Tertiary environmental measures, as defined by the Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (2016). They include measures that would occur with or without input from EIA feeding into the design process (for example, measures that represent established industry practice or that would be undertaken to meet existing legal requirements).

Greater London

Authority

The administrative body for Greater London.

Green Infrastructure A network of new and enhanced hard and soft landscaping and existing green spaces.

Ground Support Equipment

The support equipment found at an airport, usually on the ramp, the servicing area by the terminal. This equipment is used to service the aircraft between flights.

Groundwater Defined by the European Commission Groundwater Directive (80/68/EEC) as ‘all water which is below the surface of the ground in the saturation zone and in direct contact with the ground or subsoil’.

Heathrow Airport Limited

UK-based operator of Heathrow Airport.

Habitats Regulation Assessment

Habitat Regulation Assessment is undertaken to determine if a project will have a likely significant effect on a Natura 2000 site.

Haul Roads A construction road dedicated to earthworks transport.

Heathrow Colleagues Refers to all existing and future staff that work at Heathrow Airport.

Heathrow Community

Engagement Board

The Heathrow Community Engagement Board is an independent body set up in June 2018. It aims to help ensure local communities are able to contribute effectively and participate in the planning and decision-making process. .

Heathrow Strategic

Planning Group

The Heathrow Strategic Planning Group is formed of 14 full members

consisting of local planning authorities and local enterprise partnerships. It

was formed in response to the DCO Project straddling a number of different

administrative boundaries which lack a formal mechanism for strategic or

‘sub-regional’ planning and governance.

High Speed Two High Speed two is a high-speed railway under construction in the United

Kingdom which, when completed, will directly connect London, Birmingham,

the East Midlands, Leeds and Manchester.

Highways Authority Government owned company charged with operating, maintaining and

improving England’s motorways and major A roads.

Historic Landfill Historic landfill sites are places where there are records of waste being

received to be buried but which are now closed and there is no Pollution

Prevention and Control permit or waste management license currently in

force. This includes sites that existed before the waste licensing regime and

sites that have been licensed in the past but where this license has been

revoked, ceased to exist or surrendered.



Host Authority ‘Host’ authorities are those that the DCO Project is proposed to be located

within the administrative boundaries of and include: London Borough of

Hillingdon, London Borough of Hounslow, Slough Borough Council, the

Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead, South Bucks District Council,

Spelthorne Borough Council, Buckinghamshire County Council and Surrey

County Council.

Human Health Information indicating the effect on health (biomarkers, decline of fertility,

epidemics) or well-being of humans (fatigue, stress, etc.) linked directly (air

pollution, chemicals, depletion of the ozone layer, noise, etc.) or indirectly

(food, genetically modified organisms, etc.) to the quality of the

environment.

Impact The changes resulting from an action.

In-Combination Effect In-combination effects (sometimes referred to as interactive effects) are

caused by the interactions of different types of effect from project activities

on a single receptor. ‘In-combination’ effects are different to Habitat

Regulations Assessment ‘in combination’ effects, which are assessed within

the Habitat Regulations Assessment. In this case, the impact of the DCO

Project in addition to ‘other development’ is considered. ‘In-combination’

effects are also different to ‘in-combination climate change impacts’.

In-Combination Climate Change Impacts

In-combination climate change impacts focus on those effects of the DCO

Project identified by an environmental aspect which have the potential to be

exacerbated by climate change (for example an impact identified by the

biodiversity aspect which could be affected by projected changes in

temperature).

Independent Parallel Approaches

Simultaneous approaches to parallel or near-parallel instrument runways where radar separation minima between aircraft on adjacent extended runway centre lines are not prescribed.

International Civil Aviation Organization

United Nation agency developing consistent international standards and policies on safety, efficiency, security, economic sustainability and environmental responsibility for the civil aviation sector.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change.

Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment

International membership organisation for environment and sustainability professionals.

Intelligent Mobility Intelligent Mobility is a new way of thinking about how to connect people, places and goods across all transport modes. It is about moving people and goods around in an easier, more efficient and more environmentally friendly way. It uses new ideas and new technologies to look beyond traditional, infrastructure-heavy approaches to transport, and to instead come up with innovative ways to improve mobility and make journeys better and accessible to all.

International Civil Aviation Organisation

The international aviation body established by the 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation. The International Civil Aviation Organisation works on international standards and policies that support a safe, efficient, secure, economically sustainable and environmentally responsible civil aviation sector.



Iterative design A process by which the design is repeated to make improvements, solve problems, respond to environmental measures and engage local communities and statutory stakeholders.

Land Compensation Act

1973 (LCA)

An Act to confer a new right to compensation for depreciation of the value of interests in land caused by the use of highways, aerodromes and other public works.

Landside The side of an airport terminal which do not require full security screening to gain access.

Landing Distance

Available

This is the length of the runway that is declared available by the appropriate authority and is suitable for the ground run of an aircraft landing.

Likely Significant Effects

It is a requirement of Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations to determine the likely significant effects of the DCO Project on the environment which should relate to the level of an effect and the type of effect.

Listed Building A building which is for the time being included in a list compiled or approved by the secretary of state, any object or structure fixed to the building; any object or structure within the curtilage of the building which, although not fixed to the building, forms part of the land and has done so since before 1 July 1948 shall be treated as part of the building.

Local Nature Reserve Areas declared under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act

1949 and managed for nature conservation, and provide opportunities for

research and education, or simply enjoying and having contact with nature.

Local Planning

Authority

A local planning authority is the local authority or council that is empowered

by law to exercise statutory town planning functions for a particular area of

the United Kingdom.

Local Wildlife Site A local designation for an area of land of high importance for wildlife.

London Borough A local authority district that makes up Greater London.

London Underground A rapid transit system serving London.

Material Management

Plan

A Materials Management Plan forms part of the Site Waste Management

Plan and includes a description of the materials in terms of potential use

and relative quantities, how these should be managed, tracked and moved

and by whom.

Minor Small change in environmental or socio-economic conditions. These effects

may be raised as local issues but are unlikely to be of importance in the

decision-making process.

Ministry of Housing,

Communities and Local

Government

UK Government body responsible for housing supply and home ownership

support, devolving powers and budgets in England and supporting local

public services.

Moderate Intermediate change in environmental or socio-economic conditions. Effects

that are likely to be important considerations at a regional or local level.

Multifunctional Green Loop

The proposed Green Loop is a circa 20km route around Heathrow made up

of existing and new footpaths and cycleways with parts that diverge to offer



alternative and additional routes and a range of experiences or landscape

settings.

NATS NATS is the main air navigation service provider in the UK including

provision of en-route air traffic control services to all flights in the UK.

National Policy Planning

Framework

The National Policy Planning Framework sets out the Governments

planning policies for England and how these are expected to be applied. It

provides a framework within which local plans can be developed which

reflect the community’s needs.

National Policy

Statement for National

Networks

Government’s policies to deliver, development of nationally significant

infrastructure projects on the national road and rail networks in England.

Nationally Significant Infrastructure Project

Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects are major infrastructure developments in England and Wales that bypass normal local planning requirements. These include proposals for power plants, large renewable energy projects, new airports and airport extensions. The DCO Project is defined under the terms of Section 22 (for works to the M25) and Section 23 (for the increased capability facilitated by the North West Runway and terminals) of the Planning Act 2008.

Natural England The government advisor for the natural environment in England.

Neighbouring Authority Those local authorities that share an administrative boundary with the host authorities for the DCO Project are referred to as Neighboring Authorities.

Negligible No discernible change in environmental or socio-economic conditions. An effect that is likely to have a neutral or negligible influence.

Noise Attenuation This is a measure of the energy loss of sound propagation in a media.

Off-site Refers to areas outside of the draft DCO limits.

On-site Refers to areas inside the draft DCO limits.

Operational Procedures Procedures developed to ensure the safe and efficient transportation of goods and passengers.

Ordnance Survey Ordnance Survey is the national mapping agency of the UK. Since 1 April 2015 part of Ordnance Survey has operated as Ordnance Survey Ltd, a government-owned company, 100% in public ownership.

Particulate Matter Microscopic portions of solid matter suspended in air. PM10 -microscopic particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 microns or less. PM2.5 - microscopic particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 microns or less.

Pathway A route or means by which a receptor can be exposed to, or affected by, a contaminant.

Planning Act 2008 The legislative framework for the process of approving major new infrastructure projects.

Planning Inspectorate The Planning Inspectorate deals with planning appeals, national infrastructure planning applications, examinations of local plans and other planning-related and specialist casework in England and Wales.

Preliminary

Environmental

Information Report

The written output of the Environmental Impact Assessment undertaken to date for the DCO Project. It is developed to support public consultation and presents the preliminary findings of the assessment to allow an informed view to be developed of the DCO Project, the assessment approach that



has been undertaken, draw preliminary conclusions on the likely significant effects of the DCO Project and environmental measures proposed.

Public Rights of Way The laws in England and Wales provide you with the right to walk, ride, cycle and drive in public rights of way in the countryside. Public rights of way include footpaths, byways and bridleways.

Railhead Operation The railhead operation will provide the principal means for managing the import and export of bulk material (fill, aggregates, sand, and cement) and containerised goods for construction.

Reasonable Worst Case

As set out in the Rochdale Approach, where there needs to be flexibility or a number of options currently exist in the design parameters, the assessment considers the impacts likely to result in the maximum environmental impact that can be reasonably expected for the project. This means the decision maker can be confident the final project will not give rise to environmental impacts any greater than those assessed during the EIA. The Reasonable Worst Case often differs between EIA aspects, therefore the scenarios that have been assessed for each aspects are clearly explained in the relevant chapters.

Receptor These are as defined in Regulation 5(2) of The Infrastructure Planning

(Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2017 and include

population and human health, biodiversity, land, soil, water, air, climate,

material assets, cultural heritage and landscape that may be at risk from

exposure to pollutants which could potentially arise as a result of the DCO

Project.

Receptor Groups A group of people, properties or sensitive areas such as, designated sites that may be at risk from exposure to pollutants which could potentially arise as a result of the DCO Project.

Remediation The process of removing dangerous or poisonous substances from the environment, or limiting the effect that they have on it.

Resilience The capacity of social, economic and environmental systems to cope with hazards while responding or reorganising in ways that maintain their essential functions, identity and structure whilst also maintaining the capacity for adaptation, learning and transformation.

Risk The likelihood of an event occurring and resulting in a given consequence.

Rochdale Approach The Rochdale Approach is a parameter based approach to environmental assessment which aims to take account of the need for flexibility in the evolution of detailed design.

Royal Borough A local authority district that makes up Greater London.

Safeguarding

(Statutory)

A process of consultation between a Local Planning Authority (LPA) and consultees which is made obligatory by Statutory Direction, for the purpose of managing and mitigating the potential adverse effects of surrounding developments to an aerodrome.

Scoping Opinion The Scoping Opinion for the DCO Project adopted by the Secretary of State

on 2 July 2018.

Scoping Report

A report that presents the findings of an initial stage in the Environmental

Impact Assessment process. A Scoping Report was submitted by Heathrow

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to the Planning Inspectorate on the 21 May 2018. This report included the

identification of the proposed methodologies for the further studies.

Scheme The wider Heathrow Expansion scheme including the DCO Project and

other development resulting directly from the DCO Project which is

consented outside of the DCO.

Secretary of State The body who makes the decision to grant development consent.

Significance A measure of the importance of the environmental effect, defined by criteria specific to the environmental aspect.

Site of Special Scientific

Interest

A statutory designation for sites of national (Great Britain) nature conservation importance.

Site of Importance for

Nature Conservation

A designation used by local authorities for area of land of local conservation value.

Site of Nature

Conservation Interest

A designation used by local authorities for area of land of local conservation value.

Site Roads A construction road dedicated to all the construction traffic including HGVs and buses, other than earthworks transport.

Service Roads A construction road dedicated to inspection and maintenance of the fence line, and a secondary route for emergency service access.

Source A substance that is in, on or under the land and has the potential to cause harm or to cause pollution of controlled waters.

Southern Fuel Receipt Facility

This facility accepts pipelines from refineries and from a nearby rail depot and is linked to the Airport fuel storage facilities by a system of pipelines.

Stakeholder Person or organisation with a specific interest (commercial, professional or personal) in a particular issue.

Spatial Scope Spatial scope is the area over which changes to the environment are predicted to occur as a consequence of a DCO Project.

Special Area of

Conservation

Areas which have been identified as best representing the range and variety within the European Union of habitats and (non-bird) species listed on Annexes I and II to the EC Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC).

Special Protection

Area (SPA)

Areas classified under the EC Birds Directive (2009/147/EC) of the most important habitat for rare (listed on Annex I to the EC Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC)) and migratory birds within the European Union.

Statement of

Community

Consultation

Prepared under Section 47 of the Planning Act 2008 to set out how it ‘intends to publicise and consult on preliminary environmental information’.

Surface Access Deliver

Plan

The Surface Access Proposals document sets out a number of policies and initiatives that Heathrow would implement as necessary to achieve the surface access targets the Airports National Policy Statement. The Surface Access Proposals include and appendix that includes the indicative Delivery Plan.

Taxi Feeder Park This is a dedicated area for private hire vehicles and licensed taxis in which to wait for passengers prior to picking up from a short stay car park and meeting at an agreed location within the terminal.

Temporal Scope The temporal scope covers the time period over which changes to the environment and the resultant effects are predicted to occur and are typically defined as either being temporary or permanent.



Throughput The number of passengers handled in a given time period.

Transboundary effects Assessment of changes to the environment caused by the combined effect of past, present and future human activities and natural processes on other European Economic Area Member States.

Transport Assessment Mechanism for assessing and mitigating the negative transport impacts of development in order to promote sustainable development. A Transport Assessment will be submitted with he DCO Application.

Transport for London Transport authority for day-to-day operation of London's transport network.

Transport Research

Laboratory

Fully independent private company offering a transport consultancy and

research service to the public and private sector.

United Nations The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 to

maintain global peace and security.

UKCP18 UK Climate Projections is a climate analysis tool developed by the Met

Office and most recently updated in 2018. UKCP18 uses climate science to

provide observations and climate change projections for the UK and

globally until 2100.

UKCP09 UK Climate Projections 09 is a climate analysis tool developed by the Met

Office, 2009 and recently updated in 2018. Information on climate change

effects on lightning and fog is not currently available in UKCP18 (Met

Office, 2018). The information available from UKCP09 has therefore been

used in this PEIR. If further information becomes available later, this will be

considered in the ES.

Waste Hierarchy The (European) Waste Hierarchy refers to the five stages of waste

treatment outlined in Article 4 of the Waste Framework Directive. This

includes; Prevention, Reuse and preparation for reuse, Recycling,

Recovery and lastly Disposal as the lowest tier.

Water Framework

Directive

A substantial piece of EU water legislation that came into force in 2000, with

the overarching objective to get all water bodies in Europe to attain Good or

High Ecological Status. River Basin Management Plans have been created

which set out measures and potential mitigation to ensure that water bodies

in England and Wales achieve ‘Good Ecological Status’.

World Health

Organization

World Health Organization was established in 1946. The primary role of

World Health Organization is to direct and coordinate international health

within the United Nations system.

Zone of Influence The area surrounding the DCO Project which could result in likely

significant effects.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysical_environment



Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 7: Air quality and odour

Table 0.2: Glossary of terms relevant to air quality and odour

Term Definition

Airport Collaborative

Decision Making

System aimed at improving the overall efficiency of airport operations by

optimising the use of resources and improving the predictability of events. It

focuses especially on aircraft turn-round and pre-departure sequencing

processes.

Auxiliary Power Unit An engine, usually located on the rear of aircraft, which provides electrical

power when the main engines are switched off.

Air Quality Expert Review

Group

Group established to provide a technical check and challenge of our

approach to air quality assessment.

Air Quality Management Area

A defined geographical area where a local authority has measured or

predicted one or more air quality limit values are exceeded and where

action is needed to reduce concentrations.

Air Quality Objective The target date on which exceedances of a Standard must not exceed a

specified number as detailed in the UK Air Quality Strategy.

Air Quality Standard Concentrations recorded over a given time period, which are considered to

be acceptable in terms of what is scientifically known about the effects of

each pollutant on health and on the environment as detailed in the Air

Quality Standards Regulations.

Automatic Urban and Rural Network

The Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs automatic air

quality monitoring network and is the main network used for compliance

reporting against the Ambient Air Quality Directives.

Committee on Aviation

Environmental Protection

A technical committee of the International Civil Aviation Organisation

Council which formulates new policies and adopts new Standards and

Recommended Practices related to aircraft noise and emissions.

Clean Air Zone An area where targeted action is taken to improve air quality and resources are prioritised and coordinated in order to shape the urban environment in a way that delivers improved health benefits and supports economic growth.

Clean Vehicles Partnership

Partnership to facilitate collaborative working among Heathrow fleet operators providing free advice, guidance and training.

Electric Vehicle A vehicle which uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion.

Evaporative Emissions Emissions created through evaporation of aviation fuel and fuel used by Ground Support Equipment.

Institute of Air Quality Management

The professional body for air quality professionals.

Local Air Quality Management

The system established under the Environment Act 1995 under which all local authorities in England, Wales and Scotland are required to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas.

Low Emission Zone A geographical area where certain vehicle use is restricted based on vehicle type and/or exhaust emissions.



Term Definition

Landing and Take-Off The Landing and Take-Off Cycle covers four modes of engine operation, namely idle, approach, climb out and take-off, each of which is associated with a specific engine thrust setting and a time in mode.

Nitrogen dioxide Commonly produced from the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen during high temperature combustion and via photochemical reaction between nitric oxide and ozone in air.

Nitric Oxide Formed from the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen during high temperature combustion and the main constituent of nitrogen monoxide.

Oxides of Nitrogen A mixture of gases produced during high temperature combustion and made up of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide.

Pre-Conditioned Air Centralised air conditioning to avoid the requirement for auxiliary power unit operation on individual aircraft.

Pollution Climate Mapping

A collection of models designed to fulfil part of the UK's EU Directive (2008/50/EC) requirements to report on the concentrations of particular pollutants in the atmosphere.

Reduced Engine Taxiing The turning off of one or more engines during taxiing.

Ultra-Low Emission Zone The London Ultra-Low Emission Zone covering the same area as the Congestion Charge zone.

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 8: Biodiversity

Table 0.3: Glossary of terms relevant to biodiversity

Term Definition

Ancient Woodland Land continuously wooded since AD 1600.

Anthropogenic Influence of humans on nature.

Arboreal Habitats in and on trees.

Biodiversity Action Plan A strategy for conserving and enhancing wild species and wildlife habitats in the UK.

Biodiversity Opportunity Area

Regional priority areas having potential for restoration and creation of Biodiversity Action Plan habitats.

Biosecurity The prevention of disease-causing agents entering or leaving any place where they can pose a risk to existing habitats or species.

Biotope An area of uniform environmental conditions providing a living place for a specific assemblage of plants and animals.

Birds of Conservation Concern

Bird species that are globally threatened, have suffered a historical population decline in the UK (between 1800 and 1995) or which have experienced rapid declines in their UK breeding population or contractions in their UK range. Species are categorized according to a red – amber – green system.

Brownfield Land Any previously developed land that is not currently in use.

Catadromous Species that spend most of their lives in freshwater, then migrate to the sea to breed.



Charophytes A group of freshwater green algae.

Coir Matting A natural fibre extracted from the husk of coconut.

Complex (i.e. Wraysbury Complex)

A complex is a group of sites that together offer the right combination of feeding, roosting and refuge conditions required to support a birds’ needs.

Corticosterone A stress hormone that can decrease levels of productivity.

Critically Endangered A critically endangered species is one that has been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

Cyprinid Family of freshwater fish, including carps, minnows and barbels.

eDNA Sampling A survey technique where water samples are analysed to determine the presence of environmental DNA from aquatic animals.

Endangered A taxon is endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered, and it is therefore facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.

Eutrophic When a water body becomes overly enriched in nutrients, which induces excessive plant and algal growth (poor water quality).

Gabion Baskets A cage, cylinder, or box filled with rocks, concrete or sometimes sand and soil.

Green Bridges Are usually planted with a variety of local trees and shrubs, providing birds, mammals and insects connectivity to surrounding habitats.

Habitat Place where an organism (e.g. human, animal plant, micro-organism) or population of organisms live, characterised by its surroundings, both living and non-living.

Habitat Connectivity A measure of the size and distribution of patches of habitat and the ability with which typical species can move through the landscape between patches.

Habitats Regulations Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended).

Habitat Quality Assessment

A broad indication of overall habitat diversity provided by natural features in the channel and river corridor.

Hibernacula A place where species seek refuge.

Hydrogeology The area of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in soil and rock.

Hydrosere The succession of plant communities in the transition between and aquatic environment and dry land.

Improved Grassland Grassland that has been managed to increase its productivity, usually by a combination of drainage, fertilisation, herbicide use, ploughing and/ or reseeding.

Invasive Species A species that is not native to a specific location and that has a tendency to spread to a level that can cause damage to the environment.

Local Biodiversity Action Plan

A strategy for conserving and enhancing wild species and wildlife habitats within a defined area.

Method Statement A document that details the way a task or process is completed.

Mesotrophic Water bodies with moderate nutrient concentrations and a moderate level of biological activity (fair water quality).



Myotis Myotis species comprise bat species within the genus Myotis, these are difficult to separate based on call parameters alone and include the species Daubenton’s bat, Natterer’s, Brandt’s and whiskered bat.

National Nature Reserve National Nature Reserves were established to protect some of our most important habitats, species and geology and to provide a learning space for schools, specialist interest groups and the public to experience wildlife at first hand and to learn more about nature conservation.

Nationally Rare The term applies to species estimated to occur in 15 or fewer ten-kilometre squares in Great Britain.

Nationally Scarce (also Nationally Notable)

The term applies to species estimated to occur within the range of 16 to 100 ten-kilometre squares of the British National Grid System.

National Vegetation Classification

One of the key common standards developed for the country nature conservation agencies which aims to produce a comprehensive classification and description of the plant communities of Britain each systematically named and arranged and with standardised descriptions of each.

Natura 2000 Sites Natura 2000 sites (or European sites) include Special Protection Areas, Special Areas of Conservation, candidate Special Areas of Conservation and Sites of Community Importance. Potential Special Protection Areas, possible Special Areas of Conservation, Ramsar sites and proposed Ramsar sites are also included in accordance with national planning policy.

Odonata Insect order comprising the dragonflies and the damselflies.

Phase 1 Habitat Survey A standard methodology for recording habitats within a site (JNCC, 2010).

Photophobic Relates to an organism that avoids light.

Primary Productivity The rate at which energy is converted by photosynthesis.

Priority Habitat Inventory The spatial dataset describing the geographic extent and location of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act (2006) Section 41 habitats of principle importance.

Priority Species Those species identified as being the most threatened and requiring conservation action under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

Ramsar Sites Wetlands of international importance designated under the Ramsar convention.

Red Data Book Species National list of endangered, vulnerable and rare species.

Riparian Describes the plant habitats and communities in the area between land and a river or stream.

River Corridor Surveys Comprises mapping and characterising the habitats, flow types and physical features of a watercourse following the National Rivers Authority (1992) method.

River Habitat Surveys Standard technique for assessing the physical characteristics, quality and naturalness of river habitats.

Saproxylic species Species dependent upon decaying wood.

Sett The burrows of a badger family group.

Special Areas of Conservation

Protected sites designated under the European Commission Habitats Directive.

Semi-improved grassland A transition category comprised of grasslands which have been modified by artificial fertilisers, intensive grazing, herbicides or drainage.



Special Protection Areas Sites that are protected in accordance with Article 4 of the European Commission Birds Directive. They are classified for rare and vulnerable birds and for regularly occurring migratory species.

Swim Bladder The internal gas filled bladder that control the buoyancy in many bony fish.

Unimproved Grassland Grasslands that have been largely maintained by traditional low-intensity grazing or hay-making with no fertiliser.

Veteran Trees All ancient trees are veteran trees but not all veteran trees are ancient. A veteran tree may not be very old, but it has decay features, such as branch death and hollowing.

Vulnerable A species which is considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 9: Carbon and greenhouse gases

Table 0.4: Glossary of terms relevant to carbon and greenhouse gases

Term Definition

Airport Carbon Accreditation

A carbon management certification standard for airports.

Cap-and-Trade A market-based approach to reducing emissions where a cap on annual emissions is established. Companies are allowed to buy and sell allowances enabling them to emit carbon emissions up to this allowance. Every year the cap is reduced raising the price of allowances incentivising investment in clean technologies.

Capital Expenditure Money spent to acquire, maintain and upgrade physical assets.

Carbon Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions

Carbon Budget A carbon budget places a restriction on the total amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted in a certain period. UK carbon budgets are set for five-year intervals.

Carbon Credit A permit which allows a country or organization to emit a certain amount of carbon dioxide (or an equivalent amount of other greenhouse gases) and which can be traded if the full allowance is not used.

Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse gas naturally present in the Earth’s atmosphere, also generated by human activities such as fossil fuel combustion. It has the largest contribution to human-caused climate change among other greenhouse gases, and it’s used as the basis for greenhouse gas accounting and reporting.

Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

Quantity of greenhouse gas multiplied by its global warming potential so it can be summed and reported consistently with a quantity of carbon dioxide.

Carbon Intensity The amount of carbon emitted per unit of some other variable.

Carbon Leakage An increase in carbon emissions in a geographic region because of emissions reductions in another region which has more stringent carbon policies.



Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation

Global offsetting scheme designed to mitigate carbon emissions from growth in international aviation by financing carbon reduction initiatives in other sectors.

Carbon Neutral Activity with no net carbon emissions, that is all residual carbon emissions are removed from the atmosphere by other initiatives, for example sequestration through forestry.

Carbon Sequestration The long-term removal and storage of carbon from the atmosphere in sinks such as oceans, forests and soils.

Climb, Cruise and Descent

Flight phase covering all aircraft operations between the origin and destination airports at altitudes above 3,000 feet.

Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

United Nations convention to protect human health and the environment from the damage caused by air pollution transported across country borders.

Embodied Carbon For a building or infrastructure, the total greenhouse gas emissions produced during the manufacture of materials, their transport and assembly on site, maintenance and replacement, disassembly and decomposition.

European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme

The co-operative programme for monitoring and evaluating the long-range transmission of air pollutants in Europe.

European Environment Agency

An agency of the European Union which provides environmental information to policymakers and the public.

European Union Emission Trading Scheme

Cap-and-trade greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme established to enable the European Union to meet carbon reduction targets.

Global Warming Potential

The relative contribution of change in a given greenhouse gas to the increase in global average temperature due to greenhouse effect, as compared to carbon dioxide (which by definition has a Global Warming Potential of one).

Great Circle Distance The shortest path between two points on the Earth’s surface.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Greenhouse gas emissions are determined by the Kyoto Protocol (1997) to include seven gases: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride and nitrogen trifluoride.

Grid Electricity Generation Factors

A carbon emission factor for each unit of electricity produced by an electricity system.

Inter-peak Period between the morning and evening road traffic peaks.

Life-cycle assessment A methodology to assess the environmental impacts of a product’s life from raw material extraction until recycling or disposal.

Mineral Products Association

Trade body for the UK's aggregates, cement and concrete industries.

Net-Zero Zero carbon emissions on a net basis, that is, after accounting for removals from the atmosphere such as sequestration through forestry.

Non-Traded Emissions Emissions that are not included in a trading system such as EU Emission Trading Scheme.

Ordinary Goods Vehicle See Heavy Goods Vehicle.

Operational Emissions Emissions associated with the operation and maintenance of an asset.

Operational Expenditure Ongoing costs to run a business, asset or system.



Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 10: Climate change

Table 0.5: Glossary of terms relevant to climate change

Term Definition

Adaptation The process of adjustment in a design or operational procedure to respond to the projected impacts of climate change, in order to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities.

Pavement Quality Concrete

High specification concrete typically used for highway construction.

Radiative Forcing A measure of the influence a given factor in the Earth’s climate system (such as carbon dioxide concentration) has on the amount of radiation directed towards the Earth’s surface, and therefore on the greenhouse effect.

Renewable Energy Guarantees of Origin

Certificates which prove electricity has been generated in a renewable manner. Each REGO represents one megawatt hour (MWh) of electricity.

Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors

A professional body for qualifications and standards in land, property, infrastructure and construction.

Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5ºC of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

A special report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change detailing the impacts of potential global temperature rise above 1.5°C.

Sustainable Aviation Fuel A mix of conventional kerosene combined with a fuel made in a sustainable way such as from plant or animal matter or non-biological resources.

Time Period Model The Time Period Model calculates daily vehicle throughputs for taxis and private vehicles.

The Green Construction Board

Initiative bringing industry and the government together to ensure the value chain of the UK design, construction, property and infrastructure industry is environmentally sustainable.

Traded Emissions Emissions that are included under a trading system such as EU Emission Trading Scheme.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

An international environmental treaty with the objective of preventing dangerous human interference with the climate system.

Waste and Resource Assessment Tool for the Environment

Computer model developed by the Environment Agency to quantify the carbon and environmental impact of waste management services.

Well-to-tank Greenhouse gas emissions during the whole supply chain of vehicle fuels.

Wet Lean Concrete Concrete with a lower concentration of cement, often used in highway construction as the base layer of concrete.



Adaptation Reporting Power

The Climate Change Act 2008 gives the Secretary of State the power to

direct reporting authorities (‘bodies with functions of a public nature’ and

‘statutory undertakers’) to produce reports on:

1. The current and future likely impacts of climate change on their organization

2. Their proposals for adapting to climate change The reporting authorities considered in the Adaptation Reporting Power include organizations that are responsible for essential services and infrastructure, such as energy or transport companies.

Adaptive Capacity Ability of systems, institutions, humans, and other organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities, or to respond to consequences.

Blue Infrastructure Blue infrastructure elements are linked to water and ecosystem services. They can be pools, ponds and pond systems, artificial buffer basins or water courses.

Cascade Risk Refers to the cascading impact and implications of climate change risks across different sectors and environmental impacts.

Climate Climate is usually defined as the average weather over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical period for averaging these variables is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization. Weather factors often considered in climate are surface variables such as temperature, precipitation and wind.

Climate Change Effect A climate change effect results from a climate hazard affecting the ability of the receptor or resource to maintain its function or purpose.

Climate Change Impact An impact can be any type of damage to the infrastructure or assets or interference with their ability to operate as a result of a climate hazard – an impact can be either direct, for example flooding of the infrastructure or assets, or indirect, for example heat exhaustion of workers.

Climate Change Projection

The simulated response of the climate system to a determined scenario of future emission or concentration of greenhouse gases and aerosols, generally derived using climate models. Each projection will be dependent on the emission scenario considered.

Climate Change Resilience

The capacity of the DCO Project to cope with the impacts of climate change, responding or reorganising in ways that maintain its essential function, identity and structure, while also maintaining the capacity for adaptation, learning and transformation. Resilience can be increased through the introduction of adaptation measures.

Climate Hazard A weather or climate related event that has the potential to do harm to the infrastructure and assets associated with the DCO Project, an environmental or community receptor, or resource in the in-combination climate change impacts or climate change resilience assessment. Examples of climate hazards include reduced summer precipitation, or high precipitation events.

Consequence A consequence is any negative or positive effect on the DCO Project as a result of an impact. It can be defined in terms of safety, cost, journey times and/or public perception.

Current Climate Baseline Baseline conditions for the climate change aspect refer to both the baseline conditions at Heathrow Airport and the current climate baseline



conditions. The period 1981 to 2000 has been used to define the current climate baseline conditions in order to compare current and future climate. This is aligned with the time period mainly used in UK Climate Projections 2018 for describing climate changes in the UK.

Derived Climate Hazard A derived climate hazard is an extreme weather or climate related event that has the potential to occur as a result of a climate hazard but is not directly provided by UKCP18. Derived hazards include flooding, droughts, fire, soil moisture deficit, heatwaves, snow and ice, storms and extreme rainfall during cold snaps. Information on the likelihood of derived hazards is not directly available from UK Climate Projections 2018. Hence, they have been assessed using either a combination of variables in UK Climate Projections 2018, sources of data and information outside of UK Climate Projections 2018, and/or from existing technical guidance.

Environmental Management System

Environmental management system refers to the management of an organization's environmental programs in a comprehensive, systematic, planned and documented manner.

Environmental Sustainability

A state in which the demands placed on the environment can be met without reducing its capacity to allow all people to live well, now and in the future.

Extreme (Severe) Weather Event

A weather event that is as rare as or rarer than the 10th or 90th percentile of a probability density function estimated from observations for a specific place and time of year. By definition the characteristics of what is called extreme weather may vary from place to place in an absolute sense.

Field Capacity The water-retaining capacity of a soil usually including both the hygroscopic and capillary water of the soil and being expressed as a percentage of the dry weight of the soil.

High Emissions Scenario This scenario uses a Representative Concentration Pathway defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s latest 5th Assessment Report. Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 specifies the concentration of greenhouse gases that would result in 8.5 W/m2 radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere by 2100, relative to pre-industrial levels.

In-combination Climate

Change Impact

An In-combination Climate Change Impact arises when a climate

change impact increases or decreases the effect of the DCO Project on

an environmental receptor.

Interdependencies Activities, assets or effects that are depended on one another.

Land Regional Projections

Regional projections from UKCP18 that are downscaled versions of the global projections and provide information on climate hazards on land. Land regional projections are available as part of UKCP18 from a range of regional climate models.

Level of Confidence The robustness of a finding based on the type, amount, quality and consistency of evidence and on the degree of agreement across multiple lines of evidence. The level of confidence is categorized into low, medium and high.

Level of Likelihood The chance of a specific outcome occurring, where this might be estimated probabilistically. Likelihood is described within a category based on the probability of the outcome occurring: very unlikely (<10% probability), unlikely (<33% probability), possible (33 to 65% probability), likely (>66% probability) or very likely (>90% probability).



Mitigation Throughout this aspect, any reference to ‘mitigation’ or ‘mitigating’ an effect is used in this chapter in the context of the EIA terminology, and relates to the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something. It is not used in the context of mitigating global climate change through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (which is the focus of Chapter 9: Carbon and other greenhouse gases, Volume 1).

More Radical Change An unlikely but possible scenario that is outside of the latest climate change projections.

Paris Agreement The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation, and climate change finance. It was agreed in 2015 at the Conference of Parties 21 (COP21) in Paris and signed in 2016.

Percentiles A statistical measure that indicates the value below which a given percentage of observations fall e.g. the 50th percentile describes the value below which 50% of observations may fall. Commonly used percentiles in this report are the 10th, 50th and 90th.

Pluvial Relating to rainfall. For example, pluvial flooding refers to flood events caused by extreme rainfall, also referred to as surface water flooding.

Probabilistic Projections Refers to a change in future climate based on an assessment of climate model uncertainties. In UKCP18, the probabilities presented can be interpreted as being an indication of how much the evidence from climate models and observations support a particular future climate outcome.

Representative Concentration Pathways

Future pathways based on emissions and concentrations of greenhouse gases. Each Representative Concentration Pathway provides only one of many possible scenarios that could lead to specific forcing mechanisms.

Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5

Representative Concentration Pathway which leads to 8.5 W m-2 radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere by 2100, relative to pre-industrial levels.

Recharge The process of surface water entering the subsurface soil, following which it soaks into groundwater aquifers.

Redundancy Redundancy is the inclusion of extra components which are not strictly necessary to functioning, in case of failure in other components.

Resilience The capacity of social, economic and environmental systems to cope with hazards while responding or reorganising in ways that maintain their essential functions, identity and structure whilst also maintaining the capacity for adaptation, learning and transformation.


Sensitivity Analysis Assessment of how dependent the vulnerability of a variety of concepts and elements is to a range of future climate changes, such as more radical changes to the climate.

Soil Moisture Content Soil moisture content is an indicator of the amount of water present in soil. By definition, moisture content is the ratio of the mass of water in a sample to the mass of solids in the sample, expressed as a percentage.

Solar Gain Solar gain refers to the increase in thermal energy of a space, object or structure as it absorbs incident solar radiation. The amount of solar gain a space experiences is a function of the total incident solar irradiance



and the ability of any intervening material to transmit or resist the radiation.

Temperate Climate Typical climates of the middle latitudes of earth, including the UK. Typical features include a wide temperature range throughout the year and distinct changes over four seasons.

Threshold A value (magnitude or intensity) that must be exceeded to cause a fundamental change in the state of a system.

UK Climate Projections 2018

UK Climate Projections 2018 is the most up-to-date assessment of how the climate of the UK may change over the 21st century, recently updated in 2018. UK Climate Projections 2018 uses climate science to provide observations and climate change projections for the UK and globally until 2100.

Urban Heat Island An urban area that is significantly warmer than the surrounding rural areas due to human activities (e.g. the modification of land surfaces and the generation of energy). This temperature difference is usually largest at night and when winds are weak.

Vulnerability The propensity or predisposition of a system or receptor to be adversely affected. This encompasses the sensitivity of the system or receptor and its capacity to cope and adapt.

Weather Short term variations in the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time in regards to heat, cloudiness, dryness, sunshine, winds, rain etc.

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 11: Community

Table 0.6: Glossary of terms relevant to community

Term Definition

Community Compensation Fund

A fund set up by Heathrow for community compensation schemes for those effected by the DCO Project.

Construction Workforce Accommodation Strategy

A strategy developed by Heathrow in order to reduce the potential effects incoming construction workers on private sector housing.

Education Funding Agency

The EFA is an executive agency of the government, sponsored by the Department for Education

Form of Entry A class comprising of 30 students. Used in education assessments to describe school sizes – e.g. one form of entry (30 students per class), two form of entry (60 student per class), etc.

Houses in Multiple Occupation

Dwellings occupied by more than one household who share one or more basic amenities (definition set out in the Housing Act 2004).

Index of Multiple Deprivation

Official measure of relative deprivation for small areas in England.

Inner Study Area Area established for assessment purposes which includes 19 community areas surrounding Heathrow (Brands Hill, Colnbrook, Iver and Richings Park, Stanwell Moor, Poyle, Longford, Harmondsworth, West Drayton, Stanwell, Sipson, Harlington, Hayes, Bedfont, Cranford Cross, Feltham North, Cranford, Hounslow (West and Heath), Heston, Hounslow (Central and South)).



Local Education Authorities

The local councils responsible for education within their jurisdiction.

Private Rented Sector A classification of United Kingdom housing tenure.

Property Policies Draft Property Policies developed by Heathrow to help those whose property are potentially affected by expansion to understands Heathrow’s offer, including the enhanced compensation offer for eligible properties.

Published Admission Number

The number of children admitted in one class.

Registered Housing Providers

Registered housing providers, such as local authority landlords and private registered providers (not-for-profit housing associations and for-profit organisations), are those regulated for the provision of social housing.

The Green Loop A multifunctional (walking and cycling) green loop to improve overall connectivity of recreational routes (recreational walking and recreational cycling) through the provision of a strategic network of high level routes including existing and new resources.

Wider Property Offer Zone

An area established by Heathrow where residents have the option of selling their homes to the airport for 125% their unaffected market value or staying put in the location.

Wider Study Area Area established for assessment purposes includes HSPG LPAs, LPAs who are geographically located within area covered by LPAs who are HSPG members, but are not members of HSPG (for example, Hillingdon) and LPAs within which the DCO Project resides.

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 12: Health

Table 0.7: Glossary of terms relevant to health

Term Definition

Active Travel Walking and cycling.

Clinical Commissioning Group

Clinically-led statutory National Health Service bodies responsible for the planning and commissioning of health care services for their local area.

Director of Public Health Every local planning authority must appoint a director of public health; they are responsible for ensuring that public health is at the heart of their local planning authority’s agenda.

Health The assessment uses the World Health Organization definition of health: Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Health and Wellbeing Board

Health and Wellbeing Boards bring together key leaders from the local health and care system to improve the health and wellbeing of their population and reduce health inequalities.

Health Determinants The factors that combine together to affect the health of individuals and

communities, including the social and economic environment, the physical

environment, and the person’s individual characteristics and behaviours.

Health Impact Analysis A Health Impact Analysis accompanied and informed the Airport’s National

Policy Statement.



Health Impact Assessment

Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is a combination of procedures, methods

and tools that systematically judges the potential, and sometimes

unintended, effects of a policy, plan, programme or project on both the

health of a population and the distribution of those effects within the

population. HIA identifies appropriate actions to manage those effects. s.

Health Inequalities Differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants

between different population groups.

Health Priority An issue identified by professional health stakeholders, set out in a

published strategy document or communicated through technical

engagement.

Mental Health The assessment uses the World Health Organization definition of mental

health: Mental health is defined as a state of well-being in which every

individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal

stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a

contribution to her or his community.

Pre-Phase 1 Refers to activities that occur before the DCO Project commences.

Public Health England Public Health England is an executive agency, sponsored by the

Department of Health and Social Care. Public Health England exists to

protect and improve the nation’s health and wellbeing and reduce health

inequalities.

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 13: Historic environment

Table 0.8: Glossary of terms relevant to historic environment

Term Definition

Archaeological Interest A heritage asset may hold archaeological interest if it holds, or potentially may hold evidence of past human activity worthy of expert investigation at some point. Heritage assets with archaeological interest are the primary source of evidence about the substance and evolution of places, and of the people and cultures that made them.

Buildings of Merit Within Conservation Areas

Buildings that make a positive contribution to the character or appearance of a conservation area are considered to have merit. This contribution might come from contributing to the uniformity of an area or an individual building that has a distinct architectural character or contributes to qualities within the streetscape or views. The contribution made by a building might also be indicative of the history of an area, such as providing evidence for a now lost trade or industry.

Causewayed Enclosure A prehistoric monument consisting of a discontinuous circuit of a bank and ditch generally oval in plan, enclosing an area of land often between 0.4 and 3 ha in area. In some cases the monuments have more than one enclosing, discontinuous bank and ditch circuit. Research suggests the monuments were constructed during a short period between 3800 and 3500BC.

Cottage Orne An architectural movement of stylised cottages dating to the later 18th to early 19th centuries closely linked to the romantic movement and efforts by



members of the elite to find a simpler way of living and express this through exaggerated rural architectural forms.

Designated Heritage Asset

The following heritage assets are considered designated within the Airports National Policy Statement:

1. World Heritage sites

2. Scheduled Monuments

3. Listed buildings

4. Protected wreck sites

5. Protected military remains

6. Registered parks and gardens

7. Registered battlefields

8. Conservation areas.

Georgian The Georgian period is considered to cover the architecture and landscapes of the period between 1714 and the accession to the throne of Queen Victoria in 1837.

Historic Environment Record

Information services that seek to provide access to comprehensive and dynamic resources relating to the historic environment of a defined geographical area for public benefit and use. Frequently these are map-based data sets whose purpose is to aid the management of the historic environment.

Heritage Asset A building, monument, site, place area or landscape identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of heritage interest. Heritage asset includes designated assets and assets identified by local planning authorities (including local listing).

Historic Area Assessment

A study to help defined the character of an area, explain its significance and detail what contributes to such significance.

Historic Environment All aspects of the historic environment resulting from the interaction between people and places throughout time, including all surviving physical remains of past human activity, whether visible, buried or submerged, and landscape planted or managed flora.

Historic Landscape Character

Is discerned through the examination of modern landscape character accompanied by research to determine the age and significance of features and areas which make up the modern landscape and how historic change has affected the present-day landscape.

Important hedgerow Under the Hedgerow Regulations a hedgerow is considered important if it has existed for more than 30 years and:

1. The hedgerow marks a boundary or part of the boundary of a

historic parish or township (Historic is considered to date before

1850)

2. It incorporates archaeological features included on the schedule of

monuments or referenced in the Historic Environment Record

3. Is situated wholly within a scheduled monument or archaeological

site recorded in the Historic Environment Record, or is on land

adjacent to, or associated with the monument or site and is

associated with any monument or feature of that site

4. The hedgerow marks the boundary of the pre-1600 estate or manor

recorded within the relevant historic environment record or on a

document held by the relevant record office

5. Or is visible related to any building or other feature of a pre-1600

estate or manor



6. The hedgerow is recorded in a document held at the relevant date

in a record office as an integral part of a field system predating the

inclosure acts or

7. Is visibly related to any building or other feature associated with

such a system

8. The field system is substantially complete or is of a pattern

recorded in a document prepared before the relevant date, within

the meaning of the 1990 act for the purposes of development

control within that local authority area as a key landscape

characteristic.

Locally Listed Buildings A list of buildings or heritage assets compiled and maintained by a local planning authority, rather than the Secretary of State.

Paleoenvironmental Natural deposits laid down that preserve environmental sequences enabling the reconstruction of past environments. Deposits laid down during times of human action will provide a record of human impacts upon the environment such as agricultural activities and other land management effects or exploitation of the natural environment.

Quaker A member of the Religious Society of Friends. Founded by George Fox around 1650 in England. The movement dissented from the established Church of England at its foundation and focused upon a less hierarchical relationship between the individual and God.

Registered Park and Garden

A park, garden or landscape included in the register of gardens and other land situated in England appearing to English Heritage (now Historic England) to be of special interest.

Scheduled Monument Any monument which is for the time being included in the schedule of monuments, compiles and maintained by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport.

Setting The surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced, its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset and may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral.

Significance The value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. That interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence but also from its setting.

Temple Category A Heritage assets where solitude, embedded with quietness is intrinsic to the understanding of the form, the function design intentions and the rationale for the siting of a heritage asset, such as:

1. Hermitages and retreats

2. Monastic sites, e.g., those associated with the Cistercian Order

3. Most places of worship

4. Components of designed landscapes

5. Memorials and graveyards.

Temple Category C Where the abandonment of a heritage asset; a monument, building or landscape, in antiquity (or more recently), has created a perceived ‘otherworldly romanticism’ enabled by the absence of anthropogenic sounds (quietness) for example:

• Battlefields

• Ruinous remains of former estate houses, amphitheatres, factories

and workshops, collieries and mining landscape or deserted

medieval villages.



Vernacular Building A manner of construction or building shared by a community, or one recognisable within a local or regional character that responds to the environment.

World Heritage Sites A site on the list of properties maintained by the World Heritage Committee of and called the World Heritage List.

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 14: Land quality

Table 0.9: Glossary of terms relevant to land quality

Term Definition

Asbestos Containing

Materials

Asbestos is a mineral that was frequently used as a building material in the

UK between 1940 and 1999, although it was most common in materials

made in the 60s, 70s and 80s. For this reason, any structure or product

manufactured before the year 2000 (when the material was banned in the

UK) has the potential to contain asbestos. Materials that commonly contain

asbestos include: Loose asbestos in ceiling or floor cavity, Lagging,

Sprayed coatings on ceilings, walls and beams/columns, Asbestos

insulating board, Floor tiles, textiles and composites, Textured coatings,

Asbestos cement products, Roofing felt, Rope seals and gaskets.

Authorised Landfill Authorised Landfill sites are facilities that local authorities and industry take waste to be disposed of in the ground, and that are currently authorised by the Environment Agency under Environmental Permitting Regulations.

Conceptual Site Model A conceptual model represents the characteristics of the site in diagrammatic or written form that shows the possible relationships between contaminants, pathways and receptors.

Controlled Waters Controlled waters as defined by Defra as follows: 1. Relevant territorial waters which extend seaward for three miles

from the low-tide limit from which the territorial sea adjacent to

England and Wales is measured

2. Coastal waters from the low-tide limit to the high-tide limit or fresh-

water limit of a river or watercourse

3. Inland freshwaters

4. Natural and artificial lakes, ponds, reservoirs, rivers or

watercourses above the fresh-water limit

5. Natural and artificial underground rivers and watercourses

6. Surface water sewers, ditches and soakaways that discharge to

surface or groundwater

7. It also includes those that may be currently dry

8. Groundwaters - any waters contained in underground strata

9. Controlled waters do not include any public sewer or any drain that

enters into a public sewer (foul sewer).

Drinking Water Standards The Drinking Water Standards ensure the quality of safe drinking water that is acceptable to consumers and meets the standards set down in UK law.


Standards

The Environmental Quality Standards determines priority substances and certain other polluting chemicals as set out in the Water Framework Directive and Environmental Quality Standards Directive.

http://www.hse.gov.uk/asbestos/essentials/loosefill.htm

http://www.hse.gov.uk/asbestos/essentials/lagging.htm

http://www.hse.gov.uk/asbestos/essentials/sprayed.htm

http://www.hse.gov.uk/asbestos/essentials/aib.htm

http://www.hse.gov.uk/asbestos/essentials/aib.htm

http://www.hse.gov.uk/asbestos/essentials/floortiles.htm

http://www.hse.gov.uk/asbestos/essentials/coatings.htm

http://www.hse.gov.uk/asbestos/essentials/cement.htm

http://www.hse.gov.uk/asbestos/essentials/roofing-felt.htm

http://www.hse.gov.uk/asbestos/essentials/rope-seals-gaskets.htm

http://adlib.everysite.co.uk/adlib/defra/content.aspx?doc=95409&id=98386

http://adlib.everysite.co.uk/adlib/defra/content.aspx?doc=95397&id=95958



Geodiversity Geodiversity is defined as ‘the range of rocks, minerals, fossils, soils and landforms’ and is the variety of rocks, fossils, minerals, landforms, soils and natural processes, such as weathering, erosion and sedimentation, that underlie and determine the character of our natural landscape and environment.

Locally Important

Geological Site

These are equivalent to Sites of Borough or Local Importance for Nature Conservation and accorded equivalent protection.

Material Management

Plan

A Materials Management Plan where implemented will form part of the Site

Waste Management Plan. It should include:

1. A description of the materials in terms of potential use and relative

quantities

2. Details of where and how these materials will be stored

3. Details of the intended final destination and use of these materials

4. Details’ of how these materials are to be tracked and moved.

Mineral Deposits Material which is known to exist through geological information but where no or little information is known on the specific quantity or quality, and there is no information available on its suitability for extraction.

Mineral Preferred Area A site which has been allocated in a Local Plan document for future minerals extraction. Sites identified in emerging, but not yet adopted, Local Plan documents are also included here to avoid confusion.

Mineral Reserves Material which is included within a site which has a valid planning permission for extraction. A higher degree of certainty can be given to the quantity and quality of the material.

Mineral Resources Material which is identified as suitable for extraction but where no specific permission currently exists for it to be extracted. A lower degree of confidence can be given to the quantity and quality of material.

Mineral Safeguarded Area Land which has been identified in a Local Plan document as containing minerals deposits but with policy support only for it's protection, but no specific policy support for it's extraction.

Regionally Important

Geological Site

The most important places for geology and geomorphology outside

statutorily protected land such as Sites of Special Scientific Interest. The

designation of a Regionally Important Geological Site is one way of

recognising and protecting important Earth science and landscape features

for future generations to enjoy.

Sites are selected according to their value for: educational fieldwork scientific study, historical significance and aesthetic qualities. In London Regionally Important Geological Sites are sites that are considered worthy of protection for their geodiversity importance at the London-wide level.

Soil Resource Plan A Soil Resource Plan sets out in detail the methods, equipment, location

and programme for the recovery, storage and reuse of all site topsoil and

subsoil.’

The SRP should include:

1. Areas of soil to be protected from earthworks and construction

activities

2. The areas and types of topsoil and subsoil to be stripped, haul

routes, stockpile locations

3. The methods for stripping, stockpiling, re-spreading and

ameliorating landscape soils.



Source A substance that is in, on or under the land and has the potential to cause harm or to cause pollution of controlled waters.

Source-Pathway-

Receptor Linkage

The linkage of a source of contamination on or under the land which has the

potential to cause harm or pollution (such as a landfill) and a receptor

(something that could be adversely affected by contamination such as

groundwater or people) by means of a pathway (a route by which the

receptor is exposed to, or affected by, the contamination such as direct

contact).

A land contamination risk only exists where a source, pathway and receptor are present. Without this complete linkage, there is no risk to people or the environment even if a source of contamination is present.

Sub-Soil Subsoil lies below the topsoil and a soil profile would usually have at least one, and possibly up to four or more, individual subsoil horizons within 1m depth from the surface. However, topsoil sometimes overlies shallow bedrock with no subsoil present.

Topsoil The material which developed originally at the top of a soil profile and is characteristically darker in colour and has a higher organic matter content than subsoil material.

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 15: Landscape and visual amenity

Table 0.10: Glossary of terms relevant to landscape and visual amenity

Term Definition

Landscape An area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action

and interaction of natural and/or human factors. Landscape character arises

from the pattern of these factors, or elements, that make one landscape

different from another.

Landscape Character

Assessment

The process of identifying and describing variation in the character of the

landscape. The process results in the production of a Landscape Character

Assessment.

Landscape and Visual

Impact Assessment

The assessment of effects in relation to landscape and visual amenity.

National Character Area There are 159 Character Areas, each of which is distinctive with a unique

'sense of place'. These broad divisions of landscape form the basic units of

cohesive countryside character, on which strategies for both ecological and

landscape issues can be based. The Character Area framework is used to

describe and shape objectives for the countryside, its planning and

management.

National Trails National Trails are long distance footpaths and bridleways in England and

Wales. They are administered by Natural England, a statutory agency of the

UK government, and Natural Resources Wales (successor body to the

Countryside Council for Wales), a Welsh Government-sponsored body.



Townscape In urban areas, landscape may be termed townscape, which includes

buildings and urban open space; where relevant, landscape is therefore

referred to as townscape.

Visual Amenity Visual amenity considerations relate specifically to the composition and

quality of views afforded to people.

Viewpoint A location from which a view is considered as part of the visual amenity

assessment.

Visual Receptors Those who may experience a change in view(s) as a result of the DCO

Project.

Zone of Theoretical

Visibility

The theoretical area from which part or all of the DCO Project would be

visible.

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 16: Major accidents and disasters

Table 0.11: Glossary of terms relevant to major accidents and disasters

Term Definition

3R Surface Water River Colne, Longford River, Duke of Northumberland’s River, and the

Colne Brook. The initial assessment of major accidents and disasters within

this PEIR has been conservatively based on the alternative that gives rise

to the largest effect and the receptor has been described as ‘3R – Surface

water’ in the assessment.

ADR European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous

Goods by Road (ADR).

Aggregated risk Aggregated risk is the total combined risk from all contributors from an

entire facility or development to a receptor.

Airport worker The term ‘Airport worker’ referred to in this chapter, refers to Heathrow

Colleagues, contractors, sub-contractors and third parties working at

Heathrow.

Airside The section of Heathrow that requires security screening to gain access

including both the airfield and the terminals.

As Low As Reasonably

Practicable

As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) refers to a state where the

level of risk for a potential major accident or disaster falling within the

tolerable band is at a level where the sacrifice required to further reduce the

level of risk is ‘grossly disproportionate’ to the benefit gained in terms of risk

reduction.

Note 1: While ALARP is used in this document, it should be noted that So

Far Is As Reasonably Practicable (SFAIRP) is used in some legislation.

HSE state that ‘In HSE’s view, the two terms are interchangeable except if

you are drafting formal legal documents when you must use the correct

legal phrase’ (HSE, 2018).



Aquifer A body of permeable rock that is capable of storing significant quantities of

water; is underlain by impermeable material, and through which

groundwater moves.

Broadly Acceptable Broadly acceptable risk denotes a level of risk to individuals, groups of

individuals (societal risk) or the environment that according to HSE (HSE,

2001) is ‘generally regarded as insignificant and adequately controlled’.

This level of risk is generally considered extremely low in comparison to

background risk and so can be easily accepted by society. HSE state that

‘the levels of risk characterising this region are comparable to those that

people regard as insignificant or trivial in their daily lives.

Competence Competence is the combination of training, skills, experience and

knowledge that a person has and their ability to apply them to perform a

task safely. Other factors, such as attitude and physical ability, can also

affect someone’s competence” (HSE2).

Construction /

Construction Activities

All construction related activities including enabling works, utilities,

demolition, transport and construction undertaken as part of the DCO

Project.

Construction Worker The term ‘Construction worker’ referred to in this chapter, refers to

construction workers undertaking construction / construction activities as

part of the DCO Project.

Control of Major Accident

Hazards

Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations are the enforcing

regulations within the United Kingdom of the Seveso II Directive devised in

Brussels. They are applicable to any establishment storing or otherwise

handling large quantities of industrial chemicals of a hazardous nature.

Designated Features The features of a site, such as species, species community or assemblage,

habitat or soil types, for which a site has been designated.

Disasters A natural occurrence leading to serious damage on receptors, either

immediate or delayed.

Note 1: The 2014/52/EU Directive Para 14 refers to man-made disasters

and the European Commission (2009) document A Community Approach

on the Prevention of Natural and Man-made Disasters. The remainder of

the Directive refers only to disasters or natural disasters. Our interpretation

is that the concept of man-made disasters is therefore included in the

definition of ‘major accidents’ in the 2014/52/EU Directive.

Note 2: This either arises from (directly or indirectly) or has potential to

impact upon the development.

Examples: Hurricane, landslide, extreme seismic activity.

External Major Accident A major accident that has its origins outside of the activities and facilities

required to complete the DCO Project and may interface with it.

Foreign Object Debris An object that does not belong in or near aircraft that may lead to damage

to aircraft injury to people.

2 http://www.hse.gov.uk/competence/what-is-competence.htm [Accessed 19.05.19]

http://www.hse.gov.uk/competence/what-is-competence.htm



International Civil

Aviation Organization

United Nation agency developing consistent international standards and

policies on safety, efficiency, security, economic sustainability and

environmental responsibility for the civil aviation sector.

Intolerable Intolerable denotes a level of risk to individuals, groups of individuals

(societal risk) or the environment that would be considered to be

unacceptable. In the HSE document R2P2 (HSE, 2001), intolerable and

unacceptable are used interchangeably. HSE state that ‘a particular risk

falling into that [unacceptable/intolerable] region is regarded as

unacceptable whatever the level of benefits associated with the activity. Any

activity or practice giving rise to risks falling in that region would, as a

matter of principle, be ruled out unless the activity or practice can be

modified to reduce the degree of risk’.

Joint Inspection Group Joint Inspection Group (JIG) is a body which sets internationally agreed

procedures for handling, storage and supply of aviation fuel at airports and

upstream aviation fuel facilities, of which Heathrow is a member.

Landside All locations not considered to be ‘Airside’ including those areas of

Heathrow which do not require security screening to gain access.

Main Contractors The main contractors on the construction site who holds responsibility for

planning, management and coordinating themselves and/or all other

contractors working on the site, the works or any other contractor directly

employed by Heathrow to carry out any construction works related with this

DCO Project.

Major Accident An occurrence resulting from an uncontrolled event caused by a man-made

activity or asset leading to serious damage on receptors, either immediate

or delayed.

Note 1: This either arises from (directly or indirectly) or has potential to

impact upon the Project under assessment. This includes the third runway

and associated activities and features, during both construction and

operation.

Note 2: Major accidents include both those sourced at the Project under

assessment and those sourced externally but interacting with it.

Examples: A major accident at a third-party establishment which gives rise

to significant injury at Heathrow; aircraft crash; fire in terminal or discharge

of contaminated firewater or de-icer.

Potential Disaster /

Potential Major Accident

Within this chapter the terms ‘potential major accident’ or ‘potential disaster’

are used to refer to ‘source-pathway-receptor’ combinations which have

been identified and shown to be present as a hazard.

Primary Assessment The assessment of likely significant associated with the DCO Project.

Public Safety Zone Public Safety Zones are areas of land at the end of runways established at

the busiest airports in the UK, within which certain planning restrictions

apply. These aim to control the number of people on the ground at risk in

the unlikely event of an aircraft accident on take-off or landing.



Reasonably Foreseeable A reasonably foreseeable major accident or disaster is one that could

credibly be expected to occur as part of the development or as a result of

events and behaviour associated with that development. In the context of

the major accidents and disasters assessment ‘reasonably foreseeable’

includes those accidents and disasters for which there is only a remote

chance of occurrence (e.g. because many things would have to go wrong

for them to occur). Risks may be considered foreseeable because similar

incidents or near misses may have occurred elsewhere. This is consistent

with the HSE concepts described in R2P2 (HSE, 2001).


Safeguarding (statutory) A process of consultation between a LPA and consultees which is made

obligatory by Statutory Direction, for the purpose of managing and

mitigating the potential adverse effects of surrounding developments to an

aerodrome.

Serious Damage to

Human Populations

This includes harm which would be considered substantial i.e. death(s),

multiple serious injuries or a substantial number requiring medical attention.

Serious Damage to the

Environment

Loss or significant detriment to populations of species or organisms, valued

sites (including designated sites), valued cultural heritage sites,

contamination of drinking water supplies, ground or groundwater, or harm to

environmental receptors in line with other UK Major Accident

regulations (HSE, 2015).

So Far As Is Reasonably

Practicable

So Far As Is Reasonably Practicable. This is a term used in the UK Health

and Safety at Work Act. For the purposes of this Chapter it can be

considered to serve the same purpose as ALARP. HSE state that ‘In HSE’s

view, the two terms are interchangeable except if you are drafting formal

legal documents when you must use the correct legal phrase’ (HSE, 2018).

Significant Effect A significant effect is an increased risk of major accidents and disasters to a

receptor leading to a total risk level that would be considered intolerable to

general society and cannot be justified on any grounds. Further guidance

on how intolerable is measured is provided in R2P2 (HSE, 2001) and All

Measures Necessary (HSE et al., 2016).

Note 1: Direction provided by the European Commission (2017) highlights

that the context for inclusion of major accidents and disasters is to ensure

that appropriate focus is given to the provisions for events leading to

significant risk with an objective of building resilience in a development

against such effects.

Southern Fuel Receipt Facility

This facility accepts pipelines from refineries and from a nearby rail depot

and is linked to the Airport fuel storage facilities by a system of pipelines.

Tertiary Containment Tertiary containment is defined in CIRIA C736 as containment which

’minimises the consequences of a failure in the primary and secondary

containment systems.’ Tertiary containment prevents the ’uncontrolled

spread of inventory‘ through the provision of kerbing or drainage systems.

Tolerable Tolerable risk denotes a level of risk to individuals, groups of individuals

(societal risk) or the environment that society ‘is willing to live with a risk so



as to secure certain benefits in the confidence that the risk is one that is

worth taking and that it is being properly controlled’. However, there are

several constraints, HSE (HSE,2001) state that in return for tolerating that

risk, society can expect from the development that:

1. The nature and level of the risks are properly assessed, and the

results used properly to determine control measures

2. The residual risks are not unduly high and kept as low as

reasonably practicable (the ALARP principle)

3. The risks are periodically reviewed to ensure that they still meet the

ALARP criteria.

Unexploded Ordnance Unexploded ordnance are explosive weapons (bombs, shells, grenades,

land mines, naval mines, etc.) that did not explode when they were

employed and still pose a risk of detonation, potentially many decades after

they were used or discarded.

Vulnerability The United Nations Office of Disaster Risk Management (UNISDR) (2018)

definition of vulnerability is ‘The conditions determined by physical, social,

economic and environmental factors or processes which increase the

susceptibility of an individual, a community, assets or systems to the

impacts of hazards.’ This is applied in this assessment as the reduced

ability of the development to plan, control, resist and recover from a major

accident or disaster in a timely manner.

Note 1: The major accidents and disasters assessment will include

consideration of relevant environmental features and effects from major

accidents and disasters associated with the development and adding to its

vulnerability, not only those of the development itself.

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 17: Noise and vibration

Table 0.12: Glossary of terms relevant to noise and vibration

Term Definition

Aviation Environmental

Design Tool

A software system that dynamically models aircraft performance in space

and time to produce fuel burn, emissions and noise. Full flight gate-to-gate

analyses are possible for study sizes ranging from a single flight at an

airport to scenarios at the regional, national, and global levels. It is currently

used by the United States government to consider the interdependencies

between aircraft-related fuel burn, noise and emissions.

Acute Myocardial

Infarction

The medical term for a heart attack.

Aircraft Noise Control

Model

The Civil Aviation Authority’s UK civil aviation aircraft noise contour model.

It is developed to international standards and incorporates noise

measurements and radar track information obtained from the London

airports including Heathrow.



Air Navigation Directions ‘The Civil Aviation Authority (Air Navigation) Directions 2001 (incorporating

variation Direction 2004)’. These directions set out the Civil Aviation

Authority’s air navigation duties and were jointly issued by the Secretary of

State for Transport and the Secretary of State for Defence.

Air Navigation Guidance The document which provides guidance to the aviation industry and the

CAA on air navigation.

Air Traffic Management The combination of the airborne and ground-based functions (air traffic services, airspace management and air traffic flow management) to ensure the safe and efficient movement of aircraft during all phases of air operations.

Articulated dump trucks A very large heavy dump truck used to transport loads over rough terrain, and occasionally public roads.

Best Practicable Means A widely-used defence that is available in law against statutory nuisance actions relating to trade or business premises.

Brake to Vacate Additional software planned by Airbus for incorporation on its line of airliners, intended to reduce runway overruns.

Continuous Descent

Approach

Continuous descent approach also known as optimized profile descent, is a method by which aircraft approach airports prior to landing. It is designed to reduce fuel consumption and noise compared to other conventional descents.

Calculation of Railway

Noise

Primarily concerned with the procedures for calculating noise from moving railway vehicles as defined in the Noise Insulation (Railways and Other Guided Transport Systems) Regulations 1995, referred to hereafter as the Railway Noise Insulation Regulations.

Calculation of Road

Traffic Noise

This memorandum describes the procedures for calculating noise from road traffic. These procedures are necessary to enable entitlement under the Noise Insulation Regulations to be determined but they also provide guidance appropriate to the calculation of traffic noise for more general applications e.g. environmental appraisal of road schemes, highway design and land use planning.

Continuous Climb or

Descent Operations

Continuous climb operations (COO) or continuous descent operations (CDO) also known as optimized profile descent (OPD), allow arriving or departing aircraft to descend or climb continuously, to the greatest extent possible. It is designed to reduce fuel consumption and noise compared to other conventional descents/climbs.

Disability Adjusted Life

Years

One Disability Adjusted Life Year can be thought of as one lost year of ‘healthy’ life. The sum of these Disability Adjusted Life Years across the population, or the burden of disease, can be thought of as a measurement of the gap between current health status and an ideal health situation where the entire population lives to an advanced age, free of disease and disability.

Decibel Units describing absolute sound level or changes of sound level. Expressed as decibel when it relates to the A-weighted scale.

Department for Transport The lead UK Government Department for aviation policy and the author of the Air Navigation Guidance.

Design Manual for Roads

and Bridges

The Design Manual for Roads and Bridges is a series of 15 volumes that provide standards, advice notes and other documents relating to the design, assessment and operation of trunk roads, including motorways in the United



Kingdom, and, with some amendments, the Republic of Ireland. The methodological amendments to CRTN are included.

European Civil Aviation

Conference

The main driving force for this has been, The European Civil Aviation Conference has been set up under the auspices of the EU and International Civil Aviation Organisation to define common aviation policy in Europe.

Entry into Service The year in which it is anticipated that a particular aircraft type will be brought into operation.

Environmental Noise

Directive

The Environmental Noise Directive (EC Directive 2002/49) requires member states to publish noise maps and noise management action plans for major airports (more than 50,000 air transport movements per year) every five years.

Environmental Protection

Act

An Act of the Parliament of the UK that as of 2008 defines, within England and Wales and Scotland, the fundamental structure and authority for waste management and control of emissions into the environment.

Electroencephalogram Recording of electrical activity of the brain.

Electrooculogram Technique for measuring the corneo-retinal standing potential that exists between the front and the back of the human eye.

Electromyogram Electrodiagnostic medicine technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles.

Ground Power Units Equipment that powers, or starts, aircraft, whilst on the ground.

Heathrow Community

Noise Forum

A group made up of local councilors and residents from 12 boroughs around Heathrow affected by noise from the airport. The Her Majesty’s Stationery Office was set up to establish a common level of understanding of Heathrow’s operations amongst community representatives and stakeholders. It seeks members’ inputs in the planning and communication of the modernisation of Heathrow’s airspace and to agree relevant studies and analysis to be carried out to establish historic changes to flight paths.

Health and Quality of life Includes domains related to health and quality of life including physical health, mental health, and social functioning. It goes beyond direct measures of population health, life expectancy, and causes of death, and focuses on the impact health status has on wellbeing and quality of life.

Independent Commission

on Civil Aviation Noise

The independent UK body responsible for creating, compiling and disseminating best practice to the aviation industry.

Instrument Landing

System

Is defined as a precision runway approach aid based on two radio beams which together provide pilots with both vertical and horizontal guidance during an approach to land.

Land Compensation Act

1973

An Act to confer a new right to compensation for depreciation of the value of interests in land caused by the use of highways, aerodromes and other public works.

Leq (or LAeq) The equivalent continuous sound level is the measure used to describe the average sound level experienced over a period of time (usually 16hr for day and 8hr for night) resulting in a single decibel value. Leq is expressed as LAeq when it refers to the A-weighted scale.

Lmax,S (or LAmax,S) The maximum noise level identified during a measurement period. The subscript S indicates a ‘slow’ time weighting (1 second) and the subscript A indicates an A-weighted value.

LAeq,16h The equivalent continuous sound level between 07:00 and 23:00.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain



LAeq,8h The equivalent continuous sound level between 23:00 and 07:00.

LAeq,4h The equivalent continuous sound level between 19:00 to 23:00 during

weekdays, 13:00 to 23:00 during Saturdays and 07:00 to 23:00 during

Sundays and Bank Holidays following BS5228-1 for construction noise

impact.

LAeq,12h The equivalent continuous sound level between 07:00 to 19:00 during

weekdays and 07:00 to 13:00 during Saturdays following BS5228-1 for

construction noise impact.

Lden The 24hr Leq calculated for an annual period composite of the Lday, Levening and Lnight levels, but with a 5-decibel weighting for evening and a 10 decibel weighting for night to reflect people’s greater sensitivity to noise within these periods.

Lday The sound level over the 12hr day period between 07:00 and 19:00

Levening The sound level over the 4hr evening period between 19:00 and 23:00

Lnight The sound level over the 8hr night period between 23:00 and 07:00

London Airspace

Modernisation

Programme

London Airspace Modernisation Programme is a major airspace change proposal affecting airspace arrangements in south-east England, from Stansted to the Isle of Wight.

Low Noise Surfacing A low noise road surface assists in reducing the noise generated by the tyre/road interface

Lowest Observable

Adverse Effect Level

The threshold level above which adverse effects on health and quality of life can be detected based on the ‘likely average response’.

Maximum Take-Off

Weight

The maximum takeoff weight or maximum gross takeoff weight or maximum takeoff mass of an aircraft is the maximum weight at which the pilot is allowed to attempt to take off, due to structural or other limits.

Numbers above 60,

Numbers above 65

Numbers above metrics quantify the number of aircraft events that exceed a

particular maximum noise level (e.g. 60 or 65 dBLAmax,S).

Noise Abatement

Departure Procedure

(NADP1 and NADP2)

On departure there are two noise abatement procedures where a stepped

departure climb is being used. They are called “NADP 1” and “NADP 2”

(Noise Abatement Departure Procedure). NADP1 is designed to alleviate

noise for communities close to an airport, NADP2 for communities further

away.

Noise Envelope Design

Group

A group established by Heathrow to help develop the concept of the noise

envelope for an expanded Heathrow (as required by the ANPS). The

membership of the group includes representatives with technical knowledge

representing the interests of local communities, air traffic control, airlines,

local authorities and the Airport.

Noise Expert Review

Group

Heathrow have established a Noise Expert Review Group (NERG). Its members have extensive experience in different aspects of acoustics, noise and health and have worked with communities, local authorities, universities, consultancies and Government. The aim of the NERG is to provide independent assurance of the scientific

and policy robustness of the assessment and mitigation of sound, noise and

https://www.bing.com/search?q=Aircraft%20wikipedia

https://www.bing.com/search?q=Pilot+(aeronautics)%20wikipedia



vibration, including effects on health and quality of life, associated with

Heathrow expansion. NERG will also advise on current best practice

throughout our consultation and application processes.

Noise Important Areas ‘Important Areas’ are areas that are the most exposed to road traffic noise

as identified through the noise action planning process for roads.

Noise Insulation

Regulations

The Noise Insulation Regulations 1975 (as amended 1988) set out the

requirements under which buildings may qualify for both statutory and

discretionary noise insulation. Additional guidance is given in Department of

the Environment Circular 114/75.

Noise Contours These are areas on a map showing where equal levels of noise are

experienced.

Noise Respite The principle of noise respite is to provide planned and defined periods of

perceptible noise relief to people living directly under a fight path.

Noise-Power-Distance The standard technique for evaluating noise from flight procedures is

through Noise Power Distance (NPD) relationships. Noise calculations in

the Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT) rely on NPD curves derived

from aircraft certification data. This dataset reflects representative aircraft

families at set power levels and aircraft configurations. Noise levels are

obtained as a function of observer distance via spherical spreading through

a standard atmosphere. Other correction factors are applied to obtain the

desired sound field metrics at the location of the receiver.

Noise Policy Statement

for England In the context of Government policy on sustainable development, the Noise Policy Statement for England aims to provide clarity regarding current policies and practices to enable noise management decisions to be made within the wider context, at the most appropriate level, in a cost-effective manner and in a timely fashion. The three noise policy aims are to:

1. Avoid significant adverse impacts on health and quality of life

2. Mitigate and minimise adverse impacts on health and quality of life

3. Where possible, contribute to the improvement of health and quality

of life.

Objective Awakenings Objective awakenings are arousals during sleep that result in electroencephalogram and electromyogram activations of 15 seconds or more. Field studies by Basner et al.3 have developed an exposure response relationship for predicting additional objective awakenings as a result of internal event maximum noise levels.

Overflight A metric defined to capture whether an individual perceives that an aircraft is overflying them. Defined in CAP1498 – Definition of overflight.

Pre-Conditioned Air Pre-conditioned air systems represent the art of air-conditioning parked aircraft by a ground-based system, bringing outside filtered, cooled or heated air into the plane.

3 Basner, A. Samel, U. Isermann (2006). Aircraft noise effects on sleep: Application of the results of a large polysomnographic field study. J Acoust. Soc. Am. 119(5) pp2772-84



Planning Practice

Guidance- Noise Policy guidance document that advises on how planning can manage potential noise impacts when new developments may create additional noise and when new developments would be sensitive to the prevailing acoustic environment.

Peak Particle Velocity The movement within the ground of molecular particles and not surface movement.

Quota Count Quota Count is a system used by many airports in the UK including Heathrow to limit the amount of noise generated by aircraft movements at night time.

Recovery Period There are also unscheduled operations at night which occur as a result of delay or disruption over the course of the day. These typically take place at the start of the night period after 2300 when no aircraft are scheduled to operate. We have defined this as the recovery period.

Significant Observable

Adverse Effect Level The threshold level above which significant adverse effects on health and quality of life occur based on the ‘likely average response’.

Survey of Noise Attitudes National survey of aircraft noise attitudes at nine airports in England (Birmingham; East Midlands; Gatwick; Heathrow; London City; Luton; Manchester; Newcastle; Stansted), carried out by the Civil Aviation Authority in 2014 (published in 2017 as report CAP1506).

Start-of-roll The position on a runway where aircraft commence their takeoff runs.

Test Cases Test cases are indicative airspace designs developed from a 'snap-shot' early in the airspace change process, solely for the purpose of noise impact assessment to inform the Preliminary Environmental Information Report.

Total Airspace and

Airport Modeller

A fast-time gate-to-gate simulation tool that allows you to conduct unlimited what-if analysis of future airspace and airport operations.

Tactically Enhanced

Arrivals Mode

When there is a build-up of flights being held in the holding stacks, the Government has set rules permitting National Sir Traffic Services to land aircraft out of alternation, i.e. on the departures runway. In these circumstances, both runways will be used for arrivals for a temporary period. This is called Tactically Enhanced Arrivals Mode and is allowed after 7am on westerly operations when severe inbound congestion occurs, or is anticipated to occur, involving delays to arriving flights of 20 minutes or more.

The Environmental

Research and

Consultancy Department

(ERCD)

The team in the Civil Aviation Authority which, as part of its activities, estimates the noise exposures around London airports (Heathrow, Gatwick and Stansted) on behalf of the Department for Transport.

Unacceptable Adverse

Effect Level

UAEL represents noise levels that are intrusive and very disruptive and should be prevented.

Vibration Dose Value When assessing intermittent vibration, it is necessary to use the vibration dose value, a cumulative measurement of the vibration level received over an 8-hour or 16-hour period.

The Transport Analysis

Guidance

Web-based Transport Analysis Guidance is the Department for Transport’s transport appraisal guidance and toolkit. It consists of software tools and guidance on transport modelling and appraisal methods that are applicable for highways, railway and aviation. projects. The tools and guidance aim to



facilitate the appraisal and development of transport projects, enabling analysts to build evidence to support business case development and to inform investment funding decisions.

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 18: Socio-economics and employment

Table 0.13: Glossary of terms relevant to socio-economics and employment

Term Definition

Displacement effects The proportion of intervention economic outputs/outcomes accounted for by

reduced outputs/outcomes elsewhere in the target area.

Gross Value Added A measure of the increase in the value of the economy due to the

production of goods and services.

Index of Multiple

Deprivation

Official measure of relative deprivation for small areas in England.

Job year A job year is equivalent to one person being employed full time for one year

Joint Health and

Wellbeing Strategies

Documents produced to outline the strategies for meeting the needs of the

Joint Strategic Needs Assessment.

Joint Strategic Needs

Assessment

Assessments of the current and future health and social care needs of the

local community.

Local Enterprise

Partnerships

Joint local authority business bodies brought forward by local authorities

themselves to promote local economic development.

Mineral Safeguarding

Area

An area designated by a Mineral Planning Authority which covers known

deposits of minerals which are desired to be kept safeguarded from

unnecessary sterilisation by non-mineral development.

Multiplier Economic activity (jobs, expenditure or income) associated with additional

local income and local supplier purchases (over and above the direct

economic activity supported.

National Vocational

Qualifications

A work-based qualification which recognises the skills and knowledge a

person needs to do a job.

Negligible No discernible change in environmental or socio-economic conditions. An

effect that is likely to have a neutral or negligible influence.

Property Policies Draft Property Policies developed by Heathrow to help those whose

property are potentially affected by expansion to understands Heathrow’s

offer, including the enhanced compensation offer for eligible properties.

Socio-economic

inequality

Socio-economic inequality is disparities in both economic and social

resources; it includes earnings, income, education and health that

contribute to a sense of well-being (Definition by the European Committee)



Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 19: Transport network users

Table 0.14: Glossary of terms relevant to transport network users

Term Definition

Annual Average Daily

Traffic

The average daily vehicle volume of traffic in a 24-hour period over an

entire year.

Annual Average Weekday

Traffic

The average daily volume of traffic in a 24-hour period over all weekdays

(Monday to Friday inclusive) over an entire year.

ARCADY Transport modelling tool for the assessment of roundabout junctions.

Central Terminal Area Terminals 1 & 3, as well as the Central Bus Station.

Construction Traffic

Management Plan

Details construction traffic management measures that will be implemented

during the construction of a project, including controls on construction

vehicle types, hours of site operation and delivery routes for goods vehicles.

Construction Workforce

Travel Plan

Details measures to encourage the use of sustainable travel modes to

reduce the impact of workforce travel on local residents and transport

network users during construction of a project.

Design Manual for Roads

and Bridges

A series of 15 volumes that provide standards, advice notes and other

documents relating to the design, assessment and operation of trunk roads,

including motorways in the United Kingdom, and, with some amendments,

the Republic of Ireland.

Do Something A future assessment scenario with the DCO Project.

Highways England Operates, maintains and improves England’s motorways and major A

roads.

Heathrow Employee

Mode Choice Model

A transport modelling tool developed to forecast airport employee demand

by mode and hour of the day.

Heathrow Express

Operating Company

The company operating the Heathrow Express rail service between

Heathrow Airport and Paddington Station.

Heathrow Highway

Assignment Surface

Access Model

A transport modelling tool developed to assess the future operation of the

road network.

Heavy Goods Vehicle Refers to a large goods vehicles, typically with a gross weight of more than

3.5 tonnes.

iBus Passenger information system on Transport for London buses.

Killed or Serious Injury A measurement of the severity of a Personal Injury Collision which results

in death or serious injury.

London Airports Surface

Access Model

A transport modelling tool developed to forecast air passenger demand by

mode and hour of the day.

London Cycle Network A network of cycle routes through Greater London.

Light Duty Vehicle Includes Light Goods Vehicles and cars.



Term Definition

Light Goods Vehicle Refers to a small commercial vehicle, typically with a gross weight of no

more than 3.5 tonnes.

Non-Motorised User Any transport network user travelling by non-motorised means, including

walking, cycling and horse-riding.

Personal Injury Collision Collision / road accident data collected by the Police.

PICADY Transport modelling tool for the assessment of priority intersection

junctions.

Public Right of Way In the form of a footpath, bridleway, restricted byway, byway open to all

vehicular traffic or a public road is a right that can be used by all members

of the public.

Preliminary Transport

Information Report

Presents the preliminary information about changes to the use and

operation of the transport networks as a result of the DCO Project, a

precursor to the Transport Assessment.

RailPlan A public transport modelling tool.

Real Time Information Public transport live arrival and departure information.

Surface Access Strategy Sets out how access to the Airport by all travel modes will be managed to

meet targets set out in the Airports National Policy Statement.

Strategic Road Network Highways England manages the strategic road network in England,

comprising motorways and some A roads.

Transport Assessment An assessment of transport issues relating to a proposed development

which identifies measures to be taken to deal with anticipated impacts of

the scheme.

Transport for London Road Network

The road network managed by Transport for London.

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 20: Waste

Table 0.15: Glossary of terms relevant to waste

Term Definition

Animal By-Products Animal carcasses, parts of animals, or other materials which come from

animals but are not meant for humans to eat. There are three categories of

ABP’s with categories 1 & 2 posing high risk and 3 posing low risk. Catering

wastes from international flights falls within Category 1.

Authorised Landfill Sites that local authorities and industry use for waste to be disposed of in a

controlled manner, and that are currently authorised by the Environment

Agency under Environmental Permitting Regulations.

Category 1 Waste The highest category of Animal By-Products which poses high levels of risk

to humans. Strict guidelines are imposed on the collection, storage and



treatment of this waste. This category includes all international catering

waste.

Commercial & Industrial Refers to waste from these type of premises, as defined in Section 75

Meaning of ’waste‘ and household, commercial and industrial waste and

special waste [hazardous waste] EPA (1990);

’industrial waste‘ means waste from any of the following premises—

(a) any factory (within the meaning of the Factories Act 1961);

(b) any premises used for the purposes of, or in connection with, the

provision to the public of transport services by land, water or air;

(c) any premises used for the purposes of, or in connection with, the supply

to the public of gas, water or electricity or the provision of sewerage

services; . . .

(d) any premises used for the purposes of, or in connection with, the

provision to the public of postal or telecommunications services [; or

(e) any mine or quarry or any premises used for agriculture within the

meaning of the Agriculture Act 1947].’

‘’commercial waste’ means waste from premises [(including premises used

for agriculture within the meaning of the Agriculture (Scotland) Act 1948)]

used wholly or mainly for the purposes of a trade or business or the

purposes of sport, recreation or entertainment excluding a) household

waste; b) industrial waste c)… d) waste of any other description prescribed

by regulations made by the Secretary of State for the purposes of this

paragraph.’

Confiscated Liquids Liquids (and the containers holding the liquid) which have been confiscated

at an airport security checkpoint as they did not comply with relevant

restrictions.

Controlled Waste Those wastes that are subject to legislative measures controlling both its

handling and disposal. They are regulated by The Controlled Waste

(England and Wales) Regulations 2012 which applies the definition set

within Part 2 of the Environmental Protection Act (1990) (the definition of

“controlled waste” is in section 75(4); ‘means household, industrial and

commercial waste or any such waste.’)

Construction &

Demolition Waste

Waste arising from the construction, repair, maintenance and demolition of

buildings and structures. It mostly includes brick, concrete, hardcore,

subsoil and topsoil, but it can also contain quantities of timber, metal,

plastics and (occasionally) special (hazardous) waste materials.

Disposal Routes Disposal routes (also termed disposal methods) are the means by which

waste is managed, for example sending a mixed waste to a sorting facility

to extract any recyclable materials.

Duty of Care Legal obligation on anyone who imports, produces, carries, keeps, treats or

disposes of waste, with penalties for failing to do so.

Energy from Waste The process of generating energy in the form of electricity and / or heat

from the primary treatment and combustion of residual waste.

Excavation The removal of ground material to form a hole/pit.



Excavation Waste Waste material generated from the removal of ground material to form a

hole/pit, commonly referred to in association with Construction & Demolition

waste.

Exempt Facility A facility which does not need to be a Permitted Facility, as it matches the

specified criteria set by legislation that control either the management,

production or handling of waste and allow the facility to operate to a

different set of controls, typically with less restrictions

Forecast Waste

Generation Rates

A prediction or estimation of future waste arisings

Hazardous Waste Waste that is considered ‘hazardous’ under environmental legislation as it

contains substances or has properties that might make it harmful to human

health or the environment.

Inert Waste Waste which, when deposited into a waste disposal site, does not undergo

any significant physical, chemical or biological transformations and which

complies with the criteria set out in Annex III of the EC Directive on the

Landfill of Waste.

International Catering

Waste (ICW)

Food or catering waste from aircraft originating from outside the EU, and

which legally has to be treated via high temperature combustion or

specialist disposal.

Non-Hazardous Waste Waste which may still undergo significant physical, chemical or biological

transformations after it is generated. These wastes do not meet the criteria

be considered Hazardous Waste nor Inert Waste under environmental

legislation.

Operational Waste Waste generated from the operation of the airport through day to day

activities.

Permitted Facility An authorized (or registered exempt) site for management of waste,

regulated by the Environment Agency.

Residual Waste The material that remains after waste re-use and recycling activities have

taken place.

Site Waste Management

Plan

A plan used during construction of a project, including details of what kind

of waste the site produces; how the waste is disposed of; a waste carrier

registration number; and details of the environmental permit or exemption

number of where waste from the site is being sent to.

Sweepings Any dirt or refuse material collected by sweeping roads/surfaces or waste

picking.

Transfer Station A building or processing site for the temporary deposition of waste which

can be bulked up for transport to other Waste Management Facilities.

Material Management

Plan

A plan used during construction of a project, setting out the methodology

will be applied to the earthworks to enable informed decisions to be made

on where materials are to be deposited and how they will be managed to

increase re-use of materials where feasible, and limit disposal to landfill,

and sets out a framework for how the materials to be re-used will be

tracked.



Registered Waste Carrier Any person or organisation who transports commercial, industrial and

household waste, known as Controlled Waste, as part of their business.

Resource Management

Plan

A high level and flexible framework as to how resources (materials,

energy, water and waste) will be managed throughout the DCO Project. It is

referenced in the Airport National Policy Statement to demonstrate that

appropriate measures for sustainable resource and waste management are

secured.

Waste Management

Facility

Any facility for the collection, source separation, storage, transportation,

transfer, processing, treatment or disposal of wastes, including hazardous

wastes, whether such facility is directly associated with the premises

generating such wastes or otherwise.

Waste Treatment The chemical or biological processing of certain types of waste for the

purposes of rendering them harmless e.g. reducing volumes before

landfilling, or recycling certain fractions.

Waste Streams Means all the different types of waste generated, and which may have

various pathways and treatment option to flow from the point of generation

through to final disposal.

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 21: Water environment

Table 0.16: Glossary of terms relevant to water environment

Term Definition

Abstraction Removal of water from surface water or groundwater.

Accretion Profiling A programme of measuring spot flows to provide site specific data to deliver

‘snapshots’ of the typical pattern (or loss) in flow within a network of

watercourses, and how this varies seasonally. This is used to improve an

understanding of flow inputs from (or losses to) the underlying deposits and

aquifers, during high and low flow periods.

Adaptability The degree to which a system can be adapted to better suit changing

circumstances or conditions.

Adaptation (to Climate

Change)

The process of adjustment in a design or operational procedure to respond

to actual or expected impacts of climate change, to moderate harm or

exploit opportunities.

Adaptive management A process of iteratively planning, implementing and modifying strategies for

managing resources in the face of uncertainty and change.

Adopting/adoption body The organisation responsible for taking ownership of Sustainable Drainage

Systems (SuDS).

Aeration The introduction of air into a body of water.

Alluvium Material transported by rivers and deposited along its course.



Annual Exceedance

Probability

In flood risk management, the likelihood of a rainfall total, runoff or flow rate

of a certain magnitude being exceeded each year.

Asset Information

Management System

Source of Environment Agency spatial flood defence dataset which have, in

part, been incorporated in the Lower Colne and Lower Crane DCO

hydraulic models.

Atmospheric Deposition Transference of substances in the air to land or water on the earth surface.

Attenuation Reduction in peak flow rate and increased duration of flow event.

Attenuation Basins A surface water drainage basin specifically designed to provide attenuation

of peak flows.

Attenuation Volume Volume in which run-off is stored when the inflow to the storage is greater

than the controlled outflow.

Balancing Pond A balancing Pond is a drainage system used to control flooding by

temporarily storing flood waters.

Baseflow/ Baseline Flow The sustained flow in a channel or drainage system.

Basin A ground depression that is normally dry, designed to store surface water

before infiltration (an infiltration basin) and or provide attenuation (a

detention basin).

Bathymetric Profiling The measurement of the depth of lakes or oceans, and the data obtained

from this process.

Bifurcation Division of a watercourse into two channels.

Biochemical Oxygen

Demand

The measure of the concentration of biodegradable organic carbon

compounds in solution. Used as a water quality indicator.

Biodegrade Substances that can be decomposed naturally by bacteria and other

organisms.

Biological Oxygen

Demand

The amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic organisms to break

down organic material present in a given water sample at certain

temperature over a specific time period.

Bird Strike An almost exclusively fatal collision between a bird and an aircraft or

manmade structure.

Borehole A hole drilled in to the ground. This may be to tap an underground water-

bearing layer of rock for water supplies or alternatively to investigate ground

conditions.

Braided System Watercourse channels that regularly divide and combine, resembling the

form of a braid.

Bund A barrier, dam or mound used to contain or exclude water (or other liquids).

Can either refer to a bund made from earthworks material, sand etc. or a

metal/concrete structure surrounding, for example, a fuel tank.



Catchment Data Explorer Environment Agency user interface which provides information for

downloading about the water environment in England and Wales.

Canal and River Trust Launched on 12 July 2012, taking over the guardianship of British

Waterways (the previous government-owned operator) canals, rivers, non-

water company operated reservoirs and docks in England and Wales.

Channel Asymmetry Either side of the centreline of a channel cross-section is not identical.

Channel Cross-Section A cross-section taken along the width of the channel; showing various

measurements including channel bed, banks, depth and width.

Channel Morphology The shape and direction of the channel along its course.

Channel Planform A view from above of the river channel.

Channel Sinuosity A measure of the watercourses meandering.

Conceptual Model Representation of a system used to simulate scenarios in a model.

Condition Grade Canal and River Trust classification system for categorising the structural

condition of their assets, used to prioritise maintenance and inspection

requirements.

Contaminants Substances that could cause harm to humans, property or protected

species. Could cause significant surface or groundwater pollution.

Consequence of Failure Used by the Canal and River Trust to indicate the consequence of failure of

assets. They are assigned by considering the location, use and

construction of affected property, topography of adjacent land, natural/man-

made barriers to flow, geotechnical characteristics of embankment and of

underlying and adjacent soils, ability of vegetation to mitigate scour effects.

Water Management have a breach flow model allowing the outflow at

various points to be calculated.

Converge Where watercourses join into a single channel.

Conveyance Movement of water from one location to another.

Covered River Corridor The new structure that will convey the rerouted river under the North West

Runway.

Critical Drainage Area A critical drainage area is defined in the Town and Country Planning

(General Development Procedure) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England) Order

2006 a Critical Drainage Area is “an area within Flood Zone 1 which has

critical drainage problems and which has been notified… [to]…the local

planning authority by the Environment Agency”.

Critical Duration

Event/Storm

The duration of rainfall event likely to cause the highest peak flows or levels

at a particular location, for a specified return period event.

Discharge Release of effluent waste into a watercourse or waterbody.



De- icer A manmade product applied specifically to a surface to remove ice. For

example, glycol.

Desk Based Assessment A data collection exercise using existing sources of data. The purpose is to

identify relevant known resources.

Department of Food and

Rural Affairs

The government department responsible for environmental protection, food

production and standards, agriculture, fisheries and rural communities in

the UK. Among its responsibilities, DEFRA publishes guidance on, for

example, flood modelling approaches and approaches to accounting for

climate change in flood studies.

Designated Features The features of a site, such as species, species community or assemblage,

habitat or soil types, for which a site has been designated.

Detailed Design The design that defines precisely the works that are to be constructed to

meet the specified outputs.

Dewatering To drain or remove water from a waterlogged area e.g. a lake or river to

facilitate construction.

Design Event A synthetic rainfall event of a given duration and return period that has been

derived by statistical analysis.

Design Flood This is a flood event of a given annual flood probability, against which the

suitability of a proposed development is assessed and environmental

measures, if any, are designed. The annual flood probability is generally

taken as flooding likely to occur with a 1% annual probability (a 1 in 100

chance each year) for fluvial events (rivers), or with a 0.5% annual

probability (1 in 200 chance each year) for tidal events (the sea).

Digital Elevation Model A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is produced from Digital Surface Model

(DSM) data by applying surface filtering algorithms to the DSM to remove

vegetation and anthropogenic features such that the resultant DEM

represents the topography of the ‘bare earth’.

Digital Surface Model A Digital Surface Model is based on the source data as captured during

what is typically an airborne survey and thus provides a representation of

the earth surface that includes vegetation, buildings and other infrastructure

(i.e. roads and bridges).

Digital Terrain Model Used interchangeably with DEM.

Dilution Capacity The effective volume of receiving water available for the dilution of

contaminants.

Discharge Consent Permission to discharge effluent, subject to conditions laid down in the

consent, issued by the relevant environment regulator.

Drinking Water Protected

Area

Drinking water protected areas are bodies of surface water or groundwater

which are used, or planned to be used, for the abstraction of water intended

for human consumption; and providing, or planned to provide, a total of

more than 10 cubic metres of water per day on average, or serving, or

planned to serve, more than 50 people.

Drinking Water Standard Drinking water standards describe the quality parameters set for ensuring

safe and acceptable drinking water. The standards include specifications



set in the EU drinking water directive and national specification which apply

only in the UK.

Duke of

Northumberland’s

Also known as the Twin Rivers, the Duke of Northumberland’s originate

from the River Colne. The Duke of Northumberland’s comprises two

historic artificial diversion channels, originally for the purpose of conveying

water around the Airport into the River Crane and then eastwards towards

Syon Park and the River Thames at Isleworth.

Ecological Connectivity The degree to which habitat parcels are connected. Higher connectivity

means species have the ability to travel easily between habitats, whereas if

habitats have low connectivity then the species route is impeded.

Effluent Water Waste or foul water.


Standards (EQS)

A value, generally defined by regulation, which specifies the maximum

permissible concentration of a potentially hazardous chemical in an

environmental sample, generally of air or water.

Erosion and Deposition

Process

Erosion is the process of removing sediment from a larger body, whilst the

process of deposition is the addition of sediment to a landform.

Embankments An artificial bank built to hold back water from an area.

Eutrophication The ageing of a lake or land-locked body of water that results in organic

material being produced in abundance due to a ready supply of nutrients

accumulated over the years.

Exceedance Event A rainfall or flow event that exceeds (i.e. is bigger and rarer than) the design

event.

Extreme Event A rainfall or flow event that is relatively rare, generally considered to be an

event with a return period of 30 years or more.

Fish Passage A modification of barriers (including removal) due to their restriction on

movement and migration of fish and other aquatic organisms.

Flood Event An occurrence of flooding. Can also be used to define the recurrence rate;

for example, 100-year flood event relates to a flooding that occurs every

100-years.

Flood Extent The maximum area of land that has or could be flooded, usually

represented as a flood map.

Flood Management Plan A plan designed to mitigate the potential risks associated with flooding with

respect to ensuring the safety of operatives / users of a site for which flood

risk is an issue.

Flood Risk Activity

Permit

Required for any activities (i.e. construction) within a certain distance of

designated main rivers (distance dependent on the activity) and of flood

defence structures.

Flood Risk Assessment A statutory report for submission with planning applications in England.



Flood Storage Water which is temporarily stored within the river channel and its floodplain

during flood events in order to alleviate the magnitude of floods that are

passed downriver.

Flood Zones Environment Agency designation for areas inundated by tidal and/or fluvial

flooding during certain design AEP events.

Floodplain The area that would naturally be affected by flooding (i.e. in the absence of

flood defences or certain other manmade structures and channel

improvements) if a river rises above its banks or high tides and stormy seas

cause flooding in coastal areas.

Floodplain Compensation An artificially excavated area, which provides a hydraulically equivalent

volume of floodplain storage sufficient to offset a reduction in floodplain

storage from filling or construction within the local regulatory floodplain.

Flow Gauge A device used to measure the rate of a volume of a fluid passing through a

channel.

Flow Lagoons A waterbody designed to receive and hold wastewater for treatment, for a

predetermined period.

Fluvial Relating to a river.

Foul Drainage / Sewer An underground pipe designed to carry only foul sewage.

Freeboard Distances between the design water level and the top of a structure,

provided as a precautionary measure against early system failure.

Future Receptors Includes anything that may be adversely impacted in the future by the

development.

Geomorphology Study of physical landforms and their geological structures.

Good Chemical Status A definition of water quality for a Water Framework Directive waterbody

based upon concentrations of priority substances and other pollutants.

Greenfield Runoff The surface water run-off regime from a site before development.

Groundwater Flooding When the water table rises to above the ground surface causing surface

flooding.

Groundwater Modelling Models of groundwater flow systems used to simulate and predict aquifer

conditions.

Groundwater Regime A geographic region defined by groundwater activity and the aspects of the

landscape that are related.

Groundwater Recharge The addition of water to the groundwater system by natural or artificial

processes.

Hardstanding Sealed surfaces that form an impermeable layer to support buildings.

Historic Contaminants Sites with former industrial use (known as brownfield land) may contain

contaminants as a result historic activity.



Hydraulic Connectivity/

Continuity

Connectivity between aquifers and surface water.

Hydraulic Head The combination of pressure and elevation. Differences in hydraulic head

cause movement of water.

Hydrogeology Hydrogeology is the area of geology that deals with the distribution and

movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth's crust.

Hydrology The study of the waters of the earth, their occurrence, circulation and

distribution; their chemical and physical properties; their relation to the

environment, including their relation to living things.

Hydromorphology Physical features of the form, boundary and content of a waterbody.

Hyporheic Zone The sediment and porous space that borders the sides and bed of a

waterbody, where there is mixing of shallow groundwater and surface

water.

Impermeable Fluid is unable to pass through the material.

Infiltration / recharge The process of surface water entering the subsurface soil, after which it

soaks into groundwater aquifers.

Interception The prevention of surface water run-off from the site for the majority of

small (frequent) rainfall events (or for the initial depth of rainfall for larger

events).

Land use The main activity that takes place of an area of land, such as residential,

industrial, agricultural or commercial.

Leachate A liquid containing organic and inorganic chemicals, heavy metals and

pathogens that can cause harm when they enter the environment.

Lead Local Flood

Authorities

Unitary Authorities or County Councils responsible for developing,

maintaining and applying a strategy for local flood risk management in their

areas and for maintaining a register of flood risk assets. Also responsible

for managing the risk of flooding from surface water, groundwater and

ordinary watercourses.

Light Detection and

Ranging

Remote sensory data collection method used to obtain topographic

information of the earth’s surface.

Local Flood Risk

Management Strategy

Lead local Flood Authorities produce Local Flood Risk Management Plans

or Strategies (LFRMPs/ LFRMSs) as part of their duty to manage ‘local’

flood risks (i.e. from surface water, minor watercourses and groundwater)

under the Flood and Water Management Act 2010.

Macroinvertebrate Invertebrates that can be captured by a 500µm sieve/net.

Macrophyte Aquatic plant that can be seen by the human eye.

Made Ground Areas where the ground is known to have been deposited by man on the

former, natural ground surface: road, rail, reservoir and screening



embankments; flood defenses; soil (waste) heaps; coastal reclamation fill;

offshore dumping grounds; construction fill (land raise).

Marginal Habitat Supports few species due to conditions that limit the local environment.

Mobilisation of

Contaminants

Causing contaminants to be released into the environment where they can

actively cause harm, whereas previously they had no effect.

Monitoring A continuing assessment of the performance of the project, including

mitigation measures. This determines if effects occur as predicted or if

operations remain within acceptable limits, and if mitigation measures are

as effective as predicted.

Moving Bed Biofilm

Reactor

A treatment technology used for the reduction of pollutants in wastewater

by facilitating biological breakdown or removal of pollutants.

Non-Potable Supply Water that has not been examined, treated or approved by authorities as

being safe for consumption.

Observation Borehole A borehole containing level logging equipment to record groundwater

levels.

Ordinary Watercourse

Consent

Include every river, stream, ditch, drain, cut, dyke, sluice, sewer and

passage through which water flows and which does not form part of a main

river.

Orphophosphate Reactive phosphates are a main constituent in fertilizers. They provide a

good estimation of the amount of phosphorous available for algae and plant

growth.

Organic Carbon Carbon that occurs naturally in compounds and molecules.

Outfall Location The point, location or structure where surface water run-off discharges from

a drainage system.

Overflow The flow of water from a conveyance or storage component once the

capacity of that component is exceeded.

Pathway The route by which potential sources of risk may reach receptors.

Peak Flow The point at which the flow of water from a given rainfall event is highest.

Percentage Run-off The percentage of the runoff volume falling on a specified area that then runs off that surface.

Perfluorooctane The chemical Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid is a polyfluorinated surfactant

compound. PFOS has had many historic industrial uses and is a persistent

organic pollutant, sometimes present in hydraulic brake fluids used by

aircraft, and hence leakage/spillage of hydraulic fluids can lead to release of

Perfluorooctane into the environment.

Permeability A measure of the ease with which a fluid can flow through a porous

medium.



Physico – chemical

Determinands

Water properties such as pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, redox

potential, and also concentrations of certain species such as dissolved

oxygen, orthophosphate and ammonia.

Polynuclear Aromatic

Hydrocarbons

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of diverse organic

compounds containing two or more fused aromatic rings of carbon and

hydrogen atoms.

Pluvial Relating to surface water.

Potable Abstractions Water suitable for drinking.

Previously Developed

(land)

Land that is, or was, occupied by a permanent structure (excluding

agriculture or forestry buildings) and associated fixed surface infrastructure,

including the curtilage of the development.

Principle Aquifer Layers of rock or drift deposits that have high intergranular and/ or fracture

permeability allowing for water storage.

Public Sewer A sewer that is vested and maintained by the sewerage undertaker.

Rainfall Event A single occurrence of rainfall before and after which there is a dry period

sufficient to allow its effect on the drainage system to be defined.

Rainfall Harvesting The collection of rainwater for reuse.

Rainfall Intensity Amount of rainfall occurring in a unit of time, generally expressed in mm/hr

Receiving Waters Waterbodies that effluent water is discharged into.

Reed Bed Area of grass like marsh plants. Artificially constructed reed beds (see

engineered reed beds) can be designed specifically to treat surface water

run-off.

Reservoir A lake, pond or impoundment used to store water.

Residence Time The average length of time during which a substance is retained within a

given waterbody.

Return Period An estimate of the likelihood of a particular event occurring.

A return period is the average time (usually expressed in years) between

events of a given or greater magnitude. For example, a 100-year return

period event refers to an event that occurs or is exceeded on an average

once every hundred years.

Riparian Zone Riparian zones are the interfaces between land and a river/ stream. Plant

habitats and communities along the river margins and banks are called

riparian vegetation.

River Basin Management

Plan

The Water Framework Directive requires European Union member states to

put in place River Basin Management Plans. Each River Basin

Management Plan applies a “river basin district” (an area of one or more

neighbouring river basins (e.g. River Thames). The river basin process



involves setting environmental objectives for groundwater and surface

waters and devising programmes of measures to meet those objectives.

River Flow Regimes The discharge of a river over time, in response to climatic variations and

geological characteristics of the catchment.

Runoff Water flow over the ground surface to the drainage system. This occurs if

the ground is impermeable, is saturated, or if the rainfall is particularly

intense.

Sediment Load Solid particles transported in solution/ suspension within a waterbody.

Sewer A pipe or channel taking domestic foul and/or surface water from buildings

and associated paths and hardstanding from two or more curtilages and

having a proper outfall.

Sewer Flooding Sewage or foul water leaks from the sewer system.

Silt The generic term for particles with a grain size of 4-63mm, i.e. between clay

and sand.

SIMulated CATchment SIMCAT is Environment Agency proprietary software for probabilistic

assessment of river network flows and quality.

Source Pathway Receptor An approach for evaluating pollution risks, based upon identifying a

pollutant source, a receptor that may be affected by the pollutant, and a

pathway by which the pollutant may move from the source to the receptor.

Source Protection Zones An Environment Agency designation to identify and protect groundwater

supplies. There are 3 zones – Inner (defined as the 50 day travel time from

any point below the water table to the source), Outer (defined by a 400 day

travel time from a point below the water table) and Source Catchment

(defined as the area around a source within which all groundwater recharge

is presumed to be discharged at that source).

Standard Minimum performance target or level of service that a design should meet.

Standard of Protection Typically provided in terms of flood levels that correspond with a certain

AEP event (inc. CC allowance) to ensure, for example, finished floor levels,

critical infrastructure, sensitive equipment, pollutants etc. are above this

design standard.

Stockpiling During construction the ground is stripped, and stockpiles are formed with

the soil excavated to provide building foundations.

Strata A layer of rock or soil.

Strategic Flood Risk

Assessment

Produced by LPAs as part of the evidence base that supports development

of Local Plans. They facilitate the application of the NPPF Sequential Test

(replicated in the ANPS and the NN NPS) to support the site allocation

process and the development of floods-related policies.

Stream Power Rate of energy dissipation by flowing water, against the banks and bed of a

river.

Substrate Consists of soils, sediments, mineral, and bedrock geologic formation.

Superficial Geology Unconsolidated material, usually recent, occurring at the Earth’s surface (as

distinct from solid geology).



Supplementary Planning

Documents

Prepared by district or unitary authorities, these documents form part of the

local plan for an area. They usually provide more detail on policies in

development plan documents. They are not part of the formal development

plan, but are a material consideration which deciding on a town and country

planning application.

Surface Flow Paths The route surface runoff water would flow along on the surface.

Surface Water Water that appears on the land surface that has not seeped into the ground,

i.e. lakes, rivers, streams, standing water, ponds, precipitation.

Surface Water Runoff Excess rain or water from other sources, that flows across the surface

before reaching a channel.

Sustainable Drainage

Systems

Drainage systems that are considered to be environmentally beneficial,

causing minimal or no long-term detrimental impact. Sustainable Drainage

Systems are designed to reduce the impact of surface water runoff from

new and existing developments to the natural environment. The purpose of

such systems is to improve water quality and store or reuse surface runoff

to reduce the discharge rate to the watercourse.

Surface Water

Management Plan

Generally focussed on investigating and developing solutions for flooding

issues in specific local areas within the LLFA area.

Surface Water Outfall

Tunnel

Tunnel that carries surface water from the development site through a

tunnel to a discharge location.

Suspended Solids General term describing suspended material, used as a water quality

indicator.

Swale A shallow vegetated channel designed to convey, treat and occasionally

store surface water, and may also permit infiltration.

Tidal Flooding Flooding as a result of high tide events, causing inundation in low lying

areas.

Transitional Waterbody Partially saline waterbodies, which are in the vicinity of river mouths but are

influenced by fresh water flows.

Treatment (of Surface

Water)

Improving the quality of water by physical, chemical or biological means.

Tributary A river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake.

Twin Rivers The Duke of Northumberland’s River and Longford River.

Wastewater Treatment

Plant (WwTP)

Facilities for the treatment of foul water.

Water Availability Water that can be used for humans without causing harm to the

environment or other users.

Water Impoundment A waterbody that has been confined as a reservoir.

Water Infrastructure Overall term for water supply, treatment, storage, resource and

management.

Water Quality Chemical, biological, physical and radiological condition of water.



Waterbodies Clearly distinguishable part of surface water, such as a lake, a stream, river

or a part a stream or river. Water bodies can be viewed on EA’s Catchment

Data Explorer website.

Watercourse A term including all rivers, streams, ditches, drains, cuts, culverts, dykes,

sluices and passages through which water flows.

Water Quantity Pertaining to the rate and volume of water.

Water Table The point where the surface of groundwater can be detected. The water

table may change with the seasons and the annual rainfall.

Weir A low dam feature intended to regulate watercourse flow by raising water

levels upstream.

Wetted width Width which is in contact between water and the stream bed along a cross

sectional channel transect.

Glossary of terms relevant to Chapter 22: In-combination effects

Table 0.17: Glossary of terms relevant to in-combination effects

Term Definition

Secondary Effects Secondary or tertiary effects are consequential from direct or primary

effects of the action.

Combined Effects Combined effects are caused by the same type of effect from different

project activities, acting upon the same environmental receptor.

Project Lifetime Effects Effects which result from combined effects caused by the same type of

effect occurring over a long period of time.

Additive Effects Additive effects are when the interaction of a number of impacts equals the

sum of the individual impacts (interactions give rise to linear responses)

(e.g. A+B = A+B).

Synergistic Effects Synergistic effects are when the interaction of a number of impacts is

greater than, or different from, the sum of the individual impacts

(interactions give rise to non-linear responses) (e.g. A+B = A*B).

Antagonistic Effects Antagonistic effects are when the interaction of a number of impacts is less

than the sum of the individual impacts (interactions give rise to non-linear

responses) (e.g. (A+B) < (A) + (B)).

Community Area A series of community areas, for example Harmondsworth and Sipson,

make up the community aspect ‘inner study area’.

Community Impact

Report

A report for each distinct community area which draws together the in-

combination effects that a single community may experience during

construction and operation of the DCO Project.



LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Symbols and units of measurement

Table 0.1: Symbols and unity of measurement

Abbreviation Meaning

% Percent

£ Pound

< Less than

> More than

CO2 Carbon dioxide

CO2e Carbon dioxide equivalent

DALY Disability-adjusted life year

dB Decibel

ha Hectare

kgCO2e Kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent

km Kilometre

km2 Square kilometre

kV Kilovolt

m Metre

m2 Square metre

M3 Cubic metre

mppa Million passengers per annum

MtCO2 Million tonnes of carbon dioxide

NO Nitric oxide



NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

NOX Oxides of nitrogen

O3 Ozone

Passenger km Unit of transport activity used to quantify GHG emissions - a kilometre travelled by a passenger using a defined mode of transport.

PM Particulate Matter

PPV Peak particle velocity

QBAR Mean annual maximum flow rate, which equates to the 1 in 233 year event

μg/m3 Micrograms per cubic metre

Vehicle km Unit of transport activity used to quantify GHG emissions - a kilometre travelled by single vehicle.

Acronyms and initialisms

Table 0.2: Acronyms and initialisms

Acronym Meaning

AADT Annual Average Daily Traffic

AAWT Annual Average Weekday Traffic

ABP Animal By-Products

A-CDM Airport Collaborative Decision Making

ACM Asbestos Containing Materials

ACP Airspace Change Process

ADR International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road

ADT Articulated dump trucks

AEC Airport Expansion Consultation

AEDT Aviation Environmental Design Tool

AEP Annual Exceedance Probability

AIMS Asset Information Management System

ALARP As Low As Reasonably Practicable

ALC Agricultural Land Classification

AMI Acute Myocardial Infarction

ANCON Aircraft Noise Control Model



AND Air Navigation Directions

ANG Air Navigation Guide

ANPS Airport National Policy Statement

AOD Above Ordnance Datum

AONB Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty

APF Aviation Policy Framework

APM Automated People Mover

APU Auxiliary Power Unit

AQERG Air Quality Expert Review Group

AQMA Air Quality Management Area

AQO Air Quality Objective

AQS Air Quality Standard

AR5 Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change

AR6 Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change

ARCADY Assessment of Roundabout Capacity and Delay

ARFFS Airfield Rescue and Fire Fighting Stations

ARP Adaption reporting power

ASD Airport Supporting Development

ASIAD Aviation Security in Airport Development

ATET Around the End Taxiways

ATM Air Traffic Movement

AURN Automatic Urban and Rural Network

AVDGS Advanced Visual Docking Guidance System

BEIS Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy

BFIHOST Baseflow Index (Hydrology of Soil Types)

BGS British Geological Survey

BMV Best and Most Versatile agricultural land

BNS Biological Notification Site

BOD Biological Oxygen Demand

BPM Best Practicable Means

BTV Brake to Vacate

CAA Civil Aviation Authority

CAEP Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection



CAP1616 CAP 1616, Airspace Design: Guidance on the regulatory process for

changing airspace design including community engagement requirements

CAP1616a Airspace Design: Environmental requirements technical annex to CAP 1616

CAZ Clean Air Zone

CBS Central Bus Station

CCA Climate Change Act

CCAP Climate Change Adaptation Plan

CCC Committee on Climate Change

CCD Climb, Cruise and Descent

CCF Community Compensation Fund

CCG Clinical Commissioning Group

CCI Community Composition Index

CCO Continuous Climb Operations

CCR Climate Change Resilience

CCRA Climate Change Risk Assessment

CDA Continuous Descent Approach

CDO Continuous Descent Operations

CDE Catchment Data Explorer

CEA Cumulative Effects Assessment

CEDA Centre for Environmental Data Analysis

CIBSE Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers

C&I Commercial & Industrial

CIEEM Chartered Institute for Ecology and Environmental Management.

CIR Community Impact Report

CLP Clockhouse Lane Pit (also known as the Southern Balancing Reservoir)

CoCP Code of Construction Practice

COMAH Control of Major Accident Hazards

CORSIA Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation

CPNI Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure

CRC Covered River Corridor

CRN Calculation of Railway Noise

CRT Canal and Rivers Trust

CRTN Calculation of Road Traffic Noise

cSAC Candidate Special Areas of Conservation



CSM Conceptual Site Model

CSS Construction Support Sites

CTA Central Terminal Area

CTMP Construction Traffic Management Plan

CVP Clean Vehicles Partnership

CWTP Construction Workforce Travel Plan

DCLG Department for Communities and Local Government

DCO Development consent order

Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

DfT Department for Transport

DIA Drainage Impact Assessment

DLR Docklands Light Railway

DM Do Minimum

DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges

DPH Director of Public Health

DS Do Something

DWPA Drinking Water Protected Area

DWS Drinking Water Standards

EBR Eastern Balancing Reservoir

EC European Commission

ECAC European Civil Aviation Conference

eDNA Environmental DNA

EEA European Environment Agency

EFA Education Funding Agency

EfW Energy from Waste

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EIS Entry into Service

ELF Environmental Limits Framework

EMEP European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme

EMGF Environmentally Managed Growth Fund

EMS Environmental Management System

END Environmental Noise Directive

EPA Environmental Protection Act

EPS European Protected Species



EqIA Equalities Impact Assessment

EQS Environmental Quality Standards

EQSD Environmental Quality Standards Directive

ERCD The Environmental Research and Consultancy Department

ERJ Emirates Roundabout Junction

ES Environmental Statement

ESARRS European Safety Regulatory Requirements

EASA European Union Aviation Safety Agency.

EEG Electroencephalogram

EOG Electrooculogram

EMG Electromyogram

EU European Union

EU ETS European Union Emission Trading Scheme

EV Electric Vehicle

FARL Flood Attenuation by Reservoirs and Lakes

FEGP Fixed Electrical Ground Power

FEH Flood Estimation Handbook

FMU Forward Maintenance Unit

FOD Foreign Object Debris

FRA Flood Risk Assessment

FSR Flood Studies Report

GCB The Green Construction Board

GHG Greenhouse gases

GLA Greater London Authority

GPU Ground Power Units

GSE Ground Support Equipment

GVA Gross Value Added

GWDTE Ground Water Dependent Terrestrial Ecosystem

GWML Great Western Main Line

HAWRAT The Highways Agency Water Risk Assessment Tool

HCEB Heathrow community engagement board

HCNF Heathrow Community Noise Forum

HE Highways England

HEM-CM Heathrow Employee Mode Choice Model



HEOC Heathrow Express Operating Company

HER Historic Environment Record

HGV Heavy Goods Vehicle

HHASAM Heathrow Highway Assignment and Surface Access Model

HIA Health Impact Assessment

HMO Houses in Multiple Occupation

HMSO Her Majesty’s Stationary Office

HQL Health and Quality of Life

HRA Habitat Regulation Assessment

HS2 High Speed Two

HSE Health and Safety Executive

HSPG Heathrow Strategic Planning Group

HUDU NHS London Healthy Urban Development Unit

HULEZ Heathrow Ultra Low Emissions Zone

HVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning

IAQM Institute of Air Quality Management

iBus Passenger information system on TfL buses

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

ICCAN Independent Commission on Civil Aviation Noise

ICCI In-combination Climate Change Impacts

IEMA Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment

IMD Index of Multiple Deprivation

INNS Invasive non-native Species

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IRC Immigration Removal Centre

ISA Inner Study Area

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

JEBIS Joint Evidence Base and Infrastructure Study

JIG Joint Inspection Group

JNCC Joint Nature Conservation Committee

KPI Key Performance Indicator

KSI Killed or Serious Injury

LAQM Local Air Quality Management

LASAM London Airports Surface Access Model



LB London Borough

LAMP London Airspace Modernisation Programme

LCA Land Compensation Act

LCN London Cycle Network

LDV Light Duty Vehicle

LED Light Emitting Diode

LEZ Low Emission Zone

LGV Light Goods Vehicle

LI Landscape Institute

LiDAR Light Detection and Ranging

LIGS Locally Important Geological Site

LLFA Lead Local Flood Authorities

LNR Local Nature Reserve

LNS Low Noise Surfacing

LOAEL Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level

LPA Local planning authority

LPP Local planning policy

LTO Landing and Take-Off

LTZ Landside Terminal Zone

LU London Underground

LVIA Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment

LWD Large woody debris

LWS Local Wildlife Site

m Metre

MGTOW Maximum Gross Take-Off Weight

MHCLG Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government

MMP Materials Management Plan

MOPS Minimum Operational Performance Specifications

MRO Maintenance Repair and Overhaul

MSCP Multi-Storey Car Park

MSDM Masterplan Scheme Development Manual

MTOM Maximum Take-Off Mass

MTOW Maximum Take-Off Weight



N60 Number of events with a maximum noise level >60dB(A) in the night-time

(23.00 to 07.00)

N65 Number of events with a maximum noise level >65dB(A) in the daytime

(07.00 to 23.00)

NAP National Adaptation Programme

NEDG Noise Envelope Design Group

NERG Noise Expert Review Group

NHS National Health Service

NIA Noise Important Area

NIR Noise Insulation Regulations

NMU Non-Motorised User

NN NPS National Networks National Policy Statement

NNR National Nature Reserve

NPD Noise-Power Distance

NPPF National planning policy framework

NPS National Policy Statement

NPSE Noise Policy Statement for England

NSIP Nationally Significant Infrastructure Project

NVC National Vegetation Classification

NWR North West Runway

OBH Observation Borehole

ODP Optimised Descent Profile

OGV Ordinary Goods Vehicle

OHL Overhead Lines

OLS Obstacle Limitation Surfaces

OPD Optimised Profile Descent

OSMM Ordnance Survey MasterMap

OWC Ordinary Watercourse Consent

PAN Published Admission Number

PAX Number of passengers

PCA Pre-Conditioned Air

PCM Pollution Climate Mapping

PCS Pollution Control System

PEIR Preliminary Environmental Information Report

PFOS Perfluorooctane



PHE Public Health England

PIC Personal Injury Collision

PICADY Priority Intersection Capacity and Delay

PINS Planning Inspectorate

POCTMP Preliminary Outline Construction Traffic Management Plan

POCWTP Preliminary Outline Construction Workers Travel Plan

POP Persistent Organic Pollutant

PPC Pollution Prevention and Control

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

PPV Peak Particle Velocity

PPGN Planning Practice Guidance Noise

PRoW Public Right of Way

PRS Private Rented Sector

pSAC Possible Special Areas of Conservation

pSPA Potential Special Protection Areas

PSZ Public Safety Zone

PTI Public Transport Infrastructure

PTIR Preliminary Transport Information Report

QC Quota Count

RailPlan Public Transport modelling tool

RAT Runway Access Taxiways

RB Royal Borough

RBMP River Basin Management Plan

RCP Representative Concentration Pathways

RET Reduced Engine Taxiing - The turning off of one or more engines during

taxiing

RET Rapid Exit Taxiway

RIGS Regionally Important Geological Site

RTI Real Time Information

SAAR Standard Average Annual Rainfall

SAC Special Areas of Conservation

SAP Surface Access Proposals

SBR Southern Balancing Reservoir

SCI Sites of Community Importance



SDR Scheme Development Report

SFAIRP So Far As Is Reasonably Practicable

SINC Site of Importance for Nature Conservation

SLL Society of Light and Lighting

SMaRT Slough Mass Rapid Transit

SNCI Site of Nature Conservation Interest

SOAEL Significant Observed Adverse Effect Level

SoNA Survey of Noise Attitudes

SOR Start-of-roll

SoS Secretary of State

SPA Special Protection Areas

SPI Species of Principal Importance

SPR Source Pathway Receptor

SPZ Source Protection Zone

SR15 Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5ºC of the Intergovernmental Panel

on Climate Change

SRN Strategic Road Network

SRP Soil Response Plan

SSSI Site of special scientific interest

STP Sustainable Transport Package

SuDS Sustainable drainage system

SWMP Site Waste Management Plan

SWOT Surface Water Outfall Tunnel

T5 Terminal 5

T5A Existing Main Terminal.

T5B Existing Satellite Building.

T5C Existing Satellite Building.

T5XN Proposed Satellite Terminal Adjacent to the North West Runway.

T5X Proposed Terminal Located to the West of the Existing T5A Terminal.

TA Transport Assessment

TAAM Total Airspace and Airport Modeller

TCPA Town and Country Planning Application

TEAM Tactically Enhanced Arrivals Mode

TfL Transport for London



TLRN Transport for London Road Network

TRL Transport Research Laboratory

TWG Technical Working Groups

TWUL Thames water Utilities Limited

UAEL Unacceptable Adverse Effect Level

UK United Kingdom

UKCP09 UK Climate Projections 2009

UKCP18 UK Climate Projections 2018

ULEV Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle

ULEZ Ultra-Low Emission Zone

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNISDR United Nations Office of Disaster Risk Management

URBEXT FEH catchment descriptor defining urban extent

UXO Unexploded Ordnance

VDV Vibration Dose Value

WeBS Wetland Bird Surveys

WebTAG Web-based Transport Analysis Guidance

WFD Water Framework Directive

WHO World Health Organization

WPOZ Wider Property Offer Zone

WSA Wider Study Area

WTT Well-to-tank (referring to emissions during the fuel supply chain)

WWTP/WWTW Waste Water Treatment Plant/ Works

ZOI Zone of influence

ZTV Zone of Theoretical Visibility