pelagic lite post
TRANSCRIPT
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Jellies
The Scyphozoans (sky-FOE-zo-ans), better known as!ellies, "ri#t alon$ in thewater $enerally with the%o&th an" tentacles pointin$"own' e call this a%e"&soi"bo"y #or%'
Medusa (Greek mythology): the only mortal of the three monster Gorgon
sisters with dangling snakes for hair and other lovely accoutrements (the word
Gorgon derives from the Greek for terrible or dreadful. Think of dreadlocks?)In theOdyssey,she is a monster of the underworld:"...and pale fear seized me, lest august Persephonemight send
forth upon me from out of the house of Hadesthe head of the Gorgon, that awful monster..."(11.635) [Wikipedia]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey -
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ni"ariansan in*ertebrate with stin$in$ tentacles
The +y"rozoans (hy"roi"s)
an" nthozoans (ane%ones,corals) are %ostly all botto%
"wellin$ ani%als, in a
polypoidshape' This %eans
that they li*e attache" to the
botto% with their tentaclesan" %o&th pointin$ &p'
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haeto$nathshairy %o&th
n the worl" o# the plankton,
the chaeto$naths (arrow-
wor%s) are aweso%e
pre"ators, instantly s&b"&in$their prey with slashin$
*eno%o&s bristles, #ollowe"
by *ery rapi" "i$estion'
alanoi" copepo"s are a
#a*ore" prey'
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Arthropods:lobsters, shrimps, crabs, krill,
barnacles
most successful animal group
(over 80% of phylum animalia)
includes insects, arachnids, and
crustaceanshave tight-fitting exoskeletons
and a segmented body with
appendages on each segment
occupy greatest no. of habitats
Shrimp alone account for more
than 2000 species
Homarus americanus
Eggs
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Swi%%ers%ore co%ple. strate$ies #or s&r*i*al
S/&i"
Fish
0arine %a%%als
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Cephalopods: Squids, nautiluses and octopuses
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40 tons of acrobatic grace: The Humpback Whale
MARINE
MAMMALS
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0arine 0a%%als1ll "eri*e" #ro% lan" ancestors
war%-bloo"e"
so%e ha*e hair or #&r
breathe air
bear an" s&ckle li*e yo&n$2
Sirenians - sea cows (%anatees an" "&$on$s)3 (siren 4 se"&cti*e or te%ptin$ call or son$)
Fissipe"ia - sea otters (relate" to cats, "o$s)3 (#issi 4 split, separate", "i*i"e" - i'e' w5 toes6)
7innipe"s - sea lions, seals, walr&ses3 (pinni 4 lea#, #ron" or #eather - i'e' pa""les or #lippers)
etaceans - whales, porpoises, "olphins3 (cet&s 4 whale)
*exception: the duck-billed platypus (Australia)
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etacea Toothe"whales, or odontoceti, incl&"e sper% whales,
porpoises an" "olphins1 acti*e pre"ators &sin$
echolocation
8aleenwhales, or mysticeti(%o&stache" whales) ha*ebaleen instea" o# teeth1 cr&isers an" strainers
8o"y is so%ewhat ci$ar shape", al%ost hairless, an"
ins&late" with a thick layer o# bl&bber
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Baleen
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Echolocation
hen the so&n" strikes an ob!ect, so%e o# the ener$y o# the so&n"wa*e is re#lecte"back towar"s the "olphin' t wo&l" appear that the panbone in the "olphin9s lower !awrecei*es the echo, an" the #atty tiss&e behin" it trans%its the so&n" to the %i""le earan" then to the brain' t has recently been s&$$este" that the teeth o# the "olphin, an"the %an"ib&lar ner*e that r&ns thro&$h the !awbone %ay trans%it a""itional in#or%ationto the "olphin9s brain'
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The Humpback Whale: the great
communicator
Reproduction Strategies
Oviparous(most fish and invertebrates):lay eggs that hatch into larval forms.
Strategy: lay lots of eggs and hope a few
survive
Ovoviparous: Some fish and arthropod
females keep their fertilized eggs aboarduntil they hatch (e.g. lobster)
Viviparous: Mammals give birth to live
young, provide placental nourishment to
the embryo through an umbilical cord, and
(usually) post-partum nourishment bynursing. Strategy: develop and protect a
few offspring and help most of them
survive
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Ambulocetus
Basilosaurus
Sperm Whale
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_Cetaceans#Skeletal_evolution
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Pinnipeds
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The Blue WhaleThe Blue Whale(Mysticeti, or Baleen Whale)
Earths largest animal (100 ft long; 150 tons - comparable to a 737!)
Mammal: warm-blooded, breathes air, nurses young, large brain
Migrates between southern polar latitudes to feed and tropics to mate
Eats ~3 tons of krill (zooplankton)per daywhen feeding!
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"aptations #or :epth bility to store o.y$en #or "eep "i*es
bility to re"&ce o.y$en "e%an"
;ow s&sceptibility to nitro$en narcosis
The sperm whales are known to
dive to at least 2200 m (7200 ft)The bottle-nosed dolphin can stay
submerged for up to 2 hours
Cetaceans have large concentrations
of blood capillaries surrounding the
alveolar membranes in their lungs
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Seasonal Migration routes of the California Gray Whale:from the Arctic in the summer to the tropics in winter (22,000 km roundtrip)
Grays are baleen whales, but they feed onbottom-dwelling amphipods (shrimp-like
zooplankton) by stirring up bottom
sediments with their snouts
Hunted nearly to extinction until the
International Whaling Treaty of 1938banned the taking of gray whales
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World Whale Populations
Current (red) and pre-whaling (green)
A minke whale in NY harborApril 17, 2007
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8&oyancy ontrol1 Swi%
8la""ers 0any %arine #ish
ha*e $as #ille"or$ans calle" swi%bla""ers'
These or$anscontrol b&oyancy
an" allow the #ish to%aintain a certain"epth in the watercol&%n'
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Fish ;oco%otion
8asic %o*e%entis lateral bo"yc&r*at&re #ro%#ront to back o# the#ish
0yo%eresare%&scles on thesi"e o# the #ishthat alternati*elycontract an" rela.
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irc&latory syste% a"aptations
(e.g. tuna)(e.g. grouper)
Cold-blooded warm-blooded
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Anadromousfish
spawn in freshwater
live in open ocean
ana = up
Catadromousfishvice-versa
cata = down
Chinook
Coho
Chum
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Schooling
Going
Rogue
Uh-oh
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Schooling: safety in numbers?
GOOD
reproduction: males always handy
occupy smaller percentage of ocean volume - harder for predators
school may look like single large fish - discourage the bad guy
schooling behavior may confuse predators - coordinated zigs and zags
drafting - bicycle racers ride in teams; standard NASCAR tactics
NOT SO GOOD
strainers love schools - just slurp them up
requires good communication between individual fish to avoid chaos (think
what happens when one of the tubas in the Aggie Band turns at the wrong time)
requires a few leaders and lots of followers - do fish have egos?
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The Deep-Sea Gulper (an eel, actually)
The Lantern Fish
Strange denizens of the reallydeep
Two small eyes;
depths 3000-
6000 meters
(almost Nemos nemesis)
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Deep-sea adaptations for eating:
You dont get to do it often, so
make it worthwhile when you do
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Green Sea Turtle
Marine Reptiles: Turtles, Sea Snakes, iguanas, crocodilesectothermic (cold-blooded), air-breathing
Dude! Were, like, here!
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NEMOS MOMS
DEMISE: The Barracuda(a.k.a. Baccaruda)
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The ha%bere"
= "!&sts its "epth between the
s&r#ace an" at least ?@@ %eters by
p&%pin$ water in or o&t o# its shell
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Marine Birds: Latter-Day Dinosaurs:
Gulls, Pelicans, Albatrosses, Petrels, Penguins (flightless), Boobies
Endothermic (warm-blooded)
Reptilian heritage (evolved
from small dinosaurs)
Feathers are derived from scales
Black-footed
albatrossWingspan ~3 m
`God save thee, ancient Mariner !From the fends, that plague thee thus !--
Why look'st thou so ?'--With my cross-o
" shot the #$%#&())* +ime o the #ncient mariner, )amuel &aylor oleridge, ./012
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oral Aee#s
Breatest known ani%al "i*ersity o# any
%arine co%%&nityC abo&t D o# all
%arine species Typically #o&n" where te%perat&res
a*era$e o*er GH= but less than 30C
Aee# $rowth re/&ires relati*ely nor%alsalinity an" clear water
30 C = 86 F
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HERMATYPIC
CORAL (reef-
building);
Symbiont zooxanthellae(dinoflagellates)-
mutualism
Rigid CaCO3 structure
Relative of the anemone
Fresh water is fatal!
Need clear, warm, well-
lighted seawater
Greatest Atlantic Ocean
reef diversity in theCaribbean Sea
But highest world-wide in
western Pacific
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Coral Reef Distribution (note 18 C limit; greatest diversity in W.
Pacific)
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Individual corals (polyps) are small, benthic marine animals that feed
with stinging tentacles, similar to anemonies but much smaller
Corals construct hard structures from calcium carbonate, producingaccumulations called reefs
Most reef corals host a symbiotic partner calledzooxanthellae, a
photosynthetic algae that makes much of the food used by the coral. The
algae benefit from nutrients (waste products) from the corals.
This type of mutualistic symbiosis characterizes hermatypic corals
To survive and prosper, hermatypic corals require strong sunlight,
temperatures in the 18-30 C range, clear water, oceanic salinities, and a
hard substrate
Some non-hermatypic corals survive in deep, cold waters.
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Flower Bar"ens
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Why do it that way?
Corals are captive, so the massive synchronized spawn produces large clouds of
gametes (eggs and sperm) that offer genetic diversity that can be spread over alarge area by ocean currents
The newly hatched larvae, called planula, rise to the surface and float with the
currents for a few days to a month or so, after which they sink to the bottom
If a suitable benthic substrate is available (typically older coral structures), theplanula attaches and grows into a new polyp, which grows into a coral head by
asexual budding that creates new polyps.
www.scubadiving.com/article/news/full-moon-trigger-coral-spawning-florida-keys-reefs
Such a copious delivery system, called broadcast spawning, maximizes the
chances of fertilization, and at the same time overwhelms predators with
more food than they can consume.
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Aee# 8&il"in$
0ost her%atypic or ree#-b&il"in$ corals host sy%biotic"ino#la$ellate al$ae insi"e their tiss&es'
oral polyps also &se their tentacles an" ne%atocyststo #ee", b&t the al$ae pro"&ce %ost o# a coral9s #oo"'
Aee# corals are e.cl&si*ely shallow-water "wellersC
witho&t li$ht they cannot s&r*i*e
Blobal war%in$ an" risin$ sea le*els har% coral ree#s'
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Threats to oral Aee#sPhysical damage by humans: fishing, anchoring, sampling,
increased sediment loads, sewage discharge
take pictures, not samples!
Nutrient over-enrichment: phytoplankton blooms, decreased
water clarity, fungal attacks
Bleaching: increasing temperatures can expel the symbiotic
algae, causing death of the coral - El Nino
Crown-of-Thorns sea star destroys coral
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Crown-of-Thorns Sea Star
Eats live coral voraciously
Only venomous sea star
Can have many arms - up to 26!
Long, sharp, poisonous spines
Principal predator: the Giant Triton
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A few oyster factoids:
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Fair winds
And following seas