pencemaran udara dan sampling polutan udara oleh sudrajat program s-2 ilmu lingkungan unmul...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN SAMPLING POLUTAN UDARA Oleh Sudrajat Program S-2 Ilmu Lingkungan UNMUL Samarinda 2010](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551c35e5550346ea388b46d7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PENCEMARAN UDARA
DAN SAMPLING POLUTAN UDARA
Oleh
Sudrajat
Program S-2 Ilmu Lingkungan
UNMUL
Samarinda
2010
![Page 2: PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN SAMPLING POLUTAN UDARA Oleh Sudrajat Program S-2 Ilmu Lingkungan UNMUL Samarinda 2010](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551c35e5550346ea388b46d7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Contaminants are :1. Products or substances other than product
manufactured 2. Foreign products3. Particulate matter4. Micro-organisms5. Endotoxins (degraded micro-organisms)
Cross-contamination is a particular case of contamination
What are Contaminants ?
![Page 3: PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN SAMPLING POLUTAN UDARA Oleh Sudrajat Program S-2 Ilmu Lingkungan UNMUL Samarinda 2010](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551c35e5550346ea388b46d7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Particle sizesParticle sizesAirborne Contaminants
![Page 4: PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN SAMPLING POLUTAN UDARA Oleh Sudrajat Program S-2 Ilmu Lingkungan UNMUL Samarinda 2010](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551c35e5550346ea388b46d7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Bioaerosol Sampling• Analysis by non-culture-based methods (e.g.
spore trap, Air-O-Cell™ cassette)– Identification and quantitation of (non-
viable) particulate matter, including fungal spores, hyphae, etc.
– Predominant individual genera and / or species identified• relative rank or relative prevalence • indoor / outdoor ratio
![Page 5: PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN SAMPLING POLUTAN UDARA Oleh Sudrajat Program S-2 Ilmu Lingkungan UNMUL Samarinda 2010](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551c35e5550346ea388b46d7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The BioCassetteTM
![Page 6: PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN SAMPLING POLUTAN UDARA Oleh Sudrajat Program S-2 Ilmu Lingkungan UNMUL Samarinda 2010](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551c35e5550346ea388b46d7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Types of Biological Samples
![Page 7: PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN SAMPLING POLUTAN UDARA Oleh Sudrajat Program S-2 Ilmu Lingkungan UNMUL Samarinda 2010](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551c35e5550346ea388b46d7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Gambar Fungi mikroskopis Stachybotrys
![Page 8: PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN SAMPLING POLUTAN UDARA Oleh Sudrajat Program S-2 Ilmu Lingkungan UNMUL Samarinda 2010](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551c35e5550346ea388b46d7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Sumber-sumber & Penyebab kualitas udara yg buruk
• Kimiawi• Biologis• Fisika• Psikososial
![Page 9: PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN SAMPLING POLUTAN UDARA Oleh Sudrajat Program S-2 Ilmu Lingkungan UNMUL Samarinda 2010](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551c35e5550346ea388b46d7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Sumber-sumber Biologis
• Pollen• Mold / Fungus• Bacteria• Viruses• By-products of
microbes
• Epithelial cells– Pet dander– Human skin particles
• Dust mites• Insects (&
insect parts)– Roaches
![Page 10: PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN SAMPLING POLUTAN UDARA Oleh Sudrajat Program S-2 Ilmu Lingkungan UNMUL Samarinda 2010](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551c35e5550346ea388b46d7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Sumber biologis • Air pada Pipa /
daerah gelap dan lembab – Humidity / microbial
growth / trigger illness & allergies
– Humidity / dust mite growth causes asthma / allergies
![Page 11: PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN SAMPLING POLUTAN UDARA Oleh Sudrajat Program S-2 Ilmu Lingkungan UNMUL Samarinda 2010](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551c35e5550346ea388b46d7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Sterile Swabs
![Page 12: PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN SAMPLING POLUTAN UDARA Oleh Sudrajat Program S-2 Ilmu Lingkungan UNMUL Samarinda 2010](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551c35e5550346ea388b46d7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Types of Biological SamplesAir• Viable or “Culture-based”
– Employs the use of an Andersen (or similar) sampler– Results usually reported as “colony forming units
per cubic meter of air” (CFU/m3)• Non-viable or “Non-culture-based”
– Employs the use of a spore trap sampler– Results usually reported as “particles per cubic
meter of air” (particles/m3)
![Page 13: PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN SAMPLING POLUTAN UDARA Oleh Sudrajat Program S-2 Ilmu Lingkungan UNMUL Samarinda 2010](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551c35e5550346ea388b46d7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Bioaerosol Sampling• Fungi and bacteria by impactor / culture plate
methods (i.e. Andersen sampler)– Requires sanitary handling– 28.3 Liters (1 cubic foot) per minute – Predominant individual genera and / or
species identified•Relative prevalence •Indoor / outdoor ratio
![Page 14: PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN SAMPLING POLUTAN UDARA Oleh Sudrajat Program S-2 Ilmu Lingkungan UNMUL Samarinda 2010](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551c35e5550346ea388b46d7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Types of Biological Samples
![Page 15: PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN SAMPLING POLUTAN UDARA Oleh Sudrajat Program S-2 Ilmu Lingkungan UNMUL Samarinda 2010](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551c35e5550346ea388b46d7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Types of Biological Samples
![Page 16: PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN SAMPLING POLUTAN UDARA Oleh Sudrajat Program S-2 Ilmu Lingkungan UNMUL Samarinda 2010](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551c35e5550346ea388b46d7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Where Do Contaminants Come From?
• Outside air carries dust which is a contaminant• People generate contaminants:
We completely shed our outer skin every 24 hrs.Particles of 0,3 micron & greater are liberated at a rate
varying between of 100 000 to 10 million per minuteA person walking will liberate 5000 bacteria/minute and
a single sneeze can produce up to 1 million bacteria.• The manufacturing process itself can generate
contaminants eg paint off equipment, dust from belt drives, etc
![Page 17: PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN SAMPLING POLUTAN UDARA Oleh Sudrajat Program S-2 Ilmu Lingkungan UNMUL Samarinda 2010](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551c35e5550346ea388b46d7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Cross-contamination (1)
Contamination
Contaminants from
Environment& Operators
Contaminants from
Equipment
CrossContamination
Productfrom
Environment& Operators
Productfrom
Equipment
![Page 18: PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN SAMPLING POLUTAN UDARA Oleh Sudrajat Program S-2 Ilmu Lingkungan UNMUL Samarinda 2010](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551c35e5550346ea388b46d7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Cross-Contamination (2)
Cross-contamination can be minimized by1. Personnel procedures2. Adequate premises3. Use of closed production systems4. Adequate, validated cleaning procedures5. Appropriate Levels of Protection of product6. Correct air pressure cascade
![Page 19: PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN SAMPLING POLUTAN UDARA Oleh Sudrajat Program S-2 Ilmu Lingkungan UNMUL Samarinda 2010](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551c35e5550346ea388b46d7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Why All the Concern About Dust?
Typical size relationship between
dust, bacteria and viruses
Virus
(0,006µm to 0,03µm)
Dust Particle
(0,5µm to 500µm)
Bacteria
(0,2µm to 2µm)
Dust Is a Bacteria Carrier