pengendalian tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv)

7/21/2019 Pengendalian Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV)

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Kusuma Darma A362090031

Hachib

Insect-Plant Diseases Interaction


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Group : Group II (ssDNA)

Family : Geminiviridae

Genus : Begomovirus

Species : Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Synonym : Tomato Leaf Curl Virus

Distribution : World wide


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On tomato, symptoms develop on young plants after 10 to

14 days after plants are infected

Plants are severely stunted with shoots becoming erect.

Leaflets are reduced in size and pucker. Leaflets curlupwards, become distorted, and have prominent yellowing

along margins and/or interveinal regions.

Flowers wither, often drop or fail to set fruit. Plants infected

before flowering stage will produce extremely low yields. The appearance of the fruit is unaffected


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Tomato is the main host

Natural infections also occur on lisianthus

(Eustoma grandiflorum),jimsonweed

(Datura stramonium), black nightshade(Solanum nigrum), pepper (Capsicum)

and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Little mallow (Malva parviflora) andtobacco can also be infected but

symptomsless


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The virus is not seed-borneTransmitted mechanically(?)

Transmitted by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, which is

commonly found in tropical and sub-tropicalregions, and in greenhouses in temperate areas

The whitefly vector has a very wide host range andfeeds by sucking plant juices from the underside of

leaves of crops such as tomato, tobacco, cucumber,sweet potato, as well as some weeds
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Persistent

Trans stadial but not trans ovarial

Acquisition period : 30 minutes

Incubation period : about 24 hours

Inoculation period : 15 minutes

Retention period : 20 days

Virus does not transmit to its progeny


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One-day-old insects were reared on eggplants.

Groups of insects were collected after various

periods of time for a 48 h acquisition access

period, then caged with tomato test plants for a

24 h inoculation access period


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Disease incidence varies with location rather than with

season. Disease incidence increases rapidly and can reach

100% infection at harvest.

Hot and dry conditions favor the whitefly, and therefore,help the spread of TYLCV

Whitefly populations decrease after heavy rain showers.

Under normal conditions whiteflies hover above the crop

during the day or they are passively wind-driven over longdistances

During the night they settle on the lower leaf surfaces


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Cultural practices

Chemical control

Resistant variety

Biological control


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Prevent early infectionof seedlings by whitefly

feeding :

Insect-proof nethouse

(50-mesh size or finer)

Greenhouse

Insecticides

Pull out diseasedseedlings


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Use about 30 days old of tomato plants at thetime of transplanting

Avoid overlapping tomato crops that allow the

vector to subsist and develop new populations.Practice crop rotation by planting crops that are

not susceptible to whitefly

Rouging of volunteer tomato and tobacco plants

and weed control to reduce sources of virusinoculum


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Spray infected plants with an insecticide beforerouging to prevent migration of whitefly vectors

to neighboring plants

Rouge infected seedlings in the seedbed orinfected plants in the field to reduce spread of

the disease by whiteflies

Rouged plants should be placed in plastic bags

and tied shut to prevent spread of whiteflies


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Mulch the seedbeds

Mulch tomato fields with sawdust or straw

Sanitation :

Infected plantsAlternative host of virus and vector

Plant debris after harvest


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Border crop, such as maize, around the tomatocrop. These crops should be sown a month or two

before transplanting of tomato.

Inter-planting of tomato with bait plants such as

cucumber. The bait plants are then sprayed with

an insecticide

Use mulches of straw, yellow plastic or UV-

reflective material to reduce landing of whiteflies


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Application of systemic insecticides as soildrenches

Regular sprays (at 7 days interval) of insecticide

like Cypermethrin (0.01%) or Dimethoate (0.1%)during the seedling stage to reduce the population

of the whitefly vector

A second application may be necessary to control

adults that have emerged from the egg and nymphstage since the application of the first spray


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Spray of 1% soap solution to the leaf undersurfaceto control the adult vector.

Oil sprays may also be effective in reducing levels

of infestation

Neem tree seed extracts control young nymphs,

inhibit the growth and development of older adults,

and reduce egg-laying by adults

Whey protein fractions : lactoferrin, -lactalbumine, and -lactoglobulin.


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Antiviral activity of -lactalbumin (ALA) on infected tomato plants treated with: A) native -

Lactalbumin, B) modified -Lactalbumin. 1) Before treatment (zero time), 2) 7 DAT, 3) 15 DAT,

4) Positive control (without treatment), 5) negative control (Healthy plants), 6) infected plants

sprayed with water.


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The antiviral effect of the used whey protein fractions canbe arranged in descending order as follows: lactoferrin

(native or modified form) > native -lactalbumine >

modified -lactoglobulin > modified -lactalbumin = native

-lactoglobulin

The inhibition of TYLCV may be related to the degree of

cationisation of esterified whey proteins as well as to the

size of the backbone protein.


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Mechanism of inhibition :1. Saturating binding to viral DNA by purely coulombic

interactions, inhibiting its replication and transcription;

2. Hydrophobic interactions with viral capsid proteins;

3. Perturbation of viral DNA-protein interactions, hence

inhibition of the translation of viral proteins;

4. Interference with/saturation of viral entry sites on the

cellular membranes.


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Afrika : Amareto, Peto 86, Fiona F1, Perlina,Denise, Cheyenne (E448), Rover

Florida : Tygress (Seminis), HA-3068, HA-3073,

HA-3074, HA-3371, TY02-1155, TY02-1184, TY02-

1276, TY02-1298, TY02-1314 (Hazera)

Transgenic tomato plants with the capsid protein of

TYLCV are resistant to the virus (Kunik et al.,

1994)


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Gilreath P, et. al. 2000. TYLCV resistant tomato variety trial. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 113: 190-193


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Ray Cerkauskas. 2004. Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV). AVRDC Publication 04-610.

www.avrdc.org.Central Science Laboratory. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus EC listed disease. Sand Hutton, York

YO41 1LZ.

Abdelbacki AM et. al. 2010. Inhibition of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) using whey

proteins. Virology Journal 2010, 7:26.

Gilreath P, et. al. 2000. TYLCV resistant tomato variety trial. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 113: 190-

193

Rubinstein G and Czosnek H. 1997. Long-term association of TYLCV with its whitefly vector

Bemisia tabaci: effect on the insect transmission capacity, longevity and fecundity. Journal

of General Virology 78: 2683-2689

Ajlan AM et. al. 2007. TYLCV) in Saudi Arabia: Identification, partial characterization and virus-

vector relationship. Arab J. Biotech., Vol. 10(1): 179-192Tesoriero L and Azzopardi S. 2006. TYLCV in Australia. Primefact 220, NSW Department of

Primary industries State of New South Wales.

Polston, J. 2003. Disease management : tomato yellow leaf curl. University of Florida.

pengendalian tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv)

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