people vs. teehankee, jr., 249 scra 54(1995)

7/25/2019 People vs. Teehankee, Jr., 249 SCRA 54(1995)

1/56

EVIDENCE

G.R. Nos. 111206-08. October 6, 1995.*

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, !"#$t#%%-"e!!ee, &s. 'L()IO TEEH(N+EE, R.,"ccse-"e!!"$t.

'r#/#$"! Procere Ot-o%-'ort Ie$t#%#c"t#o$ o%Ssects Tot"!#t o% '#rc/st"$ces Test E!e/e$ts.Ot-o%-cort #e$t#%#c"t#o$ #s co$cte b t3e

o!#ce #$ &"r#os 4"s. It #s o$e t3r s3o4-s43ere t3e ssect "!o$e #s bro3t %"ce to %"ce 4#t3t3e 4#t$ess %or #e$t#%#c"t#o$. It #s o$e t3r /s3ots 43ere 3otor"3s "re s3o4$ to t3e 4#t$essto #e$t#% t3e ssect. It #s "!so o$e t3r !#$e-s43ere " 4#t$ess #e$t#%#es t3e ssect %ro/ " roo% erso$s !#$e %or t3e rose. S#$ce

corrt#o$ o% ot-o%-cort #e$t#%#c"t#o$co$t"/#$"tes t3e #$ter#t o% #$-cort #e$t#%#c"t#o$r#$ t3e tr#"! o% t3e c"se, corts 3"&e %"s3#o$eot r!es to "ssre #ts %"#r$ess "$ #ts co/!#"$ce4#t3 t3e re#re/e$ts o% co$st#tt#o$"! e rocess.I$ reso!$ t3e "/#ss#b#!#t o% "$ re!#$ o$ ot-o%-cort #e$t#%#c"t#o$ o% ssects, corts 3"&e"ote t3e tot"!#t o% c#rc/st"$ces test 43ere t3eco$s#er t3e %o!!o4#$ %"ctors, 1: t3e 4#t$ess;oort$#t to e4 t3e cr#/#$"! "t t3e t#/e o% t3e

cr#/e 2: t3e 4#t$ess; eree o% "tte$t#o$ "t t3"tt#/e


2/56

EVIDENCE

%ro/ t3ese #ctres. He, 3o4e&er, c"teor#c"!!st"te t3"t, be%ore t3e / s3ot #e$t#%#c"t#o$, 3e3"s $ot see$ "$ #ctre o% "e!!"$t or re" "$reort re!"t#&e to t3e s3oot#$ #$c#e$t. T3e bre$#s o$ "e!!"$t to ro&e t3"t 3#s / s3ot

#e$t#%#c"t#o$ 4"s $! sest#&e. F"#!#$ roo%o% #/er/#ss#b!e sest#&e$ess, 3e c"$$ot

co/!"#$ "bot t3e "/#ss#o$ o% 3#s ot-o%-cort#e$t#%#c"t#o$ b Le#$o.

S"/e S"/e Ee$ce C#t$esses Test#/o$Le#$o 3" $o #!!/ot#&e to %"!se! test#% ""#$st

"e!!"$t.Ce 3"&e $o re"so$ to obt t3ecorrect$ess o% "e!!"$t;s #e$t#%#c"t#o$ b Le#$o.T3e sce$e o% t3e cr#/e 4"s 4e!!-!#3te b "Der"!co !"/ ost. (e!!"$t 4"s /ere! 2->>>>>>>>>

65 TSN, October 2, 1991, . 285-29=.

66 Ib#., . 295-299.

>>>>>>>>>>>>>

69 Ib#., . 9=.

0 TSN, October 2, 1991, . 26, 28.

1 Ib#., . 29-


17/56

EVIDENCE

T3e b!!et "!so #$re D"ree$;s ee socAets.T3ere 4"s s4e!!#$ $er$e"t3 t3e %ore3e"bro3t "bot b ee/" #$ t3e "re". Sc"$$#$ "!sos3o4e t3"t D"ree$;s r#3t "4 4"s "%%ecte bt3e %r"/e$te b!!et. T3e 43o!e #$ter#or ort#o$ o%

3er $ose 4"s "!so s4o!!e$.6

( te"/ o% octors oer"te o$ D"ree$;s br"#$.T3e tr#e to co$tro! t3e #$ter$"! b!ee#$ "$re/o&e t3e s!#$tere b!!ets, s/"!! bo$e %r"/e$ts"$ e" t#sses. T3e /"#$ b!!et 4"s reco&erebe3#$ D"ree$;s r#3t "4. T3ere 4"s "!so "$ "cte

o4$4"r tr"ector o% t3e b!!et. He$ce, #t 4"so#$e t3"t D"ree$ 4"s s3ot 43#!e s3e 4"sse"te.

C#t3 e"c3 "ss#$ ", D"ree$;s co$#t#o$

eter#or"te. E&e$ #% D"ree$ sr&e, s3e 4o!3"&e !e " &eet"t#$ !#%e "$ s3e 4o! 3"&e

$eee "ss#st"$ce #$ t3e eBect#o$ o% $or/"! "$or#$"r rot#$es.8 S3e 4o! 3"&e bee$co/!ete! b!#$ o$ t3e !e%t ee "$ t3ere 4"soss#b#!#t s3e 4o! 3"&e "!so !ost 3er s#o$ o$t3e r#3t ee. (!! 3er se$ses 4o! 3"&e bee$/o#%#e "$ t3e s"/e 4o! 3"&e "%%ecte 3er/otor %$ct#o$s. T3ere 4"s r"ct#c"!! $ooss#b#!#t %or D"ree$ to retr$ to

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

< Ib#., .


18/56

EVIDENCE

3ose. He re"#! "&e " st"te/e$t to t3e D"A"t#o!#ce e$#$ co/!#c#t #$ t3e cr#/e. Hesb/#tte 3#/se!% to " "r"%%#$ test. He 4"s"cco/"$#e b t3e D"A"t# o!#ce to t3e 'r#/eL"bor"tor #$ '"/ 'r"/e "$ 4"s teste $e"t#&e

%or $o4er

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

9 Ib#., . 6 J 82.

80 TSN, October 9, 1992, . 5-6, 1


19/56

EVIDENCE

89 TSN, October 9, 1992, . 10-11, 2=.

8

8

S)PREDE 'O)RT REPORTS (NNOT(TE

Peo!e &s. Tee3"$Aee, r.

s#e o% t3e ro". T3e "cc#e$t res!te #$ t3e e"t3o% t3e b#cc!e r#&er "$ "/"e to 3#s %"t3er;sc"r,90 esec#"!! o$ #ts bo. T3e t#/#$ o% t3ee$#$e bec"/e " !#tt!e o%% "$ t3e c"r 4"s 3"r tost"rt. T3e 3" t3e c"r re"#re "t Re!#"b!e S3o

!oc"te #$ @"$"4e Street, Qe7o$ '#t. (%ter "/o$t3, 3e bro3t t3e c"r to t3e res#e$ce o% 3#sr"$/ot3er, P#!"r Tee3"$Aee, "t "s/"r#K"s?#!!"e, D"A"t#. He erso$"!! st"rte t3e c"r;s

e$#$e "$ ro&e #t to D"A"t# %ro/ t3e s3o #$Qe7o$ '#t. He # $ot br#$ t3e c"r to t3e#r 3ose#$ P"s# %or #t 4"s st#!! sc3e!e %or %rt3er re"#rs"$ t3e re%erre to 3"&e t3e re"#r o$e #$ " s3o#$ D"A"t#. Tee3"$Aee III c!"#/e t3"t %ro/ t3"t t#/eo$, 3e 4"s ro3#b#te b 3#s %"t3er %ro/ s#$ t3e

c"r bec"se o% 3#s c"re!ess r#$. He Aet t3e Aesto t3e c"r "$ s#$ce 3e 4"s bs #$ sc3oo!, $o%rt3er re"#r o$ s"# c"r 3" bee$ /"e.91

(ccse "!so #/te t3e co//#ss#o$ o% t3e cr#/es"t b"r to ($ers H!t/"$, "ot#&e %"t3er o%ece"se ct#/ D"ree$ H!t/"$. He c"#t"!#7eo$ " $e4s"er reort t3"t t3e $/"$ /" 3"&ebee$ "$ o&errotect#&e %"t3er. T3#s t3eor 4"s%or/e 43e$ "$ ee4#t$ess "!!ee! o&er3e"r

D"ree$ !e"#$ to t3e $/"$ H4", ".H4", ". T3e e%e$se rese$te ($ersH!t/"$ "s " 3ost#!e 4#t$ess.

(NERS H)LTD(N test#%#e t3"t 3e #s " S4e#s3$"t#o$"!. He "$ ?#"$ H!t/"$ 4ere /"rr#e #$t3e P3#!##$es #$ 1981. ?#"$ 3" t4o 2: c3#!re$b 3er reos /"rr#"e, o$e o% 43o/ 4"s

D"ree$. He !e"!! "ote ?#"$;s t4o 2:

"3ters #$ 1991. He "$ ?#"$ 3" t3ree >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

90 (s " res!t o% t3#s "cc#e$t, " cr#/#$"! c3"re %orrecA!ess #/re$ce 4"s %#!e ""#$st 3#/Ho4e&er, #$ e4 o% t3e es#st"$ce o% t3e ct#/;s

"re$ts, t3e c"se ""#$st 3#/ 4"s #s/#sse #., 11-1= See "!so Reso!t#o$, "te D" 16, 1991EB3#b#t


20/56

EVIDENCE

c"/e to t3e#r 3ose "$ #$%or/e t3e/ "bot t3eA#!!#$s.9=

($ers "/#tte 3e 3" bee$ &oc"! "bot t3e ?IPtre"t/e$t "ccore to "ccse "t t3e D"A"t#/$#c#"! "#!. O$ se&er"! occ"s#o$s, 3e c3ecAe o$"ccse #$ "#! "$ #sco&ere t3"t "ccse 4"s $ot

#$ 3#s ce!!. T3e "#! "rs e&e$ co&ere "ccse;s 43ere"bots. H#s co/!"#$t 4"s#$&est#"te b t3e 'o$ress#o$"! 'o//#ttee o$'r#/e Pre&e$t#o$, 3e"e b 'o$ress/"$'o$cec#o$.95

T3e e%e$se "!so rese$te t4o 2: D"A"t#o!#ce/e$, P(T. (DES F. @(L(O "$ SPO>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

1=1 L"F"&e "$ Isr"e!, 'r#/#$"! Procere,Hor$booA Ser#es,

95

?OL. 2=9, O'TO@ER 6, 1995

95


B B B

Ie$t#%#c"t#o$ test#/o$ 3"s "t !e"st t3reeco/o$e$ts. F#rst, 4#t$ess#$ " cr#/e, 43et3er "s "ct#/ or " bst"$er, #$&o!&es ercet#o$ o% "$e&e$t "ct"!! occrr#$. Seco$, t3e 4#t$ess /st/e/or#7e et"#!s o% t3e e&e$t. T3#r, t3e 4#t$ess

/st be "b!e to rec"!! "$ co//$#c"te "ccr"te!"$ers o% $re!#"b#!#t #$ ee4#t$ess test#/o$"r#se "t e"c3 o% t3ese t3ree st"es, %or 43e$e&ereo!e "tte/t to "c#re, ret"#$, "$ retr#e&e#$%or/"t#o$ "ccr"te!, t3e "re !#/#te b $or/"!

3/"$ %"!!#b#!#t#es "$ sest#&e #$%!e$cesE/3"s#s S!#e:1=2

Ot-o%-cort #e$t#%#c"t#o$ #s co$cte b t3eo!#ce #$ &"r#os 4"s. It #s o$e t3r s3o4-s43ere t3e ssect "!o$e #s bro3t %"ce to %"ce 4#t3t3e 4#t$ess %or #e$t#%#c"t#o$. It #s o$e t3r /

s3ots 43ere 3otor"3s "re s3o4$ to t3e 4#t$essto #e$t#% t3e ssect. It #s "!so o$e t3r !#$e-s43ere " 4#t$ess #e$t#%#es t3e ssect %ro/ " roo% erso$s !#$e %or t3e rose. S#$cecorrt#o$ o% ot-o%-cort #e$t#%#c"t#o$

co$t"/#$"tes t3e #$ter#t o% #$-cort #e$t#%#c"t#o$r#$ t3e tr#"! o% t3e c"se, corts 3"&e %"s3#o$eot r!es to "ssre #ts %"#r$ess "$ #ts co/!#"$ce4#t3 t3e re#re/e$ts o% co$st#tt#o$"! e rocessI$ reso!$ t3e "/#ss#b#!#t o% "$ re!#$ o$ ot-

o%-cort #e$t#%#c"t#o$ o% ssects, corts 3"&e"ote t3e tot"!#t o% c#rc/st"$ces test 43ere t3eco$s#er t3e %o!!o4#$ %"ctors, 1: t3e 4#t$ess;oort$#t to e4 t3e cr#/#$"! "t t3e t#/e o% t3ecr#/e 2: t3e 4#t$ess; eree o% "tte$t#o$ "t t3"tt#/e >>>>>>>>>>>>>>

1=2 Ib#.

[People vs. Teehankee, Jr., 249 SCRA 54!995"#


33/56

EVIDENCE

1=< See Ne#! &. @#ers, =09 )S 188 V19>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

1== TSN, (st 1=, 1991, . 126.

1=5 Ib#, . 116, 120-122.

1=6 TSN, October 2, 1991, . 26-2.

1= TSN, (st 1, 1991, . 11.

9

?OL. 2=9, O'TO@ER 6, 1995

9


$s3"Ae$ b t3e brt"! cross-eB"/#$"t#o$ o% t3ee%e$se co$se!s. He $e&er 4"&ere #$ 3#s#e$t#%#c"t#o$ o% "e!!"$t. C3e$ "sAe 3o4 sre 3e4"s t3"t "e!!"$t 4"s reso$s#b!e %or t3e cr#/e, 3eco$%#e$t! re!#e I;/ &er sre. It co! $ot3"&e bee$ so/ebo e!se.1=8

(e!!"$t c"$$ot !#Ae4#se c"#t"!#7e o$ t3e %"#!reo% t3e #$&est#"tors to rece to " s4or$ st"te/e$t



34/56

EVIDENCE

t3e #$%or/"t#o$ re&e"!e b Le#$o r#$ 3#s3os#t"! #$tere4s. It 4"s s%%#c#e$t! est"b!#s3et3"t Le#$o;s eBte$s#&e #$r#es, esec#"!! t3e #$rto 3#s to$e, !#/#te 3#s /ob#!#t. T3e " 3e#e$t#%#e "e!!"$t #$ t3e !#$e-, 3e 4"s st#!!

3s#c"!! $"b!e to se"A. He 4"s be#$ %et3ro3 " tbe #$serte #$ 3#s t3ro"t.1=9 T3ere #s

"!so $o r!e o% ee$ce 43#c3 re#res t3e reect#o$o% t3e test#/o$ o% " 4#t$ess 43ose st"te/e$t 3"s$ot bee$ r#or! rece to 4r#t#$. Re!#"$ce b"e!!"$t o$ t3e c"se o% Peo!e &. (!#$o150 toeroe Le#$o;s cre#b#!#t #s /#s!"ce. I$ (!#$o,"ccse 4"s "c#tte $ot so!e! o$ t3e b"s#s o%e!" #$ t"A#$ 3#s st"te/e$t, bt /"#$! o$ t3e%#$#$ t3"t t3e rosect#o$;s ee$ce 4"s, "t best,

c#rc/st"$t#"! "$ ss#c#os! s3ort #$ #/ort"$tet"#!s, t3ere be#$ $o #$&est#"t#o$ 43"tsoe&er

co$cte b t3e o!#ce.

Ce "!so reect "e!!"$t;s co$te$t#o$ t3"t t3e N@Isresse t3e sAetc3 re"re b t3e 'IS o$ t3eb"s#s o% t3e escr#t#o$ #&e$ b Le#$o. T3ere #s

$ot3#$ o$ t3e recor to s3o4 t3"t s"# sAetc3 4"str$e o&er b t3e 'IS to t3e N@I 43#c3 co!4"rr"$t " res/t#o$ t3"t t3e sAetc3 4"ssresse. T3e ss#c#o$ t3"t t3e sAetc3 # $otrese/b!e "e!!"$t #s $ot ee$ce. It #s $/#t#"teess4orA.

Ce "re $ot !#Ae4#se #/resse 4#t3 t3e co$te$t#o$t3"t #t 4"s #$cre#b!e %or Le#$o to 3"&e re/e/bere"e!!"$t;s %"ce 43e$ t3e #$c#e$t 3"e$e 4#t3#$" s"$ o% %#&e 5: /#$tes. F#&e 5: /#$tes #s $ot "s3ort t#/e %or Le#$o to etc3 #$ 3#s /#$ t3e #ctreo% "e!!"$t. EBer#e$ce s3o4s t3"t rec#se!bec"se o% t3e $s"! "cts o% best#"!#t co//#tte

be%ore t3e#r ees, ee4#t$esses, esec#"!! t3ect#/s to " cr#/e, c"$ re/e/ber 4#t3 "

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

1=8 Ib#.

1=9 TSN, (st 1=, 1991, . 11.

150 Sr".

98

98



3#3 eree o% re!#"b#!#t t3e #e$t#t o%cr#/#$"!s.151 Ce 3"&e r!e t3"t t3e $"tr"re"ct#o$ o% ct#/s o% cr#/#$"! o!e$ce #s to str#&eto see t3e "e"r"$ce o% t3e#r "ss"#!"$ts "$ obser&et3e /"$$er t3e cr#/e 4"s co//#tte. Dost o%te$,

t3e %"ce "$ bo /o&e/e$ts o% t3e "ss"#!"$t cre"te"$ #/ress#o$ 43#c3 c"$$ot be e"s#! er"se %ro/t3e#r /e/or.152 I$ t3e c"se "t b"r, t3ere #s"bso!te! $o #/roer /ot#&e %or Le#$o to #/te

" ser#os cr#/e to "e!!"$t. T3e ct#/s "$"e!!"$t 4ere $A$o4$ to e"c3 ot3er be%ore t3e#rc3"$ce e$co$ter. I% Le#$o #e$t#%#e "e!!"$t, #t/st be bec"se "e!!"$t 4"s t3e re"! c!r#t.

(e!!"$t "!so "ss"#!s 3#s #e$t#%#c"t#o$ b '"e$"s

He co$te$s t3"t '"e$"s # $ot 4#t$ess t3e cr#/e.He stresses t3"t 43e$ t3e "s/"r#K"s secr#t %orce"$ t3e D"A"t# o!#ce co$cte "$ o$-t3e-so#$&est#"t#o$ o$ t3e " o% t3e #$c#e$t, $e#t3erc"/e "cross '"e$"s. T3e $eBt ", #$ t3e "%ter$oo$o% ! 1=, 1991, "$ N@I "e$t #$tere4e '"e$"s"$ "sAe #% 3e s"4 t3e #$c#e$t. He /ere! re!#eN"A#t" Ao ero "t" $". He # $ot &o!$teer#$%or/"t#o$ to "$o$e "s to 43"t 3e sose!4#t$esse. T3"t s"/e $#3t, t3e N@I sboe$"e

3#/ %or #$&est#"t#o$. He 4e$t to t3e N@I t3e $eBt/or$#$. It 4"s o$! t3e $eBt ", ! 16, 1991,t3"t 3e "&e 3#s st"te/e$t to t3e N@I. '"e$"s"!!ee! to! Po$%err"", 3#s sersor, t3"t t3eN@I tortre 3#/.

Ce reect "e!!"$t;s sb/#ss#o$. '"e$"s; #$#t#"!re!ct"$ce to re&e"! to t3e "t3or#t#es 43"t 3e

4#t$esse 4"s s%%#c#e$t! eB!"#$e r#$ t3e



35/56

EVIDENCE

tr#"!. He re!"te t3"t 3e %e"re %or 3#s "$ 3#s%"/#!;s s"%et. H#s %e"r 4"s $ot #/"#$"r. He s"44#t3 3#s o4$ ees t3e se$se!ess o!e$ce eretr"teb "e!!"$t. He A$e4 "e!!"$t be!o$e to "$#$%!e$t#"! %"/#!. It 4"s o$! "%ter co$s#ste$t

ro#$ "$ "ssr"$ce o% rotect#o$ %ro/ N@Io%%#c#"!s t3"t 3e "ree to cooer"te 4#t3 t3e

"t3or#t#es.15< T3e 'ort 3"s t"Ae$ #c#"! $ot#ceo% t3e $"tr"! ret#ce$ce o% 4#t$esses to et #$&o!&e#$ t3e so!t#o$ o% cr#/es co$s#er#$ t3e

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

151 Peo!e &. '"/", G.R. No. 105>>>>>>>>>>>>>

15= Peo!e &. @o$"#!!o, G.R. No. 9668, ! 20199=, 2


36/56

EVIDENCE

100

100



t#o$.

II

Ce $o4 r!e o$ "e!!"$t;s seco$ "ss#$/e$t o%error, #.e., t3"t t3e tr#"! cort erre #$ $ot 3o!#$t3"t t3e rosect#o$ %"#!e to est"b!#s3 3#s #!tbeo$ re"so$"b!e obt.

F#rst, 3e c!"#/s t3e tr#"! cort erre #$ c#t#$ #$ #tsec#s#o$ 3#s #$&o!&e/e$t #$ reos s3oot#$#$c#e$ts %or t3#s co$tr"&e$es t3e r!e15 t3"tee$ce t3"t o$e # or o/#tte to o " cert"#$t3#$ "t o$e t#/e #s $ot "/#ss#b!e to ro&e t3"t 3e# or o/#tte to o t3e s"/e or s#/#!"r t3#$ "t

"$ot3er t#/e. Seco$, t3e N@I %"#!e to co$ct "$eB"/#$"t#o$ to co/"re t3e b!!ets %#re %ro/ t3e$ "t t3e sce$e o% t3e cr#/e 4#t3 t3e b!!etsreco&ere %ro/ t3e bo o% '3"/"$. T3#r, t3erosect#o$ ee4#t$esses escr#be t3e $/"$;s

c"r "s 43#te, bt t3e tr#"! cort %o$ #t to be s#!&er/et"!!#c r". Fort3, "e!!"$t co! $ot 3"&e bee$t3e $/"$ %or D"$b"t, #$ 3#s st"te/e$t "te! 15, 1991, s"# t3"t 3e o&er3e"r t3e ct#/D"ree$ H!t/"$ !e" to t3e $/"$, t3s

P!e"se, o$;t s3oot /e "$ o$;t A#!! /e. I ro/#seDo//, ". (e!!"$t "!so co$te$s t3"t "/"# #$ " 3ose $e"r t3e sce$e o% t3e cr#/e to!D"A"t# o!#ce (!berto Fer$"$e7 t3"t s3e 3e"rD"ree$ s" ", o$;t s3oot. o$;t. F#%t3,t3e

N@I to4e "ccse;s c"r %ro/ "s/"r#K"s ?#!!"eto t3e N@I o%%#ce 43#c3 ro&e t3"t t3e s"/e 4"s$ot #$ oo r$$#$ co$#t#o$. L"st!, t3e res!t o%

t3e "r"%%#$ test co$cte o$ "e!!"$t s3o4e 3e4"s $e"t#&e o% $#tr"tes.

(e!!"$t o#$ts to ot3er oss#b!e ssects, ":(NERS H)LTD(N, s#$ce o$e o% t3eee4#t$esses 4"s ote #$ t3e $e4s"ers "s3"$ o&er3e"r D"ree$ !e" to t3e $/"$

H4", ". "$, b: OSE DONT(O"$ot3er res#e$t o% "s/"r#K"s ?#!!"e, 43o 3" "43#te L"$cer c"r, "!so be"r#$ !#ce$se !"te co$tro$/ber 566.

Ce reect "e!!"$t;s t3es#s "s bere%t o% /er#t.

(e!!"$t c"$$ot 3oe to eBc!"te 3#/se!% s#/!bec"se t3e tr#"! e o!"te t3e r!e o$ res #$ter"!#os "ct" 43e$ 3e co$s#ere 3#s #$&o!&e/e$t #$

reos s3oot#$ #$c#e$ts. T3#s

>>>>>>>>>>>>>

15 Sect#o$ =8, R!e 1


37/56

EVIDENCE

"e!!"te cort to #&e /e$t "%ter "$eB"/#$"t#o$ o% t3e e$t#re recor be%ore t3e cort,4#t3ot re"r to tec3$#c"! errors, e%ects, oreBcet#o$s 43#c3 o $ot "%%ect t3e sbst"$t#"! r#3tso% t3e "rt#es.160 Ce 3"&e !#Ae4#se %o!!o4e t3e

3"r/!ess error r!e #$ or r#s#ct#o$. I$ e"!#$4#t3 ee$ce #/roer! "/#tte #$ tr#"!, 4e

eB"/#$e #ts "/"#$ "!#t "$ #ts #/"ct to t3esbst"$t#&e r#3ts o% t3e !#t#"$t. I% t3e #/"ct #ss!#3t "$ #$s#$#%#c"$t, 4e #sre"r t3e error "s #t4#!! $ot o&erco/e t3e 4e#3t o% t3e roer!"/#tte ee$ce ""#$st t3e re#ce "rt.161

I$ t3e c"se "t b"r, t3e re%ere$ce b t3e tr#"! e toreorts "bot t3e trob!eso/e c3"r"cter o% "e!!"$t#s " 3"r/!ess error. T3e re%ere$ce #s $ot t3e !#$c3#$o% t3e #$c!"tor ee$ce "rec#"te b t3e tr#"!

e #$ co$ct#$ "e!!"$t. (s "%orest"te, t3e"e!!"$t 4"s co$cte /"#$! bec"se o% 3#s#e$t#%#c"t#o$ b t3ree >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

158 L"F"&e "$ Isr"e!, o c#t, . 1160.

159 Ib#. R!#$s 4ere b"se o$ t3e so-c"!!eH"r/!ess Error !e#s!"t#o$ #$c!e #$ t3e E$!#s3

#c"tre (ct o% 18


38/56

EVIDENCE

(e!!"$t;s "tte/t to #$ t3e cr#/es "t b"r o$($ers H!t/"$, t3e "ot#&e %"t3er o% D"ree$H!t/"$, eser&es sc"$t co$s#er"t#o$. (e!!"$tc#tes " $e4s"er #te/166 43ere D"ree$ 4"s"!!ee! o&er3e"r "s s"#$ to t3e $/"$

H4", ", H4", ". T3e ee$ce o$recor, 3o4e&er, e/o$str"tes t3"t ($ers H!t/"$

co! $ot 3"&e bee$ t3e $/"$. It 4"s c!e"r!est"b!#s3e t3"t D"ree$ co! $ot 3"&e ttere s"#st"te/e$t %or t4o 2: re"so$s D"ree$ # $otse"A T""!o,

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

162 TSN, October 9, 1992, .


39/56

EVIDENCE

101=1, 220 S'R(


40/56

EVIDENCE

#/oss#b!e to se"! t3e /#$s o% /e/bers o% t3ebe$c3 %ro/ re-tr#"! "$ ot3er o%%-cort b!#c#t o%se$s"t#o$"! cr#/#$"! c"ses. T3e st"te o% t3e "rt o%or co//$#c"t#o$ sste/ br#$s $e4s "s t3e3"e$ str"#3t to or bre"A%"st t"b!es "$ r#3t to

or beroo/s. T3ese $e4s %or/ "rt o% ore&er" /e$ o% t3e %"cts "$ %#ct#o$s o% !#%e. For

"$ot3er, or #e" o% " %"#r "$ #/"rt#"! e #s $ott3"t o% " 3er/#t 43o #s ot o% toc3 4#t3 t3e 4or!.Ce 3"&e $ot #$st"!!e t3e r sste/ 43ose/e/bers "re o&er! rotecte %ro/ b!#c#t !estt3e !ose t3e#r #/"rt#"!#t. 'r#t#c#s/s ""#$st t3er sste/ "re /o$t#$ "$ D"rA T4"#$;s 4#t "$4#so/ t t3e/ "!! #$ better ersect#&e 43e$ 3eobser&e C3e$ " e$t!e/"$ o% 3#3 soc#"!

st"$#$, #$te!!#e$ce, "$ rob#t s4e"rs t3"ttest#/o$ #&e$ $er t3e s"/e o"t3 4#!! ot4e#3

4#t3 3#/, street t"!A "$ $e4s"er reorts b"seo$ /ere 3e"rs", 3e #s 4ort3 " 3$re r/e$43o 4#!! s4e"r to t3e#r o4$ #$or"$ce "$ st##tB B B. C3 co! $ot t3e r !"4 be so "!tere "s to#&e /e$ o% br"#$s "$ 3o$est "$ e"! c3"$ce4#t3 %oo!s "$ /#scre"$ts1= Or es "re!e"r$e #$ t3e !"4 "$ tr"#$e to #sre"r o%%-cortee$ce "$ o$-c"/er" er%or/"$ces o% "rt#es to

" !#t#"t#o$. T3e#r /ere eBosre to b!#c"t#o$s "$

b!#c#t st$ts oes $ot er se %"t"!! #$%ect t3e#r#/"rt#"!#t.

(t best, "e!!"$t c"$ o$! co$re oss#b#!#t o%re#ce o$ t3e "rt o% t3e tr#"! e e to t3eb"rr"e o% b!#c#t t3"t c3"r"cter#7e t3e

#$&est#"t#o$ "$ tr#"! o% t3e c"se. I$ D"rte!#$o, et"!. &. (!e"$ro, et "!.,15 4e reecte t3#s st"$"ro% oss#b#!#t

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

1< S3e"r &. D"B4e!!,


41/56

EVIDENCE

oort$#t to t"Ae #ctres. T3e cort r"$tee%e$se;s reest, $ot#$ t3"t t3e cortroo/ 4"s"!so too cro4e.1

2. r#$ t3e test#/o$ o% o/#$o F!orece, "$"r/e$t e$se bet4ee$ t3e e%e$se !"4er "$t3e %#sc"!. C3e$ "rt o% t3e "#e$ce c!"e t3e#r

3"$s, t3e e%e$se co$se! #$&oAe R!e 119,Sect#o$ 1< o% t3e R!es o% 'ort "$ /o&e %or t3eeBc!s#o$ o% t3e b!#c. (ss#st"$t Prosector ?#!!"-I$"c#o obecte o$ t3e ro$ t3"t t3e b!#c 4"s$ot $r!. T3e tr#"! e $ote t3"t t3ere 4ere et

$o #e!#$es r"%te b t3e Sre/e 'ortre"r#$ /e#" co&er"e o% tr#"! rocee#$s.18'o!!"bor"t#$ e%e$se co$se!, (tt. D"!&"r, co/-

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

16 TSN, (st 1=, 1991, . 5.

1 Ib#., . 51-52.

18 I$ee, #t 4"s o$! o$ October 22, 1991 t3"tt3#s 'ort #sse " Reso!t#o$ re"r#$ !#&ete!es#o$ "$ r"#o co&er"e o% 3e"r#$ o%

10

?OL. 2=9, O'TO@ER 6, 1995

10


!"#$e t3"t t3e otor#$ o% s/"t3 bsect"tors #$s#e t3e cortroo/ 3"s tr$e t3erocee#$s #$to " c"r$#&"!. He "!so /"$#%este t3"t3e erso$"!! s"4 t3"t 43e$ "ccse 4"s be#$bro3t b"cA to 3#s ce!! %ro/ t3e cortroo/, " roo% o$ eo!e 4ere o#$t#$ #rt %#$ers "t"ccse #$ %!! e4 o% o!#ce/e$. Fort34#t3, t3etr#"! e ec!"re t3"t 3e co! $ot be #ss"eb b!#c se$t#/e$ts. He $ote t3"t t3e c!"#$ o%

3"$s b t3e b!#c 4"s st " re"ct#o$ "t t3e sr o%t3e /o/e$t. He t3e$ "/o$#s3e t3e "#e$ce $otto ree"t #t.19

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

c"ses. T3#s e$ b"$c Reso!t#o$ 4"s bro3t "botb t3e !#&e co&er"e o% t3e 3e"r#$ o% t3e !#be! c"se%#!e b t3e$ Pres#e$t (#$o ""#$st $e4s"erco!/$#st L#s @e!tr"$. T3e test#/o$ o% Pres(#$o "s co/!"#$"$t 4"s %!! c"rr#e o$ "#r bt3e /e#". T3e$ 'o$ress/"$ (rt @or"! c"!!e t3e

"tte$t#o$ o% t3#s 'ort to t3e oss#b!e eBcess#&e$ess"$ #/ror#et o% sc3 co&er"e. Fort34#t3, t3e'ort #sse t3e October 22, 1991 Reso!t#o$



42/56

EVIDENCE

roscr#b#$ t3e !#&e r"#o "$ te!es#o$ co&er"e o%cort rocee#$s. ?#eo %oot"e o% 3e"r#$s %or$e4s roses 4"s to be t"Ae$ r#or to t3eco//e$ce/e$t o% t3e tr#"! roer.

19 TSN, (st 2, 1991, . 95-10=.

180 Sr".

181 TSN, ! 1=, 1992, . 5-11, 16-1.

108

108



=. (t t3e (st 1=, 1992 3e"r#$, be%ore t3e3e"r#$ be"$, t3e tr#"! e "&e t3e /e#" t4o2: /#$tes to t"Ae eo co&er"e "$ $o /ore.Tr#"! t3e$ e$se.182

5. (t t3e Sete/ber 8, 1992 3e"r#$, t3e tr#"! e""#$ "&e t3e /e#" t4o 2: /#$tes to t"Ae#ctres be%ore t3e tr#"! roer. (%ter4"rs, t3ereorters 4ere ! "/o$#s3e to re/"#$ s#!e$t, to#et! obser&e t3e rocee#$s "$ st t"Ae o4$$otes.18

people vs. teehankee, jr., 249 scra 54(1995)

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