peopling north america
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Peopling North America. ANTH 221: Peoples and Cultures of Mexico Kimberly Martin, Ph.D. How We Reconstruct. Geography and Climate Physical Anthropology Genetics (Mitochondrial DNA, Y Chromosome DNA) Anatomy Archaeology Stratigraphy Seriation Chemical dating methods Technology - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Peopling North AmericaANTH 221: Peoples and Cultures of Mexico
Kimberly Martin, Ph.D.
How We Reconstruct• Geography and Climate• Physical Anthropology
– Genetics (Mitochondrial DNA, Y Chromosome DNA)
– Anatomy• Archaeology
– Stratigraphy– Seriation– Chemical dating methods– Technology– Lifestyles
• Cultural Anthropology– Linguistics
Geography and Climate• Pathways to the New World–Coastal/Boat Migration• Dates in South America too early for land
migration• Australia populated 40,000 YA without a land
route–Beringia Land Bridge• Ice ages pulled water out of oceans, sea
levels dropped• Lots of archaeological evidence in areas
consistent with Beringia
Coastal Migration Routes • Southeast Asian, Japanese,
Polynesian and European boat building traditions going back at least as far as 20,000 years ago (Japan)
• Boat building materials do not survive
• Evidence of coastal subsistence based on marine mammals, fishing, shell-fish, gathering rather than big game herding.
Coastal Migration Routes• From Southeast Asia routes north
along coast and ice• From Northern Europe (Scandanavia,
Britain) to Iceland to Greenland to North America– Clovis-Solutrean Hypothesis
CoastalMigration
Routes
North PacificBefore 23,000After 15,000 YA
North Atlantic
Beringia Land BridgeConnects Siberia and Alaska
McKenzie Corridor
Berengia DatesDates BCE Beringia Pacific
Coastal Route
Mackenzie Corridor
38,000-34,000
Accessible(open)
Open Closed
34,000-30,000
Submerged(closed)
Open Open
30,000-22,000
Accessible(open)
Closed Open
22,000-15,000
Accessible(open)
Open Closed
15,000-today
Submerged(closed)
Open Open
DNAE Evidence
LGM = Last Glacial Maximum 20,000 Years Ago
A2, B2, Clb, Clc, Cld, C4c, Dl, D4h3, X2a = genetic markers that indicate a relationship with the first migrants.
A2a, D2, D2a, Cla = mutated genetic markers that evolved in North America and were carried back to Asia through back-migration.
One ancestral population between 42,000 and 21,000 YA
Physical Anthropology
•The interocular distance is broad,•The nasal angle is blunt rather than sharp,•The nasal aperture is broad from top to bottom; •The cheekbones are wide,•The palate has a somewhat rounded shape,•The incisors in the upper jaw are prominently shovel-shaped, •No edge-on-edge incisal bite.
•The nasal root is prominent• The nasal angle is acute.•The nasal spine is short• Sharp lower nasal sill with a very vague impression of bilateral gutters.• The upper dental arcade is somewhat V-shaped. •The incisors in the upper jaw are blade-like.
Nasal root is depressed and the nasal angle is obtuse. Nasal aperture is broad from top to bottom. Lower part of the nostrils has a bilateral gutter and there is no sill. Upper dental arcade has a somewhat rectangular shape. Incisors in the upper jaw are blade-likeThe face projects forward to a mild to moderate degree.
African Male Skull European Male Skull Asian Male Skull
Physical Anthropology
Blade-shaped (left) incisors Vs. shovel-shaped incisors (right)
Dental Arch Variation
Some Archaeological Dates• Clovis Culture (tools) 11,000 YA• 16,500 – 13,000 YA Pre Clovis sites in
Pennsylvania and Chili
• TWO THEORIES• Short Chronology - 15,000-17,000 YA• Long Chronology - two waves of migration– 40,000-21,000 YA w/ ancestors in South
America– multiple waves more recently w/ ancestors in
North America
Language AffinitiesOnly One Linguistic
Relationship Established at this point:
RECENT FINDING THAT THESE ARE RELATED:
• Ket, from western Siberia (almost extinct
• Na-Dene languages -- Athabascan tribes in Alaska, Tlingit and Eyak people, as well as Indian populations in western Canada and the American Southwest, including the Navajo and the Apache.
Problems with Reconstruction
• Lack of archaeological sites• Wide range of dates• Conflicting dates• Disagreement about the validity of
dates• New technology in genetics