PEPERIKSAAN PERCUBAAN SPM 2016

BIOLOGY KERTAS 2

4551/2

DAERAH KINTA SELATAN

ANSWER SCHEME

BAHAGIAN A

NO. SOALAN SKEMA JAWAPAN MARKAH

1

(a) (i)

P : Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Q : Golgi apparatus

1

1

Max : 2

1(a)

(ii)

P1 - Drawing

P2 - Labelling

Max : 2

1(a)

(iii)

Kromosom / Kromatin

1

Max : 1

1(b)

P1 : transport protein ( synthesised by the ribosome ) to Q

P2 : Q modified the protein

P3 : into Lipase / Pancreatic amylase / trypsin.

1

1

1

Max: 3

1(c)

P1 : alters the nucleotide sequence

P2 : no specific protein synthesised for modification of

trypsin

P3 : No / less trypsin produced

P4 : Rate of digestion of polypeptide decreases // No/ less

polypeptide digested into peptide.

1

1

1

1

Max: 4

TOTAL

12

2(a)

(i)

P1 - The phospholipid molecules can move, making the

plasma membrane fluid

- Molekul-molekul fosfolipid boleh bergerak, menjadikan

membran plasma bersifat bendalir.

P2 - The protein do not form a continuous layer but are

scattered in the plasma membrane giving it a mosaic

appearance.

- Protein tidak membentuk lapisan yang bersambungan

tetapi bertaburan di dalam membran plasma dan

menjadikan membran plasma itu seperti mozek.

Any one P only

1

1

Max : 1

(ii)

P1 - Facilitated diffusion occurred

- Resapan berbantu berlaku

P2 - The glucose molecule binds to the specific binding site

of a carrier protein

- Molekul glukosa terikat pada tapak pengikatan yang

khas pada protein pembawa

P3 - The carrier protein alters its shape and the glucose

molecule is moved by the carrier protein into the cell

- Protein pembawa mengubah bentuknya dan molekul

glukosa dibawa oleh protein pembawa ke dalam sel

Any two P

1

1

1

Max : 2

(b)

(i)

Gills / insang

1

Max : 1

(ii)

Gill filament / filamen insang// lamellae

1

Max : 1

(iii)

Adaptation / adaptasi

F1 - Filament have numerous thin walled lamellae// network

of blood capillaries

- Filamen mempunyai banyak lamella berdinding nipis

// jaringan kapilari darah

Explanation / penerangan

E1 - To increase surface area for gaseous exchange // to

transport respiratory gases efficiently

-Untuk menambahkan luas permukaan bagi pertukaran

Gas // untuk mengangkut gas respirasi secara efisien

1

1

Max : 2

(iv)

P1 - Dissolved oxygen in the water diffuses into blood

capillaries in the gill filaments,

- Oksigen terlarut dalam air meresap ke dalam kapilari

darah dalam filamen insang

While / manakala

P2 - Carbon dioxide diffuses out through the gill capillaries

into the water

- Karbon dioksida meresap keluar dari kapilari insang ke

dalam air

1

1

Max : 2

(c)

(i)

1

Max : 1

(ii)

F1 - Fish have closed circulatory system

Ikan mempunyai sistem peredaran tertutup

Or / atau

F2 - Fish have single circulatory system

Ikan mempunyai sistem peredaran tunggal

E1 - Oxygenated blood flows from the gills to the cells

directly

- Darah beroksigen diangkut dari insang terus ke sel-sel/

tanpa perlu melalui jantung.

Any one from F and E1

1

1

1

Max : 2

TOTAL total

12

3 (a) (i) P = Primary spermatocyte/Spermatosit primer

Q = Spermatid

1

1

Max : 2

(a) (ii) Testis 1

Max : 1

(b) (i) A : Tail / Ekor

B : Head / Kepala

C : Nucleus / Nukleus

1

1

1

Max : 3

(b) (ii) 1. The neck of sperms has an abundance of mitochondria

which provides the energy in the form of ATP

that is needed by the sperm to swim towards the ovum.

(Bahagian tengah sperma mengandungi banyak

mitokondria yang membekalkan tenaga dalam bentuk ATP

bagi membolehkan sperma untuk berenang ke arah ovum).

2. Seminal vesicle which is a part of the male reproductive

system secretes fluid that is involved in the movement of

sperms.

(Vesikel semen yang merupakan sebahagian dari sistem

pembiakan lelaki merembeskan cecair yang membantu di

dalam pergerakan sperma).

1

1

Max : 2

(c) (i) P1 - Blood of arteries in X are rich in oxygen compared to

blood of arteries in Y.

Darah dalam arteri di X kaya dengan oksigen

berbanding darah dalam arteri di B.

P2 - Blood of arteries in Y are rich in carbon dioxide

compared to blood of arteries in X.

Darah dalam arteri di X kaya dengan oksigen

berbanding darah dalam arteri di B.

P3 – Blood of arteries in X are rich in dissolved food

materials compared to arteries in Y.

Darah dalam arteri di X kaya dengan bahan makanan

terlarut berbanding darah dalam arteri di Y.

( Any one from P1 and P2 ) + P3

1

1

1

Max : 2

(c) (ii) 1. Allows exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between

the mother’s blood and the foetal blood.

(Membenarkan pertukaran oksigen dan karbon dioksida

antara darah ibu dan darah fetus).

2. Nitrogenous waste such as urea diffuse out of the foetal

blood via umbilical artery into the mother’s blood.

(Bahan kumuh bernitrogen seperti urea boleh meresap

keluar dari darah fetus melalui arteri tali pusat ke dalam

darah ibu).

1

1

Max : 2

TOTAL

12

4

(a)

Chloroplast / Organel M contain chlorophyll to trap/ absorb/

capture light energy

1

Max : 2

(b)(i)

P1 : Photolysis of water / Light energy is used to split water

molecule into hydrogen ion and hydroxyl ion.

P2 : Hydroxyll ion loses an electron to form hydroxyl

group.

P3 : Hydroxyll group combine to form oxygen and water.

1

1

1

Max : 3

(b)(ii)

P1 : Hydrogen atom and ATP from reaction P will be used

in the reaction Q.

P2 : Hydrogen atom fix / reduce carbon dioxide to form

glucose.

1

1

Max : 2

(c)

F1 : Dust particle will cover/ accumulate on the surface of

the leaf,

E1 : so less light energy will be trap by the chlorophyll.

F2 : Dust particle block the stomata,

E2 : so, les/ no supply of carbon dioxide ( to the cell )

E3 : rate of photosynthesis decreases.

F1+ E1 + E3 or F2 + E2 + E3

1

1

1

1

1

Max: 3

(d) F: In winter, temperature is very low// light intensity is low

and the rate of photosynthesis is very low

P2: In the greenhouse, light intensity/ concentration of carbon

dioxide/ temperature are maintained at optimum level (for

photosynthesis) throughout the year.

P3: So the rate of photosynthesis is maintained at maximum

level throughout the year (regardless of changes in light

intensity or temperature).

P4: The plants are able to increase yields/ increase the crops

production throughout the years.

1

1

1

1

Max : 3

TOTAL

12

5 (a) Diagram 5.1/ Rajah 5.1 : Ball - and- socket joints

Sendi lesung

Diagram 5.2/ Rajah 5.2 : Hinge joints

Sendi engsel

1

1

Max : 2 (b) P1 : Cartilage/ Rawan

F1 : Covers the end surfaces of the bones

Membalut pada hujung tulang yang bersendi

F2 : Cartilage surfaces are smooth

Permukaan rawan adalah licin

E1 : to reduce the friction between the ends of bones.

untuk membantu mengurangkan geseran pada hujung

tulang

F3 : Non-elastic

Bersifat tidak kenyal

E2 : acts as cushion to absorbs shock

bertindak sebagai kusyen untuk menyerap hentakan

F +F1/F2 and E1+F3 and E2

1

1

1

1

1

1

Max : 3

(c)(i) P1: Act antagonistically, muscles working in opposing pairs

Bertindak secara antagonis iaitu otot yang bertindak

secara berpasangan dan berlawanan.

P2: When one muscle contracts, the other muscle relaxes

Apabila satu set otot mengecut, otot yang satu lagi

mengendur

1

1

Max : 2 (c)(ii) P1: Muscle Q contracts and muscle P relaxes

Otot Q mengecut dan otot P mengendur.

* ( Must mention the contraction action first )

P2: produce pulling force which pull upwards Y and Z bones

Menghasilkan daya tarikan yang menarik tulang Y dan Z

ke atas.

1

1

Max : 2

(d) P1 : The boys suffers from muscular dystrophy

Budak lelaki itu mengalami distrofi otot.

P2: hereditary diseases caused by mutated gene in X

chromosome

Penyakit genetik yang disebabkan oleh gen mutan yang

terdapat pada kromosom X.

P3: Muscles enlarge due to deposition of fat and connective

tissue but the muscles fibres degenerate and become

smaller.

Mengakibatkan otot-otot terlibat membesar disebabkan

pengumpulan lemak dan tisu penghubung pada otot

tetapi gentian otot merosot dan menjadi semakin kecil.

1

1

1

Max : 2

TOTAL

12

BAHAGIAN B

NO. SOALAN SKEMA JAWAPAN MARKAH

6

(a)

P1 - A pure-breeding pea plant with purple flowers has the

genotype PP while a pure- breeding pea plant with white

flowers has the genotype pp.

P2 - Mendel's First Law states that the alleles of a gene

separate during the formation of gametes.

P3 - Only one allele is carried in a single gamete.

P4 - The gametes fuse randomly during fertilisation.

P5 - Since all the flowers produced are purple flowers,

this means

P6 - The pea plant with the purple flowers is dominant over

the pea plant with white flowers.

Or / atau

* P1 - Must have correct genotypes and symbol x

P2 - Must have arrow and the gamete should be circled.

P3 - Must mentioned fertelisation / persenyawaan and

the genotypes of F1 generation.

1

1

1

1

1

1

Max 4

Or/atau

1

1

1

1

1

Max 4

(b)

Mr. and Mrs. Muthu are of blood group AB.

P1 - Thus, Mr. and Mrs. both carry the genotype IAIB.

or

1

1

1

1

1

Max = 4

P1

P2

1

P3

1

P4

1

Mr Kumar has blood group AB while Mrs. Kumar has blood

group O.

P5 - Mr Kumar's genotype must be IAIB while Mrs Kumar's

genotype must be IOIO.

or

P4 - Mr. and Mrs. Muthu can have children of blood groups

A, B, or AB.

P8 - Mr. and Mrs. Kumar can have children of blood groups

A or B.

Raju has blood group B and Leela has blood group AB.

P9 - Therefore, Leela must be Mr. and Mrs. Muthu's child,

P10 - Raju must be Mr. and Mrs.Kumar's child.

1

1

1

1

1

Max = 4m

1

1

1

1

(c) Genetic engineering

PI : Transfer the beneficial genes from one organism

to another organism.

P2 : Obtain/produces genetic modified organism/transgenic

P3 : Crop yield/animal contain gene that able to enhance

growth/nutritional properties/resistance against disease.

Culture tissue

P4 : Tissue/cell of parent plant are grown in culture medium.

P5 : Daughter plant is called clone.

P6: Produce many clone in a a short time/produce large

fruit/maintain good characteristic of parent plant.

1

1

1

1

1

1

Max = 6m

TOTAL 20

7

(a)

P1 - The pituitary gland secretes follicle-stimulating hormone

(FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating

hormone (TSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone

(ACTH).

P2 - FSH is secreted to regulate and stimulate the

development of follicles in the ovary.

P3 - LH is secreted to stimulate ovulation and the formation

of corpus luteum in females.

P4 - TSH is secreted to regulate and stimulate the release of

thyroxine by the thyroid gland.

P5 - ACTH is secreted to stimulate the adrenal cortex to

produce its hormone.

1

1

1

1

1

Max = 4

(b)

P1 - An increase in the level of FSH stimulates

the development of follicles in an ovary.

P2 - As the maturing follicle enlarges, it secretes greater

amounts of oestrogen.

P3 - The increase in oestrogen level inhibits the secretion

of FSH, the development of new follicles are stop.

P4 - An increase in oestrogen secretion, promotes a rise

in the secretion of LH on the 13th

day of

a menstrual cycle.

P5 - Ovulation takes place.

1

1

1

1

1

Max = 4

(c) (i)

P1 - To further stimulates the thickening of endometrium

with blood supplies to support implantation of embryo.

P2 - To inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH by the pituitary

gland.

1

1

(c) (ii)

P1 - Q is corpus luteum.

P2 - Corpus luteum continues to secrete oestrogen and

progesterone two to three months after fertilisation.

P3- High levels of progesterone will thickened and maintained

the endometrium wall throughout pregnancy.

P4- Endometrium wall ready for implantation of embryo

//prevent miscarriage.

1

1

1

1

(d)

The placenta is formed at the point of implantation of the

embryo.

P1 - The blood vessels of the chorion and the uterus walls

of the mother grow and expand together to form

the placenta.

P2 - The umbilical cord attaches the foetus to the placenta and

is considered the lifeline for the foetus.

P3 - The structure of the placenta does not allow mixing of

the mother’s blood with the foetus’s blood.

P4 - The umbilical cord carries one vein and two arteries.

P5 - The arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the foetus

to the placenta while the vein carries oxygenated blood

from the placenta to the foetus.

P6 -The functions of the placenta include allowing the

exchange of nutrients, respiratory gases and waste

materials between the foetus and its mother.

P7 -The nutrients and oxygen flow from the mother

to the foetus, while the wastes flow from the foetus

to the mother.

P8 - It also produces oestrogen and progesterone so that

the uterine wall is thick and enriched with blood

throughout the pregnancy.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Max = 6

TOTAL 20

8

(a)

P1 : The cell sap of root hair cell is hypertonic compared to

the soil water

P2 : so, water molecule diffuse into the roothair cells

P3 : by osmosis

1

1

1

Max : 3

(b) Root pressure

P1 : ( As the water diffuse into the root hair cells from soil

by osmosis ), the cell sap of the root hair cells \

become hypotonic compared to the adjacent cells/

neighbouring cells ( cortex ).

1

P2 : Water molecules diffuse to these adjacent cells by

osmosis which becomes more diluted themselves ,

( so, osmosis continues across the endodermis and

cortex ).

P3 : ( At the same time ), ion from the soil are actively

secreted into the xylem vessels and this causes the

osmotic pressure to increase.

P4 : Water molecules diffused continuously by osmosis

P5 : through endodermis and cortex into the xylem vessels.

P6 : and this create a pressure known as root pressure which

force water molecule to diffuse into the the xylem

vessel ( of the stem ).

P7 : Water moves up through the xylem of stem by capillary

action.

P8 : Capillary action is caused by the cohesion force and

adhesion force of water molecules.

P9 : Transpirational pull draw water from the xylem of the

stem to the xylem in the leaves.

Dari tanah ke akar

P1 : kepekatan molekul air di dalam sel rambut akar lebih

rendah daripada kepekatan air di luar sel,

P2 : maka air meresap masuk ke dalam sel rambut akar /

epidemis sel secara osmosis

P3 : Sap sel ( sel rambut akar ) menjadi hipotonik terhadap

sel-sel bersebelahan

P4 : Air meresap ke dalam sel-sel bersebelahan secara

osmosis mengakibatkan sel-sel bersebelahan juga

menjadi hipotonik

P5 : ( Pada masa yang sama ), mineral ion dipam secara

aktif ke dalam vessel xylem dan menyebabkan

tekanan osmosik meningkat.

P6 : Keadaan ini menyebabkan osmosis berlaku berterusan.

P7 : sehingga molekul air merentasi endodermis dan

korteks dan sampai ke dalam vessel xylem.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

P8 : Ini mewujudkan tekanan akar (di dalam akar)

P9 : yang menolak air ke dalam xylem vessel (dalam batang).

( P9 + Any 7P )

1

1

Max : 8

(c)(i)

F1 : Consist of sieve tube and companion cells.

F2 : Sieve tube is cylindrical tube with cytoplasmic.

E1 : To allow transport of organis substances/amino

acid/sucrose/glucose.

F3 : Companion cell has many mitochondria.

E2 : To supply energy for active transport.

* Any one F and one E respectively

1

1

1

1

1

Max : 2

(c)(ii)

F1 : Lignin is important to make tissue Y is stronger//

increase its mechanical support.

E1 : Without lignin, tissue Y will collapse.

E2 : Therefore, it cannot form a continuous hollow tube.

E3 : To allow water ( molecule) to flow upwards

continuously.

F2 : Lignin makes the tissue become impermeable.

E4 : Materials cannot pass into the xylem cells.

E5 : Causes the tissue to become hollow.

E6 : Allow continuous flow of water.

Notes : (F1 + Any 2 E1/E2/E3) and (F2 + Any 2 E4/E5/E6)

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Max : 6

TOTAL

20

9

(a)

P1: The new pond habitat has a deep base and clear water

without any living organism and allow plenty penetration

of sunlight

Habitat baru kolam mempunyai dasar yang dalam dan

air jernih tanpa sebarang hidupan serta membenarkan

cahaya menembusi ke dalam kolam

P2 : The colonisation activities of the pioneer species

(submerged plants) change the conditions of the

environment and make them more suitable for other

species

Aktiviti pengkolonian spesies perintis (tumbuhan

tenggelam) mengubah keadaan persekitaran and

menjadikan lebih sesuai untuk spesies lain.

P3: The remains of the submerged plants decompose and are

deposited on the pond base. At the same time, the humus

and soil which erode from the sides of the pond are

deposited on the base of the pond.

Apabila tumbuhan perintis mati, bahan organik yang

terhasil daripada pereputan dan penguraian perintis

akhimya akan mendap ke dasar kolam. Sementara itu,

tanah dan tebing kolam juga terhakis dan mendap ke

dasar kolam.

P4: The water level in the pond drops. The pond becomes

shallower.

Aras kolam menurun. Akibatnya. kolam itu menjadi

semakin cetek.

P5: This favours the growth of floating plants which succeed

the pioneer species.

Ini membolehkan tumbuhan terapung tumbuh dan

menyesarkan tumbuhan perintis.

P6 : Floating plants cover the water surface and prevent light

from penetrating the water. This reduces the rate of

photosynthesis in submerged plants.

Tumbuhan terapung akan menutupi permukaan air dan

menghalang cahaya matahari daripada menembusi air.

Akibatnya, tumbuhan tenggelam yang berada di dasar

kolam tidak dapat menjalankan fotosintesis.

P7: More submerged plants die and their remains sink to the

bottom of the pond.

Tumbuhan tenggelam mati dan menyebabkan

pertambahan bahan organik..

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

P8: This raises the pond bed further and makes the pond

shallower .This condition is not suitable for floating

plant.

Dasar kolam akan semakin cetek dan tidak sesuai untuk

tumbuhan terapung.

P9 : Floating plants are gradually replaced by emergent

plants.

Keadaan kolam sekarang lebih sesuai untuk tumbuhan

amfibia, iaitu tumbuhan yang dapat hidup di darat dan

dalam air.

P10 : The successor causes further changes to the pond,

making it unfavourable for the emergent plants.

Apabila tumbuhan penyesar ini mati dan reput, semakin

banyak bahan organik terkumpul di dasar kolam.

Oleh itu, kolam itu menjadi (semakin kering dan ) cetek

untuk tumbuhan amfibia.

P11 : Emergent plants are replaced by terrestial plants.

Sesaran berlaku dan tumbuhan amfibia diganti dengan

tumbuhan darat seperti tumbuhan renek.

P12 : Finally, a primary forest which is the climax

community is formed after hundreds of years.

Sesaran pada kolam akan terus berlaku dan tumbuh-

tumbuhan lain seperti paku-pakis, rumput, dan

tumbuhan renek berkayu akan tumbuh sehingga

terbentuknya komuniti klimaks,iaitu hutan hujan tropika

selepas beratus-ratus tahun.

1

1

1

1

1

Max : 10

(b)

From agricultural activities :

P1: Spreading fertilizers which contain nitrates and

phosphates

P2 : Excess fertilizer may be washed away by rain into

nearby river

P3: Causing enrichment of water in nutrient

P4: Result in the growth of algae/algae bloom which prevent

sunlight from reaching the bottom of the river

P5: This reduces photosynthesis of aquatic plants and finally

death.

P6: Increase in decomposing activities by aerobic bacteria

will increased BOD level of water resulting in a severe

depletion of oxygen.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

P7: Finally causes the death of aquatic animals such as fish

P8: Spraying insecticides

P9: May be hazardous to farmers if inhaled very often

P10: May contaminate the underground water.

P11: Causes the death of fishes.

P12: In the long term, the insect may develop into mutant

strain which is resistance to the chemical.

P13: From industrial wastes ,heavy metals such as copper,

mercury, zinc and chromium are highly toxic and

accumulate in the organism via food chain

P14: Mercury can cause acute nervous disorders in humans.

P15: Radioactive wastes can cause cancer such as leukemia.

1

Max : 6

1

1

1

1

1

Max : 2

1

1

1

Max : 2

TOTAL 20