peppermint oil (mentha piperita) abeer khattab-history jennifer hadra-chemistry amanda...
TRANSCRIPT
Peppermint Oil (Mentha Piperita)
Abeer Khattab-History
Jennifer Hadra-Chemistry
Amanda Trudeau-Research History
Peppermint – Mentha piperitaFamily Name : Labiatae
Other Name : Mentha
It is an aromatic herbaceous plant of the mint family
Distribution : Originated in Europe and early English colonists brought it to North America
It is also grown in England, Russia, and other European countries, where it become a very common plant.
Description of Peppermint PlantLeaf : Opposite, stems are square in across section, oval looking smooth and sharply pointed, evenly toothed, dark green, slightly rough underneath .
Flower : Small and pale purple, born on leafless terminal spikes in loose disconnected whorls.
Fruit and Bark : None .
Form : Grows 1- 3 feet, plant grows best in dark, moist soil, related to spearmint.
Essential Oils of PeppermintIt is the source of essential oils which are monoterpene, mainly synthesized in leaves, the first step in plastids by (4S)- Limonene synthase enzyme, but the succeeding steps occur outside the leucoplasts of oil gland cells.
The principal constituent of peppermint oil is Menthol (C10 H19 OH) which is white crystalline substance, has the peppermint odor and produces a sensation of cold in the mouth ---why?
Essential Oils of Peppermint
Dr. David Julius’s lab at the University of California, San Francisco, discovered that menthol activates cold receptors in our tissues called CMR1 receptors.
They have the same structure and way of working like VR1 receptors for sensation of cold and heat (menthol and capsaicin).
History of Peppermint UsePeppermint was cultivated by the ancient Egyptians and used by the Greek and Roman cooks as a flavoring for wines and sauces.
Some Asian countries have cultivated mint since ancient times.
It has been used in Europe and western medicine for a variety of ailments including toothaches, morning sickness and cramping.
It was brought to the U.S.A. early in the 19th century.
History of Peppermint Use (Contd.)
These plants were the foundation of what are today the largest peppermint centers in the world like the northeastern united states.Now practically the Midwestern states of Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and Wisconsin, all decreasing production.The far western states of Oregon, and Washington are now the major of American peppermint oil.Peppermint oil is used as a flavoring agent in pharmaceuticals, elixirs, food, and beverages especially chewing gum and candy, there is some use as a fragrance.
Cezanne, Paul
Still life with Peppermint bottle
1890 –94, Oil on canvas, national Gallery of Art Washington, D . C.
One of the most original of Cezanne’s still life
Products and Uses of Peppermint
Used in Middle eastern salad called tabbouleh combined with parsley giving it the delicious taste due to its delightful flavor.
Leaves of Peppermint used for flavoring tea added directly green or dried produced as packages called Peppermint tea which could be used separately as a hot drink like tea, Native
Products and Uses of Peppermint
Peppermint oil is most popular for flavoring candy, to give medicines, mouthwashes, and toothpaste a good taste, also used newly as lip balm recipe, it is the first aid for toothache being antiseptic and possessing a local anesthetic effect
Products and Uses of Peppermint
Peppermint oil is also a soothing remedy for colds and flu.
Fresh crushed leaves can be applied locally to relieve pain, in paths it can be used to relieve rheumatic and muscle pains.
It is well known for its digestive properties, used to relieve indigestion, wind, colic, nausea, diarrhea,and Crohns disease, stomach ulcers and ulcerative colitis.
Major Compound Menthol
Compounds from the peppermint plant are extracted from the leaves. Peppermint has a wide variety of uses. Some of those include: Flavorings: water, toothpaste, teas etc.
Common coldCandies BronchitisAromatherapy SinusAntacid/Anti-nausea tablets FeverGenetic Engineering Vomiting
Medical Uses/Dosage/Side Effects
Common cold Antispasmodic agentBronchitis Increase Esophageal Acid ClearanceSinusFeverVomiting
At this time dosage amounts are unclear. Several studies were reviewed and concluded that there were no reported side effects or tissue damage with the use of peppermint
Mode of Action
In hospital studies where peppermint oil was used as an antispasmatic is believed to act on beta-adrenergic receptors and uses a G-coupled protein pathway. (This is currently a hypothesis, no formal study has actually concluded in the exact pathway of peppermint as an antispasmatic.)
Mode of Action
Other studies that used peppermint as an antacid concluded that using peppermint in the form of an oral lozenge increased swallowing rate, which in turn increased esophageal acid clearance.
Postoperative Nausea
Study in UK
Hypothesis: Inhalation of peppermint oil will affect incidence and severity of gynecological surgical patients
Outcome: Incidence of NauseaControl Group-100%
Placebo Group-100%
Experimental Group-67%
Headache
Germany
Double Blind Study32 healthy subjects
Combinations of:
Peppermint oil + Eucalyptus Oil:• Significant reduction of EMG surface activity
of temporal muscle
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Randomized Clinical Trials
Studies Showed Improvement in:Abdominal pain
Stool frequency
Flatulence
Dyspepsia
Dyspepsia, which means "bad" (dys) "digestion" (pepsia)
Term used by doctors to describe a set of symptoms which are believed to have their cause somewhere in the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract
Cosmetics
Peppermint oil in 102 products
Bath oils Hair conditionersLipstickMakeup BaseShaving CreamSoapsNail Creams
Cosmetics
Mostly performed on rats, mice, bacteria, and dogs
Oral Toxicity
Immunotoxicity
Dermal Irritation
Reproductive Toxicity
Carcinogenicity