percent calves born dead, died, or were lost during 1996 nahms beef ’97 study 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5...
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Neonatal Calf Management
Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center
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Percent calves born dead, died, or were lost during 1996
NAHMS Beef ’97 Study
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0Born dead
24 hrs orless
24 hrs –3 wks
3 wks –weaning
2.1
1.1 1.1 1.2
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Calf Age and Organism
Organism Approximate Calf Age
E. coli Day 1 (days 1-7)
Rotavirus Day 4-9 (days 1-14 up to 5 wks)
Coronavirus Day 5-9 (days 2-14 up to 6 wks)
Clostridium perfringens Day 1-2 (days 1-7 & weeks 4-6)
Cryptosporidium parvum Day 7-10 (days 7-21)
Salmonella spp. Day 7-21 (day 7 through 4 mo.)
Coccidia Day 21 and up
Most of the time it is a mixed infection!
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Disease prevention
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Disease prevention
Animal-nutrition, immune
system, etc.
Environment-temperature, mud,
etc.
Agent- virulence,
exposure, etc.
Increase resistance
Prevent transmission
Remove agent
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Prevention
• Recreate early calving season conditions– “Clean” calving area– Absence of older calves
• Goal: Reduce/prevent transmission
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Weeks 1&2
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Week 3
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Week 4
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Week 5
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Week 6
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Week 7
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Week 8
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Week 9
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PathogenesisDiarrhea
Dehydration and Lactic Acidosis
Hypovolemic Shock
Decreased Profusion
Ischemic Damage of Multiple Organs
Translocation of Enteric Bacteria
Septicemic Shock
Death
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Treatment of Neonatal Diarrhea
• Dehydration• Acid/Base Imbalance• Electrolyte Abnormalities• Hypoglycemia• Ancillary treatments– Antibiotics– NSAID’s
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Rehydration Therapy
RouteVolumeCompositionDuration ?
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% Dehydration
EyeballStatus
Skin Tent (in seconds)
Mucus membranes
0 None <1 Moist
1-5 None to Slight 1-4 Moist
6-8 Slight Separation
5-10 Tacky
9-10 <5 mm gap 11-15 Tacky to dry
11-12 5-10 mm gap 16-45 Dry
Compiled from Howard, Smith, Blood et. al.
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Daily Fluid Requirement:
• Replacement = % dehydration x body wt.
• Maintenance = 50 mL/kg/day or
1mL/#/hr
• Estimated loss to diarrhea = 1-4 L/day
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Acid-Base Assessment
Lateral recumbency 4 10 4Lateral recumbency 20
Sternal recumbency 3 10 Sternal recumbency 3 15
Standing, weak suckle 2 5 Standing, weak suckle 2 10
Standing, good suckle 1 0 Standing, good suckle 1 5
Demeanor Score (< 8 days of age)
Base Deficit (Meq)
Demeanor Score (> 8 days of age)
Base Deficit (Meq)
Naylor
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Electrolytes and Energy
• Serum Chemistry– Potassium• Hyperkalemia• Total body depletion of K
– Sodium – normal to low normal– Chloride – normal to low normal
• Negative energy balance– Hypoglycemia– Do not give oral table sugar (sucrose)
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5 gms 15 gms 15 gms
In 2 liters of water with 50 ml of 50% dextrose solution….
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Intravenous Fluid Therapy Options
• 0.9% Saline• Ringer’s solution• Lactated Ringer’s solution• Isotonic sodium bicarbonate• Supplemental 5% Bicarb• Others
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Calculation of Replacement Bicarbonate
• Normal venous blood pH = 7.34• Normal serum bicarbonate values for calves = 30
mmol/L with a base excess of 5 mmol/L• Constant for volume of distribution= 0.6• Body wt in kg X (30-TCO2) X 0.6 = mEq of bicarb needed• Acid-base correction – HCO3- or bicarb equivalent like
acetate, citrate, or L-lactate• Commercial sources of Bicarb
• 8.4% - supplies 1mEq/ml• 5% - supplies 0.6mEq/ml
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Other Intravenous Fluid Considerations
• Ion replacement – Na+, K+, Cl-
– 20-40 mEq/liter of fluids– Do not exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/hour
• Energy maintenance
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Ancillary Tx
• Antimicrobials– Bacteremia– Control intercurrent infections– Prevent iatrogenic infections
• Flunixin meglumine– Correct dehydration first!
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Questions?