perception and the mind §conscious- you are awake, alert, and aware §various levels and states...
TRANSCRIPT
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Perception and the Mind
Conscious- you are awake, alert, and aware
Various LEVELS and STATES (they are not the same thing)
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Perception and the Mind
Focus of Attention- figure/ground relationships
Focal Point- single isolated stimulus you attend to
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Perception and the MindTwo ways to get a focal point1.selective attention- YOU
choose to pay attention to something
2. Feature Extraction- stimulus “Grabs” your attention
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Perception and the Mind
Attention Span- how long you make an object your focal point
average for a 16-year-old- 20 minutes
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Perception and the Mind
Vigilance- small physical gestures you use to stay aware (or you end up daydreaming)
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Perception and the MindPreconscious- level of mind
you can be made aware ofShort Term Memory-
temporary storage of information just experienced (transducted and encoded)
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Perception and the MindSTM/WORKING MEMORY:
Relatively small capacity7 +/- 2 items can be storedabout 20 seconds durationyou can expand this with
chunking!
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Perception and the Mind
Long term memory- Relatively permanent storage of experiences
capacity is very VASTCan be stored in preconscious
or unconscious levels
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Preconscious
Phenomenological Field- past experiences affect perception of current stimuli.
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Perception and the Mind
Unconscious- not aware of this info, but it’s there.
VERY QUICKREPRESSED MEMORIES
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Unconscious Mind
subliminal programmingSubconscious Memories-
stuff you don’t know you perceived
Déjà vu? Dreams?
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States of AwarenessAre you the same all the
time???Car accident, 1st period on a
Monday, really great partyFOCAL POINT CHANGES.Naturally or artificially
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DRUGS and consciousness
You know SO much of this!!!Drugs and brain functionpsychoactive substances- any
chemical that changes consciousness
LEGAL AND ILLEGAL!!!
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Altering Consciousness With Drugs
Psychoactive substances are drugs that affect consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior.
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Why Do People Take Drugs in The First Place?
To Feel GoodTo have novel:
feelingssensations
experiencesAND
to share them
To Feel BetterTo lessen:
anxietyworries
fearsdepression
hopelessness
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Types of UseUse as intended/prescribedSubstance abuse- pattern of use
that has negative effects substance dependence- addiction:
physical/ psychological dependence on the substance
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National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, 2003.
Age
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CANNABISALCOHOL
TOBACCO
Addiction Is A Developmental Disease that starts in adolescence and childhood
Age at tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis dependence per DSM IV
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DRUGS and consciousness
Tolerance- need more of the substance to have an effect
withdrawal- changes in behavior when stopping or reducing heavy use of a substance
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Drugs of Abuse Engage Motivation and
Pleasure Pathwaysof the Brain
Drugs of Abuse Engage Motivation and
Pleasure Pathwaysof the Brain
Why Do PeopleAbuse Drugs?
Why Do PeopleAbuse Drugs?
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Addiction Reward & well-being
Motivation
Movement
Dopamine
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Di Chiara et al., Neuroscience, 1999.,Fiorino and Phillips, J. Neuroscience, 1997.
Natural Rewards Elevate Dopamine Levels
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Effects of Drugs on Dopamine Release
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LETHARGIC STATE
GREATLY decreased awareness accompanied by decreased physical activity
focal point smaller/slower
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Lethargic State Causes
1. Drugs- DEPRESSANTSSlow CNS (neural) activitysedatives- NyquilAlcohol- increases with doseRx anti-anxiety- valium/
Xanax
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Altering Consciousness With Drugs
The rate of alcohol abuse and dependence is higher in men than in women.
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Altering Consciousness With Drugs
Like alcohol, barbiturates and benzodiazepines are depressants that slow CNS activityDO NOT COMBINE!
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Causes of Lethargy2. Hormonal/chemical
imbalanceLow Sugar-
HYPOGLYCEMIA“crashing” coming off a “high”
hypothyroid- overweight issues
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Causes of LethargyCauses of Lethargy3. Emotional Reactions: 3. Emotional Reactions:
sadness or boredomsadness or boredom4. Clinical Depression: 4. Clinical Depression:
MAJOR warning sign…MAJOR warning sign… more than 2 weeks of sadness---more than 2 weeks of sadness---May need more seratonin (SSRIs)May need more seratonin (SSRIs)
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Causes of LethargyCauses of Lethargy
5. illness/ injury5. illness/ injury
6. EXHAUSTION!!!EXHAUSTION!!!
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Hyper-Alert State of Awareness
A state of greatly increased awareness accompanied by major physiological changes
Increased CNS activityFocal point? Increased/ external
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Hyper-Alert State
Causes:
1. Chemical/Hormonal imbalances (natural)
hyperthyroid- gland in your neck that controls metabolism
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Hyper-Alert State
Hyperglycemia- too much sugar in your system
causes you to “speed up”?
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Hyper-Alert State
Adrenaline- (epinepherine) produced by your adrenal glands
FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
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2. CNS StimulantsIncrease activity of the central
nervous system(Meth)Amphetamines (speed),
cocaine, Ritalin, Adderall caffeine, nicotine
Saved by the Bell
Diet pills
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3. Emotional Reactions
EUSTRESS- PositiveepinephrineLaughter/ endorphinsDISTRESS- Negativenorepinephrine &
epinephrine
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EuphoriaIntense OVERWHELMING
feelings of a positive naturefocal point is increased
internalconcentrating on how good
you feel and lose touch with reality
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Euphoria Causes
1. Religious/Occult Experiences praying to the point where you are
overcome with emotion
2. EXTREME POSITIVE emotional experiences (Much more intense than eustress)
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Euphoria Causes3. Drugs: Ecstasy (hallucinogenic
stimulant)Opiates (opioids) /NarcoticsHallucinogens
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The Opiates/ NarcoticsLoss of sensitivity to painEndorphins – block substance PVycodin, Oxycontin, opium,
morphine, codeine, heroinAGITATED Dysphoria!!!
(withdrawal from heroin)Pain! Sweating, nausea, vomiting!!!
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The HallucinogensCause changes in perceptions(distorted perceptions/
hallucinations)LSD, PCP, Marijuana (THC)Affect a variety of
neurotransmitters/ receptors (seratonin, dopamine)
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Euphoria (causes, cont’d)
4. Sexual Arousal- the orgasm stage (internal focal point, intense, positive overwhelming pleasure)
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The Focal Point
Increased internal focal point; reduced physical activity and environmental stimuli.
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Inducing the Meditative State Close eyes, relaxdeep, regulated, cleansing
breaths“In through the nose, out
through the mouth”
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The Focal Point
Rhythmic chant-- MANTRA--a tone, music, heartbeat, breath, “OHM”
vibrations aid concentration
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Meditation
it can improve your life Reduce norepinephrine/
stress related illnessIncrease awareness/
contentment/ relaxation
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HYPNOSIS
Different from meditation1. FOCAL POINT is
EXTERNAL2. You are susceptible to
subconscious suggestion
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Hypnosis:how do I do it?You can’t!- you NEED someone
else!Induction starts like meditationNO MANTRA (internal)Subconscious
SUGGESTION(external)
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Hypnosis: what is it?
Expose your unconscious mind
lower your defense mechanisms
Dissociaters and fantasizers
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Uses for Hypnosis
1. Behavior modification- change detrimental behaviors (phobias, diet, smoking, etc.)
Power of suggestion
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Uses for Hypnosis
2. Age RegressionRecover repressed memories,
earlier lives--Distorted?3. Age Progression– positive
mental imagery (rehearsal/improve performance)
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Uses of Hypnosis
3. Anesthesia!!(dissociate from pain)Anyone willing to try??