perception "colors, tones, smells, and tastes are mental constructions created by the brain out...
TRANSCRIPT
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Perception
"Colors, tones, smells, and tastes are mental constructions created by the brain out of sensory experience. They do not exist, as such, outside of the brain. " (Martin, 1991).
Perception is an active, constructive process*
Al Seckel
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Does perception exist outside of awareness?
Subliminality
Selective Attention Focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. Cocktail Party Phenomenon
Change and Inattentional Blindness
djs_lab demos
Viewable/Downloadable Examples
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Perceptual Organization
• Gestalt Psychology Late 19th/early 20th field that emphasized the human tendency to organize pieces of information into meaningful patterns or wholes (Max Wertheimer, W. Kohler, F. Koffka)
• The brain’s tendency to organize sensory stimuli in order to construct reality helps to explain our susceptibility to illusions
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Gestalt Grouping Principles The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into
coherent groups (Law of Pragnanz or good order). We tend to order experience in a manner that is regular, orderly, symmetric, and most simple
proximity--group nearby figures together similarity--group figures that are similar familiarity—familiar or meaningful pattern continuity--perceive continuous patterns closure--fill in gaps connectedness--spots, lines, and areas are
seen as unit when connected common fate--when objects move in the
same direction, we see them as a unit Gestalt
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Illusory and Subjective Contours-Creating images where they do
not exist
Kanizsa’s Illusory Triangle
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Perceptual Organization
• Among our most basic perceptual tasks is a type of selective attention where we distinguish objects as separate from their surroundings, a concept known as. . .
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Infamous Rubin
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Which picture predominates for you, the younger or older woman?
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Reversible figures• Like with figure ground images in the following
illustrations the relationship between the objects continually reverses.
• Perceptual hypothesis Contends that we bridge the gap between what’s real and what we see by constantly making and testing hypotheses
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Binocular cues
• Retinal disparity and stereopisis The brain perceives distance and depth by comparing the different images received by each eye
• Convergence Eyes come together as objects are nearer
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Stereograms (like 3-D movies) exaggerate retinal disparity by placing two slightly separated images apart. The brain
actively reconstructs the images into a 3-D illusion
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Monocular cues
• Interposition/Superposition• Relative clarity/aerial
perspective• Texture gradient• Relative height• Relative size• Light and shadow• Linear perspective• Motion parallax
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Paris Street: A Rainy Day Gustave Caillebotte
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Pavement Drawings
Julian Beever
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Illusions you should know (and their possible explanations)
• Figure-ground• Reversible figures (Necker cube)• Illusory contours (Kanizsa triangle)• Size-distance illusions (Ames Room, Muller-Lyer &
Ponzo illusion)• Impossible figures (role of perceptual set/schema)
• Think gestalt…Top down processing (perceptual hypothesis)
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Size-Distance Illusions
• In each of these examples, the top and bottom lines are actually the same length.
• In each case the top line looks longer. Because?
• Mueller-Lyer Illusion
(a) Müller-Lyer illusion
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Ames Room
• Monocular depth cues give the illusion that the two people are equally far away Ames
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The Ponzo Illusion
What misassumptions cause this illusion?
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The monocular cues of linear perspective and relative size are responsible for this illusion. How?
Shepard's Terror Subterra
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More Perception Terms
• Real vs. apparent movement– Autokinetic effect/illusion – Stroboscopic motion – Phi Phenomenon PHI Phenomenon Activity
– Induced movement (stationary-moon)– Moving Aftereffect (MAE) –spiral aftereffect/waterfall
illusion Motion Aftereffect– Motion induced blindness (VSR) MIB
• YTMIB
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Motion Illusions
Freezing Rotation Illusion
Motion Induced Blindness
“Stepping feet” Motion Illusion
Stereokinetic Phenomenon
Motion-Bounce Illusion
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Perceptual Constancy
Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change
color shape size
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Contrast and Color Illusions
• Grid Illusions: Hering• Wertheimer-Koffka-Ring• Munker-White Illusion• Adelson -- Checker-shadow illusion• Lilac Chaser
• Cool Escher-inspired movie An “impossible” Movie
• Beau Lotto
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The Stroop Effect
• Stroop found that the act of reading could interfere with your ability to perform simple perceptual distinctions like naming colors
• Stroop Lab Introduction
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Other Misleading Cues and Line Illusions
• Hering Illusion• Café Wall Illusion
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Impossible Figures
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