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PERFORMANIMAL EUTHANASIA
EO 003.02
EO 003.02 PERFORMANIMAL EUTHANASIA
References
1. AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia, June 2007
2. Alberta Regulation 229/2000, Livestock Disease Act
EO 003.02 PERFORMANIMAL EUTHANASIA
Agenda
1. Criteria for a Painless Death
2. Ethical Considerations
3. Animal Behavioural Considerations
4. Human Behavioural Considerations
5. Mode of Actions of Euthanizing Agents
6. Inhalant Agents
7. Non-inhalant Agents
8. Physical Methods
9. Responsibilities of the Owner
10. Special Considerations
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A Humane Death
Euthanasia is the act of inducing
humane death in an animal
Highest degree of respect
Painless
Anxiety and Distress free
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Criteria for a Painless Death
Pain – sensation that results from nerve impulses reaching the cerebral cortex via neural pathways
Two Pain Categories
1. Sensory-Discriminative
2. Motivational-Affective
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Criteria for a Painless Death
Stress – the effect of physical, physiologic or emotional stressors that induce an alteration in an animal’s homeostasis
Three Phases of Stress
Eustress
Neutral Stress
Distress
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Physical Handling
Control and Restraint
1. Species
2. Breed
3. Size
4. State of Domestication
5. Degree of Taming
6. Presence of Injury or Disease
7. Degree of Excitement
8. Method of Euthanasia
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Methods of Euthanasia
1. Species of the Animal
2. Available Means of Restraint
3. Skill of Personnel
4. Number of Animals
HUMANE DEATH
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Ethical Considerations
Professional Concerns
Societal Concerns
Federal, Provincial and Local Laws
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Verifying Death
Examination for Cessation of Vital Signs
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Minimize Animal Distress
Gentle Restraint
Careful Handling
Talking during Euthanasia
Calming Effect
Route of Least Distress
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Minimize Animal Distress
Wild, Feral, Injured or Diseased Animals
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Human Behaviour
Psychological Response
Grief at the loss of life
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Veterinary Clinic
Owners make decisions
Rely on Veterinarian’s judgment
Owners present during the procedure
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Animal Care & Control Facility
Unwanted, homeless, diseased and/or injured
Distress
Constant exposure and high turnover of employeestraining & educational programspeer supporttime off for stress
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Laboratory
Similar to pet owners
Researchers, technicians and students become attached
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Wildlife Control
Injured and/or Diseased animals
Threatening property and human safety
Excessive numbers
Extreme distress and anxiety
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Slaughter Facilities
Very large numbers of animals
Physically and emotionally desensitized
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Public Exposure
Zoo animals
Roadside and Racetrack accidents
Nuisance or injured animals
Natural Disasters
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Basic Modes of Action
1. Direct or Indirect Hypoxia
2. Direct Depression of Neurons
3. Physical Disruption of Brain Activity
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Hypoxia
Loss of consciousness
Painless
Distress Free
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Direct Depression of Neurons
Depress nerve cells of the brain
Loss of consciousness followed by death
Non-purposeful vocalization or muscle contraction
Death by cardiac arrest
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Physical Disruption of Brain Activity
Concussion
Electrical Depolarization of neurons
destruction of the mid-brain causing cardiac and/or respiratory arrest
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Inhalants
Inhaled gas
Time Consuming
Suitability
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Inhalant Anaesthetics
Halothane Enflurane
Isoflurane Sevoflurane
Methoxyflurane Desflurane
Ether Nitrous Oxide
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Advantages for Inhalant Anaesthetics
Recommended for smaller animals where venipuncture may be difficult
Non-flammable and non-explosive under normal circumstances
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Disadvantages for Inhalants Anaesthetics
Animals may struggle and become anxious
vapours may be irritating and cause excitement
Ether is very flammable
Methoxyflorane is slow acting
Occupational Exposure by personnel
Potential for human abuse
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Inhalant Agents
Carbon Dioxide – (CO2)
Acceptable for the appropriate species (see appendix 1 of reference)
CO2 gas cylinder – only acceptable source
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Advantages of CO2
Rapid Depressant
Readily Available
Inexpensive
Non-flammable
Non-explosive
Minimal hazard to users
Non-accumulating
Disadvantages of CO2
Incomplete filling of chamber
Some species may have a tolerance
Time consuming
Some species breathe to slowly
High Concentrations may be distressful
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Inhalant Agents
Carbon Monoxide – (CO)
Acceptable for dogs, cats and other small mammals
CO gas cylinder – only acceptable source
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Advantages of CO
Painless
Minimal Discomfort
Insidious
Rapid effect in 4 – 6% concentrations
Disadvantages of CO
Exposure to personnel
Other equipment used must be explosion proof
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Inhalant Agents
Nitrogen (N2)/Argon (Ar)
Death induced by Hypoxemia
Distressful to some species – rats
N2/Ar gas cylinder – only acceptable source
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Advantages of N2/Ar
Readily Available
Minimal hazard to personnel
Disadvantages of N2/Ar
Loss of consciousness preceded by hypoxemia – distressful
Introduction of O2 too soon may induce full recovery
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Non-Inhalant Pharmaceutical Agents
Injectable agents are the most rapid and reliable method of Euthanasia
Administered through intravenous injection
Minimal fear or distress to the animal
Intra-peritonial Injection
Intra-cardiac Injection
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Barbituric Acid Derivatives
Depresses the Central Nervous System in descending order
Administered only through IV Injection
PotentLong-actingStableInexpensive
Sodium Pentobarbital
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Advantages of Sodium Pentobarbital
Speed of action
Minimal discomfort
Smooth drug action
Inexpensive
Disadvantages of Sodium Pentobarbital
Personnel trained in IV Injection
Animal restraint required
Terminal “Gasp”
Persists in the carcass
Toxic for scavengers
Federal Drug Regulations
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Barbituric Acid Derivatives
Potassium Chloride
Unacceptable in unanaesthetized animals
Acceptable to induce cardiac arrest in anaesthetized animals
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Advantages of Potassium Chloride
Not a controlled substance
Less toxic for scavengers
Disadvantages of Potassium Chloride
Rippling of muscle tissues
Seizures
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Barbituric Acid Derivatives
Pentobarbital Combinations
Chloral Hydrate
T-61
Tricaine Methane Sulfonate (MS 222)
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Unacceptable Injectable AgentsStrychnine Nicotine
Caffeine Magnesium Sulfate
Potassium Chloride Cleaning Agents
Solvents Disinfectants
Salts
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
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Physical Methods
Captive Bolt Gun ShotCervical Dislocation DecapitationElectrocution Microwave IrradiationKill Traps Thoracic CompressionExsanguination MacerationStunning PithingBlow to the Head
EXTREME CAUTION & CARE
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Penetrating Captive Bolt
Concussion and trauma to the cerebral hemisphere and brainstem
Used in slaughter houses for Ruminants, Equine and Swine
Aesthetically displeasing
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Blow to the Head
Anatomic features of the animal
Humane for neonatal animals with thin craniums
Single sharp blow
Rapid death when properly performed
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Gun Shot
Immediate Death – brain
Performed outdoors away from public access
Dangerous Weapon, Aesthetically unpleasant, may not be able to examine for rabies
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Cervical Dislocation & Decapitation
Rapid action and loss of consciousness
No chemically contaminated carcasses
Aesthetically unpleasant, mastering a technical skill
Cervical Dislocation – poultry, mice and other small birds
Decapitation – obtain undamaged brain tissue from lab rodents and rabbits
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Electrocution
Induce death by cardiac fibrillationHumane act if animal is unconsciousEconomicalHazardous to personnel,
Aesthetically unpleasant – violent extension and stiffening of limbs, head and neck
Does not always work on small animalsSpecial skills and equipment
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Microwave Irradiation
Only acceptable use is for very small laboratory specimens
Thoracic Compression
Only acceptable use is for small to medium size birds when other methods are not practical
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Kill Traps
Does not always render a rapid and stress free death
Should be followed immediately by another method
Use is controversial
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Adjunctive Methods
Exsanguination, Stunning and Pithing
These methods can only be conducted in conjunction with other physical and/or chemical methods
Never Conducted as a sole means of Euthanasia
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Wildlife
Methods for captive animals more difficult to conduct in wild and feral animals
Gun Shot or Kill Traps
Appropriate firearm and ammunition
Skilled personnel
Abide and comply with governmental laws and regulations
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Diseased, Injured, or Live-Trapped
Wildlife or Feral Species
Wildlife Injury
Immediate action is
usually required
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Disposition of Dead Animals
1. Dispose of the animal within 48 hours of its death 2. The animal has died from an infectious disease or
from a reportable disease, the owner of the animal shall dispose of it in accordance with the directions of an inspector appointed under the Health of Animals Act (Canada)
3. Prevent scavengers from gaining access to the dead animal, or
4. Transport to a rendering or incineration plant
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Burial of Dead Animals
Burying the animal in a burial pit, if the pit is
1. at least 100 metres from wells or other domestic water intakes, streams, creeks, ponds, springs and high water marks of lakes and at least 25 metres from the edge of a coulee, major cut or embankment,
2. at least 100 metres from any residences,
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Burial of Dead Animals3. at least 100 metres from any livestock facilities,
including pastures, situated on land owned or leased by another person,
4. at least 300 metres from a primary highway,
5. at least 100 metres from a secondary highway, and
6. at least 50 metres from any other road allowance
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Burial of Dead Animals
The pit is covered with
1. a minimum of one metre of compacted soil
2. the bottom of the pit is at least one metre above the seasonal high water table
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Conclusion
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