performance analysis of cost effective portable solar
TRANSCRIPT
Current Photovoltaic Research 9(2) 51-58 (2021) pISSN 2288-3274
DOI:https://doi.org/10.21218/CPR.2021.9.2.051 eISSN 2508-125X
Performance Analysis of Cost Effective Portable Solar
Photovoltaic Water Pumping SystemRicha Parmar* ․ Dr. Chandan Banerjee ․ Dr. Arun K. Tripathi
Department of Solar Photovoltaics, National Institute of Solar Energy, Gurugram, Haryana, India
Received February 21, 2021; Revised March 25, 2021; Accepted April 6, 2021
ABSTRACT: Solar water pumping system (SWPS) is reliable and beneficial for Indian farmers in irrigation and crop production without
accessing utility. The capability of easy installation and deployment, makes it an attractive option in remote areas without grid access.
The selection of portable solar based pumps is pertaining to its longer life and economic viability due to lower running cost. The work
presented in this manuscript intends to demonstrate performance analysis of portable systems. Consequent investigation reveals PSWS
as the emerging option for rural household and marginal farmers. This can be attributed to the fact that, a considerable portion (around
45.7%) of the country’s land is farmland and irrigation options are yet to reach farmers who entirely rely on rain water at present for
harvesting of the crops. According to census 2010-2011 tube wells are the main source for irrigation amongst all other sources followed
by canals. Out of the total 64.57-million-hectare net irrigation area, 48.16% is accounted by small and marginal holdings, 43.77% by
semi-medium and medium holdings, and 8.07% by large holdings. As per 2015-16 census data, nearly 100 million farming households
would struggle to make ends meet. The work included in this manuscript, presents the performance of different commercial brands and
different technologies of DC surface solar water micro pumping systems have been studied (specifically, the centrifugal and reciprocating
type pumps have been considered for analysis). The performance of the pumping systems has been analyzed and data is evaluated in
terms of quantity of water impelled for specific head. The reciprocating pump has been observed to deliver the best system efficiency.
Key words: Solar Photovoltaic, Centrifugal motors, Reciprocating pumps, Wire to water efficiency, Hydraulic output
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ⓒ 2021 by Korea Photovoltaic Society
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0)
which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Nomenclature
AC : alternate current
DC : direct current
Esub : subsystem efficiency
G : acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)
H : Height (meter)
I : Current
M : Friction Loss
MPPT : Maximum Power Point Tracking
η : Efficiency
PSWS : Portable Solar Water Pumping System
PV : Photovoltaic
Q : Flow rate
ρ : Water Density
SPV : Solar Photovoltaic
SWPS : Solar Water Pumping System
V : Voltage
WTWE : Wire to Water Efficiency
1. Introduction
Portable Solar Water Pumping System are basically designed
for fulfilling the requirements of small land holders as, com-
pactness is an important requirement of such target beneficiaries.
Impelled water can be used for various practices like livestock
requirements for far-flung locations, irrigation of small fields,
kitchen gardens and small farmhouses, etc. The impelled water
can also be used to cater sanitation requirements in lavatories for
convenient and effective utilization of solar energy and prevent
water wastage. In this paper, characteristics, operating principle
and practices of portable solar water micro pumping system
(SWMPS) are described according to Indian requirements.
The development of micro pumps started with piston type or
reciprocating pumps1)
. Developing countries e.g. India, Sub
Saharan Africa etc. have identified solar pumps as a climate
smart technology to meet the growing irrigation demand2)
.
Experimental Analysis and simulation study of solar powered
water pumping system3)
by optimizing the power conversion
reveal the fact that, the performance of the SWPS is maximum
at midday. The work presented in4)
, categorize the renewable
51
R. Parmar et al. / Current Photovoltaic Research 9(2) 51-58 (2021)52
Fig. 1. Pump classification (operational features)
Fig. 2. Pump classification (constructional features)
energy source water pumping systems (RESWPs) into five
different groups. The performance of each category i.e., biomass
water pumping systems (BWPSs), solar photovoltaic water
pumping systems (SPWPSs), solar thermal water pumping systems
(STWPSs), wind energy water pumping systems (WEWPSs) and
hybrid renewable energy water pumping systems (HREWPSs)
highlight the vital role played by renewable energy source in
water pumping applications and its environmental impacts.
Energy consumption, water flow rate and crop water requirement
are some of the significant aspects which are observed as per
present technology and applications of solar water pumping
systems5-8)
. Solar water pumping technologies have aided in
mitigating reliance on the existing diesel or grid-based systems9)
.
Optimization of multiple micro pumps to maximize the flow
rate and minimize the flow pulsation has been discussed in10)
.
Further, performance analysis of the pumps at different locations,
for surface and ground water has been presented in11)
. The
performance assessment and optimal sizing of the various
commercially available pumping systems in Indian market
based on has been included in12-13)
. The work in14)
investigates
the possibility of solar water pumping system for cassava
irrigation in China and examines suitable area for solar water
irrigation. A systematic approach for optimal sizing of photovoltaic
irrigation systems has been discussed in15-16)
. The fact that,
operating temperature plays a key role in photovoltaic systems
and exhibits linear variations with respect to the output power of a
PV module has been presented in17)
. The work in19)
, investigates
the socio-economic changes and their impact on water management
pertaining to the wavering energy and water demands. In Sub-
Saharan Africa a new solar powered methodology is proposed
for irrigation that can be utilized for the small-scale lands in
remote rural areas19)
. Standalone solar powered water pumping
systems are efficient and reliable approach to certain applications20)
.
Motivated by such observations, governments have incorporated
certain initiatives to achieve the electrification target for effective
utilization of green energy sources21)
. Importance of SWPS for
small land holders, pertaining to associated economic barriers
restricting their ability to utilize such systems has been elaborated
in22)
. The measures undertaken by Government of India by
means of policies and schemes, particularly for women and
underprivileged groups, in order to address these restrictions
have been discussed in23)
. All these factors contribute in making
SPV system, an economically attractive renewable technology25)
.
The significance of operating heads on various SPV water
pumping systems using optimum PV array configuration has been
discussed in26)
. The effects of variation in irradiation, on the
performance of SPVWPS has also been premeditated27)
. A cost
sensitive analysis towards climatic conditions and geographical
parameters is proposed smartly for system sizing and optimi-
zation28-29)
. The concept of centralized SPVWPS for domestic
usage with emphasis on average water requirement has been
investigated in30)
. Optimal photovoltaic arrangement to cater
requirements of agriculturists has been included in31)
.
The work included in this paper introduces the concept of
portable solar water pumps. The system employs an irrigation
pump designed to meet requirements of the target beneficiary.
For small land farmers in remote areas, portability is still an
important requirement to address the threat of expensive equip-
ment being stolen. Portable solar water micro pump systems
intend to develop a plug and play compatible SPVWPS that can
be carried by a person in hand/on a bicycle. The portability
enables using the system at different locations/sites without
much effort. The work provides analysis of systems employing
centrifugal / reciprocating technology-based surface Pumps.
Comparative study concluding DC Pumps to be more efficient
than their AC counterparts has also been included.
2. Portable Solar Water Micro Pumps
Pumps can be broadly classified into Surface and Submersible
type based on their constructional features. However, portable
solar powered micro pumps readily integrate surface type pumps,
as these pumps can be operated by placing near the source of
water (like river, lake or storage tank) to the field. Surface
pumps are low-cost, high-efficiency pumps that require less
maintenance and are easy to install.
R. Parmar et al. / Current Photovoltaic Research 9(2) 51-58 (2021) 53
Fig. 3. DC surface solar water pumping system
Fig. 4. Centrifugal type portable solar water pumping system
Fig. 5. Reciprocating type portable solar water micro pumping
system
Surface pumps can lift water up to 8-meter maximum height
for instance, surface type water pumping systems are adapted
where water is required to drive from a dam or cistern to a
storage tank on the field. There are three main technologies of
solar water pump system given below in Fig. 2.
2.1 Centrifugal pump
This type of pump utilizes rotational kinetic energy to pull
water. The pumps employ rotating impellers to impel water. The
capacity of the pump is determined by the number of impellers
employed. Multistage pumps are capable of achieving high
output pressure and high rate of water flow. Water enters the
impeller core axially and accelerated outwards by radial push of
the impellers. Centrifugal pumps are most conventional AC
pumps. However, the pumps required relatively high operating
voltage to perform steadily. Therefore, performance is poor in
cloudy weather, early morning and late evening when irradiation
is relatively lower.
2.2 Positive displacement pump
This type of pump uses a piston to pump water, the displace-
ment of water in positive cycle which brings water into a
chamber and then forces it out using a piston. Piston-type pumps
achieve high lifts and are capable of drawing water from relatively
deeper ground levels. These pumps are relatively slower than
other technologies but perform better, even in low power operating
conditions. The major difference in operational principle between
the two technologies is that, while the centrifugal pump utilizes
rotational kinetic energy of impeller to pump fluid, the recipro-
cating pump is a positive displacement type pump. This enables
the reciprocating pumps to handle even viscous fluids making them
less sensitive to debris and other solid particles. Reciprocating
pumps are generally ‘Farmer-Repairable’ (excepting DC Motor
and Solar PV Panels). With a proper Remote Monitoring being
installed, the System can provide advance intimation of pump-
health to the Technical Support team. Having a practical suction
capability of 8 meter with a total lift of 15 meter. It can be used
to pump water from wide range of water sources - open-wells,
lakes, ponds, canals, tanks, etc.
R. Parmar et al. / Current Photovoltaic Research 9(2) 51-58 (2021)54
3. Experimental Setup & Methodology
The Solar Water Pump test facility established at National
Institute of Solar Energy mainly consists of a sump well (10 m
deep), Total head up-to 100 m and shut off dynamic head up-to
150 m. Which can create suction head from 0 to 7 meters for
surface pumps. PV arrays of different capacities, mounted on
suitable metallic structures conforming to the Standards specified
by MNRE are installed for powering the pumps; the modules are
configured in series and parallel to attain the required power
output. Modules installed with SPV water pumping system are
IEC 61215 and IEC 61730 Part I and II certified. Flow meters
and pressure gauges are installed in the facility for a continuous
monitoring of the flow and delivery pressure. The electrical
output of these meters is automatically logged by the SCADA
system which records all the parameters including the array-
voltage/current, motor/pump voltage/current, radiation level
both horizontal and tilted, module surface temperature, etc. on
continuous basis, with periodicity of 10 seconds. The parameters
are averaged over a period of 10 minutes and a data is stored in
a memory as programmed. Two solar array simulators (Make:
CHROMA) are deployed for simulating the array output power.
The performance of the system can be determined by evaluating
the data acquired under varying conditions. The performance
evaluation can be performed either under laboratory (replicable
and reproducible) conditions through simulators, or under field
conditions for acceptance test through outdoor PV arrangements.
The programmable PV simulators are capable of simulating the
necessary configuration (i.e., number of modules, type and
required series/parallel combination) for laboratory test. The
general layout of the system pipe work has been designed to
avoid airlocks. For instantaneous performance testing, pressure
can be sustained by means of a simple gate valve in which, a
backpressure is sustained by restricting the flow. Separate valves
were also deployed to sustain a constant upstream pressure
(pressure sustaining valves). Necessary measures were practiced
to counter the unpredictable performance of such valves. If
possible, test laboratories may also sustain pressure by means of a
pre-pressurized air chamber operating with a pressure maintaining
valve at the outlet or a real water column. Water output is
calculated in terms of liters per watt-peak against total irradiance
and liters per day against total irradiance. Parameters like solar
insolation, Vin, Vout, Iout, Pin, Pout, temperature of water, are
measured to study the performance and feasibility.
3.1 Performance evaluation of pumps
Based on the capacity, size and head of operation four pumps
were selected out of available solar water pumps in Indian
Market (both indigenous and Foreign Manufacturers). The
performance characterization was done on the basis of System
Efficiency, Subsystem Efficiency, and Flow rate. Of these, the
available DC systems are either directly connected, or are
connected through an electronic controller for impedance
matching. The controller can be either integrated with motor-pump
or included separately connected to either brushes or electronically
commutated motor-pump unit where the corresponding controls
are integral with motor-pump. In case of systems employing AC
motor-pump arrangement, a DC/AC inverter is integrated into
the arrangement. For instantaneous performance testing, pressure
can be sustained by means of a simple gate valve in which a
backpressure is sustained by restricting the flow (IEC 62253).
3.1.1 Performance measurement
The following guidelines were practiced to ensure accuracy
in results:
The pipeline set-up between the pump outlet and the pressure
sensor should be of the same inner diameter as the manufacturer’s
outlet fitting. It is assumed that, over the normal operating range
of the pump, the pressure drop due to frictional losses between
the pump outlet and the pressure sensor will be negligible. The
kinetic energy component of the water at the pump outlet will be
small compared to the increase in potential energy due to the
increased pressure across the pump.
A flow meter is used to measure flow of water as shown in
Fig. 6 (a), then the end of the discharge pipe should be beneath the
water surface to prevent splashing. If the bucket and stopwatch
method (field method) is used, it is not possible to discharge the
water beneath the surface. Under such circumstances, a vertical
baffle shall be inserted in the tank between the pump intake and
the return pipe such that water has to pass under the baffle near
the bottom of the tank to reach the pump. Alternatively, a large
pipe can be placed around the pump with its top breaking the
surface and an arch cut in its base to allow water entry and step
by step test procedure is shown in Fig. 6 (b).
Subsystem efficiency is defined as the total hydraulic energy
output divided by total PV power input.
R. Parmar et al. / Current Photovoltaic Research 9(2) 51-58 (2021) 55
Fig. 6. (a) Experimental test setup for performance analysis of
water pumping system
Fig. 6. (b) Flowchart of the performance evaluation process of
the solar water pumping system
Table 1. Standards for PV Array
Standards For PV Array
Sr. no. Standard Name Description
1. IEC 62124PV Standalone system design
verification
2. IEC 61725Analytic Expression for daily
solar profile
3. IEC 62548Design requirements for
photovoltaic (PV) arrays
Table 2. Standards for pumps
Sr.
no.
Standard
NameDescription
1. IEC 62253 Design Qualification & Performance Measure
2. IS 14582
Single Phase Small A.C. Electric Motors for
Centrifugal Pumps for Agricultural Applications
— Specification
3. IS 11346Tests for Agricultural And Water Supply Pumps
— Code Of Acceptance
4. IS 14536
Selection, Installation, Operation and
Maintenance of Submersible Pump set
-Code of Practice
5. IS 5120Technical Requirements for Roto-dynamic
Special Purpose Pumps
6. IS 14220Open-well Submersible Pump sets
—Specification
Table 3. PV array capacity and micro pump configuration
S.
N.Name
PV Array
capacity and
Pump
Configuration
Uses TypeTotal
Head
1. A80 Watt Peak
and 12 volts
open wells / rivers
/ farm ponds /
tanks / streams
etc
HP DC
Surface
pump
(Type:
Centrifugal)
5 to
40 m
2. B80 Watt Peak
and 24 volts
bore wells as well
as open
wells/rivers/farm
ponds/tanks etc
0.1 HP DC
Surface
pump
(Type:
Centrifugal)
5 to
70 m
3. C120 Watt Peak
and 36 volts
Small-holder/
Marginal farmer,
having small
scattered holding,
Having shallow
sub-terrane water
or access to river/
lake/pond/canal
system. Having
little or no access
to grid-electricity
0.1 HP DC
Surface
pump
(Type :
Piston)
10 m
4. D300 Watt Peak
and 36 volts
Small-holder/
Marginal farmer,
having small/
scattered holding,
Having shallow
sub-terrane water
or access to river/
lake/pond/canal
system. Having
little or no access
to grid-electricity
0.25 HP DC
Surface
Pump
(Type:
Piston)
10 m
R. Parmar et al. / Current Photovoltaic Research 9(2) 51-58 (2021)56
Table 4. Comparative analysis between centrifugal pump and
reciprocating pump
S.N.Performance
Parameters
Centrifugal
Pump
Reciprocating
Pump
1. Efficiency Low High
2. Reliability High High
3. Total Head
Suction Head is low
but Delivery Head is
high
Suction Head is high
but Delivery Head is
low
4. Applications
Kitchen Garden,
Toilet Sanitation,
Sprinkler but not
suitable for irrigation
Kitchen Garden, Toilet
Sanitation, Sprinkler
and also suitable for
irrigation upto 1 Acre
area land
5. Cost Low High
6.Remote
Monitoring UnitNot provided Provided
Fig. 7. 0.1HP DC surface (centrifugal) solar water micro pump
at 12V
Fig. 8. 0.1HP DC surface (centrifugal) solar water micro pump
at 24V
Wire to Water Efficiency is defined as total hydraulic energy
divided by total power
Flow rate is defined as the water output of the Pump & Motor per
unit time
3.2 Selection of the solar water pumping system
Based on study of the pump performance at laboratory, the
following parameters were identified as key parameters in context
of Indian market: the operating head, total water output required
per watt per day, wire to water efficiency and utilization factor.
The performance of Surface Pumps was observed to be good for
lower head operation whereas, Submersible pumps were observed
to perform better for higher head operation. Outcomes of the
comparative analysis have been summarized in Table 4.
4. Discussion
A 0.1HP, 80Watt, DC surface pump was analyzed for operating
voltage of 12V, 24V and 36V. Figure 7 depicts the estimation of
wire to water efficiency with respect to rate of discharge of
water and input dc power for a DC centrifugal surface pump at
12V. It has been observed that, at maximum head (22 m), the
wire to water (WTWE) efficiency is 42.21% and input power is
39.72W. The maximum WTWE efficiency is observed to be
43.64% @ input power of 37.8W and operational head 20 m.
Estimation of wire to water efficiency with respect to rate of
discharge of water and input dc power for a DC centrifugal
surface pump at 24V is shown in Figure 8. At the maximum head
(22 m). the WTWE efficiency is observed to be 46.47% and
input power drawn is 44.56W which corresponds to its maximum
WTWE efficiency. Fig. 9 records the estimation of wire to water
efficiency with respect to rate of discharge of water and input dc
power supply for the system at 36V. It is found that at maximum
head of 8.5 m, the WTWE efficiency is 46.57% and input power
is 76.35W. The maximum WTWE efficiency of 48.97% is also
recorded for operational head of 8.5 m with input power of
88.31W due to increased irradiance.
Fig. 10: shows the estimation of wire to water efficiency with
respect to rate of discharge of water and input dc power supply
for a 0.25HP, DC surface pump. It is found that at maximum
R. Parmar et al. / Current Photovoltaic Research 9(2) 51-58 (2021) 57
Fig. 9. 0.1HP DC surface (reciprocating) solar water micro
pump at 36V
Fig. 10. 0.25HP DC surface (reciprocating) solar water micro
pump
head of 61 m, the WTWE efficiency is 62.69% with input power
is 143.10W. The maximum WTWE efficiency of 67.86% was
recorded with input power of 112W for operational head of 31 m.
5. Conclusion
The work presented in this paper establishes that Solar Water
Micro Pumping Systems are portable, easy to use and require
less maintenance. The analytical results of different technologies
of solar water micro pumps demonstrates performance analysis
between centrifugal and reciprocating technologies. Comparative
analysis elaborate that reciprocating pumps are more efficient.
Although solar water micro pumps are suitable for only limited
practices, the observations reveal this configuration being,
sustainable and cost-effective method for marginal farmers
along with applications like kitchen gardens, farm houses, etc.
without the consumption of electricity and conventional fuel,
thereby providing a cost-effective alternative.
Acknowledgement
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of Mr. Jitendra
Lakhani, Future Pumps Ltd.(India) and Mr. Anupam Baral,
Geetanjali Pumps Ltd. (India), for their valuable guidance.
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