Role of computers in Role of computers in veterinary surgeryveterinary surgery

Dr.Mudasir BashirDr.Mudasir Bashir

Roll no.4856Roll no.4856

MVSc scholarMVSc scholar

• ComputerComputer:-machine that carries out :-machine that carries out computation.computation.

• Al-jazari in 1206-”castle clock”an astronomical Al-jazari in 1206-”castle clock”an astronomical clock-ist computer analog.clock-ist computer analog.

• Charles babbage credited for invention of Charles babbage credited for invention of

computers. computers.

• In medical practices its use started in 1960`s.In medical practices its use started in 1960`s.

Computers in veterinary science were started in Computers in veterinary science were started in

1980`s.1980`s.

computers as Virtual labscomputers as Virtual labs Virtual physiology series:-includes------Virtual physiology series:-includes------ Sim vessel,sim muscle,sim nerve,sim Sim vessel,sim muscle,sim nerve,sim

patch and sim heart.patch and sim heart. These are computer programmes wherein These are computer programmes wherein

we are able to detect effects of various we are able to detect effects of various drugs on different organs of the body.drugs on different organs of the body.

It avoids animal cruelty used for practical It avoids animal cruelty used for practical purposes.purposes.

ROLE IN VETERINARY HOSPITAL:ROLE IN VETERINARY HOSPITAL:

MANAGEMENT OF DATA WITHIN A MANAGEMENT OF DATA WITHIN A HOSPITAL RECORD:-HOSPITAL RECORD:-

1.1.Patient demographics, Patient demographics,

2.2.Signalment, Signalment,

3.3.Final Diagnosis,Final Diagnosis,

4.4. Medical-surgical SummariesMedical-surgical Summaries

5.5.Anaesthesia And Drug Histories etcAnaesthesia And Drug Histories etc

COMPUTERS IN SURGERY:-COMPUTERS IN SURGERY:-Programmes loaded in computers assist in:-Programmes loaded in computers assist in:-

DiagnosisDiagnosis Guidance for developing therapeutic Guidance for developing therapeutic

optionoption Allowing interactive and continuing Allowing interactive and continuing

educational oppertunitieseducational oppertunities Assist in primary surgical instructionAssist in primary surgical instruction Allowing data management Allowing data management

applicationsapplications

COMPUTER ASSISTED DIAGNOSIS AND COMPUTER ASSISTED DIAGNOSIS AND PATIENT MANAGEMENT:-PATIENT MANAGEMENT:-

Higher level processes include automated Higher level processes include automated analysis of matrix considering all diagnostic analysis of matrix considering all diagnostic possibilities from signs presented.possibilities from signs presented.

Currently many computerassisted diagnostic Currently many computerassisted diagnostic problems are available in both vety.and problems are available in both vety.and medicine and are most applicable in medicine and are most applicable in multifaceted or complex clinical situation.multifaceted or complex clinical situation.

These donot have observational ability,clinical These donot have observational ability,clinical experience or common sense..experience or common sense..

As machines become more efficient and As machines become more efficient and rapid data base access becomes more rapid data base access becomes more common,it is possible for local systems to common,it is possible for local systems to automatically acquirethe latest references automatically acquirethe latest references and abstracts from national and international and abstracts from national and international bibliographic referencebibliographic reference

COMPUTER-ASSISTED DIAGNOSTIC COMPUTER-ASSISTED DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTATION:-INSTRUMENTATION:-

Electroencephalography,electroretinography,Electroencephalography,electroretinography,digital radiography,digital flouroscopy,axial digital radiography,digital flouroscopy,axial tomography,and thermal and ultrasonic tomography,and thermal and ultrasonic image enhancement by computers are image enhancement by computers are outstanding applications. outstanding applications.

Computers in operating Computers in operating room and critical care room and critical care unit:-unit:- Continuous and automated physiological Continuous and automated physiological

monitoring of certain postsurgical patients monitoring of certain postsurgical patients in the recovery room and critical care in the recovery room and critical care ward is well established e.g.; ward is well established e.g.; computerized signal processing from computerized signal processing from electrocardiographic monitors is electrocardiographic monitors is especially prevalent and detects cardiac especially prevalent and detects cardiac rate and rhythm changes.rate and rhythm changes.

Flouroscopy:-Flouroscopy:-PRESENTATION OF IMAGE→FLOUROSCOPYPRESENTATION OF IMAGE→FLOUROSCOPY More suited to study of moving structures and More suited to study of moving structures and

dynamic processes than x-raysdynamic processes than x-rays It gives an image that is continous in time and It gives an image that is continous in time and

is required for maximum information.is required for maximum information. X-ray beam is directed through patient & on to X-ray beam is directed through patient & on to

an image intensifier which amplifies the x-ray an image intensifier which amplifies the x-ray coming through the patient→decrease x-ray coming through the patient→decrease x-ray dose. dose.

Resulting images are videotaped & hence Resulting images are videotaped & hence permanent medical recordpermanent medical record

DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY (DR)DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY (DR) X-ray tube is coupled to a specialised rerceiver that X-ray tube is coupled to a specialised rerceiver that

changes x-rays into electrical signals changes x-rays into electrical signals Analog image is digitalized & displayed on integrated Analog image is digitalized & displayed on integrated

computer screencomputer screen Data is stored in magnetic optical Data is stored in magnetic optical

discs(MODs),CDs,DVDs.discs(MODs),CDs,DVDs. ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES No films are required.No films are required. No screens are required.No screens are required. No processing is required.No processing is required. Brightness & contrast of images can be adjusted.Brightness & contrast of images can be adjusted.

COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHYCOMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY Similar to DR except an x-ray Similar to DR except an x-ray

receiver similar to cassete is receiver similar to cassete is required & must be processed in required & must be processed in special machine which contains special machine which contains photostimulable phosphor that photostimulable phosphor that changes x-ray photons in latent changes x-ray photons in latent electronic images that is read by electronic images that is read by

processor & is transferred to processor & is transferred to computer.computer.

ULTRASONOGRAPHYULTRASONOGRAPHY PRINCIPLE PULSE-ECHOPRINCIPLE PULSE-ECHO

Pulse is generated by piezoelectric Pulse is generated by piezoelectric crystals in an ultrasound transducer crystals in an ultrasound transducer & is transferred to the patient& is transferred to the patient→Echo →Echo formed is transmitted in the form of formed is transmitted in the form of electrical waves→images are formed electrical waves→images are formed on the computer. on the computer.

NUCLEAR MEDICINENUCLEAR MEDICINE

TWO TYPESTWO TYPES

THERAPEUTIC NM & DIAGNOSTIC NMTHERAPEUTIC NM & DIAGNOSTIC NM

THERAPEUTIC NMː THERAPEUTIC NMː

Administration of radioactive iodine for Administration of radioactive iodine for treatment of hypothyroidism & thyroid tumourstreatment of hypothyroidism & thyroid tumours

DIAGNOSTIC NMDIAGNOSTIC NM ːː Administration of radioactive nuclides to Administration of radioactive nuclides to

patients and detection by gama-scintillation patients and detection by gama-scintillation camera of electromagnetic rayscamera of electromagnetic rays

Technetium→primary choice-------tTechnetium→primary choice-------t1/2=1/2=6hr6hr

Computerized tomography (CT)Computerized tomography (CT) CT scan is obtained by passing a very CT scan is obtained by passing a very

thin x-ray beam through patient & thin x-ray beam through patient & measurring x-ray attenuation at multiple measurring x-ray attenuation at multiple sites in a thin slice of patients anatomy.sites in a thin slice of patients anatomy.

Computer reconstructs the transmitted x-Computer reconstructs the transmitted x-ray data into a crossectional image on a ray data into a crossectional image on a video monitor.video monitor.

Animal is kept in dorso-ventral or Animal is kept in dorso-ventral or ventro- dorsal position.Table then moves ventro- dorsal position.Table then moves the patient through circular gantry that the patient through circular gantry that houses the x-ray tube & detectors.houses the x-ray tube & detectors.

MAGNETIC RESONANT IMAGING MAGNETIC RESONANT IMAGING (MRI) (MRI)

Unlike CT scan, no ionizing radiation is Unlike CT scan, no ionizing radiation is used.used.

MRI represents the intensity of a MRI represents the intensity of a radiowave signal from tissues in which radiowave signal from tissues in which hydrogen nuclei has been disturbed by a hydrogen nuclei has been disturbed by a characteristic radiofrequency pulse.characteristic radiofrequency pulse.

Advantages over CT scanAdvantages over CT scan Better image resolutionBetter image resolution Anatomic definition & sensitivity to tissue Anatomic definition & sensitivity to tissue

composition differencescomposition differences Mainly used for CNS evaluationMainly used for CNS evaluation

ECHOCARDIOGRAPHYECHOCARDIOGRAPHY PRINCIPAL→COLOUR DOPPLER EFFECTPRINCIPAL→COLOUR DOPPLER EFFECT

Used to diagnose cardiovascular Used to diagnose cardiovascular system disease.system disease.

Provides helpful information Provides helpful information including size & shape of heart, its including size & shape of heart, its pumping capacity and location and pumping capacity and location and extent of any damage to its tissues.extent of any damage to its tissues.

It is specially useful for assessing It is specially useful for assessing diseases of heart valvesdiseases of heart valves

LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERYLAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY Keyhole surgery-operation performed through Keyhole surgery-operation performed through

small incision.small incision.

Two types of laparoscopeTwo types of laparoscope

1.1. Telescopic rod lens system-usually connected Telescopic rod lens system-usually connected to camera.to camera.

2.2. Digital laparoscope where charge-coupled Digital laparoscope where charge-coupled device is placed at the end of laparoscope device is placed at the end of laparoscope eliminating the rod lens system.eliminating the rod lens system.

Operative field illuminator-cold light source Operative field illuminator-cold light source (halogen or xenon)(halogen or xenon)

COCO2 2 insuffulation is done to avoid abdominal insuffulation is done to avoid abdominal wall over internal organ.wall over internal organ.

ROBOTICS & TECHNOLOGYROBOTICS & TECHNOLOGY In recent years, electronic tools have been In recent years, electronic tools have been

developed to aid surgeons.developed to aid surgeons. Some of the features of these electronic tools are :Some of the features of these electronic tools are : Visual magnification-use of large viewing screens Visual magnification-use of large viewing screens

improves visibility.improves visibility. Stabilization-electromechanical damping of Stabilization-electromechanical damping of

vibrations due to machinary or shaky human handsvibrations due to machinary or shaky human hands Simulators-use of specialized virtual reality training Simulators-use of specialized virtual reality training

tools to improve physicians proficiency in surgerytools to improve physicians proficiency in surgery Reduced number of incisionsReduced number of incisions

Advantages of robotic surgery:-Advantages of robotic surgery:- Precision.Precision. Small size incision.Small size incision. Decrease blood loss.Decrease blood loss. Less pain.Less pain. Unmanned surgery.Unmanned surgery. Quicker healing.Quicker healing.

NATURAL ORIFICE TRANS LUMINAL NATURAL ORIFICE TRANS LUMINAL ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY (NOTES)ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY (NOTES)

Surgical technique where by scar Surgical technique where by scar less abdominal operations can be less abdominal operations can be performed with an endoscope performed with an endoscope passed through a natural orifice passed through a natural orifice (mouth, urethra, anus etc)(mouth, urethra, anus etc)

→→then through this an internal then through this an internal incision in stomach, vagina, bladder incision in stomach, vagina, bladder or colon is given→thus avoiding any or colon is given→thus avoiding any external incision or scar.external incision or scar.

THANKS