Period 1 1491 - 1607

Period 11491 - 1607On a North American continent controlled by American Indians, contact among the peoples of Europe, the Americas, and West Africa created a new world.Period 11491 1607Key Concept 1.1Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America developed a wide variety of:socialpolitical andeconomic structures based in part on interactions with the environment and each other.

Different and increasingly complex societies develop due to diverse environmentsSouthwestdry, arid climate

Hohokam, Anasazi, Pueblomultifaceted societiesfarmed with irrigationconstructed/lived in caves, under cliffs, multistoried buildings

Different and increasingly complex societies develop due to diverse environmentsNorthwestPacific coast, Alaska to Californialonghouses

Different and increasingly complex societies develop due to diverse environmentsNorthwesthunting, fishing, gathering nuts, roots, berriesisolated by mountainshindered trade, developmentcarved totem polesto preserve stories, legends, myths

Different and increasingly complex societies develop due to diverse environmentsGreat Plainsnomadic huntersbuffalolived in tepeessedentary farmers & tradersraised corn (maize), beans, squashlived in earthen lodges along riversmigrationmovement of people within an area/country

Different and increasingly complex societies develop due to diverse environmentsMidwest SettlementsWoodland American Indianshunted, fished, farmedAdena-Hopewelllarge earthen moundspresent day OhioCahokia30,000 inhabitantspresent day East St. Louis

Different and increasingly complex societies develop due to diverse environmentsNortheast Settlementshunted & farmed

Iroquois Confederationpolitical union of 5 tribesSeneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk

matrilineal heritagefamilies organized through female lineages

lived in longhouses

Different and increasingly complex societies develop due to diverse environmentsAtlantic Seaboard SettlementsCoastal Plainsfrom New Jersey to Florida

built timber & bark lodgings along rivers

rivers & Atlantic Ocean utilized for food

Period 11491 1607Key Concept 1.2European overseas expansion resulted in the:Columbian Exchangea series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic

European arrival triggered extensive demographic and social changeWidespread deadly epidemicssmall pox, measles, influenza

Racially mixed populationsmestizo, mulatto

Caste systembased upon intermixture of Spanish settlers, Africans, and indigenous Native Americans

European arrival triggered extensive demographic and social changeSpanish/Portuguese traders reach West Africatrade for resources, slavesPrince Henry the Navigator

New crops, livestock introduced to New WorldColumbian Exchangesugar cane, bluegrasses, pigs, horses, cowsthe wheel, iron implements, gunsEuropean arrival triggered extensive demographic and social changeEncomienda Systemslave labor used in New World Spanish colonies

vast tracts of land AND, the indigenous people living there,

given to the Spanish lord/conquistador,

who promises to uplift and Christianize them!slavery by any other nameoften brutalized, exploited in sugar fields, silver mines

European expansion caused social/religious, political, and economic competition and promoted empire building.Causes of European expansion:The 3 GsGold, God, Glory

New crops from the Americas fuel population growthColumbian Exchangebeans, corn (maize), sweet/white potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco,European expansion caused social/religious, political, and economic competition and promoted empire building.New sources of wealthgold, silverfuel shift from feudalism to capitalism

European expansion caused social/religious, political, and economic competition and promoted empire building.Improvements in technology and tradearmssocial technologybureaucracy, double-entry bookkeeping, mechanical printingamassing wealth/dominating people positively valued on Earth and towards salvation (Lies, p.33)nature of European Christianityrationalized conquestthe Requirement (Lies, p. 34)

European expansion caused social/religious, political, and economic competition and promoted empire building.Improvements in technology and tradeEuropean success in island conquestsMalta, Sardinia, Canary Islands, Ireland, etca route to wealthcaravel

sextant

joint-stock companiesprecursor to corporation

Period 11491 1607Key Concept 1.3Contacts among American Indians, Africans, and Europeans challenged the worldviews of each group.

European expansion/contact dramatically altered European views of social, political, and economic relationships between white and nonwhite peoples.Contact with people different from themselves caused debatescomparisons of nature and degrees of civilityJuan de SepulvedaBartolome de Las Casas

ethnocentrismbelief that ones own culture and way of life is best, superior to all otherscommon among all human culturesbelief in white superiority evolves

European expansion/contact dramatically altered European views of social, political, and economic relationships between white and nonwhite peoples.Politically,challenged European ideas of government, social organizationLies, pp. 57-58

Religiously,challenged Europes uniformityleads to Protestant Reformationestablished mission systempresidiofort & mission to protect selves and Christianize nativesNative peoples and Africans strove to maintain their political and cultural autonomy.Forms of resistance - Native Americans:refused to plant foodabandoned towns near Spanish settlementsfled beyond mountains and riverssuicideshunned conception & childbirthabortedmurdered their childrenslave revoltsNative peoples and Africans strove to maintain their political and cultural autonomy.Forms of resistance African Americans:run awayto Native American communitiesslave revoltsNew York City 171221 blacks executed over a slow fireStono Rebellion 1739South Carolina21 whites and 44 blacks killed

Native peoples and Africans strove to maintain their political and cultural autonomy.Juan de OnateSpanish conquistadorattempted to spread Catholicism among natives of New MexicoAcoma War - 1598800 villagers, including men, women, and children killedenslaved the remaining 500they amputated the left foot of every Acoma man over the age of twenty-fivefemales sent off to be slaves for twenty years

Popes Rebellion -1680also known as the Pueblo Revoltan uprising of Pueblo Indians against the Spanish colonizers in present day New Mexico the Pueblo killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the provinceNative peoples and Africans strove to maintain their political and cultural autonomy.Gullahblend of English & several African languages spoken by blacks in South Carolina & GeorgiaRing ShoutWest African religious dancecontributed to development of jazzMaroon communitiesrunaway black slaves who formed their own communitiesCaribbean Islands & South America