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CHAPTER 1: FROM HUMAN PREHISTORY TO EA RLY CIVILIZA TIONS
Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations
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Overview Prehistory: period before writing
History: period after invention of writing, allowed communities to record & store info.
Basic development: Hunting and foraging
Agriculture
Complex society (Major development of first complex societies 3500 B.C.E. – 500 B.C.E.)
Key issue: surplus capital
Development of Hominids
Animals adapt themselves to environment (Evolution)
Video: Evolution 101
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JUM6NOARlO4
Hominids (primate species including humans) adapt environment to themselves
Use of tools
Language
Complex cooperative social structures
Fat Boy Slim VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ub747pprmJ8
Homonids
Australopithecus = “southern ape”
Discovery of skeleton AL-288-1, north of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Nicknamed “Lucy”
Homo erectus = “upright walking man”
Homo sapiens = “consciously thinking man” Homo sapiens sapiens (that’s us!)
Neandert(h)als = became extinct
Global Migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Quickwrite: Write for 3 minutes…no stopping!
Use the map on pp. 8 – 9 to support the “Out of Africa” hypothesis.
Global Migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Push Factors Pull Factors
Factors that drive people from their current location
Examples:
Factors that draw people to a location
Examples:
Push vs. Pull Factors
Migration
By 13,000 B.C.E., Homo sapiens had migrated to every part of world
Evidence = archaeological finds
Sophisticated tools
Choppers, scrapers, axes, knives, bows, arrows
Cave and hut-like dwellings
Use of fire, animal skins
Hunted several mammal species to extinction
Climatic change may have accelerated process
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Paleolithic Society
Paleolithic Era = “Old Stone Age”
Hunting-gathering peoples
NO individual accumulation of property or social distinctions based on wealth = egalitarian existence.
Social distinction based on age, strength, courage, virility/fertility
Neanderthals in Paleolithic age
Hunting and gathering
Hunting and gathering (foraging) lifestyle = Egalitarian
Women (gatherers)
- Provides plants, fruits, nuts, roots
Interdependent
Equal contribution
Men (hunters)- Provides meat
Live in small bands (more efficient)Exploit env. systematically (seasonal migrations)Hunt with purpose & use brain
• Development of weaponry, animal-skin disguises, stampeding tactics (Lighting of fires, etc., to drive game into
kill zones)
Creativity of Homo sapiens
Able to accumulate/transmit info.
Sewing
Beads, necklaces
Sculptures
Fish for added food
Adv. tools for hunting
Cave paintings (animals & humans)
Bow and arrow – a dramatic improvement in humans’ power over nature
“Venus” figurines shows evidence of worship
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©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Mesolithic Era
“Middle Stone Age”
Improved tools (rafts, etc.)
Domestication of animals
Increased conflict
Video: Domestication of dogs
Neolithic Era
“New Stone Age”
Beginning of agriculture Agriculture = cultivating of plants and
animals (aka farming)
Distinction in tool production Chipped vs. polished
Relied on cultivation for subsistence Men: herding animals rather than
hunting Women: nurturing vegetation rather
than foraging
Effects of spread of agriculture Slash-and-burn techniques Exhaustion of soil promotes
migration Diffusion of crops
Agriculture became way to sustain life through continuous food source– before McDonalds.
Early Agriculture 10,000 – 2,000 B.C.E.
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/history/lecture03/r_3-2.html
Agriculture and Change
Neolithic Settlements
Agricultural economy and increasing population led to new forms of social organization.
Settled in permanent villages
Earliest known = Jericho in present-day Israel (before 8000 B.C.E.) w/ 2,000 ppl.
Concentration of many people in villages led to specialization of labor - with food surplus, some people did other work.
Çatal Hüyük (modern-day Turkey)
7250 – 5400 B.C.E.
5,000 people
Made pots, baskets, textiles, leather, stone/metal tools, jewelry, etc.
The rectangular shape of the buildings: as there is no readily available stone to build defensive walls, the buildings were made to face inwards, with no windows on the
outside. The only entrance to the city was through ladders leading onto the roofs of the outside buildings. The streetless city offered a high degree of protection from outside attackers in this way - if under attack, the outside ladders were withdrawn, and any
would be attacker was faced with a solid wall and no gate or other weak point.
A reconstruction of the first city in the world, Catal
Huyuk, Anatolia, present day
Turkey. This city flourished from about 6250 BCE
to 5400 BCE, and was excavated in
part in 1961.
Çatal Hüyük
http://www.lwcag.org/sub-racial/chapter-the-late-paleolithic-age.html
Agriculture and Change
Specialization of Labor Pottery (needed to
store/cook food)
Metallurgy
Copper (jewelry/tools) - 4000 BCE
Bronze – 3000 BCE
Iron – 1500 BCE
Textile (domesticated plants/ animals for better fiber)
Mostly women
Social Distinctions
Accumulated wealth
Trade surplus food/manufactured goods for gems, jewelry
Ownership of land (privatization) = economic power (especially for families who passed down wealth)
Neolithic pottery, excavated from
Yung Long & Tuen Mun (Hong
Kong)
Neolithic Villages vs. Cities
Cities
cities = larger, more complex than villages
(i.e. governors, administrators, tax collectors to run city & priests to transmit values/traditions)
cities influenced political, economic, & cultural life of larger region
(i.e. political = extending authority/military power, economic = marketplaces/trading, cultural = schools/temples to spread traditions/values)
Neolithic Culture
Science
Neolithic people observed natural world to ensure good harvest.
Learned weather was based on position of sun, moon and stars (early calendar system)
Religion
Worshipped Venus figurines to ensure fertility
Celebrated/worshipped other deities associated w/ cycle of life – death –regeneration (for humans and harvests)
Origins of Civilization
Agriculture begins
Population increases
Villages form (near water source)
Specialization of labor
Social classes emerge
Cities are born
Civilization begins
Agriculture and Resistance to Change
Many hunter-gathering societies resisted farming Southern Africa
Australia (Aborigines)
Islands of SE Asia
Northern Japan
N. America (combined with seasonal farming)
Central Asia (Mongols)
Agriculture became most important economic system, but not only one Hunting gathering and nomadic
herding continued
Why?
Characteristics of Nomadic Societies
Nomadic societies commonly referred to as “barbarians” Few records exist
Violent lifestyle
Outstanding fighters (reputation for cruelty)
hospitable
Often peaceful, beneficial relationship with settled agricultural societies
Seasonal travel (weather, food, etc.)
Male dominated society (some women held important positions, even fought)
Valued courage, heroism
Major nomadic peoples: Indo-Europeans, Hittites, Xiongnu(Huns)