periodic table of the elements 1 2 groups 4356789 101112 1314151617 18 13 1 2 groups 3 4 5 6 7...
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Periodic Table of the Elements1
2
Groups43 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17
18
131
2Groups
3
4
5
6
7
Actinides
Lanthanides
PeriodsPeriods
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Oxidation States (Charges)+1
+2 +3 ±4 -3 -2 -1
0
Not Predictable
Notes:
The Oxidation State tells us what an atom will do in order to fill its valence electron level.
Ex. +1 means that an atom will LOSE 1 electron in order to be Happy. -3 means that an element will GAIN 3 electrons to be happy.
Reactions Between Groups:
When elements react they like to balance out (+1 will react with -1 etc..). 0 charge means that elements in Group 18 DO NOT LIKE TO REACT!!!!!
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Group Names of Periodic Table
Noble Gases
Halogens/Halides
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals
1
2 17
18
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Metals:Elements that are shiny
and conduct heat and electricity well,
Metalloids:Elements that haveproperties similar
to metals and nonmetals
Nonmetals:Elements that are dull,
brittle, or Gases. Donot conduct heat or
electricity well.
Types of Elements
The Stairstep: Represents the
dividing line between Metals and Nonmetals.
The Stairstep: Represents the
dividing line between Metals and Nonmetals.
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Similar Chemical Characteristics Notes:
Whenever they ask, “which element has
similar characteristics,” you will look for the element that is in the
SAME GROUP!
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Periodic Table Box Info.
14
Si28.086
Silicon
Atomic Number
Name
Atomic Mass
Symbol
Atomic number is also PROTON number.
TAKS will also use it as ELECTRON number
Each Element has its own unique symbol. A
capital letter always starts a new element.
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Law of Conservation of MassRule #1: Balancing Equations
All elements must have the same number in the reactants and products.
Rule #2: Mass of Products MUST Equal Mass of ReactantsWhen the mass of the reactants is added up, it must be equal to the mass of the products added up.
Example
2Na + 1Cl2 2NaCl
28g Na react with 30g Cl2 to produce
____g NaCl.
Rule #12Na 2Na2Cl2Cl
Reactants Products
Rule #228g + =30g 58g
58
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166
63
Balancing EquationsMethod One: Balance and find the answer
(PO4)
(C2H3O2)
Ca
K
Reactants Products
1 33
1
2
1
2
3
3 x
3 xX
Xx 6
x 6
6
X
O
2
2 x
2 x 6
2
1
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Balancing EquationsMethod Two: Eliminate
2 2 1
Reactants Products
C
O
2 1
X
1 1 1 1 11 2
3
2
X
2 1 2 2 2 2
2
4
4
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Density
D=ass
olume
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Density of Three Liquids
50g50ml
Density= ____g/ml
150g100ml
Density= ____g/ml
30g25ml
Density= ____g/ml
If we pour these three liquids together, where will they be?
Top:
Middle:
Bottom:
1.0 1.5 1.2
Least Dense
Most Dense
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High Viscosity Low Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s ability to flow. Do not confuse it with Density.
Viscosity
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Physical vs. Chemical ChangePhysical Change – A change that does not result in a new chemical.
Chemical Change – A change that does result in a new chemical.
What type of change is this?
ChemicalPhysical
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Answers to worksheet
1.
2. 3.
Physical
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
10. 9.
11.
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
20. 19.
21.
23. 22.
PhysicalPhysical
Physical
PhysicalPhysical
Physical
Physical
PhysicalPhysicalPhysical
PhysicalPhysical
PhysicalChemical
Chemical
ChemicalChemical
Chemical
Chemical
Chemical
ChemicalChemical
Physical Chemical
Freezesshatteredmixboilmeltingdissolvingevaporatingheatingerosion
thermal expansion
bakedignitedcorrodingripenrustingdecompositiontarnishingAcid rainChemical
reaction
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HH
O
El Oso Polar MuertoThe Molecular arrangement of a water molecule
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Positive charge near Hydrogens
Negative charge near Oxygen
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Water is special…
1. The density of water is __________g/ml
2. When water freezes, its density __________________. This allows aquatic life
to __________________ in a frozen lake.
3. Water is unique because of its ________________________________
4. Water can dissolve many substances because it is ________________________
5. Water has a very high specific heat. Water will heat up ___________ and cool
down ____________ compared to other substances.
1.00
decreases
Survive
Molecular Arrangement
Polar
slowly
slowly
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SolubilitySolubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve. Three factors affect solubility.1.Surface area- The more surface area a solute has
the faster it will dissolve. Sugar cube dissolves slowly while powdered sugar will dissolve quickly.
2.Agitation- Solids: The more you agitate (stir or shake) a solution, the quicker the solute will dissolve. Gases: More shake, less dissolve.
3.Temperature- Solids: The higher the temperature of solvent, the more the solute will dissolve. Gases: More temperature, less dissolve.
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Acids and BasesThe pH Scale
1 147
A Bcid aseNeutral
Turns Litmus RED Turns Litmus BLUE
GETS STRONGER GETS STRONGER
When an Acid Reacts with a Base, they NEUTRALIZE each other.
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Ionic Compound FormationNa+1 O-2
Na O2 1
1 is understood so drop it.
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Ionic Compound FormationAl+3 SO4
-2
Al SO42 3Since we need 3 SO4’s we add parentheses around SO4 and put the 3 outside.
(SO4)