periodic trends. periodic – (adjective) – having a repeating pattern; happening again and again....
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Periodic Trends
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Periodic – (adjective) – Having a repeating pattern; happening again and again.
Examples: Day Night Day Periodic waves washing onto a beach at regular intervals.
Use patterns to predict future events or missing information – like undiscovered elements. (You do not need to write this)
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How is the current periodic table organized?
• By Atomic Number (left to right)– # protons
• By Column (group or family)- elements in the same column have the same number of valence electrons– Valence electrons-the electrons in the outer most
electron shell.• By row (period)- elements in the same period
have the same number of electron shells
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Families of Elementsare arranged by vertical column
Families are also called groups
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Down A Group• All elements in the same group
(vertical column) on the periodic table have the same number of outer electrons (valence electrons)
• The number of valence electrons is dependent on which tall column in which the atom is located. 1st tall column =1 valence electron, 6th tall column = 6 valence electrons.
• Skip the shorter “d” block (10 shorter columns in the middle.
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Elements in the same familyreact the same way.
This is because they pick upor give away the same
number of electrons as othermembers of the family.
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Why do elements react?
• Elements react in a way to fill the outermost shell with 8 electrons.
• Noble gases are said to be “perfect” the way they are because they already have 8 valence electrons-this is why they rarely react with other elements.
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Give away or take electrons? In General
• Fewer than four valence electrons - give away
• More than four valence electrons - take
Na Cl Na+ Cl-
Give away electrons makes the element positive (called a cation)
Take electrons makes the element negative (called an anion)
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Chemical Families• Column 1 Li, Na, K … Alkali Metals• Column 2 Be, Mg, Ca … Alkaline Earth Metals• Columns 3-12 Sc – Zn … Transition Metals• Column 13 B, Al, Ga … Boron family• Column 14 C, Si, Ge … Carbon family• Column 15 N, P, As … Nitrogen family• Column 16 O, S, Se … Chalkogens• Column 17 F, Cl, Br … Halogens• Column 18 He, Ne, Ar … Noble Gases
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Across a period• All elements in the same period (horizontal row)
on the periodic table have the same number of electron shells
• The number of shells is dependent on the period in which the element is located. Peirod 1 = 1 shell, period 5 = five shells
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• There are many representations of the periodic table….some look more like what you are familiar with than others.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Elementspiral.svg
A spiral form of the periodic tableThis example was devised by Theodor Benfey and depicts the elements as a seamless series with the main group elements radiating from the center with the d- and f-elements filling around loops.
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http://allperiodictables.com/ClientPages/AAEpages/aaeDeskTopper.html
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Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids
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How could we test a sample to find out whether it is a metal, non-
metal or metalloid?
Most metals are not magnetic
What are some of the key properties of these groups?
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Metals• A metal is an element that is a good conductor
of heat and electricity.• At room temperature, most metals are solids.• Most metals are malleable ( can be
hammered or rolled into thin sheets).• Metals tend to be ductile (can be stretched
into fine wire).
Sodium Copper Gold
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Nonmetals• A nonmetal is an element that is a poor
conductor of heat and electricity. • Many nonmetals are gases at room
temperature• One-bromine is a liquid• The solid nonmetals are brittle rather than
malleable and ductile.
Sulfur Chlorine Bromine
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Metalloids• A metalloid is an element that has some
characteristics of metals and some characteristics of nonmetals.
• Metalloids are found along the stair-step line separates the metals from non-metals on the periodic table.
• They are semi-conductors of electricity.• They are all solids and tend to be less malleable
than metals but not as brittle as nonmetals
Silicon Boron
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When elements combine:
• Metal + non-metal ionic bond (lose and gain electrons-ionic compound-
formula unit)
• Non-metal and non-metal (share electrons-covalent bond-molecule)
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Other common Periodic Trends
• Atomic Radius – one-half the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms that are bonded together.
• Ionization Energy (IE)- The energy required to remove one electron from a neutral atom of an element.
• Electron affinity- The energy change that occurs when an electron is acquired by a neutral atom.
• Electronegativity- a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons.