PERIODIZATION

What does periodization mean?

What is its root word?

1

DEFINITION OF PERIODIZATION

Periodization is a system of organizing historical

information by dividing time into periods

using specific bases.

2

TIME

Time is an essential element in the study of

history.

Why?

3

APPLICATIONto Philippine History

How is the history of the Philippines commonly divided into periods?

BASES OF PERIODIZATION:

1. according to the beginning of writing

a. Prehistoric Period

b. Historic Period4

2. according to geologic time

ERA

PERIOD

EPOCH

5

The Origin of Species 1859

ERA PERIOD EPOCHPrecambrian8 b – 600 mya

ArcheozoicProterozoic

Paleozoic600 – 225 mya

CambrianOrdovicianSilurianDevonianCarboniferrous

PermianMesozoic225 – 65 mya

TriassicJurassicCretaceous

6

ERA PERIOD EPOCHCenozoic Tertiary Paleocene

65 mya – 10,000 ya

Eocene

Quartenary

OligoceneMiocenePliocene

Pleistocene Holocene

5

MESOZOIC PERIOD 225-65 mya

Continents and Plates

220 mya – Pangaea & Panthalassa200 mya – Gondwanaland & Laurasia135 mya - Land masses began to divide.

120 mya – Divisions became the different continents.

The scene of history is continuously moving land masses.Notice in the left column the names of distinct land masses that no longer exist.The red dot represents the location of the Grand Canyon.

Pangaea

Laurasia

Gondwanaland

India

South America

550 Million Years Ago

220 Million Years Ago

190 Million Years Ago

130 Million Years Ago

65 Million Years Ago

Today

PHILIPPINE GEOLOGICAL HISTORY (Readers Digest Encyclopedia)

135- 25 mya Cretaceous - Paleocene - appearance of the early forms of life in the

Philippines (marsupials, insectivores, flesh-eating carnivorous marine organisms)

- fossils and rocks (Ilocos Norte, Quezon,

Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Cebu, Palawan, Samar and Mindoro)

Land Formation in the Philippines

According to Jocano: It was during the Tertiary

period (specifically during the Eocene and Oligocene period) that the basic land

structure of the Philippines was defined

25 -2 mya The Neogene - mountain building process (Balabac Island in the Palawan

Archipelago, Cagayan, and Central Luzon)

- geologic transformation of the country

Cenozoic Era

Late Tertiary Period

Eocene, Oligocene & Miocene Epochs (33 – 5 mya)

During this period, about half of the lands

of the Philippines was submerged and sedimentation brought about

Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, Agusan and Davao Valley.

3. According to Tool Technology

a.Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)b.Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) –

(Europocentric term)

c.Neolithic ( New Stone Age)d.Age of Potterye.Metal Age

7

PHILIPPINE CULTURAL BREAKTHROUGH 250,000 before the

present - 200 A.D.

“ Man responded to the challenges of mother nature; the teeming life forms constantly challenged his curiosity and creativity and the awe-inspiring mysteries of the archipelago that surrounded him marked the development of his cultural world.”

Samuel Tan

CULTURE Root word: Colere (to

cultivate)

Patterns of human acts & symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance

Manifested in music, literature, lifestyle, food, painting, sculpture, theatre and film

CULTURE

Culture is anything that man learns or acquires

by experience as he goes through

the process of development.

Philippine : Paleolithic Age 30,500 Before the Present (BP) Lifestyle: Primitive communalism

Means of Acquiring Food:* Hunting* Gathering

Tabon Caves in Palawan

[named after the Tabon bird, which laid eggs in the caves]

* Tabon Man = earliest appearance of man in the Philippines

(22-23 thousand years old) * Discovered by a National Museum team headed by the

late Dr. Robert B. Fox (American

anthropologist)

* evidence = human fossils of perhaps 3 individuals + skull cap of a young female (?)

+ 2 fragments of jaw bones + some teeth

Tabon Man’s skull(on display at the Palawan Museum, Puerto Princesa)

Tabon Caves

Deepest soil deposit = 50,000 years oldYoungest soil deposit = 10,000 years old

This shows that the caves were used continuously for 40,000 years by peoples who used the same kind of tools.

.

Tabon Cave tools

The way the tools were made was exactly the same as those found in the Cagayan Valley, at least 700,000 years earlier.

But one difference was that the tools in the Tabon Cave were smaller, perhaps because their prey were bats and birds found in the cave.

National Commission for Culture and the Arts

Tabon Man’s use of fire

Earliest evidence for the use of fire in the Philippines = 30,000 years B.C.

(from carbon sample, based on carbon-14 date)

Philippines: Neolithic Age 6000- 500 BP

New Means of Acquiring Food:

* Planting/Agriculture (Food Production)

* Domestication of Animals

The above were economic breakthroughs which eventually led to

Social Stratification

Philippines: Pottery Age 1500 BP

Manunggul Caves in Palawan Manunggul jars Pottery rituals (Arku Cave and Lana site

from Otley Beyer)

Manunggul jar found in the a Manunggul Cave of Palawan.

Arku Cave in Cagayan Valley

Arku Cave of Peñablanca in Cagayan Valley, is a prehistoric cave located at

the foothills of Sierra Madre. Found in the site were human fossils together

with pottery, spindle whorls, jade earrings, bark cloth beater, bone tools and

others which dated from 2200 B.C.E. to 50 B.C.E. A widespread practice

showing a belief in afterlife, the early Filipinos put valuable things in the

burial so that their deceased relatives could utilize the tools in their next existence.

Philippines: Metal Age 800-250 BP

Isabela - Chisels and adze

Ifugao – Trapezoidal adze

Bataan & Pampanga – Basconian adze

Maitum Anthropomorphic Potteries  The anthropomorphic secondary burial jars from Pinol, Maitum, Saranggani Province in Mindanao date back to the Metal Age.  The site had been dated to 830 +/-60 B.P. (calibrated date of A.D. 70 to 370) and 1920 +/- 50 B.P. (cal. date of 5 B.C.  to A.D. 225).   The radiocarbon dates were obtained from the soot samples taken from the small earthenware vessel found inside one of the anthropomorphic burial jar.  These burial jars are made of earthenware designed and formed like human figures with complete facial characteristics.  These were associated with metal implements; glass beads and bracelets; shell spoon, scoop, bracelets and pendants; earthenware potteries with incised designs and cut-out foot-rings; non-anthropomorphic burial jars.

Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human characteristics to animal or non-living things, phenomena, etc.

4. According to the Christian Calendar

* BC - Before Christ

* AD – Anno Domini (In the year of our Lord)

BCE: Before Common EraCE : Common Era

B.C.E is an abbreviation for 'Before Common Era‘

It is a non-religious alternative to the use of

B.C. (Before Christ)  in designating the first period of the

Gregorian Calendar, the era of prehistory and much of antiquity.

C.E. - a replacement for  A.D. (Anno Domini, The Year Of Our Lord )

This replaces B.C., Before Christ.

5. According to the rise and fall of civilizations

a.Ancientb.Medievalc.Modern Aged.Post Modern

Summary: Geologic Time

Precambrian

Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic

Duration 2.5 bya -600mya 600 mya – 225 mya

225 mya – 65 mya

65 mya – 10,000 ya

Divisions Archeozoic Proterozoic

CambrianOrdovicianSilurianDevonianCarboniferousPermian

TriassicJurassicCretaceous

Tertiary Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene PlioceneQuarternary Pleistocene Holocene

Land Forms Fragmented land masses

PangaeaPanthalassa

Laurasia North America EurasiaGondwanaland South America Africa India

7 continents

Life Forms Single celled Invertebrates, VertebratesFishes, plants, amphibians

ReptilesDinosaurs

Humans

Philippines Formation of the Philippines

500, 000 Cagayan22,000 Tabon 7,000 Austronesians

Summary: Tool TechnologyCenozoic Biological

EvaluationCultural

Evaluation (Tools)

Tertiary PaleoceneEoceneOligoceneMiocenePliocene

Primates Dryopithecus Oreopithecus Ramapethicus

Quarternary PleistoceneHolocene

AustralopithecusHomo habilisHomo erectusHomo sapiensHomo sapiens sapiens (Tabon man)

Paleolithic Mesolithic (Europocentric term)

Neolithic (agricultural)

Concepts

* Decade - a period of 10 years ( e.g., 2001-2010)

* Century - a period of 100 years (2001-2100)

e.g. - According to the Gregorian Calendar:1st century = January 1, 1 - December 31, 100 AD

2nd century = 101 – 200 AD 3rd century = 201 – 300 AD * Millennium - a period of 1000 years

(2001-3000)

Ancient Philippines: (Jared Diamond)Society:

Nation Building

Family250,000 -

10,000 BC

Band250,000-10,000

BC

Tribe10,000 – 500 BC

Chiefdom500 BC-

900 AD/1400

State / Nation

No. of People 4-6 12 100 1,000 50,000

Settlement nomadic nomadic fixed FixedFew

villages

FixedMany

villages

Politics & Government 1. Decision Making 2. Leader

3. Laws

4. Judicial Process

Egalitarian

Father

Informal

System of rewards & punishme

nts

Egalitarian

big man

Informal

SRP

Egalitarian

big man

Customary

SRP

Centralized

Hereditarychieftain

Oral/written

Public Trials

Ex. Bultong / Adlaw

CentralizedPresident

Constitution

Judiciary

Ancient Philippines:(Jared Diamond and Samuel K Tan)

Society: Nation Building

Family250,000 -

10,000 BC

Band250,000-10,000

BC

Tribe10,000 – 500 BC

Chiefdom500 BC-

900 AD/1400

State

Economy

1. Food Production

2.Division of Labor

3.Exchanges

4 Land Holding

Collecting Economy

NoHunting

Food gathering

Informal

Reciprocal

No

Collecting Economy

No

Informal

Reciprocal

No

Communal Economy

No-Yes

Informal

Reciprocal

No

Communal - individual

Yes

More Structured

(Palanne Article:Tanjay

Excavations)

Redistributive

No-Yes

Market economy

YesIntensive Extensive

Well defined

Redistributive

Yes

Ancient Philippines:(Jared Diamond)

Family Band Tribe Chiefdom

State

Economy 5.Economic Activities

Hunting & food gathering

Hunting & food gathering

Hunting & Land cultivation& domestication of animals

Tasadays of Cotabato

FarmingFishingTradingWeaving

Socio-Cultural

1.Social Classes

2.Religion

3. Burial Practices

No No

Ethnic Formulation

No

Manunggul jarsLallo in CagayanSulu & Dimolit Isabela jars

YesNoble Free ManSlaveBelief in soulLife after deathUse of coffins

Well defined

CatholicsProtestantsMuslims

Ancient Philippines:(Jared Diamond & Samuel Tan)

Socio -Cultural

Family Band Tribe Chiefdom State

4. Early Clothing

5. Housing

6. System of writing7. Music and Arts

No No Yes

MaleUpper: KanganLower : BahagFemaleUpper: BaroLower: Saya

Use of ornaments

Yes BatalanesBahanding

Other cultural influences

Contacts with Other Asians* Indians 800 BC, 2nd-5th c. AD

examples:

1. Prof. Otley Beyer presents archeological evidences

from Novaliches to support this

2. Dr. Jocano mentions the Gold Image of Agusan : Gem

Room of Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago

(See p.140, Jocano)

* Arabs 9th- 15th c AD* Chinese 7th c AD, 10th- 15th c. AD