periods of art 4
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A Timeline of Art
By Seth Cole
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(1). Overview
(2). Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic Art
(3). Classical Art
(4). Medieval Art
(5). Renaissance
i. Artist Spotlight: Leonardo daVinci
(6). Baroque & Rococo
(7). Neoclassicism
8. Romanticism
9. Realism
10. Impressionism
11. Post-Impressionism
12. Expressionism
13. Cubism
i. Artist Spotlight: Pablo Picasso14. Surrealism
15. Pop Art
i. Artist Spotlight: Andy Warhol
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Since the beginning of mankind, human beings have attemptedto demonstrate their feelings on life, love, religion, and other topics by creating art. Whether it is architecture and paintings,
or sculpture and cave drawings, their art has acted as a timecapsule, and allowed us to see how artists viewed the world intheir time.
As time and technology progressed, so did art, and art historyhas been divided into periods based on techniques and commontrends. In this presentation I will further delve into some of these periods, and explore the techniques, trends, works, andartists that have defined humanity through art.
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Even in ancient times, HomoSapiens have created art. These
pieces of art often involvedstone; whether it was stackingthem, painting them, or carving into them. Later in theera, pottery, as well as
weaving, developed.These works shared a common
theme of food, fertility, basichuman figures, and animals.
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Stonehenge
Wiltshire, England
Circa. 2500 BC
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G obustan PetroglyphsG obustan, Azerbaijan
Circa. 10,000 BC
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Lascaux Cave Paintings
Southwestern France
Circa. 17,300 BC
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D eveloped by the G reeks, Classical Artdates back to as early as 500 BC. Tohonor their vast pantheon of gods, theG reeks created beautiful sculptures and
elegant architecture with marble. Their artists were highly focused on portraying the beauty of humans, andcreated sculptures that were highlynaturalistic. D espite popular belief,these sculptures were not white whencompleted, but were painted a vastarray of colors.
Following their conquering of the G reeks,the Romans adapted the G reeks' artisticstyle for they believed it wasunparalleled. In fact, most of theClassical Art that has survived today isRoman, not G reek.
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Bronze Sculpture
National Archeological Museum, Athens, G reece
Circa. 460 B.C.
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Augu st u s of Prima Porta
Vatican Museums, Vatican City
1st Century A. D .
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Laocoon and His Sons
Vatican Museums, Vatican City
Circa. 25 B.C.
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Following the collapse of the RomanEmpire in 476 A D , Western Europe
became largely decentralized, exceptfor the centralizing power of the
Catholic Church. Also after thecollapse of the Roman empire,Europe saw a period of artistic
backwardness, as the highly refinedmethods of art from the Classical
period were forgotten.
Characteristics of Medieval art include:- Focus on religious (Christian) themes
- D isproportionate and little perspective
- Two- D imensional and flat
- A Hieratic Scale
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M aestaD uccio di Buoninsegna
1311 A D
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Th e Callin g of t h e A postles Peter and AndrewD uccio di Buoninsegna
1308 A D
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C h rist on t h e M ount of Olives
Master of the Trebon Altarpiece
1380 A D
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D ue to contact with the Arab world andthe rediscovery of ancient G reek andRoman texts, the Renaissance
brought a change in Europeculturally. Following the G reek's andRoman's methods before them,Renaissance artist's paintings werefocused more on celebrating thehuman individual, rather thanentirely on religion as it had during
the Medieval era. Characteristics of Renaissance art include:
- Realism and focus on humans
- Accurate Perspective
- Natural Background
- Light and Shadowing
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Th e Creation of Adam
Michelangelo
1511 A D
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D avid
Michelangelo
1504 A D
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Born in 1452 in Italy, Leonardoda Vinci was the archetypal³Renaissance Man´. Alongwith being an outstanding
artist, Leonardo was also anaccomplished scientist,musician, architect, sculptor,mathematician and engineer.Because he was a gargantuan
procrastinator and histechniques were sometimesdestructive, only around fifteenof his paintings have survived. Self Portrait
1512 A D
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M ona L isa
1519 A D
Th e Last S u pper
1498 A D
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To appeal and compete with Protestantchurches for worshipers following theProtestant Reformation, the Catholicchurch sponsored the creation of impressive religious art and architecture,known as the Baroque movement.Baroque art is characterized by richcolor, Christian themes, intenseshadowing, and highly dramatic scenesthat are heavily foreshortened
In France during the late 1750's, the ³LateBaroque´ period, or Rococo emerged.
Rococo art was much different thanBaroque art, as many Baroque artistsgave up their symmetry for the ornateand playful style of Rococo. Rococo artwas often used by nobles for displayingtheir wealth.
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E levation of t h e Cross
Peter Paul Rubens
1611 AD
(Baroque)
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D avid G ian Lorenzo Bernini
1624 A D (Baroque)
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Th e Swin g J ean-Honore Fragonard
1767 A D (Rococo)
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Inspired by the Enlightenment, Neoclassicism grew as a responseto the declining Rococomovement. Neoclassical art washad a much darker subject matter than Rococo art, and was oftenused in French politics under suchleaders as MaximilianRobespierre as well as NapoleonBonaparte. Additionally,
Neoclassicism adopted manycharacteristics of G reek andRoman Classicism, which isevident in the poses of figures,the types of paint, and the drapery
of fabrics.
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Oat h of t h e HoratiiJ acques-Louis D avid
1784 A D
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Th e D eat h of M arat J acques-Louis D avid
1793 A D
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Th e Intervention of t h e Sabine WomenJ acques-Louis D avid
1795 A D
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The Romanticism movementoriginated as a revolt against theAge of Enlightenment and the
Scientific Revolution of earlymodern Europe. Unlike
Neoclassicism, Romanticistartists created paintings far moredreamy and imaginary than
Neoclassical artists, and wereoften narratives. Additionally,Romanticism paintings appealedto the emotions of trepidation andawe, through nightmarishnarratives and awe inspiringnatural shots.
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L iberty Leadin g t h e People
Eugene D elacroix
1830 A D
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Th e Ni g h tmare
Henry Fuseli
1781 A D
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Wanderer Above t h e Sea of Fo g
Caspar D avid Friedrich
1818 A D
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Realism began as a rejection of theimagination and subjectivism of Romanticism, and focused more
on accurate observation of theordinary world. Realist artistswere characterized by paintingeveryday people in ordinarysituations, as well as beingaudacious by painting explicit
subject matter like prostitutes.Additionally, Realism paintingswere often en plein air, whichmeans they were painted whileoutdoors.
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Th e GleanersJ ean-Francois Millet
1857 A D
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B onjo ur, M onsie ur Co urbet G ustave Courbet
1854 A D
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A B urial at OrnansG ustave Courbet
1850 A D
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D uring the Industrial Revolutionin France, the Impressionistmovement began. LikeRealists, Impressionistssought to capture a specificmoment in time, but laid muchmore emphasis on the effectsof light than the Realists.Additionally, Impressionism is
characterized by small, butvisible, brush strokes, opencomposition, and real lifesubject matter.
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Woman wit h a Parasol
Claude Monet
1875 A D
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Paris Street, Rainy D ayG ustave Caillebotte
1877 A D
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C h ildren on a Farm
Camille Pissarro
1887 A D
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Unhappy with the trivial subjectmatter of Impressionism, thePost-Impressionism movement
began in France in the late 19 th
century. Like Impressionism,Post-Impressionism had astrong emphasis on light, aswell as distinguishable
brushstrokes. Additionally,
Post-Impressionism became aneven greater medium for expression, as it was not afraidto have unorthodox subjectmatter.
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Th e Starry Ni g h t
Vincent van G ogh
1889 A D
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A S unday A fternoon on t h e Island La Grande JatteG eorges Seurat
1886 A D
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W h ere D o We Come From? W h at Are We? W h ere Are We Goin g ?
Paul G auguin
1897 A D
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Originating in G ermany at theend of the 19 th century,Expressionism was focused
more on the emotion of color rather than the realityof it, and often timesappeared abstract.Expressionist artists sought
to express the meaning andemotion of an experience,often times distorting their works greatly for addedemotional effect.
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Amedeo M odi g lianiD iego Rivera
1914 A D
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Sokea Soittoniekka ( B lind M u sician)
Alvar Cawen
1922 A D
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Beginning at the start of the 20 th
century, Cubism emerged. Rejectingnaturalistic depiction of prior movements, Cubists preferredcompositions of shapes and formsused in an abstract way. Cubism can
be further divided into two branches: Analytical and SyntheticCubism. Analytical Cubism hadgreater depth and focused on
breaking down forms into simplegeometric shapes, while SyntheticCubism was much more flat andoften used mixed media and collage.
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Woman wit h a G uitar G eorges Braque
1913 A D
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Self Portrait
1907 A D
Born in Spain in 1881, Pablo Picasso,along with G eorges Braque, are oftenconsidered the creators of the Cubismmovement. His style of art changeddramatically through his life, and hiswork can be divided into many periodsincluding the Blue, Rose, African-Influenced, Cubist, and Surrealist
periods. Additionally, Picasso's Cubismoften featured a distorted reality todemonstrate that things could be seenfrom many different perspectives.Picasso's work was often times based on
world events, such as Guernica , a portrayal of the G erman bombing of theSpanish city of G uernica, as well as adistorted portrait of J osef Stalin that gothim into trouble with his fellowcommunists .
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Th ree M u sicians
1921 A D
Guernica
1937 A D
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Girl wit h a M andolin (Fanny T ellier)
1910 A D
Les D emoiselles d' Avi g non
1907 A D
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After World War I, art in theWestern World tended to bedominated by dark themes such asuncertainty and anxiety. Surrealismwas one of the darkest of thesemovements, and Surrealists placedrealistic objects in unrealisticsituations in order to confuse theviewer's sense of reality.
Additionally, other characteristicsof Surrealism include a dreamlikesetting, and disturbing visuals.
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Th e Persistence of M emory
Salvador D ali
1931 A D
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Th e E lep h ant Celebes
Max Ernst
1921 A D
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Wit h out Hope
Frida Kahlo
1945 A D
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Toward the late 1950's, a
movement known as Pop Art
emerged. Pop Art focused on
subjects that wouldn't normally be
considered art, such as
advertisements, pop culture, and
consumerism. Additionally, because Pop Art incorporated pop
culture, it was easily accessible to
the average person.
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J u st W h at Is It Th at M akes T oday's Homes So D ifferent, So A ppealin g ?
Richard Hamilton
1956 A D
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D rownin g Girl
Roy Lichtenstein
1963 A D
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Born in Pennsylvania in 1928,Andy Warhol was a leadingfigure in the Pop Art movement.Andy Warhol had many talents,and throughout his career he wasan accomplished painter, anunconventional filmmaker, acommercial illustrator, and arecord producer. In addition to
painting pictures of Campbell'ssoup cans or Coca-Cola bottles,Warhol also did much printing.Some of his subjects for printingincluded Elvis Presley, MarilynMonroe, and Mickey Mouse.
Camo u fla g e Self Portrait
1986 A D
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Campbell's So u p I
1968 AD
M ickey M ou se
1981 A D
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Green Coca-Cola B ottles
1962 AD
E i g h t E lvises
1063 A D
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Bibliography
B arron's: A P World History by J ohn McCannon
A P World History 2009 by Kaplan
Wikipedia.com
Edhelper.com
Huntfor.com
Time.comYoutube.com
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Unc redited Artwork
Poulnabrone D olmen in Ireland
Rock Painting at Bhimbetka, India
Female figure at Catal Huyuk, Turkey
Fresco from the Villa of the Mysteries:Pompeii, Itally
G reek Pottery at Athens, G reece
Th e Seated Scribe at the Louvre
Scenes from t h e L ife of C h rist ±
BondoneTh e Rocky M ountains: Lander's Peak
by Albert Bierstadt
Th e Raft of t h e M ed u sa by TheodoreG ericault
Th e B etrot h al of t h e Vir g in by Raphael
Small Cowper M adonna by Raphael
La Primiveria by Bottecelli
Adoration by Peter Paul Rubens
Th e D eat h of Socrates by J acques-LouisD avid
Th e L ictors B rin g to B r ut u s t h e B odies of h is Sons by J acques-Louis D avid
The Stone
Breakers by
Gustave Courbet
B at h er Sleepin g by t h e B rook by G ustaveCourbet
Th e E nd of t h e Workin g D ay by J ulesBreton
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Unc redited Artwork
y D ancer wit h a B ouqu et of Flowers(Star of t h e B allet) by Edgar D egas
y Th e Cliff at E tretat after t h e Storm byClaude Monet
y Water L ilies by Claude Monet
y Portrait of D r. Gac h et by Vincent vanG ogh
y Th e Cyclops by Odilon Redon
y
On W h
ite II by Wassily Kandinskyy Reh e im Walde by Franz Marc
y Pair of Women (Women embracin g eac h ot h er) by Egon Schiel
y L ' An g e d u Foyer o u le T riomp h e d u
Still L ife wit h Fr uit D ish and M andolin byJ uan G ris
Portrait of Picasso by J uan G ris
L ion, C h eval, D orme u se Invisibles by
Salvador D
ali Portrait by J oan Miro
I was a Ric h M an's Playt h in g by EduardoPaolozzi
Still L ife #20 by Tom Wesselmann