periods of development growth and development. infant care = aims the normal, physiological,...

PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENTPERIODS OF DEVELOPMENTGROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTGROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Infant care =

aims the normal, aims the normal, physiological, harmonious physiological, harmonious developement of the developement of the children by providing children by providing them optimal growth them optimal growth conditions and conditions and by by preventing illness since preventing illness since pregnancy.pregnancy.

Infant careInfant care = = profilactic profilactic side of child`s medicine side of child`s medicine

PediatricsPediatrics == curative curative sideside (knowledge and treating (knowledge and treating child diseases).child diseases).

Infant care aimed at different stages of life:Infant care aimed at different stages of life: Preconception infant care Preconception infant care - measures to ensure the health of - measures to ensure the health of parents;parents;

Prenatal infant care Prenatal infant care - monitoring pregnant women and - monitoring pregnant women and intrauterine development of foetus;intrauterine development of foetus;

Postnatal infant care Postnatal infant care - care measures, nutrition and - care measures, nutrition and supervision necessary for the growth and harmonious supervision necessary for the growth and harmonious development of the infant and child.development of the infant and child.

PRENATAL INFANT CAREPRENATAL INFANT CARE

Monitoring pregnancyIntrauterine development of foetusComplete medical history: HCA, PFA, PPA

Clinical examination:- monthly until the last trimester of pregnancy;- in the last trimester – 2 months - 2 times / month;

- 1 month - weekly.

Recommendations on Diet


Pregnant women at risk - Sustained surveillance:Pregnant women at risk - Sustained surveillance:

- Advanced mother`s age - Advanced mother`s age

- Spontaneous abortions in the PPA- Spontaneous abortions in the PPA

- Incompatibility Rh / ABO- Incompatibility Rh / ABO

- poverty- poverty


Laboratory:Laboratory:- CBC- CBC- Blood group, Rh antibodies- Blood group, Rh antibodies- Glucose- Glucose- Urinalysis ± urine culture- Urinalysis ± urine culture- Syphilis serology, HIV, HBV, rubella, toxoplasmosis ±,- Syphilis serology, HIV, HBV, rubella, toxoplasmosis ±,CMV, listeria CMV, listeria


Ultrasound exam:Ultrasound exam:→ gestational age → gestational age (GA)(GA)

→ → positionposition

→ → fetal fetal malformationsmalformations

→ → placenta and placenta and amniotic fluid. amniotic fluid.


2. 2. Intrauterine development of foetusIntrauterine development of foetus

Genetic factors Genetic factors ± ± Environmental factors Environmental factors (Teratogens) ↓ ↓ (Teratogens) ↓ ↓ Product design Product design

< 12 wk > 12 wk< 12 wk > 12 wk ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ EmbryopathyEmbryopathy Foetus`malformationFoetus`malformation


Environmental factors:

- Maternal hormonal and uteroplacental disorders;

- Viral infection (rubella, influenza, epidemic hepatitis, polio, measles, herpes, cytomegalovirus, HIV);

- Bacterial infections (syphilis, listeriosis, tuberculosis);

- Parasitic infection (toxoplasmosis);


- Endocrine factors (diabetes);Endocrine factors (diabetes);- Immune factors (Rh and ABO isoimmunization, - Immune factors (Rh and ABO isoimmunization, autoimmune diseases);autoimmune diseases);- Mechanical factors (amniotic disease);- Mechanical factors (amniotic disease);- Iatrogenic factors (aminopterina, thalidomide, - Iatrogenic factors (aminopterina, thalidomide, testosterone, progesterone, tetracyclines, iodine);testosterone, progesterone, tetracyclines, iodine);- Chemical factors;- Chemical factors;- Actinic factors (X-rays, ultraviolet).- Actinic factors (X-rays, ultraviolet).

CHILHOOD PERIODSCHILHOOD PERIODS

CHILHOOD PERIODSCHILHOOD PERIODS

First periodFirst period::- birth → three years (ending temporary teeth eruption)- birth → three years (ending temporary teeth eruption)- the most important for development, nutrition and- the most important for development, nutrition andchild pathology.child pathology.

PeriodsPeriods::- Newborn;- Newborn;

- Infant - Infant - Toddler - Toddler

New BornNew Born

Newborn periodNewborn period The first 28 days of life:The first 28 days of life:- Rapid weight and height growth;- Rapid weight and height growth;- Characteristic phenomena:- Characteristic phenomena:

- physiological decrease in weight- physiological decrease in weight- physiological jaundice,- physiological jaundice,- genital crisis,- genital crisis,- thirst fever,- thirst fever,- physiological albuminuria, - physiological albuminuria, - meconium; - meconium;

Newborn periodNewborn period

- underdeveloped cortex;- underdeveloped cortex;

- the importance of transplacental immunity;- the importance of transplacental immunity;

- deficiency functions of the skin and mucosal barrier;- deficiency functions of the skin and mucosal barrier;

- infections tend to transform in septicemia;- infections tend to transform in septicemia;

- dominate the pathology of congenital malformations - dominate the pathology of congenital malformations and diseases related to the act of birth (trauma, and diseases related to the act of birth (trauma, infections).infections).

InfancyInfancy

InfancyInfancy

28 days → 1 year:28 days → 1 year:

- weight and height growth continues;- weight and height growth continues;

- the gradual development of relationship functions;- the gradual development of relationship functions;

- development of locomotor function;- development of locomotor function;

- creation of the first signaling system;- creation of the first signaling system;

- the appearance of teeth and digestive function - the appearance of teeth and digestive function development; development;

InfancyInfancy

- develop its own active immunity;develop its own active immunity;

- Pathology dominated by diseases of the respiratory - Pathology dominated by diseases of the respiratory tract, middle ear;tract, middle ear;

- The family plays an important role in furthering the - The family plays an important role in furthering the development motor skills, language, affectivity.development motor skills, language, affectivity.

Toddler period (Before Preschool)Toddler period (Before Preschool)

Toddler period (Before Preschool)Toddler period (Before Preschool)1 → 3 years:1 → 3 years:- the rythm of weight and height growth slows down;- the rythm of weight and height growth slows down;

- Changing the proportions of the head, torso and limbs;- Changing the proportions of the head, torso and limbs;

- Completion of first toothing;- Completion of first toothing;

- Varied diet similar to that of adult;- Varied diet similar to that of adult;

- Completion of motor function;- Completion of motor function;

- Formation of conditioned reflexes: word = new - Formation of conditioned reflexes: word = new signaling system;signaling system;

Toddler period (Before Preschool)Toddler period (Before Preschool)- Immunity has supported the progressive Immunity has supported the progressive

development through vaccination;development through vaccination;

- Pathology: infectious and contagious diseases, - Pathology: infectious and contagious diseases, accidental poisoning, trauma;accidental poisoning, trauma;

- Psycho-emotional family climate is very important.- Psycho-emotional family climate is very important.

Second Second period of period of Childhood (Preschool)Childhood (Preschool)


3 → 7 years3 → 7 years::

- End appearance of temporary teeth and starts - End appearance of temporary teeth and starts appearance of permanent teeth;appearance of permanent teeth;

- Development of the CNS and thus complex thinking, - Development of the CNS and thus complex thinking, speech, locomotion → child increasing independence;speech, locomotion → child increasing independence;

- Slow growth rate; - Slow growth rate;


- Food is similar to that of the adult;Food is similar to that of the adult;

- Dominated by infectious disease pathology;Dominated by infectious disease pathology;

- There are some new diseases like:There are some new diseases like:

Acute Infantile Rheumatism, Cardiac earned Diseases, Acute Infantile Rheumatism, Cardiac earned Diseases, Oseous Tuberculosis. Oseous Tuberculosis.

Third period of ChildhoodThird period of Childhood

Third period of ChildhoodThird period of Childhood6-7 years → late puberty 6-7 years → late puberty

First school years periodFirst school years period::

- 6-7 years → puberty (10-11 years in girls; 12-13 years in - 6-7 years → puberty (10-11 years in girls; 12-13 years in boys);boys);

- Maturation of cortical areas of the brain;- Maturation of cortical areas of the brain;

- Slowing growth rate in the first period, followed by an - Slowing growth rate in the first period, followed by an acceleration in prepuberty;acceleration in prepuberty;


- Changes of the body segments growth: a process Changes of the body segments growth: a process speeded up at the chest and upper limbs;speeded up at the chest and upper limbs;

- Temporary dentition is progressively replaced by - Temporary dentition is progressively replaced by permanent dentition;permanent dentition;

- Pathology: upper airways infections, skin diseases, - Pathology: upper airways infections, skin diseases, viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, hematologic viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, hematologic malignancies;malignancies;

- Contagious diseases are rare due to spontaneous - Contagious diseases are rare due to spontaneous immunization (disease) or induced (vaccinations).immunization (disease) or induced (vaccinations).


High school period (puberty)High school period (puberty)::

- Corresponds to the occurrence of menarche in girls (11-- Corresponds to the occurrence of menarche in girls (11-14 years) and development of sexual function in boys 14 years) and development of sexual function in boys (13-16 years);(13-16 years);

- H growth rate slows, accelerates growth in W;- H growth rate slows, accelerates growth in W;- Change the size of segments – the appearance is similar - Change the size of segments – the appearance is similar to that of adult;to that of adult;


- Intellectual development is intense, but of great Intellectual development is intense, but of great psychological and autonomic instability;psychological and autonomic instability;

- Immune defense: transient depression → resistance - Immune defense: transient depression → resistance ↓ and ↑ sensitivity to current infections;↓ and ↑ sensitivity to current infections;

- Pathology: disorders of the nutritional status - Pathology: disorders of the nutritional status (malnutrition / obesity), bone deformities (rapid (malnutrition / obesity), bone deformities (rapid growth, vicious positions), behavioral disorders, growth, vicious positions), behavioral disorders, malignant diseases. malignant diseases.

Tanner stages of sexual maturation assessment

Pubic hair growth in females is staged as follows:Pubic hair growth in females is staged as follows:• • Stage I (Preadolescent) - Vellos hair develops over the pubes in Stage I (Preadolescent) - Vellos hair develops over the pubes in

a manner not greater than that over the anterior wall. There is a manner not greater than that over the anterior wall. There is no sexual hair.no sexual hair.

• • Stage II - Sparse, long, pigmented, downy hair, which is Stage II - Sparse, long, pigmented, downy hair, which is straight or only slightly curled, appears. These hairs are seen straight or only slightly curled, appears. These hairs are seen mainly along the labia. This stage is difficult to quantitate on mainly along the labia. This stage is difficult to quantitate on black and white photographs, particularly when pictures are of black and white photographs, particularly when pictures are of fair-haired subjects.fair-haired subjects.

• • Stage III - Considerably darker, coarser, and curlier sexual hair Stage III - Considerably darker, coarser, and curlier sexual hair appears. The hair has now spread sparsely over the junction of appears. The hair has now spread sparsely over the junction of the pubes. the pubes.

• • Stage IV - The hair distribution is adult in type but decreased in Stage IV - The hair distribution is adult in type but decreased in total quantity. There is no spread to the medial surface of the total quantity. There is no spread to the medial surface of the thighs. thighs.

• • Stage V - Hair is adult in quantity and type and appears to have Stage V - Hair is adult in quantity and type and appears to have an inverse triangle of the classically feminine type. There is an inverse triangle of the classically feminine type. There is spread to the medial surface of the thighs but not above the spread to the medial surface of the thighs but not above the base of the inverse triangle.base of the inverse triangle.

The stages in male pubic hair development are as follows: The stages in male pubic hair development are as follows: • • Stage I (Preadolescent) - Vellos hair appears over the pubes Stage I (Preadolescent) - Vellos hair appears over the pubes

with a degree of development similar to that over the with a degree of development similar to that over the abdominal wall. There is no androgen-sensitive pubic hair.abdominal wall. There is no androgen-sensitive pubic hair.

• • Stage II - There is sparse development of long pigmented Stage II - There is sparse development of long pigmented downy hair, which is only slightly curled or straight. The hair downy hair, which is only slightly curled or straight. The hair is seen chiefly at the base of penis. This stage may be difficult is seen chiefly at the base of penis. This stage may be difficult to evaluate on a photograph, especially if the subject has fair to evaluate on a photograph, especially if the subject has fair hair.hair.

• • Stage III - The pubic hair is considerably darker, coarser, and Stage III - The pubic hair is considerably darker, coarser, and curlier. The distribution is now spread over the junction of the curlier. The distribution is now spread over the junction of the pubes, and at this point that hair may be recognized easily on pubes, and at this point that hair may be recognized easily on black and white photographs.black and white photographs.

• • Stage IV - The hair distribution is now adult in type but still is Stage IV - The hair distribution is now adult in type but still is considerably less that seen in adults. There is no spread to the considerably less that seen in adults. There is no spread to the medial surface of the thighs.medial surface of the thighs.

• • Stage V - Hair distribution is adult in quantity and type and is Stage V - Hair distribution is adult in quantity and type and is described in the inverse triangle. There can be spread to the described in the inverse triangle. There can be spread to the medial surface of the thighs.medial surface of the thighs.

In young women, the Tanner stages for breast development are as In young women, the Tanner stages for breast development are as follows:follows:

• • Stage I (Preadolescent) - Only the papilla is elevated above the Stage I (Preadolescent) - Only the papilla is elevated above the level of the chest wall.level of the chest wall.

• • Stage II - (Breast Budding) - Elevation of the breasts and Stage II - (Breast Budding) - Elevation of the breasts and papillae may occur as small mounds along with some papillae may occur as small mounds along with some increased diameter of the areolae.increased diameter of the areolae.

• • Stage III - The breasts and areolae continue to enlarge, although Stage III - The breasts and areolae continue to enlarge, although they show no separation of contour.they show no separation of contour.

• • Stage IV - The areolae and papillae elevate above the level of Stage IV - The areolae and papillae elevate above the level of the breasts and form secondary mounds with further the breasts and form secondary mounds with further development of the overall breast tissue.development of the overall breast tissue.

• • Stage V - Mature female breasts have developed. The papillae Stage V - Mature female breasts have developed. The papillae may extend slightly above the contour of the breasts as the may extend slightly above the contour of the breasts as the result of the recession of the aerolae.result of the recession of the aerolae.

The stages for male genitalia development are as follows:The stages for male genitalia development are as follows:• • Stage I (Preadolescent)- The testes, scrotal sac, and penis have a Stage I (Preadolescent)- The testes, scrotal sac, and penis have a

size and proportion similar to those seen in early childhood.size and proportion similar to those seen in early childhood.• • Stage II - There is enlargement of the scrotum and testes and a Stage II - There is enlargement of the scrotum and testes and a

change in the texture of the scrotal skin. The scrotal skin may change in the texture of the scrotal skin. The scrotal skin may also be reddened, a finding not obvious when viewed on a also be reddened, a finding not obvious when viewed on a black and white photograph.black and white photograph.

• • Stage III - Further growth of the penis has occurred, initially in Stage III - Further growth of the penis has occurred, initially in length, although with some increase in circumference. There length, although with some increase in circumference. There also is increased growth of the testes and scrotum.also is increased growth of the testes and scrotum.

• • Stage IV - The penis is significantly enlarged in length and Stage IV - The penis is significantly enlarged in length and circumference, with further development of the glans penis. circumference, with further development of the glans penis. The testes and scrotum continue to enlarge, and there is The testes and scrotum continue to enlarge, and there is distinct darkening of the scrotal skin. This is difficult to distinct darkening of the scrotal skin. This is difficult to evaluate on a black-and-white photograph.evaluate on a black-and-white photograph.

• • Stage V - The genitalia are adult with regard to size and shape.Stage V - The genitalia are adult with regard to size and shape.

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTGROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

GrowthGrowth = increase in quantity of cells, tissues and = increase in quantity of cells, tissues and organs.organs.

DevelopmentDevelopment (of organs and apparatus) = change to (of organs and apparatus) = change to adapt to living conditions.adapt to living conditions. The two processes are carried out simultaneously in The two processes are carried out simultaneously in their own rhythm. their own rhythm.

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTGROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

1. 1. Mechanism of growth and development:Mechanism of growth and development:

a. Increasing the quantitya. Increasing the quantity::- - HyperplasiaHyperplasia (cell division: mitosis / meiosis) → (cell division: mitosis / meiosis) → cell proliferation;cell proliferation;

- - HypertrophyHypertrophy (protein synthesis) → increase the (protein synthesis) → increase the volume of the cell.volume of the cell.

b. Increased quality b. Increased quality = cell differentiation.= cell differentiation.→ → GeneticGenetic suppression of a variable number of genes suppression of a variable number of genes depending on the type of specialized cell.depending on the type of specialized cell.

→ → BiochemicalBiochemical differentiation is the accumulation of a differentiation is the accumulation of a specific substance (eg accumulation of hemoglobin in specific substance (eg accumulation of hemoglobin in erythrocytes, of myosin and actin in muscle cells).erythrocytes, of myosin and actin in muscle cells).

ResultResult = emergence of cellular differentiation - specific = emergence of cellular differentiation - specific functions of each cell type formed.functions of each cell type formed.

2. 2. Growth lawsGrowth laws a) a) the law of alternationthe law of alternation: the growth and : the growth and

development can not be made simultaneously in the development can not be made simultaneously in the same proportions throughout the body, body segments same proportions throughout the body, body segments do not grow all at once, but the alternative (eg upper do not grow all at once, but the alternative (eg upper limbs do not grow at the same time as lower limbs);limbs do not grow at the same time as lower limbs);

b) the law of proportionsb) the law of proportions: each has a specific period of : each has a specific period of childhood growth (faster in the first two years of life, childhood growth (faster in the first two years of life, then decreases, and decreases prepubertary is increasing then decreases, and decreases prepubertary is increasing again when sexual maturity is completed);again when sexual maturity is completed);

2. 2. Growth lawsGrowth laws

c) the law of uneven growthc) the law of uneven growth: growth and : growth and development are not the same scale, each body development are not the same scale, each body segment has its own growth rate;segment has its own growth rate;

d) the law of antagonism morphology and weightd) the law of antagonism morphology and weight: : accumulative growth during differentiation is low and accumulative growth during differentiation is low and vice versa. vice versa.

3. Factors affecting growth3. Factors affecting growth


I. Exogenous factorsI. Exogenous factorsII. Endogenous factorsII. Endogenous factorsIII. Pathological factorsIII. Pathological factors

I. I. Exogenous factorsExogenous factorsa) Fooda) Food:: -affect growth even in the womb; -affect growth even in the womb; -poor nutrition of the pregnant woman → small for -poor nutrition of the pregnant woman → small for gestational age new born (SGA);gestational age new born (SGA); -severity and duration of intrauterine growth restriction -severity and duration of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) → postnatal growth reduction;(IUGR) → postnatal growth reduction;


a)a) FoodFood::

- human milk contains growth modulators - human milk contains growth modulators (epidermal factor, nervous growth factor, (epidermal factor, nervous growth factor, stimulation of B lymphocytes, taurine) → stimulation of B lymphocytes, taurine) → accelerates height and weight growth in the first 6 accelerates height and weight growth in the first 6 months of life;months of life;

- food deficiency primarily affects weight gain. - food deficiency primarily affects weight gain.


a)a) FoodFood::- protein deficiency → reduced protein synthesis and cell - protein deficiency → reduced protein synthesis and cell

volume, but does not affect cell multiplication in the volume, but does not affect cell multiplication in the case of adequate energy intake;case of adequate energy intake;

- mineral deficiency → mineral repercussions on the - mineral deficiency → mineral repercussions on the skeleton and the cellular enzymes;skeleton and the cellular enzymes;

- deficiency of vitamins (fat soluble) → affect - deficiency of vitamins (fat soluble) → affect proliferation and differentiation of cells;proliferation and differentiation of cells;

- early over nutrition → adipocytes hypertrophy ± - early over nutrition → adipocytes hypertrophy ± hyperplasia → obesity.hyperplasia → obesity.


b) geographical environment:b) geographical environment: - microclimate conditions (air, sun light, temperature, - microclimate conditions (air, sun light, temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, UV light) have greater humidity, atmospheric pressure, UV light) have greater effects in the first five years;effects in the first five years;

- temperate climate has the most favorable action on - temperate climate has the most favorable action on growth; growth;

b) geographical environmentb) geographical environment::

- excessively climate is associated with low H;excessively climate is associated with low H; altitude > 1500 m → lower growth in utero and altitude > 1500 m → lower growth in utero and postnatall (chronic hypoxia);postnatall (chronic hypoxia);

- H increase is higher in spring and W increase in - H increase is higher in spring and W increase in autumn;autumn;

- UV and X rays in small doses stimulates growth - UV and X rays in small doses stimulates growth (large doses one stop). (large doses one stop).


c) Socio-economicc) Socio-economic:: - sanitation; - sanitation; - infectious and parasitic morbidity; - infectious and parasitic morbidity; - housing; - housing; - parents' profession, the financial situation; - parents' profession, the financial situation; - social dynamics (mean H and W values are increased in - social dynamics (mean H and W values are increased in urban environment)urban environment) - mental stress → "psychosocial dwarfism". - mental stress → "psychosocial dwarfism".


d) emotional-educational factors: - influence psycho-intellectual development of children especially in the first three years;

- family has a major role to model and highlight the physical and mental qualities of the child;

d) emotional-educational factors:- calm family environment favoring the development;

- family educational concern → faster intellectual development of children;

- conflicting states → delayed growth rate, social adjustment difficulties.


e) Exercise: - infant massage and gymnastics favors somatic and motor development;

- playing a sport adapted to child opportunities → toning muscles, strengthening joints, improve tissue oxygenation → positive role of stimulating growth and development.


f) chemical pollutants, radiation, trauma → may adversely affect growth and development.

g) Cultural factors → limiting effect on development.

3. Factors affecting growth3. Factors affecting growthII. Endogenous factorsII. Endogenous factors::

a) Genetic factors a) Genetic factors → constitutional characters, individual and → constitutional characters, individual and dynamic growth to maturity, as the family morphological dynamic growth to maturity, as the family morphological type.type.

- evident influence of puberty (earlier in girls due to the - evident influence of puberty (earlier in girls due to the greater sensitivity of cartilage growth to estrogen).greater sensitivity of cartilage growth to estrogen).

- autosomal chromosome numerical changes shall be - autosomal chromosome numerical changes shall be accompanied by a decline in stature and intellectual deficit.accompanied by a decline in stature and intellectual deficit.


b) hormonal factorsb) hormonal factors:: -occur in utero and postnatal -occur in utero and postnatal -endocrine functions of the embryo and fetus are less -endocrine functions of the embryo and fetus are less developed (hormones have minor role in fetal cell developed (hormones have minor role in fetal cell multiplication);multiplication);

-maternal hormones: GH, glucocorticoids and -maternal hormones: GH, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids crosses the placenta in sufficient mineralocorticoids crosses the placenta in sufficient quantity, while insulin and thyroid hormones to a small quantity, while insulin and thyroid hormones to a small extentextent


HypothalamusHypothalamus:: coordinate with pituitary releasing factor coordinate with pituitary releasing factor Somatostatyn inhibits pituitary growth hormone Somatostatyn inhibits pituitary growth hormone

PituitaryPituitary:: -STH produces proliferation of chondrocytes in cartilage STH produces proliferation of chondrocytes in cartilage series and long bone growthseries and long bone growth

- STH have direct and independent action on chondrocytes - STH have direct and independent action on chondrocytes at different stages of differentiation or maturationat different stages of differentiation or maturation


ThyroidThyroid → thyroxin and triiodothyronyn : → thyroxin and triiodothyronyn :

- Stimulates protein synthesis;- Stimulates protein synthesis;- Stimulates tissue oxidative processes;- Stimulates tissue oxidative processes;- Increase the activity of respiratory enzymes;- Increase the activity of respiratory enzymes;- Regulating glycogenolysis;- Regulating glycogenolysis;- Produce lipolysis. - Produce lipolysis.


ThyroidThyroid → thyroxin and triiodothyronyn : → thyroxin and triiodothyronyn :

- Increase basal metabolism,- Increase basal metabolism,- Involved in brain development, the growth of teeth - Involved in brain development, the growth of teeth and thermogenesis,and thermogenesis,- Produces hypertrophy of chondrocytes in cartilage - Produces hypertrophy of chondrocytes in cartilage and bone growth and mineralization of the skeleton,and bone growth and mineralization of the skeleton,- Enhances the action of STH's (myxedema = - Enhances the action of STH's (myxedema = congenital dwarfism and mental retardation). congenital dwarfism and mental retardation).


Adrenal glandsAdrenal glands::

Glucocorticoid hormonesGlucocorticoid hormones::- Inhibits growth- Inhibits growth- Activated protein catabolism- Activated protein catabolism- Enhance the elimination of calcium and potassium- Enhance the elimination of calcium and potassium- Inhibits GH action in liver.- Inhibits GH action in liver.


Adrenal glandsAdrenal glands::Mineralocorticoid hormonesMineralocorticoid hormones::- Stimulates the synthesis of DNA,- Stimulates the synthesis of DNA,- Stimulates tubular reabsorption of sodium and - Stimulates tubular reabsorption of sodium and water.water.

ThymusThymus::- Synergistic with STH's,- Synergistic with STH's,- Role of T cell maturation. - Role of T cell maturation.


Endocrine pancreasEndocrine pancreas::

Insulin Insulin = = anabolic hormoneanabolic hormone- Promotes the penetration of amino acids in the cells - Promotes the penetration of amino acids in the cells involved in RNA synthesis and cell hypertrophy.involved in RNA synthesis and cell hypertrophy.

GlucagonGlucagon = hormone catabolism = hormone catabolism

- Inhibits growth- Inhibits growth- Increases glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis.- Increases glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis.


Parathyroid glands Parathyroid glands → → parathyroid hormone parathyroid hormone → acts on → acts on intestinal cells, bone and renal calcium homeostasis → intestinal cells, bone and renal calcium homeostasis → intervenes and calcification of the skeleton.intervenes and calcification of the skeleton. Sexual glandsSexual glands::

AndrogensAndrogens → anabolic effect: → anabolic effect:- Stimulates cartilage cell proliferation,- Stimulates cartilage cell proliferation,- Participating in sexual differentiation and maturation. - Participating in sexual differentiation and maturation.


Sexual glandsSexual glands::EstrogensEstrogens::- Stimulates less growth- Stimulates less growth- Significant effect on calcification of cartilage - Significant effect on calcification of cartilage growth.growth.

At puberty:At puberty:determining a characteristic physical appearance:determining a characteristic physical appearance:- Girls → widening the pool of girls,- Girls → widening the pool of girls,- Boys → shoulder development.- Boys → shoulder development.calcification of cartilage → upswing stature.calcification of cartilage → upswing stature.


III. Pathological factors:- Infant endocrinopathies: myxedema, pituitary dwarfism;

factors acting on the pregnant woman:- Acute or chronic infections (syphilis, malaria);- Chronic poisoning (alcoholism, smoking, lead poisoning);- Disorders of nutrition (malnutrition);


III. Pathological factors

factors acting on the child:- Nutrition and chronic digestive disorders → "intestinal dwarfism;- CNS disorders;- Congenital heart disease → "heart dwarfism;- Congenital renal → "renal dwarfism;- Chromosomal abnormalities;- Visceral disease with prolonged evolution (cystic fibrosis).

periods of development growth and development. infant care = aims the normal, physiological,...

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