perpetuity research & consultancy international (prci) ltd is cctv working? the effectiveness...
Post on 19-Dec-2015
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Perpetuity Research & Consultancy International (PRCI) Ltd
www.perpetuitygroup.com
Is CCTV working? The Is CCTV working? The effectiveness of CCTV effectiveness of CCTV
and the British experienceand the British experience Professor Martin GillProfessor Martin [email protected]@perpetuitygroup.com
Martin GillMartin Gill
Director of PRCI Director of PRCI Professor of Criminology at the Professor of Criminology at the
University of LeicesterUniversity of Leicester 11 Books and over 100 articles11 Books and over 100 articles Fellow of The Security Institute, Fellow of The Security Institute,
member of ASIS International, member of ASIS International, RSMF, Security GuildRSMF, Security Guild
Our ObjectivesOur Objectives
To undertake top quality research To undertake top quality research workwork
To provide practical outputs for To provide practical outputs for those working at the sharp endthose working at the sharp end
To give advice and To give advice and recommendations based on recommendations based on evidenceevidence
To conduct first class evaluationsTo conduct first class evaluations
Our ResearchOur Research
Are security guards effective?Are security guards effective? What drives illicit markets?What drives illicit markets? What causes indiscipline in schools?What causes indiscipline in schools? How do shop thieves steal?How do shop thieves steal? Are robberies preventable?Are robberies preventable? What causes false alarms?What causes false alarms? Does CCTV work?Does CCTV work?
What is CCTVWhat is CCTV
How does a CCTV system work?How does a CCTV system work?– Analogue versus digitalAnalogue versus digital– Fixed, redeployable, mobileFixed, redeployable, mobile– Open, closed, covertOpen, closed, covert– Static and pan, tilt, zoomStatic and pan, tilt, zoom
How are images transferred?How are images transferred?
Where is CCTV located?Where is CCTV located?
Cities and townsCities and towns Car parksCar parks Within and outside organisationsWithin and outside organisations Residential areasResidential areas Within private homesWithin private homes
How is CCTV How is CCTV implementedimplemented Bidding for money, how many Bidding for money, how many
cameras?cameras? Project managementProject management Engaging stakeholdersEngaging stakeholders Third partiesThird parties Design and technologyDesign and technology
The Control RoomThe Control Room
What is a control room?What is a control room? How are images assessed?How are images assessed?
– Monitoring behaviour Where are Monitoring behaviour Where are control rooms located?control rooms located?
How do they operate?How do they operate? Who controls them?Who controls them? How are images managed?How are images managed?
Issues and CCTVIssues and CCTV
TechnologyTechnology Civil libertiesCivil liberties Public supportPublic support Police supportPolice support
Research on CCTVResearch on CCTV
Most focus has been on static Most focus has been on static systems systems
Previous research is often weakPrevious research is often weak Concerns about methodologies Concerns about methodologies
usedused Conclusions inconclusiveConclusions inconclusive Most optimism is for CCTV in car Most optimism is for CCTV in car
parksparks
New Ways of looking at New Ways of looking at what workswhat works Understand the offenders’ Understand the offenders’
perspective, originally robbers now perspective, originally robbers now other thievesother thieves Prison based interviewsPrison based interviews Focus groupsFocus groups
Simulating thefts and conducting Simulating thefts and conducting penetration testspenetration tests
Experimental designs and realist Experimental designs and realist evaluationsevaluations
Pinhole CameraPinhole Camera
A pinhole camera is attached to shop A pinhole camera is attached to shop thieves and they are then sent off thieves and they are then sent off around stores to simulate theftsaround stores to simulate thefts
The pictures provide a ‘thief’s eye’ The pictures provide a ‘thief’s eye’ view of situations and how they can be view of situations and how they can be exploitedexploited
The thieves provide a commentary The thieves provide a commentary explaining how they are able to explaining how they are able to circumvent security loopholescircumvent security loopholes
Assessing riskAssessing risk
Our aim has been to develop a Our aim has been to develop a better method of assessing risk by better method of assessing risk by looking at offenders’ risk looking at offenders’ risk assessmentassessment
Understanding what measures work Understanding what measures work in what circumstances is crucialin what circumstances is crucial
Understanding the reasons why is Understanding the reasons why is importantimportant
How do offenders assess How do offenders assess risk?risk? Consider the various points they Consider the various points they
may make decisions atmay make decisions at Consider why they do so and the Consider why they do so and the
decisions affecting themdecisions affecting them Develop a responseDevelop a response
Assessing ImpactAssessing Impact
What is CCTV supposed to impact What is CCTV supposed to impact on and why?on and why?
Understanding Context, Understanding Context, Mechanism and OutcomeMechanism and Outcome
Proposed mechanisms by Proposed mechanisms by which CCTV may impact on which CCTV may impact on thefttheft 1.1. CCTV may give staff more CCTV may give staff more
confidence to approach suspectsconfidence to approach suspects 2.2. CCTV may decrease staff CCTV may decrease staff
vigilance as they begin to rely on itvigilance as they begin to rely on it 3.3. CCTV may be used as a CCTV may be used as a
management tool to increase management tool to increase customer satisfactioncustomer satisfaction
4. CCTV may allow the effective 4. CCTV may allow the effective deployment of staff to areas where deployment of staff to areas where suspicious behaviour is occurringsuspicious behaviour is occurring
MechanismsMechanisms
5.5. CCTV may aid identification of CCTV may aid identification of trouble spots within a store or trouble spots within a store or communitycommunity
6.6. CCTV may cause an increased CCTV may cause an increased actual rate of being caughtactual rate of being caught
7.7. CCTV pictures may be used as CCTV pictures may be used as evidence for prosecution of offendersevidence for prosecution of offenders
8.8. CCTV may decrease sales if CCTV may decrease sales if customers dislike a store’s surveillance customers dislike a store’s surveillance
MechanismsMechanisms
9.9. CCTV may increase sales if customers CCTV may increase sales if customers feel that the store is and safe and secure place feel that the store is and safe and secure place to shop. Similarly with town and city centresto shop. Similarly with town and city centres
10.10. CCTV may cause an increased perceived CCTV may cause an increased perceived risk of being caughtrisk of being caught
11.11. The offender may move to other areas of The offender may move to other areas of the store where they feel they are less visible the store where they feel they are less visible to the CCTVto the CCTV
12.12. The presence of signs advertising CCTV The presence of signs advertising CCTV operation symbolise efforts to take crime operation symbolise efforts to take crime seriously and may influence the offenders’ seriously and may influence the offenders’ perceptions of riskperceptions of risk
CCTV EffectivenessCCTV Effectiveness
What is meant by effectiveness, what What is meant by effectiveness, what are the objectives?are the objectives?
The scheme design, implementation, The scheme design, implementation, stakeholder involvement, control room stakeholder involvement, control room operations and procedures, operations and procedures, relationship with the police all have an relationship with the police all have an impactimpact
In what conditions is the scheme In what conditions is the scheme operating, what is the context?operating, what is the context?
PerceptionsPerceptions
Around the world there is scepticismAround the world there is scepticism In UK, the public are very supportiveIn UK, the public are very supportive The police have a mixed attitude but The police have a mixed attitude but
mostly goodmostly good Offenders say it will not put them Offenders say it will not put them
off, unless they have been caught!off, unless they have been caught!
CCTV as a Prevention CCTV as a Prevention ToolTool Does security work?Does security work? What makes a good risk What makes a good risk
assessment?assessment? What makes for good prevention?What makes for good prevention? What more do we need to learn?What more do we need to learn? What do we need to do to make What do we need to do to make
CCTV effective?CCTV effective?
SummarySummary
There is a lot we can learn from There is a lot we can learn from different types of evaluationsdifferent types of evaluations
We can greatly improve the We can greatly improve the effectiveness of security measureseffectiveness of security measures
We are helping organisations to We are helping organisations to better assess risks and implement better assess risks and implement better and more cost-effective better and more cost-effective solutionssolutions
Perpetuity Research & Consultancy International (PRCI) Ltd
www.perpetuitygroup.com
Professor Martin GillProfessor Martin GillDirectorDirector
Perpetuity Research and Perpetuity Research and Consultancy International Ltd Consultancy International Ltd (PRCI)(PRCI)
[email protected]@perpetuitygroup.com