persentase discourse 6

8/14/2019 Persentase Discourse 6

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GROUP ASSIGNMENTDosen pembimbing4.Prof. Dr. H. Abd Muis Badulu, M.S5.Prof. Dr. Arifuddin Hamra

Discourse Analysis NONEVENTS INDISCOURSE

JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN BAHASAPROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA DAN SASTRA INGGRIS

PROGRAM PASCASARJANA

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MAKASSAR


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SETTINGWhere, when, and under what circumstatances take place aseparete kind of information constitute called setting. Settingis important in the study of discourse not only because itcharacteristically involve distinctive grammatical constructionlike locative, but also because it is common basis forsegmentation of sequential text into their components parts.

It is tricky to distinguish setting from the range role. Eithermay, for example, take the form of a locative like aprepositional phrase. One text that seems to work in a numberof languages is the test of separability.Settings in a space are frequently distinguished from settings

in time. All languages probably have the capability for defininga spatial setting by description. Spasial settings many beredefined during the course of a text either by describingwhere each new setting is located, as seems normal in English,or by a relative redefinition that takes the most recent settings

as its point of departure. The scope of a spatial setting may bebroad or narrow.


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Settings in time are equally important. Temporal setting, like spatialsetting, must be distinguished from the temporal properties inherentin a particular action. Whether an action followed its predecessorimmediately or after a lapse, whether its effects are said to persist,all are dependent of the general time framework of the narrative, justas the place where as action orseries of action happens isindependent of those elements of location (range) that are anintegral part of the definition of the action.Descriptive definitions of time are usually with reference to some

kind of calendric system. The term is used broadly to include bit onlyexplicit calendric references.Another kind of time definition makes us of reference to memorableevents. This can shade off into a calendric system of its own in thecase of dynastics or definitions of years by outstanding events.


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BACKGROUNDSome of information in narrative is not part of the narrativesthemselves, but stands outside them and clarifies them. Events,participants, and setting are normally the primary components ofnarrative, while explanation and comments about what happens havea secondary role that may be reflected in the use of distinctivegrammatical patterns.Much of the secondary information that is used to clarify a narrative (

called background for convenience, even though the form may bemisleading for non-consequential texts when explanatory informationcould be thought of as being in the foreground ) has a logicalsounding structure, frequently tied together with words like becauseand therefore. It is an attemp to explain. It has this explanatory from

even when the logic in it is invalid or when it falls short of reallyexplaining what it purports to explain. Explanations, either assecondary part of narrative or as the central theme of texts, ofteninvolve premises that the speakers feels are generally accepted andtherefore can be left unsaid. Sometimes what is unstated brings

consternations to a linguist from abother culture who is not yet in aposition to supply the missing pieces of the argument.


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The handling of the structure ofexplanations actually sheds lighton the depth and sensitivity ofthe speakers estimate of who the

hearer is; because even incultures where nearly all parts ofan explanation or argument areassumed, if the hearer makes itsufficiently clear that he does not

follow, most speakers will restatethemselves in an attemp to makeup for his lack of understanding.This is less likely to hold relativelyhomogeneous and isolatedcultures, where many of lifesactivities depend upon theassumption that everyone sharesthe same fund of information.


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EVALUATIONSNot only do speakers report thestate of the world; they also tellthey feel about it. The additioninternal feeling to other kinds ofinformation ( which is not thesame as a simple reporting ofwhat ones internal feeling are )involves specific modes of

linguistic expression.Often evaluation are imputed tothe hearer or to other peoplereferred to in the discourse. Anyparticipant in a discourse can be

assumed to have his ownopinion of things, and thespeaker may feel that knowswhat those opinions aresufficiently well to include them.

There is, however, a restrictionthat is pointed out in manuals of


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Another kind of evaluation is that of the culturewithin which the speaker is speaking, theconversation of the society he represents. Noteverything in a discourse has to be evaluated.For this reason, it is useful to recognize the

scope of an evaluative statement. It may beglobal, embracing an entire discourse, if so, itis lokely to be found either at the beginning asan introductory statement that tells why therest of the discourse is being told, or at theend as e moral to the story of the tag line in a

fable. Evaluations bring the hearer moreclosely into the narrative; they communicateinformation about feelings to him that goesbeyong the bar cognitive structure of whathappened or what deduction is to be made. Inconversation, and even in monologues, the

hearer may be pressed to give his ownevaluation: What do you think? How do yousuppose they took that?Evaluative information shades off intobackground information or even into setting incasses where it serves to buid up the

psychological tone of a series of events.


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COLLATERALSome information in a narrative,insteadof telling what did happen, tellswhat did not happen. It ranges overpossible events and in so doing sets offwhat actually does happen againts whatmight have happened.Collateral information, simply stated,relates non-events to events. By

providing a range of non-events thatmight take place, it heightens thesignificance of the real events.The information about what actuallydoes happen, then, may take several

forms. If non the collateral expressionsgive what really happened as one of thealternatives, it must be stated as adistinct event. If was mentioned as partof the collateral, but only to affirm which

of the possibilities took place.


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THE SPEAKER AND HEARER INDISCOURSEBoth the form and the content of anydiscourse are influenced by who isspeaking and who is listening. Thespeaker-hearer-situation factors can berepresented in linguistic theory ofperformative information.There are, however, restrictions on

performative utterances. They must be inthe first percon and present tense.Certain performative are quite commonand are free of special limitations on theiruse. The recognition of implicit

performatives behind commands,questions, and statements, as well asexplicit performatives, paves the way fora linguistic handling of situational factorsin discourse. Specifically, it gives a place

in linguistic analysis for what areconventionally known as deictic (pointing)


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In the case of persons ( and forthat matter, objects ) therecognition of the speaker-heareraxis in communication is basis

for assignment of personcategories. This seems trivial orobvious for a discourse that has asingle performative. Performativeare pertinent in the identification

of paticipants in other casesbesides direct discourse, but indifferent way. In direct discourse,person assignment are takenfrom some performative moreremote than the onethatdominates the statementimmediately; that is, the one thatconstitutes the nearest verbsaying that dominates directdiscourse higher up the tree of

questions. This shows up if weara hrase the exam le ust


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In addition to the identificationthet relates to performatives,there are other less easilyrecognizable factors whoseeffects can be seen the outerform of language and that findtheir place in the conceptualscheme of linguistics by virtue oftheir relation to performatives.

Here, first of all, is where thespeakers entire image of himselfas a person is accessible to thelinguistic system. Theperformative element not only

serves to relate persons to thediscourse, but also sets the zeropoint for time reference.


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FastabiqulFastabiqulKhaeratKhaerat

WallahulWallahul

MustanMustan

persentase discourse 6

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