personal identification reviewe-for print.docx

8/9/2019 Personal Identification Reviewe-for print.docx

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Personal Identification Reviewer

Personal Identification

Alphonse Bertillon- was a French criminologist and anthropologist who

created the first system of physical measurements, photography, and

record-keeping that police could use to identify recidivist criminals.

Ancient Babylon - fingerprints were used in clay tablets for business

transactions. 1000 - 2000 B

Anthropometry- the first system of personal identification.

Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose!1"#$% - &wo 'ndian fingerprint

e(perts credited with primary development of the )enry *ystem of

fingerprint classification !named after their supervisor,

+dward ichard )enry%.

Bertillon System - a system of identification which focuses on the

meticulous measurement and recording of different parts and components

of the human body.

Chiroscopy 't is the e(amination and thorough study fo the palms ofthe human hand as a point indentifying persons.

Core - 1. ppro(imate center of the pattern

2. 't is placed upon or within the innermost sufficient recurve.

Delta - 1. point on a ridge at or nearest to the point of divergence

of two typelines and

2. is located at or directly in front of the point of

divergence.

Dr. Henry P. DeForrest- he accomplished the first fingerprint file

established in the /nited *tates, and the first use of fingerprinting

by a /.*. government agency.

Dr. Nehemiah Gre- in 1", he was the first +uropean to publish

friction ridge skin observations.

!d"eoscopy the study of the morphological characteristics of

friction ridges shape or contour of the edges of friction ridges.

!dmond #ocard - informally referred to as the *herlock )olmes of France,

he developed the science of poroscopy, the study of fingerprint pores

and the impressions produced by these pores. )e went on to write that

if 12 specific points were identical between two fingerprints, it would

be sufficient for positive identification. &his work led to the use of

fingerprints in identifying criminals being adopted over Bertillon3s

earlier techni4ue of anthropometry.

Fin"erprint - is an impression of the friction ridge of all or any

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part of the finger. Fingerprint ridges are formed during the third

to fourth month of fetal development.

Fin"erprint Classi$ication Systems

1. &he )enry lassification *ystem developed by )enry in the

late 1"00s.

2. 'cnofalangometric *ystem the originalname of the system

developed by 5ucetichin 1"#1

6. 7actiloscopy the new name of the systemdeveloped by 5ucetich.

. &he 8lori9 *ystem of lassification developed by 8lori9.

'dentakey developed in the 1#60s by :. &yler ;airs.

ew ?ersey,an improved onley *ystem.

$. >' Fingerprint lassification *ystem.

ollins *ystem a classification system forsingle

fingerprints

used in *cotland @ard inthe early 1#00s.

". ?orgensen *ystem a classification systemfor single

fingerprints

used in the early1#00s.

#. Battley *ystem a classification system forsingle

fingerprints used in the 1#60s

Gilbert %hompson - )e used his thumb print on a document to prevent

forgery. First known use of fingerprints in the /.*.

&ohn !'an"elist Pur(in)e - anatomy professor at the /niversity of

Breslau, in 1"26, he published his thesis discussing nine fingerprint

patterns but he made no mention of the value of fingerprints for

personal identification.

&uan *ucetich- 'n 1"#2, two boys were brutally murdered in the

village of >ecochea, near Buenos ires, rgentina. 'nitially,

suspicion fell on a man named 5elas4ue9, a suitor of the children3s

mother, Francisca oAas. 'nvestigators found a bloody fingerprint at

the crime scene and contacted ?uan 5ucetich, who was developing a

system of fingerprint identification for police use. 5ucetich compared

the fingerprints of oAas and 5elas4ue9 with the bloody fingerprint.

Francisca oAas had denied touching the bloody bodies, but the

fingerprint matched one of hers. onfronted with the evidence, she

confessedthe first successful use of fingerprint identification in a

murder investigation.

#oop - 1. 8ne or more ridges enter upon either side

2. ecurve

6. &ouch or pass an imaginary line between delta and core

. =ass out or tend to pass out upon the same side the ridges

entered.

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%hree #oop Characteristics

1. sufficient recurve

2. 7elta

6. ridge count across a looping ridge

+arcelo +alpi"hi - in 1", an anatomy professor at the /niversity of

Bologna, noted fingerprint ridges, spirals and loops in his treatise.

layer of skin was named after him C;alpighiC layer, which is

appro(imately 1."mm thick.

+ar( %ain- author of the novel =udd3nhead Dilson where one of the

characters has a hobby of collecting fingerprints.

Paul,&ean Coulier- of 5al-de-:rEce in =aris, published his observations

that !latent% fingerprints can be developed on paper by iodine fuming,

e(plaining how to preserve !fi(% such developed impressions and

mentioning the potential for identifying suspects3 fingerprints by

use of a magnifying glass.

Poroscopy refers to the e(amination of the shape,si9e and

arrangement of the small opening on friction ridge through which body

fluids are secreted or released.

Podoscopy a term coined by Dilder and Dentwrth which refers to the

e(amination of the soles and their significance in personal identification.

-id"eolo"y describes the individuali9ation process of any area of

friction skin using allavailable detail.

-id"e Characteristics

1. idge 7ots - n isolated ridge unit whose length appro(imates

its width in si9e.

2. Bifurcations - &he point at which one friction ridge divides

into two friction ridges.

6. &rifurcations - &he point at which one friction ridge divides

into three friction ridges.

. +nding idge - single friction ridge that terminates within

the friction ridge structure.


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of Bengal, 'ndia in 1"#1, he developed a system of fingerprint

classification enabling fingerprint records to be organised and searched

with relative ease.

Sir Francis Galton - )e devised a method of classifying fingerprints

that proved useful in forensic science. )e pointed out that there were

specific types of fingerprint patterns. )e described and classified

them into eight broad categoriesG 1G plain arch, 2G tented arch,

6G simple loop, G central pocket loop, ova *cotia depicts a hand with e(aggerated ridges and finger

whorls, presumably left by the ;i3kma4 people.

1th entury .7. - ;any official government documents in

=ersia have fingerprint impressions. 8ne government physician

makes the observation that no two fingerprints were an e(act

match.

1" - t the /niversity of Bologna in 'taly, a professor

of anatomy named ;arcello ;alpighi notes the common

characteristics of spirals, loops and ridges in fingerprints,

using the newly invented microscope for his studies. 'n time,

a 1.""mm thick layer of skin, the H;alpighi layer,I was named

after him. lthough ;alpighi was likely the first to document

types of fingerprints, the value of fingerprints as

identification tools was never mentioned in his writings.

1"26 - thesis is published by ?ohannes +vengelista =urkinAe,

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professor of anatomy with the /niversity of Breslau, =russia.

&he thesis details a full nine different fingerprint patterns.

*till, like ;alpighi, no mention is made of fingerprints as

an individual identification method.

1"ew ;e(ico, uses his own fingerprints on a document to guard

against forgery. &his event is the first known use of

fingerprints for identification in merica.

1""6 - Hife on the ;ississippi,I a novel by ;ark &wain, tells

the story of a murderer who is identified by the use of

fingerprints. )is later book C=udd3n )ead DilsonI includes a

courtroom drama involving fingerprint identification.

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1""" - *ir Francis :altonJs began his study of fingerprints

during the 1""0s, primarily to develop a tool for determining

genetic history and hereditary traits. &hrough careful study of

the work of Faulds, which he learned of through his cousin *ir

harles 7arwin, as well as his e(amination of fingerprints

collected by *ir Dilliam )erschel, :alton became the first to

provide scientific evidence that no two fingerprints are

e(actly the same, and that prints remain the same throughout

a personJs lifetime. )e calculated that the odds of finding

two identical fingerprints were 1 in billion.

1"#2 - :altonJs book HFingerprintsI is published, the first of

its kind. 'n the book, :alton detailed the first classification

system for fingerprints he identified three types

!loop, whorl, and arch% of characteristics for fingerprints

!also known as minutia%. &hese characteristics are to an e(tent

still in use today, often referred to as :altonJs 7etails.

1"#2 - ?uan 5ucetich, an rgentine police official, had recently

begun keeping the first fingerprint files based on :altonJs

7etails. )istory was made that year when 5ucetich made the

first criminal fingerprint identification. woman named oAas

had murdered her two sons, then cut her own throat to deflect

blame from herself. oAas left a bloody print on a doorpost.

fter investigators matched the crime scene print to that of

the accused, oAas confessed. 5ucetich eventually developed his

own system of classification, and published a book entitled

7actiloscopLa omparada !Comparative FingerprintingC% in 1#0,

detailing the 5ucetich system, still the most used system in

atin merica.

1"# - British official *ir +dward ichard )enry had been living

in Bengal, and was looking to use a system similar to that of

)erschelJs to eliminate problems within his Aurisdiction. fter

visiting *ir Francis :alton in +ngland, )enry returned to Bengal

and instituted a fingerprinting program for all prisoners. By

?uly of 1"#, )enry wrote in a report that the classification

limitations had not yet been addressed. short time later,

)enry developed a system of his own, which included 1,02

primary classifications. Dithin a year, the :overnor :eneral

signed a resolution directing that fingerprinting was to be the

official method of identifying criminals in British 'ndia.

1#01 - Back in +ngland and Dales, the success of the H)enry

Fingerprint lassification *ystemI in 'ndia was creating a stir,

and a committee was formed to review *cotland @ard3s

identification methods. )enry was then transferred to +ngland,

where he began training investigators to use the )enry

lassification *ystem after founding *cotland @ard3s entral

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Fingerprint Bureau. Dithin a few years, the )enry lassification

*ystem was in use around the world, and fingerprints had been

established as the uniform system of identification for the

future. &he )enry lassification *ystem is still in use today

in +nglish speaking countries around the globe.

1#02 - lphonse Bertillon, director of the Bureau of

'dentification of the =aris =olice, is responsible for the first

criminal identification of a fingerprint without a known suspect.

print taken from the scene of a homicide was compared against

the criminal fingerprints already on file, and a match was made,

marking another milestone in law enforcement technology.

;eanwhile, the >ew @ork ivil *ervice ommission, spearheaded

by 7r. )enry =. 7eForrest, institutes testing of the first

systematic use of fingerprints in the /nited *tates.

1#06 - Fingerprinting technology comes into widespread use in

the /nited *tates, as the >ew @ork =olice 7epartment, the >ew

@ork *tate =rison system and the Federal Bureau of =risons begin

working with the new science.

1#0 - &he *t. ouis =olice 7epartment and the eavenworth *tate

=enitentiary in Kansas start utili9ing fingerprinting, assisted

by a *ergeant from *cotland @ard who had been guarding the

British 7isplay at the *t. ouis +(position.

1#0< - &he /.*. rmy gets on the fingerprinting bandwagon, and

within three years was Aoined by the /.*. >avy and ;arine orps.

'n the ensuing 2< years, as more law enforcement agencies

Aoined in using fingerprints as personal identification methods,

these agencies began sending copies of the fingerprint cards

to the recently established >ational Bureau of riminal

'nvestigation.

1#11 - &he first central storage location for fingerprints in

>orth merica is established in 8ttawa by +dward Foster of the

7ominion =olice Force. &he repository is maintained by the oyal

anadian ;ounted =olice, and while it originally held only 2000

sets of fingerprints, today the number is over 2 million.

1#2 - &he /.*. ongress acts to establish the 'dentification

7ivision of the F.B.'. &he >ational Bureau and eavenworth are

consolidated to form the basis of the F.B.'. fingerprint repository.

By 1#, the F.B.'. had processed 100 million fingerprint cards

that number doubles by 1#$1.

1##0s - F'*, or utomated Fingerprint 'dentification *ystems,

begin widespread use around the country. &his computeri9ed system

of storing and cross-referencing criminal fingerprint records

would eventually become capable of searching millions of

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fingerprint files in minutes, revolutioni9ing law enforcement

efforts.

1## - s mericans become more concerned with the growing missing

and abducted children problem, and law enforcement groups urge

the fingerprinting of children for investigative purposes in

the event of a child becoming missing, hris ;igliaro founds

Fingerprint merica in lbany, >@. &he company provides a simple,

at-home fingerprinting and identification kit for parents,

maintaining the familyJs privacy while protecting and educating

children about the dangers of abduction. By 2001, the company

distributes over < million hild '7 Fingerprinting Kits around

the world.

1### - &he FB' phases out the use of paper fingerprint cards with

their new 'ntegrated F'* !'F'*% site at larksburg, Dest 5irginia.

'F'* will starts with individual computeri9ed fingerprint records

for appro(imately 66 million criminals, while the outdated paper

cards for the civil files are kept at a facility in Fairmont,

Dest 5irginia.

%ypelines- 1. &wo innermost ridges that start or go parallel

2. 7iverge and surround or tend to surround the pattern

area

%ypes o$ Fin"erprints

1. 5isible =rints

2. atent =rints

6. 'mpressed =rints

*isible Prints- also called patent prints and are left in

some medium, like blood, that reveals them to the naked eye

when blood, dirt, ink or grease on the finger come into

contact with a smooth surface and leave a friction ridge

impression that is visible without development.

#atent Prints - not apparent to the naked eye. &hey are

formed from the sweat from sebaceous glands on the body or

water, salt, amino acids and oils contained in sweat.

&hey can be made sufficiently visible by dusting, fuming or

chemical reagents.

/mpressed prints- also called plastic prints and are

indentations left in soft pliable surfaces, such as clay,

wa(, paint or another surface that will take the impression.

&hey are visible and can be viewed or photographed without

development.

%ypes o$ Patterns

1. rch a. =lain rch

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b. &ented rch

2. oop a. adial oop

b. /lnar oop

6. Dhorl a. =lain Dhorl

b. entral =ocket oop

c. 7ouble oop

d. ccidental Dhorl

Plain Arch - 1. idges enter upon one side

2. ;ake a rise or wave in the center

6. Flow or tend to flow out upon the

opposite side.

%ented Arch- =ossesses an 1. ngle

2. /pthrust

6. &wo of &he &hree basic

characteristics of the loop

0lnar loop - flow toward the little finger - ulna bone.

-adial #oop - flow toward the thumb - radius bone.

=lain Dhorl - 1. onsists of one or more ridges which make

or tend to make a complete circuit

2. Dith 2 delta3s

6. Between which, when an imaginary line is

drawn, at least one recurving ridge within

the inner pattern area is cut or touched.

entral =ocket oop - 1. onsists of at least one recurving

ridge or

2. n obstruction at right angles to

the line of flow

6. Dith 2 delta3s

. Between which, when an imaginary

line is drawn, no recurving ridge

within the inner pattern area is

cut or touched.

7ouble oop - 1. onsists of two separate loop formations

2. Dith two separate and distinct set of

shoulders and

6. &wo delta3s

ccidental Dhorl - 1. onsists of a combination of two

different types of patterns with the

e(ception of the plain arch

2. Dith 2 or more delta3s or

6. pattern which possesses some of the

re4uirements for 2 or more different

types or a pattern which conforms to

none of the definitions.

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