personal names: structures and patterns

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UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology

UC Los Angeles

Peer Reviewed

Title:

Personal Names: Structures and Patterns

Author:

Vittmann, Gnter, University of Wrzburg

Publication Date:

2013

Series:

UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology

Publication Info:

UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, UCLos Angeles

Permalink:

http://escholarship.org/uc/item/42v9x6xp

Local Identifier:

nelc_uee_8004

Abstract:

The diversity and complexity of ancient Egyptian personal names points to a range ofavailablepatterns and options for name-giving. Alongside personal names that make directreference tothe name-bearer and his or her family, there are numerous names that refer to agod, the ruling(or an earlier) king, or some venerated individual, with or without simultaneousreference to thename-bearer or his family. An individual could be designated, for example, asone beloved,given, or protected by a god or king, but a name could equally contain an objectivestatementabout god or king.

Supporting material:

Bibliography
http://escholarship.org/http://escholarship.org/uc/item/42v9x6xphttp://escholarship.org/uc/nelc_ueehttp://escholarship.org/uc/item/42v9x6xphttp://escholarship.org/uc/nelc_ueehttp://escholarship.org/uc/search?creator=Vittmann%2C%20G%C3%BCnterhttp://escholarship.org/uc/uclahttp://escholarship.org/uc/nelc_ueehttp://escholarship.org/uc/nelc_ueehttp://escholarship.org/http://escholarship.org/http://escholarship.org/http://escholarship.org/


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PERSONAL NAMES:STRUCTURES AND PATTERNS

:

Gnter Vittmann

EDITORS

WILLEKEWENDRICHEditor-in-Chief

University of California, Los Angeles

JACCO DIELEMANEditor

University of California, Los Angeles

ELIZABETH FROODEditor

Area Editor Individual and SocietyUniversity of Oxford

JOHN BAINESSenior Editorial Consultant

University of Oxford

Short Citation:

Vittmann, 2013, Personal Names: Structures and Patterns. UEE.

Full Citation:Vittmann, Gnter, 2013, Personal Names: Structures and Patterns. In Elizabeth Frood andWilleke Wendrich (eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles.http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002dwqsr

8004 Version 1, January 2013http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002dwqsr


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Personal Names: Structures and Patterns, Vittmann, UEE 2013 1

PERSONAL NAMES:STRUCTURES AND PATTERNS

: Gnter Vittmann

Personennamen: Strukturen und MusterNoms de personne: Structure et modles

The diversity and complexity of ancient Egyptian personal names points to a range of availablepatterns and options for name-giving. Alongside personal names that make direct reference tothe name-bearer and his or her family, there are numerous names that refer to a god, the ruling

(or an earlier) king, or some venerated individual, with or without simultaneous reference to thename-bearer or his family. An individual could be designated, for example, as one beloved,given, or protected by a god or king, but a name could equally contain an objective statementabout god or king.

.)(

.

ncient Egyptian personal nameswere manifold both in structureand in meaning. From a purelyformal point of view, most

Egyptian personal names may be assigned toone of the following three basic groups (forthe sake of simplicity, in the citations belowRanke 1935 shall be indicated by I; Ranke1952 shall be indicated by II; andLddeckens et al. 1980 2000 shall beindicated by DN):

1. one-word names (including, from Dynasty18 onward, the definite article), such as JbjIbi (I 20,10; DN 6; untranslatable); 1rHorus (I 245,18; DN 786-788); PA-whrThe dog (I 104,12; DN 181); PA-MDAy TheMedja-man (I 105,18, Dynasty 18); NHsj, PA-NHsj The Nubian (I 209,4; 113,13; DN194).

2. compound names not constituting acomplete sentence, e.g., PA-ntj-n(.j) He whobelongs to me (I 114, 5: several examplesfrom the Middle Kingdom, when the use ofthe definite article in proper names wasotherwise uncommon); 3st-wrt Great Isis,Isis the great(I 4,1; DN 76-77);8dw-4bk(I401,19-20), later PA-dj-4bkGiven by Sobek,He whom Sobek has given (I 126,8; DN340-341). For the very frequent namesintroduced by the possessive articles pA-n

(Demotic pa) he of and tA-nt (Demoticta) she of, see below under TheophorousNames.

3. names constituting a complete sentence,e.g., Nj-anx(.j?)-4xmt (My?) life belongs toSakhmet (I 172,3-4); Nb(.j)-pw-4-n-wsrtSenusret is my lord (I 184,15); Jmn-m-HAtAmun is in front (I 28,8; DN 64);2Aa.w-s-

A


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n-3st They laid him/her before Isis (I262,19; DN 870);Ns-2nsw He/She belongsto Khons (I 178,20; DN 689).

Another possible classification isdetermined by content and semantics.Endophorous names refer directly to thebearer and/or his or her family withoutreference to gods or kings. Conversely,exophorous names introduce a god orpharaoh with or without simultaneousreference to the bearer and his family. Yetanother group is formed by hypocoristica (i.e.,abbreviations, which are types ofdemotivated formations; for thisterminology see Vernus 1986: 121 - 122, 127).

Naming at BirthThe natural setting of many names is thesituation immediately associated with birth.Such names usually express relief andhappiness, a wish or its fulfilment, a hope or astatement made by the name-giver. Thoughthere are some explicit sources pointing to therole of the mother as name-giver (Posener1970), it is usually impossible to relate apersonal name directly to the mother.Theoretically, the speaker in names such asNHt.n.j She whom I desired or anx,f/sMay

he/she live! might be either the father or themother, although Ranke (1937: 24), as a rule,preferred the latter option.

It is important, however, to make adistinction between the original context of aname, or name-pattern, on the one hand, andthe reason for its use in a particular case, onthe other hand. A name such as9d-PtH-jw.f-anx Ptah said, he will live (I 410,11-12; DN1365), for example, evokes the decision of anoracle in which Ptah reassured the anxiousparents that the child would survive (seeRanke 1926: 734 - 735); in view of the highrate of child mortality in antiquity, this wascertainly a very realistic concern. However,this does not mean that every individualnamed 9d-PtH-jw.f-anx necessarily owed hisname to an oracular decision of Ptah.Similarly, there is no reason to believe thateveryJmn-m-Hb was born on the day of the

festival of Amun, although this is probablythe original implication of that name (Ranke1937: 24; 1952: 216 - 219). Still other factorssuch as papponymy (i.e., naming after the

grandfather) would often determine the use ofa given name (see Vittmann 2012).

Endophorous Names

Examples of (endophorous) names lackingany mention of divinities or kings include

NHt.n.j She whom I desired (I 207,13);Jw.f-aA/Jw.f-aw He will attain old age (I14,2-3; DN 59); Jw.f/s-r/-anx He/shelives, He/she will live/survive (I 14,5.20;15,2.10; DN 60);anx.f/s May he/she live! (I67,2.13; DN 104 and fasc. 18, corrections and

addenda ad p. 100) equivalent to older 1A-anx.f/s (I 232,2-3); and Rn(.j)-snb My nameis healthy (I 222,26-27; 223,1, a typicalMiddle Kingdom name). In names of the Oldand Middle Kingdoms, the concept of the kaplays a vital role (Bolshakov 1997), e.g., WHm-

kA(.j) Who repeats my ka (i.e., Mydouble; I 83,23 with a slightly differentreading), and Mrrw-kA(.j) Whom my kaloves (I 162,27 with different analysis).

Sometimes names evoked an individualsphysical features, e.g., FnDj He with thenose, Nosy (I 142,22, similarly FnDNose I 142,20 and FnDt I: 142,21), NxtStrong (I 209,16), and Nfr/Nfrt Beautiful;Perfect (I 194,1; 201,10), but it is alsopossible that the first of these three examples,with its variants, is an epithet of Thoth usedas a personal name that should be translatedas He/She with the beak.

Names based on titles (II 187-191) mayinvolve administrative, military, and priestlyfunctions, as well as those of otherprofessions, e.g., PA-jmj-rA-Snwt TheOverseer of the Granary (I 101,1, NewKingdom); PA-jmj-rA-mSa, conventionallytranslated as The General (I 100,18; alsoattested, without the article, as the name of aking of the 13th Dynasty); PA-Hrj-pDt TheOverseer of the Archers, The Troop-commander (I 115,27-28 with correction byThirion 1985: 127); PA-jt-nTr The Gods


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Father (Marciniak 1974: 142 No. 110); PA-Hm-nTr The Prophet (I 115,16; DN 204;505); and PA-jn-mw The Water-carrier (I101,7). There are also more complex

formations that give the impression of being akind of appellative rather than a true personalname, e.g., PA-Hm-nTr-2.nw The SecondProphet, or PA-Hm-nTr-MAatThe Prophet ofMaat (DN 505; see also Pestman 1993: 440n. 4).

Several animal names are known, especiallyfrom the Old and Middle Kingdoms(II 182 -185), that might not be expected to be chosenfor people, e.g., Pnw Mouse (I 133,6) and

1fnr Tadpole (I 239,12-13), also found inthe Old Testament in the form 1opn (1

Samuel 1, 3, etc.), 1Dr, and similarly Hyena(?) (I 261,18.20.24-25).

By the Late Period, but perhaps alreadyearlier, animal names had acquired a religiousdimension, e.g., PA-bjk The falcon (DN182); the two phonetically similar names PA-mAj The lion (I 105, 5; DN 186) and PA-mjw (Demotic PA-[j]mj) The cat (I 105,7;DN 187; for both names see Yoyotte 1988);PA-msH The crocodile (DN 191; cf. MsH,

MsHtj and similarly I 164,14 - 17, Old andMiddle Kingdoms); PA-Hf The snake (DN204); and 6A-Hf-SpStThe sacred snake (DN1078, Roman). For certain names such as PA-orrThe frog (I 120,1; DN 277), an animalassociated with regeneration, or1nvs Lizard(DN 786); 6A-Hfllj The lizard (DN 1078),this background is less evident but stillpossible, whereas for Demotic alal, PA-alal, 6A-alalThe shrew-mouse (DN 106; 164; 1052),it may be considered definite (Vittmann 1997 1998: 99 - 100).

Plant names (II 180-182) were not

uncommon in the Old and Middle Kingdom,e.g., 4SSn Lotus flower (I 298,2), theultimate origin of Susan and similarformations in European languages, and JsrTamarisk (II 267,14; cf. also I 46,25 and thederivativeJsry I 46,24). These are rather rareby the Late Period, but names such as GAwt-sSn Lotus bundle (I 350,6); 1mDrvAsphodel (DN 785, with hieroglyphic

predecessors); and 6A-wrv, 6A-wrv-mn TheRose, The Rose of Min (DN 1058) areattested. For the case of Nhj-wrt Greatsycamore, see below under Theophorus Names.

Theophorous Names

Extremely common in all periods of Egyptianhistory were theophorous names,expressing a relationship between the name-bearer, or his parents, and a deity (or deities).Theophorous name-patterns varied over time,the most prevalent being:

1. The individual as belonging to godX:Nj-X (Old Kingdom), e.g., Nj-BAstt Whobelongs to Bastet (Thirion 2001: 271);Nj-PtHWho belongs to Ptah (I 172,14); PA-n/Pa-X,6A-nt/Ta-X He/She of X (from the NewKingdom onward), e.g., PA-n-Jmn/Pa-JmnHe of Amun (I 106,8; DN 350);6A-nt-Jmn/Ta-Jmn She of Amun (I 358,4; DN 1162-1163); and Nj-sw/sj-X = Ns-X He/Shebelongs to X (from the Old Kingdomonward, but predominantly from the LateNew Kingdom to the Late Period), e.g., Ns-

2nsw He/She belongs to Khons (I 178,20;DN 689). One could also belong to a holyemblem, such as the sacred staff: a commonLate Period name was Ns-pA-mdw/Ns-pA-mtrHe/She belongs to the (holy) staff (I 175,1;DN 664-666).

2. As servant of godX:1m-X, e.g., 1m-Ra/1mt-Ra (male/female)servant of Ra (I 239,24; 240,5; Thirion 1988:139); later PA/-bAk-n/Pa-X; 6A/-bAkt-n/Ta-X, e.g., BAk-n/-2nsw Servant of Khons(I 91,13.18); 6A-bAkt-n-Mwt The (female)servant of Mut (I 356,6); also the frequentLate Period name PA-jw-n-1r, PA-jwjw-1rThe dog of Horus (I 100,9.11; DN 156)

possibly has this particular connotation.3. Beloved or praised by godX:e.g.,Mry-4xmtLoved by Sakhmet (I 157,25;161,10);1sy-RaPraised by Ra (I 255,3).4. Protected or saved by godX:e.g., NHm-s(w)-3st Isis has saved him, orperhaps May Isis save him! (I 208,10; DN643); 2wj.n-1r He whom Horus has


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protected (I 266,25);1kA-m-sA.fHeka is hisprotection (I 256,24);1kA-tAy.f-nxttwith thesame meaning (I 256,25; DN fasc. 18,corrections and addenda ad p. 847); 5d-sw-

Nfr-tm Nefertem rescued him, or MayNefertem rescue him! (I 331,8).

5. The individual as a gift of god:8dw/8dt-X given by X (very common inthe Middle Kingdom), e.g., 8dt-Mwt (Shewho has been) given by Mut (I 403,11);PA/6A-dj-X He/She whom X has given(extremely common from the late NewKingdom until the Ptolemaic Period, when itbecame gradually supplanted by other names;see Jennes and Depauw 2012), e.g., PA-dj-3stHe whom Isis has given (I 121,18-19; DN

290-291). In the Late Period there are also thewidespread patterns X-(j.)jr-dj-s It is X whohas given him/her, e.g.,Jmn-(j.)jr-dj-s It isAmun who has given him/her (I 26,24-25;DN 63), and 5p/b-n-X Gift of X, e.g., 5p-

Mn Gift of Min (I 325,23; DN 965): PA-Sb-Jw.s-aA.s The gift of (the goddess) Iusaas(II 287,2; DN 221; Thirion 1985: 140).

6. Son or daughter of godX:sA-/sAt-X from the Middle Kingdomonwards, e.g., 4A-4bk Son of Sobek (I284,11-14; DN 904 - 905); 4At-1wt-1rDaughter of Hathor (I 291,14-16, veryfrequent in the Middle Kingdom); in the LatePeriod preferably in the modernized form PA-Sr-n-X, 6A-Srt-n-X (very common), e.g., PA-Sr-

2nsw The son of Khons (Thirion 1981: 85;DN 256-257); PA-Sr-n-nA-nTrw The son ofthe gods (DN 252). A similar meaning isprobably conveyed by the pattern 7A(w)-n-divinity, e.g., 7A(w)-n-nA-hbw Scion of the(sacred) ibises (I 386: 30-31; see for thesenames Yoyotte and de Meulenaere 1983: 107 -108; 122).

7. Made by godX:e.g., Jr.n-Ra Made by Ra (I 39,36, OldKingdom); PA-jr-JaH He who is made by theMoon(-God) (II 278,3; Thirion 1988: 140).

8. The speaker (or mother, according toRanke 1937: 24) as kept alive by godX:e.g., 4anx-wj-PtH Ptah kept, or keeps, mealive (I 300,26, Old Kingdom).

Another large group of names is constitutedby theophorous names without explicitreference to the bearer or his family.

Pure, unextended divinity names are not

used as personal names in the Old Kingdom,whereas in the Middle and New Kingdoms 3stIsis (I 3,18), BAstt Bastet (I 90,3), PtHPtah (I 138,9),RaRa (I 217,7; 153,11 withcorrection by Thirion 1979: 90), 1rHorus(I 245,18), 2nsw Khons (I 270,16), 4txSeth and similarly (I 321,29; Piankoff 1947;Thirion 1979: 94; Zivie 1997; for the shape ofthe Seth-sign as a dating criterion in texts ofNew Kingdom, see Janssen 1997),and9HwtjThoth (I 407,13) are well attested. Fromcertain cases such as2nsw and9Hwtj, where

the gender of the name-bearer does notalways correspond to that of the gods, it maybe concluded that such names often wereabbreviations of compound theophorousnames.

In the Late Period (including the Ptolemaicand Roman Periods) the names of thegreater gods were rarely used as personalnames unless in extended or compound formssuch as PtH-nfr Beautiful Ptah (I 140,14;196,10 with corrections in Thirion 1995: 173;DN 489) and 3st-wrt Isis the great (I 4,1;

DN 76-77), the most important exceptionbeing1r Horus (I 245,18; DN 786-788),which in the course of the first millenniumBCE became the most frequently occurringpersonal name of all. There were apparentlyno restrictions for the names of lesserdivinities such as Bes (Bs, I 98,14; DN 146),Smithis (5smtt I 322,17-18 [read cT.t, cTtj.t]),5mtj (DN 968), Tutu/Tithoes (6wtw I 379,15-16; DN 1273-1275), and of course thedivinized individuals Imhotep andAmenhotep son Hapu, all of which werewidely appropriated as male proper names (Jj-m-Htp I 9,2-4; DN 55-56; Jmn-Htp I 30,12;DN 67). Wnn-nfr(w) (later Wn-nfr) He whoexists being rejuvenated, a name of Osirisfirst attested in the Middle Kingdom, is foundas a personal name already in the OldKingdom and became increasingly popular inthe New Kingdom and later (I 79,19; DN


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118-119; Gardiner 1950), whereas Osiriswas never used as a personal name.

Very frequently, a divine epithet is used

instead of a gods name proper, e.g., Nb-swmnw Lord of Sumenu = Sobek (I 186,8-9, see Kuentz 1928; Thirion 1986: 132), Nhj-wrt Great sycamore = Hathor (DN 643),and less obviously PA-mr-jHt The ox-herd,which has been shown to be an epithet ofAnubis and other gods (I 100,16, DN 188-190and literature quoted ibid. 190; add Thirion1985: 130; Leitz 2002: 241).

Much in favor were names formulated assentences that expressed an action, a quality,or a state of the deity. Thus, it is said that a

god has come, e.g., 2nsw-jw Khons hascome (I 270,17; DN 878), lives, e.g., anx-Hp May the Apis bull live! (I 65,25; DN103), is hale, e.g.,1r-wDA Horus is hale (I246,23; 251,24; DN 796-798), WDA-1rMayHorus be hale! (I 88,26; DN 130),enduring, e.g., 1p-mn The Apis bull isenduring (I 237,13; DN 781), has beenborn, e.g.,9Hwtj-ms Thoth has been born(I 408,5; DN 1303), is strong, e.g., 4bk-nxtSobek is strong (I 304,15-16); Nxt-MnTwandNA-nxt-MnTw Montu is strong (I 210,19;

DN 650-651), is in festival, e.g.,2nsw-m-HbKhons is in festival (I 271,3), is content,e.g., 1tp-PtH, PtH-Htp Ptah is content (I258,6; 141,5; cf. below on honorifictransposition), destroys the evil eye, e.g.,3db-

2nsw-jrt-bjntMay Khons kill the evil eye (I278,19; DN 893), or seizes enemies, e.g., 7Aj-Hp-jm.w May Apis take hold of them! (I388,2; DN 1350-1351). Sometimes, thetheophorous element is inherent in a suffix, asin the Late Period names0r.w (very frequent,I 230,5-7; DN 746-748) and1tp.w They (the

gods) are content, May they be content!(DN 848).

As with the names ending in -ms and -m-Hb(II 216-219), it is not always easy to tellwhether the use of names such as 9Hwtj-msThutmose in the New Kingdom and in theLate Period was influenced by the royal nameor chosen independently in analogy to othernames formed in the same manner.

Names from the Old Kingdom, when thesuffix of the first-person singular was regularlyomitted in writing, are often ambiguous.Whereas, for example, Nj-MAat-Ra Maat

belongs to Ra (I 172,16) is a generalstatement without direct reference to a humanbeing, it is unclear whether a similarconstruction such as Nj-anx-4xmt (172,3-4)should be understood as an analogousstatement Life belongs to Sakhmet orwhether it should rather be taken as Nj-anx(.j)-4xmt My life belongs to Sakhmet,which results in an immediate connectionbetween name-giver and theologicalbackground of the name (for the variousnames with initial nj, see Fischer 1996: 55 -

60).Basilophorous Names

There are two types of names based on royalnames:

1. Unextended royal names, consisting ofeither the birth namee.g., Jmn-m-HAtAmenemhat (I 28,8; DN 64), abbreviated

Jmny (I 31,13-15), 4-n-wsrt Senusret (I279,1; DN 895 4-wsrand similarly),9Hwtj-msThutmose (I 408,5; 407,23 with correctionby Thirion 1988: 134; DN 1303), 5Sno

Shoshenq (I 330,6; DN 970), PsmTkPsammetichus (I 136, 8; DN 212), JaH-msAmasis (I 12,19; DN 58)or the thronename, e.g., 4Htp-jb-RaSehetepibra (I 318, 6),

2pr-kA-Ra Kheperkara (I 269,1; DN fasc.18, corrections and addenda ad p. 875), Mn-xpr-Ra Menkheperra (I 150,14; DN 595

Mnx-pA-Ra), WAH-jb-Ra Wahibra (I 72,28;DN 113), Nfr-jb-Ra Neferibra (I 194,13;DN 617 NA-nfr-jb-Ra), 3nm-jb-RaKhenem-ibra (I 276,14; DN 887), these being thethrone names of Amenemhat I, Senusret I,

Thutmose III, Psammetichus I and II, andAmasis respectively, which were widely usedas personal names during and after the reignsof those kings.

2. Names composed with a royal name, often,but not always, forming a complete sentence(see Barta 1990), such asMry-ttj Beloved byTeti (I 161,12),Mry-Ra-anx Merira (Pepy I)


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is alive (I 160,24-25), Ra-ms-s(w)-nxtRamesses is strong, or victorious (I 219,3),anx-5Sno May Shoshenq live (I 66, 16; DN105), 3nm-jb-Ra-mn Khenemibra (i.e.,

Amasis) is enduring (I 276,15; DN 887),whose formulations are analogous to those oftheophorous names as described above.

Royal names often offer no more than theterminus a quo for dating; thus one mustexamine each case individually. In the OldKingdom, unextended royal names weregenerally not used as personal names, 6tj (I384,4) presumably being no exception as itneed not be the kings name. Compoundbasilophorous names were used, however,both during the reigns of the respective kings

and later, e.g., 4nfrw-Htp Seneferu is content(I 315,21, 6th Dynasty, cf. Porter and Moss1974: 96; and Middle Kingdom), 2wfw-nxtKhufu is strong, or victorious (I 268,8, 4thDynasty, cf. Porter and Moss 1974: 57),

2wfw-mr-nTrw Khufu is beloved by thegods (I 268,6, 6th Dynasty, cf. Porter andMoss 1974: 96),2wfw-m-AxtKhufu is in thehorizon (Porter and Moss 1974: 17; Zivie-Coche 1991: 144, 146; 162 - 163, a member ofa priestly family from the 26th Dynasty thatserved in the mortuary cult of several

pharaohs of the 4th

Dynasty), anx(.j)-m-a-9d.f-RaMy life is in the hand of Djedefra (I 64,5,4th Dynasty according to Cherpion 1984: 41).

From the Middle Kingdom onwards, theunextended name of the king, past or present,could be used as a personal name (seeexamples above), but is usually not enclosedby a cartouche (an exception is2pr-kA-Ra, theowner of a Middle Kingdom stela in Leiden,see Boeser 1909: 3 - 4 no. 6 and pl. V). Withincompound names, the basilophorous elementmay or may not be enclosed by a cartouche.

In the course of the 26th Dynasty, andespecially in the 27th Dynasty, the use of acartouche for unextended royal names used aspersonal names becomes frequent, but thereseems to be no fixed rule for its absence orpresence (de Meulenaere 1966: 33 - 34).

The names of the royal butlers of theRamesside Period, especially those of

presumably foreign origin, were frequentlybased on the names of the ruling pharaoh, asexemplified byMr-n-PtH-m-pr-PtH Meren-ptah is in the House of Ptah, orNfr-kA-Ra-m-

pr-Jmn Neferkara (= Ramesses IX) is in theHouse of Amun (I 200,19; Schulman 1990:13 no. 10; 18 no. 52). The same practice maybe observed with many of the so-calledbeautiful names of the 26th Dynasty (seeVittmann 2012): It is reasonable to assumethat somebody with the beautiful nameNfr-

jb-Ra-mr-PtH Neferibra (= Psammetichus II)is beloved by Ptah (I 194, 15) received, orassumed, this name during the reign of thespecified ruler. However, names of this type,e.g., WAH-jb-Ra-m-Axt Wahibra (=

Psammetichus I) is in the horizon (I 73,3;DN 112) andJaH-ms-mn-m-Hwt-aAtAmasis isenduring in the Great Mansion (ofHeliopolis) (II 261,16) were also used muchlater (see Vittmann 2009: 96 - 97). Frequently,the basilophorous names of the Late Periodhark back to early predecessors: for example,

Nfr-sSm-PsmTk Good is the guidance(?) ofPsammetichus (I 200,6; Thirion 1994: 179) ismodeled after the typical Old KingdompatternNfr-sSm-king/divinity (I 200, 5.7-11).

Given the situation just described, it is

hardly surprising that Libyan royal names suchas 5Sno Shoshenq and PsmTkPsammetichus were used long after thereign of those kings, even in the PtolemaicPeriod (see, e.g., Lddeckens et al. 1980 2000: 212 - 214 for PsmTk and compounds,ibid. 970 for 5Sno), whereas nocontemporaneous Egyptian source is knownapplying a Kushite or Persian royal name toan individual. An important discussion of theuse of Libyan royal names incontemporaneous anthroponymy is that ofAnthony Leahy (1992; a further interestingexample being anx-PA-my May (king) Pamilive! in the unpublished hieratic papyrusVienna D 12011 from the Third IntermediatePeriod).

Names Based on Those of Other Individuals

In addition to theophorous and basilophorouspersonal names, there are also names based


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on those of individuals who were in some wayor other of special importance to the name-bearer. It is often impossible to determine thekind of relationship between the borrower

and the lender. In some instances it isprobable that the use of a personal name as apart of a more complex name points to theveneration of a deceased and deifiedindividual. For example, this seems to be thecase with names composed with 6tj in earlyNew Kingdom Thebes, such as 6tj-an Tety isbeautiful, 6tj-anx Tety is alive, and simply6tj Tety (Whelan 2007: 56, 63 - 96). Inother instances, a parent of the name-bearermight be involved, as inMHw-m-HAtMehu isin front and Nb(j)-pw-MHw Mehu is my

lord (two sons of the vizier Mehu, cf.Rummel 2003: 371), or, alternatively, asuperior of the name-bearer. An instructiveexample of the latter from the 20th Dynasty isthe name Ra-ms-s(w)-nxt-mn Ramessenakhtis enduring. This hitherto unattested name ofa temple carpenter from Karnak is clearlybased on the name of his superior, the HighPriest of Amun Ra-ms-s(w)-nxt (Rummel2003), which in turn is a basilophorous nameas described above.

Other examples from earlier periods include

Gm.n.j-m-HAt (Ka)gemni is in front andGm.n.j-m-sA.f (Ka)gemni is his protection(I 351,19-20). A problem can be posed bynames that are basically basilophorous. It issometimes uncertain whether the elementSenusret inNb(.j)-pw-4-n-wsrtSenusret ismy lord really refers to the pharaoh or ratherto an individual named after the pharaoh.

From the latter half of the Ptolemaic Periodonwards, but especially in the Roman Period,personal names of the type The son/Thedaughter of (the individual) X become

frequent (Vleeming 2011: 918 - 935).Examples include PA-Sr-pa-Xnm The son ofPa-Xnm (DN 242), 6A-Srt-jw.f-anx Thedaughter ofJw.f-anx (DN 1088), and 6A-Srt-n-pA-dj-mn The daughter ofPA-dj-mn (DN1124-1125, rendered as andsimilarly in Greek). In the very common caseof theophorous personal names of this type,however, it is often impossible to tell whether

we have to analyze them as The son/Thedaughter of (the individual named after thedivinity) X or directly as The son/Thedaughter of god X. Thus, for example, it is

unclear whether PA-Sr-pA-mAj is to beunderstood as The son of the (divine) Lionor rather as The son of PA-mAj (DN 235).Sometimes, and surprisingly only withwomen, these names are genuine patronymics,e.g., 6A-Srt-n-pA-dj-Mn, The daughter ofPA-dj-Mn, her fathers name actually being PA-dj-Mn (Arlt 2011: 23, text no. 32; for otherexamples see ibid: 157).

In the late second century CE, andpredominantly in the third century, thisonomastic type is further extended according

to the model The son of the daughter of Xand The daughter of the son of X, e.g., PA-Sr-n-tA-Srt-1r-wDA The son of (the womancalled) The daughter of1r-wDA (renderedin Greek documents as , DN269) and 6A-Srt-n-pA-Sr-tA-msjaAt Thedaughter of the (man called) The son of the(divine) midwife (, DN 1121;for this name-pattern, which is mainly attestedin mummy labels from the Panopolite nome,see Vleeming 2011: 923 - 928).

Abbreviations and Untranslatable Names(Demotivated Names)

Already in the Old Kingdom, many shortnames were formed by reduplication of singleconsonants, e.g., Ppj(I 131,12, as opposed tothe royal-name Ppy, see Fischer 1989), Ffj (I142, 8), Mmj (I 149,18), 5Sj (I 330,3), 6tj (I384,4; II 398 with a later example). Anotherlarge group is constituted by abbreviationsand hypocoristica, such asJbj (I 20,5-10; DN61);Jnj/Jny (I 33,4-5. 11-16; see also Thirion1979: 82 - 83);Jpj/Jpy (I 22,13-15.22-24; 23,2-

3); Jtj/Jty (I 49,13-21); My (I 146,10); 1y (I233,18-20) short for Jmn-Htp, 3ny (I 2,10-11)short for Jmn-m-jnt in the New Kingdom(Moore 1996). From cuneiform transcriptionswe know that, in the New Kingdom, -y waspronounced as [ya], e.g., My = Maya,1y =Haya, etc. (Edel 1948: 13 - 14). In the LatePeriod, we find 7Aj-n-jm.w (I 387,13; DN1348 - 1349) as an apparent abbreviation of


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7Aj-X-n-jm.w May (god) X seize them! andsimilarly9dxy = 9d-2nsw, short for 9d-

2nsw-jw.f-anx (I 412,1-4; DN 1374-1375). Inthe Ptolemaic Period, we find PA-sy (DN

412), short for PA-dj-Wsjr. For a rarepejorative use of abbreviations, see Vittmann(2012).

Honorific Transposition

An important phenomenon is honorifictransposition (II 13-15; Fischer 1996: 69 - 71;Peust 2007). Theophorous or basilophorouselements would frequently be written at thebeginning of the name, even if pronounced inthe syntactically appropriate place. As aconsequence, there are ambiguous examples:

A name written PtH + Htp might well beunderstood as 1tp-PtH (for the latterconstruction in the Old Kingdom, withavoidance of the pseudoparticiple, see Fischer1996: 61 - 66). The problem is complicated bythe fact that both types, in the concrete caseHtp - divinity/divinity - Htp, were in use as weknow from Greek renderings, e.g., Jmn-Htp

A (I 30, 12; DN 67): 1tp-JmnE (I 258, 1; DN 847).

Distinguishing Like-named Persons in a Family

When father and son (or elder brother andyounger brother, and the like) had the samename, ambiguities would often be avoided byadditions such as wr, laterpA aA, senior, ornDs, later nxn, and (especially in the LatePeriod)pA xm junior. If several like-namedindividuals had to be distinguished, Hrj-jb themiddle one could be added (II 10-12;Vandekerckhove and Mller-Wollermann 294- 295). Apparently, these distinguishingadditions were sometimes treated by theEgyptians themselves as integral constituents

of the name, as we may infer from Greekrenderings such as = 1r-pA-xmHorus junior or = Ns-mtr-(pA)-aANs-mtr senior (Lddeckens et al. 1980 2000: 805; 677).

Bibliographic Notes

The standard works of reference remain Ranke (1935 and 1952; with importantadditions and corrections by Thirion [1979-], and a useful index by Backes [2002]), butLieblein (1871 and 1892) are still valuable, the more so since the author integrates thepersonal name in its genealogical and prosopographical context. The non-initialelements of proper names are conveniently listed, together with the names in which theyare found, in Ranke (1977). As part of the project Wortdiskussionen, currentlyundertaken by the Egyptological Seminar of Basel University, latest update April 2012),literature on proper names is being collected. Useful and readable overviews on thediversity, and various aspects, of Egyptian personal names are Ranke (1936 and 1937).For the Old Kingdom, Scheele-Schweitzers eagerly awaited comprehensive monographwill hopefully stimulate comparable studies. An important recent contributionhighlighting the significance of Old and Middle Kingdom personal names for the study

of grammar and syntax is offered by Gundacker (2010: 63 - 90). For the MiddleKingdom and the Second Intermediate Period, the (1986) study by Vernus on doublenames presents and analyzes much material. Rosati (1980) is a lengthy article on MiddleKingdom onomastics, founded on firmly datable sources. Based on form and content,Trindade-Lopes (1998) presents a rather short overview on the personal names of theNew Kingdom with references to Ranke but without including transcriptions. Ananalytical study of theophorous names of the Old and Middle Kingdoms wasundertaken by Hoffmann (1915); a short overview of the subject covering the wholetime-frame from earliest periods to the Coptic era is Lddeckens (1985). For Demotic


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proper names, Lddeckens et al. (1980-) is an indispensable tool. Foreign personalnames in Egyptian sources are collected and studied by Schneider (1992, 1993, 2003: 112- 176) (mostly Semitic but also Anatolian); Colin (1996: II) (Libyan; a revised edition isforthcoming); Vittmann (2004), Tavernier (2007), and Schmitt and Vittmann

(forthcoming) (Iranian). Greek personal names in Demotic transmission are found inLddeckens et al. (1980 2000). For Egyptian personal names rendered in non-Egyptian scripts, see Ranke (1910), Leahy (1992), Zeidler (1994), Bongenaar and Haring(1994) (Akkadian; a comprehensive collection and analysis of the scattered sources is stilla desideratum); Muchiki (1999) (Phoenician, Hebrew, and Aramaic, with importantreviews by Quack [2000] and Schneider [2001]), Porten (2002) (Aramaic), Vittmann(2001) (Carian) and (2002) (Phoenician, Aramaic, and Carian). For the Greek renderingsof Egyptian personal names, Lddeckens et al. (1980 2000) is useful, but a completeanalysis on the basis of Preisigke (1922) and Foraboschi (1971) is still to be made.

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