personal protective equipment (ppe). ppe – least effective way to control hazards hazardindividual...
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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
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PPE – Least effective way to control Hazards
HAZARD INDIVIDUAL
HAZARD INDIVIDUAL
HAZARD INDIVIDUAL
HAZARD INDIVIDUAL
Elimination of Hazards
Removal of Individual Exposure
Isolation of Hazards
Protection of the Individual - PPE
Dec
reas
ing
ord
er o
f ef
fect
iven
ess
PPE does not eliminate or reduce the hazard
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Procedure in L&T ECCD
PM – 16 – Quality in Procurement of PPE & Safety Devices
Manufacturers are preferred than the dealers. Vendor assessment Approved Vendor List Approved Specification for PPE & Safety
Devices.
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Procedure in L&T ECCD
Responsibility of HSE Engineers Understand the approved specification Select the appropriate PPE for the Job Facilitate its implementation Report any compliant in quality of PPE to
RHSEM.
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HEAD PROTECTION
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Construction of a Safety Helmet
ShellAnti Concussion tapes
Sweat band
Head band
Suspension lug
Chin Strap Adjustable
Attachment slots
Nape Strap (adjustable)
Rain Trough
Brim
Suspension Lug
ShellAnti Concussion tapes
Sweat band
Head band
Suspension lug
Chin Strap Adjustable
Attachment slots
Nape Strap (adjustable)
Rain Trough
Brim
Suspension Lug
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Head protection
To protect from injuries caused by falling or flying objects, impact, electrical shock, by bumping the head against a fixed object.
To be worn by all persons at all times. Only exception shall be
inside the project & site offices. Operators required to wear Hemet, except in
enclosed cabin.
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Head protection - Requirements
Shall be certified to IS 2925 - 1984 or DGMS or CE, UL Mark.
The shell of the helmet shall be of non-metallic materials.
Mass not to exceed 400 g. Compatible with ancillary equipment viz
earmuffs, welder's shields, face shield, Miners Cap Lamp etc.
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Helmet Inspection
Inspect the shell for breakage, cracks, discoloration. Check for brittleness by flexing the brim.
Inspect the harness for loss of flexibility of the suspension, cracks, breaks,
frayed straps or damaged stitching. Replace when
It fails in any of the above criteria Blistering and bubbling in the surfaces. After subjected to impact load or fall of material.
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Personal Fall Protection
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When it is required?Lanyard Anchorage
Point
Max Free Fall Allowed
1.8 m
2 m or more
Ground Level or Level of adjacent surface
Full Body harness / Waist Safety Belt
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When it is required? to limit the worker's movement so that he is unable
to reach a location where there is a risk of falling.
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Typical Full Body Harness
Certified to IS 3521 – 1999 (Third Revision) or DGMS certification or CE, UL mark.
Load carrying capacity of Waist strap, Connectors, Buckles, Hook - 2000 Kg.
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Can be used along with Rope grab fall arrestor - Extra D-ring attached to the front of the harness
Class: LClass: L
Full Body Harness – Indian Classification
Dorsal D-ring for attaching lanyard
Class: AClass: A
•Basic model for Fall arresting•Cannot be used with fall arrestor
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European Standards for Harness
Separate standard for components & operation for which it is used.
Full body harness certified for fall arrest is not suitable for suspended working. Read the label of the harness for its applicability.
EN 361 - Fall Arrest Safety Harnesses. EN 358 - Work Positioning. EN 813 - for Suspended Working. EN 354 - Shock Absorbers. EN 355 - for Lanyards. EN 360 - for Retractable Life Line. EN 362 - for Connectors. EN 353-1 - for Vertical Systems/ Flexible Line. EN 342-1 - for Rescue Equipment/ Rapid Deployment
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General Purpose Safety Harness(as per IS 3521)
Lanyard length -2 m Free fall allowed - 1.8 m Adjustable Waist belt &
shoulder straps. Recommended for
construction, erection, installation, mines etc.
Lanyard
D-ring
Shoulder strap
Waist Belt
Hook
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Requirements of harness
Webbing Polypropylene Uniform thickness & width. Min Breaking Strength - 2000 kg
Buckles - Friction type and no slip type design.
Hardware Fittings - Corrosion resistant, electroplated & forged.
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Requirements of harness
Rivets & Washer Should be made of copper
Lanyard Ends spliced and covered with transparent sleeve & the
curved portion protected with thimble.
Material – 12 mm polypropylene rope – 2 length
Breaking strength - 2000 kg
hook shall be non separable from the lanyard.
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Hook
Self-closing type. Should not disengage on accidental pressure Minimum opening 18 mm. Types of Hook
Carabiner Snap Hook Scaffold Hook
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Anchorage Point
Usage of lifeline
Support Lanyard
Full Body harness / Waist Safety Belt
Life Line
Life line
20mm diameter polypropylene rope or 8 mm wire rope Horizontal lifelines at shoulder level or higher Sag not be more than 15 degree.
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Swing Fall hazard
Occur when the anchorage point is not directly above the point where a fall occurs.
The force of striking may cause serious injury or death.
Minimize by working as close to the anchorage point as possible.
eccentricity
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Harness with double lanyard To be used by workmen working in
Transmission Line Jobs, Structural & equipment erection jobs Jobs involving other similar activities.
While coming down, this hook can be released while other hook
takes care of fall protection
While going up this hook can be
released and workmen can climb the next step where as the other hook will
take care of fall protection
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Rope Grab Fall Arrestor
Full Body Harness
Class -L
Ladder
Rope Grab Fall Arrestor
Vertical Life Line
Used during vertical movement such as ascending or descending Scaffold towers, vertical ladders
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Retractable Type Fall Arrestor:
To be used in places where high risk of fall of workmen persists.
Can be directly anchored to the anchorage or can be used in conjunction with a lifeline
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Energy absorberLanyard with Energy Absorber
Anchorage Point
Max Free Fall Allowed
1.8 m
6 m or more
Ground Level or Level of adjacent surface
Full Body harness
Deceleration Distance
Total Fall Distance
To be used only while working above 6 m.
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Full Body harness
Retractable Fall Arrestor Rope Grab
Life Line
Lanyard
Energy Absorber (Optional)
Roof Anchor
Roof Anchor
Use of Fall Arrestor in Sloped Roof
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Inspection Criteria
Inspect webbing for cuts, cracks, tears, enlarged / distorted / broken
eyelet's. Inspect the stitching of webbing for
breaks, ragged strands. Inspect buckles, hooks, D-rings etc for
breaks, cracks or signs of wear that will affect the strength or action of the fastening devices.
Inspect lanyards and energy absorbers for fraying, cuts.
Reject If inspection reveals a defective condition. subjected to impact load once
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HEARING PROTECTION
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Terminology
"Decibel" means a unit of sound pressure level, abbreviated as dB
They are measured in logarithmic scale.(i.e. 20
decibels is 10 times the intensity of 10 decibels, and 30 decibels is 100 times as intense as 10 decibels)
"dB(A)" means a unit of sound level expressed in decibels (dB) and A-weighted.
A - weighted means measuring the sounds within the audible frequencies. (20hz to 20 kHz).
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Terminology
Noise Reduction Rating: It is a standard measure of sound blocking
capabilities of any hearing protective device.
Attenuation - Noise Reduction. Time-weighted average sound level
That sound level, which if constant over an 8-hour exposure, would result in the same noise dose as is measured.
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Noise Levels
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Hearing Protector
To be used when sound level exceeds 85 dBA.
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Ear Plugs
Types Pre-moulded (preformed) or mouldable (foam ear plugs).
Available as disposable products or reusable plugs.
Recommended for high noise situations (up to 100dBA TWA).
Advantages are, Most suited to be worn when exposed to continuous exposure. Can be combined with ear muffs for additional protection Can be used with other personal protection equipment Comfortable for a wide range of ear sizes
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Ear Plug - Usage & Maintenance
Checking the fit of Ear Plug Check the fit by talking out loud. The voice should sound hollow, as
if talking in a barrel.
Gently pull on the ear plug; it should not move easily.
1/4 of the plug should be outside the ear.
Maintenance of Earplug Do not use hand creams or lotions immediately before rolling and
inserting the plug
Do not clean ear plugs with alcohol or other disinfectants.
Do not wear ear plugs if there is any drainage from your ear
Do not re-inserting dirty or soiled ear plugs
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Ear Muff
Ideal for users who need intermittent hearing protection against noise.
Recommended for those who prefer not to wear ear plugs. Recommended for situations where people move in and out
of noise often during the work day.
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Ear Muff - Usage & Maintenance
Guidelines for use Check the fit by talking out loud. The voice should
sound hollow, as if talking in a barrel. The muffs should not be easily displaced while
performing regular functions.
Storage & Maintenance To be stored flat and away from high heat areas &
areas of excessive dust, dirt or moisture. Use Mild soap and water to clean. Do not use Solvents.
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Combined Usage
Sound Level more than 105 dBA combined usage of ear plug & ear muff
recommended. dual protection only adds 5 dB to the Noise
Reduction Rating (NRR) of the more protective of the two devices.
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Significance of Continuous Usage
Percent time used Maximum Protection
50% 3 dB
60% 4 dB
70% 5 dB
80% 7 dB
90% 10 dB
95% 13 dB
99% 20 dB
99.90% 30 dB
Maximum protection provided by non-continuous use of Hearing Protection
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EYE PROTECTION
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Eye & Face Protection
Hazard type Examples of Hazard Common Related Tasks
ImpactFlying objects such as large chips, fragments, particles, sand, and dirt.
Chipping, grinding, machining, masonry work, wood working, sawing, drilling, chiselling, powered fastening, riveting, and sanding.
OpticalRadiation
Radiant energy, glare, and intense light
Welding, torch-cutting, brazing, soldering, and laser work.
Dust Harmful Dust.Woodworking, buffing, and general dusty conditions.
ChemicalsSplash, fumes, vapours, and irritating mists.
Acid and chemical handling, degreasing,
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EYE AND FACE PROTECTION SELECTION GUIDE
Activity Possible Hazards Recommended Protective Equipment
Gas Cutting & Gas Welding
Sparks, harmful rays, molten metal, flying particles
“Welding goggles” - Goggles with tinted lenses of appropriate shade (to be selected from table given under section “Eye Protection during Welding & Cutting Operations”)
Electric (arc) welding
Sparks, intense rays, molten metal
Welding helmet with Filter Lens of appropriate shade (to be selected from table given under section “Eye Protection during Welding & Cutting Operations”)
Chipping Flying particles Goggles (or) safety spectacles with side shields (or) face shield
Grinding Flying particles Goggles (or) safety spectacles with side shields (or) face shield
Chemical handling Splash, acid burns, fumes
Goggles (or) face shield
Woodworking Flying Particles & Dust Face Shield
Cleaning & other operations creating dust
Dust Goggles
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Goggles
Fits the contour of the face Held in position by a head band. Vision correcting spectacles do not provide the
required protection. cover all goggles that fit comfortably over vision
correcting spectacles to be used
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Safety Spectacle
oculars mounted in a spectacle type frame, with side shield.
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Face Shield
Transparent visor, supported in front of the face to shield the eyes, face, forehead and front of the neck.
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Eye Protectors – Inspection &Use
Usage guidelines
Must fit closely to prevent particle entry. tight enough not to fall off but comfortable. Non-side shield spectacles are not acceptable
Replace eye protectors with
Scratched, pitted, broken, bent or ill-fitting glasses
Head bands with loss of elasticity.
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Eye Protectors – Storage & Maintenance
Maintenance Should be disinfected before being issued to another
employee. Should be cleaned and disinfected regularly. Disinfect by disassembling and cleaning all parts with
soap and warm water.
Storage should be placed in a clean, dust-proof container,
such as a box, bag, or plastic envelope.
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Welding & Gascutting
Hazards to eye & face from welding, brazing, soldering, and cutting operations are,
intense light and radiation from welding arc
flying sparks, metal spatter and slag chips
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Eye Protection for Welding Welder's helmet of appropriate filter shade.
Safety spectacles/goggles when chipping or grinding a
work piece (if not using a welding helmet)
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Types of Welding Helmets
With Stationary windows
With Lift-front windows
Hand held shields
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Filters for Welding Operation
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Flow rate of Oxygen(litres / hour)
Designations for filters for Oxygen cutting
900 to 2000 5
2001 to 4000 6
4001 to 8000 7
Filters for Gas Cutting Operation
IS 5983 - 1980 Table 10
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Welding Goggles
Helpers should use welding goggles
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FOOT PROTECTION
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Selection of Footwear
Possible Injury Recommended Footwear
Impact Injuries Safety Shoes with steel toe
Compression Injuries Safety Shoes with steel toe
Electrical Shocks Shock-proof Safety Shoe
Protection from slush & concrete & prolonged exposure to water
PVC / Rubber Gum Boot and Ankle Shoe
Puncture Safety Shoe with steel mid sole
SlippingFootwear with anti skidding sole
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Conformance to Standards
Shall be certified to any one of the Indian Standard given below or DGMS or any CE, UL mark.
IS 1989: Part 1: 1986 Specification for Leather Safety Boots and Shoes - Part 1: For Miners.
IS 1989: Part 2: 1986 Specification for Leather Safety Boots and Shoes - Part 2: For Heavy Metal Industries.
IS 11226: 1993 - Leather safety footwear having direct moulded rubber sole – Specification.
IS 14544: 1998 Leather safety footwear with direct moulded PVC soles – Specification.
IS 15298: Part 1: 2002 Safety, Protective and Occupational Footwear for Professional Use - Part 1: Requirements and Test Methods.
IS 15298: Part 2: 2002 Safety, Protective and Occupational Footwear for Professional use - Part 2 to Part 10: Specification for Safety Footwear.
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Hard Toe
To provide protection from shock of up to 140 joules (mass of 14 kg dropped from 1 metre)
Hard toe Steel Toe - IS: 5852 - 2004 Non Conductive Toe - EN 345
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Additional Specifications
Shock Proof Shoes To use wherever hazard of electric shock exist. Non conductive hard toe is used & shoes are
insulated with tough rubber. Safety Shoes with Puncture Resistance
Steel mid sole to protect against the objects like nails
Safety Shoes with antiskid characteristics Slip Resistant - Poly urethane & Nitrile rubber
soles Chemical Resistant - Latex/Rubber footwear Protection from Moisture - PVC footwear
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Use & Maintenance
Worn out soles and run down heels are
dangerous.
Wet footwear should be thoroughly dried
before use.
It is recommended to use heavy cotton or
woolen socks which absorb perspiration
better than thin nylon, silk or rayon socks.
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Gum Boots & Ankle Shoe
certified to any one of the IS given below or DGMS or CE, UL Mark. IS 5557: 2004, Industrial and Protective
Rubber Knee and Ankle Boots – Specification
IS 12254: 1993, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Industrial Boots - Specification
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Respiratory Protection
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Hazards requiring Respiratory protection
Oxygen Deficiency volume less than 19.5 %.
Asphyxiants Simple Asphyxiants – Eg: Carbon dioxide,
Methane, Nitrogen. Chemical asphyxiants –Carbon monoxide.
Irritants Ammonia, hydrogen chloride, sulphur dioxide,
chlorine. Anesthetics
Causes loss of feeling and sensation and may lead to unconsciousness & death.
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Hazards requiring Respiratory protection
Systematic Poisons Damages organs and system in the body. E.g.
Hydrogen sulphide.
Particulate Contaminants Particles produced during grinding, crushing,
drilling, blasting, spraying etc. E.g.: silica, asbestos, acid mists, alkali mists, dust.
Classified as dust, fume fog, mist, smoke & spray.
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Applicable Indian Standards
IS 6194 : 1971 Specification for Intermittent Positive Pressure Respirator, Bag Type, Manually Operated
IS 8522 : 1977 Respirators, chemical cartridge IS 8523 : 1977 Respirators, canister type (gas masks) IS 9473 : 2002 Respiratory Protective Devices - Filtering Half Masks to
Protect Against Particles – Specification IS 10245 : Part 1 : 1996 Breathing apparatus Part 1 Closed circuit
breathing apparatus (compressed oxygen cylinder) - Specification IS 10245 : Part 2 : 1994 Respiratory protective devices - breathing
apparatus Part 2 Open circuit breathing apparatus IS 10245 : Part 3 : 1999 Breathing Apparatus - Part 3 : Fresh Air Hose
and Compressed Air Line Breathing Apparatus - Specification IS 10245 : Part 4 : 1982 Specification for breathing apparatus Part 4
Escape breathing apparatus (short_duration self-contained type)
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Applicable Indian Standard
IS 14138 : Part 1 : 1994 Respiratory protective devices: threads for face pieces - Part 1 Standard thread connection - Specification
IS 14138 : Part 2 : 1994 Respiratory Protective devices: Threads for face pieces Part 2 Centre thread connection - Specification
IS 14166 : 1994 Respiratory protective devices : Full face masks - Specification
IS 14170 : 1994 Respiratory protective devices : Mouthpiece assemblies - Specification
IS 14746: 1999 Respiratory Protective Devices - Half Masks And Quarter Masks - Specification
IS 15322 : 2003 Particle Filters Used in Respiratory Protective Equipment - Specification
IS 15323 : 2003 Gas Filters and Combined Filters Used in Respiratory Protective Equipment - Specification
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Classification of respirator
Respiratory Protective Devices
Atmosphere – Supplying Air - Devices
Gas and Vapour Filters
Air Purifying Devices
Combination Gas Vapour and
particulate Filters
Canister Respirator
Hose Mask Airline Respirators
Self-contained Breathing Apparatus
With Blower
Dust Filters
Without blower
Continuous flow
Pressure Demand
Type
Open circuit
Closed circuit
Compressed or Liquid Oxygen
Type
Oxygen Generating
Type
Demand Type
Demand Type
Particulate Removing Respirator
Pressure Demand Type
Cartridge Respirator
Canister Respirator
Cartridge Respirator
Respiratory Protective Devices
Atmosphere – Supplying Air - Devices
Gas and Vapour Filters
Air Purifying Devices
Combination Gas Vapour and
particulate Filters
Canister Respirator
Hose Mask Airline Respirators
Self-contained Breathing Apparatus
With Blower
Dust Filters
Without blower
Continuous flow
Pressure Demand
Type
Open circuit
Closed circuit
Compressed or Liquid Oxygen
Type
Oxygen Generating
Type
Demand Type
Demand Type
Particulate Removing Respirator
Pressure Demand Type
Cartridge Respirator
Canister Respirator
Cartridge Respirator
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Selection LogicEnvironment
Unventilated SpaceVentilated Space
Canister respirator
with particulate filter or self contained Breathing Apparatus
Toxic
Cartridge respirator with
particulate filter
Cartridge Respirator
Canister Respirator or self contained
Breathing Apparatus
Self contained Breathing Apparatus
Dust Respirator
Dust or Fume Hazard
Gas or vapour Hazard
Combined Dust, Gas and
vapour Hazard
Oxygen Deficiency
Dust or fume
Hazard
Gas or vapour hazard
Oxygen Deficienc
y
Non toxic
Airline breathing apparatus (allows
only restricted movement)
Pressure Demand Type
Toxic Non toxic
Environment
Unventilated SpaceVentilated Space
Canister respirator
with particulate filter or self contained Breathing Apparatus
Toxic
Cartridge respirator with
particulate filter
Cartridge Respirator
Canister Respirator or self contained
Breathing Apparatus
Self contained Breathing Apparatus
Dust Respirator
Dust or Fume Hazard
Gas or vapour Hazard
Combined Dust, Gas and
vapour Hazard
Oxygen Deficiency
Dust or fume
Hazard
Gas or vapour hazard
Oxygen Deficienc
y
Non toxic
Airline breathing apparatus (allows
only restricted movement)
Pressure Demand Type
Toxic Non toxic
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Air Purifying Type
Particulate respirators
Combination respirator
Gas & Vapour respirator
filter media in pads, cartridges, or canisters remove dust, fog, fume, mist, smoke or spray particles
designed to remove a single type of particles or classes of particles
do not protect against gases or vapours
filters should be replaced when user finds it difficult to breath
Classified as full-face & half mask
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Air Purifying Type
Particulate respirators
Combination respirator
Gas & Vapour respirator
are normally used in atmospheres that contain hazards of both particulates and gases
have both particulate filters and gas/vapor filters
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Air Purifying Type
Particulate respirators
Combination respirator
Gas & Vapour respirator
are normally used when there are only hazardous gases and vapours in the air
uses chemical filters (called cartridges or canisters) to remove dangerous gases or vapours
do not protect against airborne particles are made to protect against specific
gases or vapours provide protection only as long as the
filter's absorbing capacity is not depleted
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Atmosphere Supplying Type
Air Supplied respirators
Combination respirator
Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
makes use of a hose to deliver
clean, safe air from a stationary
source of compressed air
limits the range of user-mobility
and may fail due to hose
damage
also called airline respirators
normally used when there are
extended work periods that are
not immediately dangerous to
life and health (IDLH)
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Atmosphere Supplying Type
Air Supplied respirators
Combination respirator
Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
have an auxiliary self-contained air supply that can be used if the primary supply fails
the self-contained portion can be small since it only needs to supply enough air for escape
can be used for entry into confined spaces
normally used when there are extended work periods that are immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH)
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Atmosphere Supplying Type
Air Supplied respirators
Combination respirator
Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
consists of a wearable, clean-air supply pack
do not restrict movement with a hose connection
normally used when there is a short-time need to enter and escape from atmospheres which are immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH)
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Classification of Hazards
Protection against Hazard Typical Construction Activity
Heat, splashes or spatter of molten metal
Welding & Gas cutting.
Abrasions
Material handling (Concrete blocks, reinforcement steel, bricks, scaffold materials, cement bags, tiles and other similar materials).
Contact with Solvents Oils & Grease
Handling or contact with solvents, oils & grease.
Contact with ChemicalsHandling or contact with acids, alkalis, dyes and general chemicals.
Electric ShockWorking with electric current carrying equipment.
Contact with paint Handling & application of paint
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Selecting protective equipment
Type of Gloves Suitable for hazards
Chrome Leather GlovesWelding & Gas cutting, Abrasions, contact with paint.
Cotton gloves with leather palms
Abrasions
PVC GlovesContact with Chemicals, Contact with Solvents Oils & Grease, Contact with paint
Rubber GlovesContact with Chemicals, Contact with Solvents Oils & Grease, Contact with paint
Rubber-insulating gloves tested to appropriate voltage
Working with live electric equipment.
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Size of the gloves
Length Measured from the tip of the
middle finger to where the cuff edge should be on the wrist / arm
Size measure your hand size,
around the palm at its widest point
7" to 8" = Small
8" to 9" = Medium
9" to 10" = Large
10"+ = X-Large
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Types of Gloves
Chrome Leather Gloves Cotton gloves with leather palms
PVC Gloves
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Types of Gloves
Rubber Gloves
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Storage & Maintenance
Storage Each pair stored unfolded in a separate container in a
dry, dark and cool place. Gloves issued for service but are not actually in use
should be kept in their containers. Maintenance
shall not be exposed to heat or light or allowed to come into contact with oil, grease, etc.
Clean gloves soiled by materials like dust, insulating compound by soap & water.
Wet gloves shall be thoroughly dried before use.
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Inspection
Check for harmful irregularities such as: Pinholes Cracks blisters, cuts & conductive embedded foreign matter etc.
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Electrical Gloves - Field Air Test
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BODY PROTECTION
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Classification of Hazards
Protection against HazardTypical Construction Activity
Hot Metal Sparks & Splash Welding & Gas cutting
Acids & Alkalis Handling acids & alkalis.
Organic Solvents & OilsHandling Petroleum related products.
Flying chips, rough objects, mild impacts
Grinding, Woodworking, Shot Blasting, Sand Blasting
X – rays and gamma raysRadiography operations during non destructive testing.
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Selection of Equipment
Material of Construction of the Protective Equipment
Recommended for use against hazard
Aluminized fabric Hot Metal Sparks & Splash
Fire resistant cloth Hot Metal Sparks & Splash
LeatherHot Metal Sparks & Splash, Flying chips, rough objects, mild impacts
Natural Rubber Acids & Alkalis
Plastic, Plastic Coated FabricAcids & Alkalis, Organic Solvents & Oils
Synthetic Rubber Organic Solvents & Oils
Lead Plastics or lead rubber or lead leather
X – rays and gamma rays
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Body Protection
Types of body protection: Vests Aprons Jackets Coveralls Full body suits
Coveralls
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Apron Life Jacket