personality correlates of responses to associative mismatch and to stimuli associated with reward or...
TRANSCRIPT
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Personality Correlates of Responses to Associative Mismatch and to Stimuli
Associated withReward or Punishment
Alan PickeringDepartment of Psychology
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Collaborators
Patricia BradyInstitute of Psychiatry
James JeffsLuke Jones
St George’s Hospital Medical School
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Outline
• Summarise Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) of personality
• Note mixed results in existing literature
• Present new studies addressing basic issues from scratch
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Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory
(RST)
• Bottom-up theory of fundamental personality dimensions
• Psychopharmacological and lesion studies in animals identify two basic systems
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Basic Systems of RST
• Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)
• Behavioural Activation System (BAS)
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BIS Characteristics• Inputs: see next slide
• Outputs: inhibition and arousal
• Corresponding personality trait: anxiety
• Neural substrate: septo-hippocampal system
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BIS Activating Inputs
• Aversive secondary reinforcers: i.e. conditioned stimuli associated with punishment or frustrative nonreward
• Novel stimuli: i.e. where an associative mismatch occurs
• Innate fear stimuli
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BAS Characteristics• Inputs: see next slide
• Outputs: arousal
• Corresponding personality trait: impulsivity (sensation seeking)
• Neural substrate: dopaminergic projection systems
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BAS Activating Inputs
• Appetitive secondary reinforcers: i.e. conditioned stimuli associated with reward or relieving nonpunishment
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Existing Studies
• Extensive literature since 1970
• Several reviews (e.g., Pickering et al, 1997)
• Usually significant results
• Conflicts across studies
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Typical Experiment
1. Take healthy volunteers
2. Measure their trait anxiety and/or impulsivity
3. Expose to BIS and/or BAS activating stimuli
4. Measure behavioural effects of 3 and correlate with scores from 2
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Confusing Findings
• Effects of “wrong” personality trait• Unexpected direction of correlations• Variations of traits that correlate• Nature of reinforcers used varies• Unrealistic/complex reinforcers used• Misunderstanding of theory by other
researchers• Some parts of theory untested• Unexpected effects of gender
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New Studies 1
• Associative mismatch stimuli
• Stimuli associated with ecologically valid punishments (EVPs)
• Verbal instructions warning of EVPs
Investigated behavioural effects and personality correlates of the following:
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New Studies 2
• Additivity of effects
• Associated neural activations via fMRI
Other issues explored were:
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Basic Paradigm
• Choice reaction time (RT) task
• Warning stimuli manipulated to create BIS and BAS inputs
• Key stimuli presented to Ss incidentally while doing choice RT
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Standard Trial Sequence
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AssociativeMismatch Sequence
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SecondaryReinforcer Sequence
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Choice RTTask Measures
Mean RT and % errors on:
critical trials (associative mismatch or secondary reinforcer)
compared with
immediately preceding standard trials
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BIS (Trait Anxiety) Questionnaires
• Eysenck’s Neuroticism Scale: EPQ-N
• Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: STAI-Y2
• Cloninger’s Harm Avoidance Scale: HA
• Carver and White’s BIS Scale: BIS
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Study One: Overview
• Investigated effects of Associative Mismatch (AM)
• 30 healthy volunteers (M/F)• Trait anxiety measures used: STAI-
Y2; BIS; HA• 140 choice RT trials (1-40
practice), including 12 AM trials
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Study One: Correlations
RT Difference (AM – Standard)
Measure Corr. p-valueY2 -0.30 0.1HA -0.14 nsBIS -0.35 0.06Comb. -0.32 0.09
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Study One: AM RTs By Anxiety Median Splits
0.375
0.38
0.385
0.39
0.395
0.4
0.405
Lo-ANX Hi-ANX
AM
Standard
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Study Two: Overview• Investigated effects of AM and secondary
reinforcers (SRs), both aversive and appetitive
• 40 healthy volunteers (male medical students)
• Used preconditioning procedure to create secondary reinforcers
• 350 choice RT trials (1-50 practice), including 6 AM and 24 SR trials
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Study Two: Questionnaires
• Trait anxiety measures used: STAI-Y2; BIS; HA; EPQ-N
• A range of measures of BAS-related traits (impulsive sensation seeking)
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Study Two: BAS Questionnaires
• Eysenck’s Extraversion and Psychoticism Scales: EPQ-E/P
• Eysenck’s Impulsiveness Scale: I7-IMP• Cloninger’s Novelty Seeking Scale: NS• Carver and White’s BAS Scale: BAS• Introvertive Anhedonia: IAN
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Study Two: Preconditioning
• Fully counterbalanced design
• Associates 4 neutral geometric symbols (A-D) with reinforcing events
• Subject immerses hand in ice-water for “unknown period” (actually 45 secs)
• Subject watches award of “random prize” in 50 pence units (actually £3.50)
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Study Two: Preconditioning Symbols
Occurs … Associated Reinforcement
A 7 times in first 35 secs cold water immersion
Punishment (Pun)
B twice to signal last 10 secs of cold water
Pun or Relieving Non-Pun (RNP)
C 7 times signalling 50 pence reward each time
Reward (Rew)
D twice to signal end of reward sequence
Frustrative Non-Reward (FNR)
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Study Two: Overall RTs
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.4
0.41
AM Pun Sym-B Rew FNR
CritComp
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Study Two: AM & BIS Correlations I
RT Difference (AM – Comparison)
Measure Corr.p-valueY2 -0.05 nsEPQ-N -0.04 nsHA -0.28 0.08BIS -0.23 nsHA+BIS -0.28 0.08Comb. -0.18 ns
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Study Two: AM & BIS Correlations II
RT Difference (Rew – Comparison)
Measure Corr.p-valueY2 -0.04 nsEPQ-N -0.11 nsHA -0.20 nsBIS -0.30 0.06HA+BIS -0.27 0.09Comb. -0.19 ns
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Study Two: Rew Regression Results
• DV= RT Diff (Rew – comparison)• Ist Block: Anxiety (HA+BIS)• 2nd Block: BAS traits
Final model:DV= K – 0.35*Anx – 0.32*EPQ-E
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Study Two: Pun & BIS Correlations
RT Difference (Sym-B – Comparison)
Measure Corr.p-valueY2 0.28 0.08EPQ-N 0.35 0.03HA 0.14 nsBIS 0.42 0.008HA+BIS 0.31 0.06Comb. 0.36 0.02
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Study Two: Pun RTs By Anxiety Median Splits
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.4
Lo-ANX Hi-ANX
Sym-B
Comp
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Conclusions• Anxiety is related more strongly to the
arousal, than to the inhibition, produced by associative mismatch (AM)
• Anxiety is related more strongly to the inhibition, than to the arousal, produced by secondary reinforcers associated with punishment (SR-Pun)
• The anxiety measures correlating with AM and SR-Pun effects may differ
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Conclusions (continued)• The arousal effect, produced by
secondary reinforcers associated with reward (SR-Rew), is:
associated with extraversion-impulsivity measures
additive to the arousal effect produced by AM