personality theories · 2014-07-01 · karen horney horney disagreed with freud’s account of...

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PERSONALITY THEORIES

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Page 1: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

PERSONALITY THEORIES

Page 2: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

Psychoanalytic approach

Page 3: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

‘Iceberg’ analogy

Page 4: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

psycho­sexual development

Freud posits that there is a sequence of development of ‘erogenous fixation’ in the infant corresponding to the bodily centre of pleasure …

Page 5: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

stages of psycho­sexual development …

infants move from an ‘oral’ to an ‘anal’ to a ‘phallic’ 

and then ‘latent’ and finally pubescent ‘genital’ stage … ‘disturbances’, ‘anxiety’ at 

any stage may result in ‘neuroses’, whether overtly sexual or not, later in life 

Page 6: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

Oral: nourishment, give & take …

Anal: control, organisation …

Phallic: goal­orientation, identity … 

High­level issues …

Page 7: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

oral

0 – 1 year …

orally aggressive: signs include chewing gum or 

ends of pens …

Page 8: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

oral

orally passive: signs include smoking/ 

eating/ kissing/ fellatio/ cunnilingus …

fixation at this stage may result in passivity, 

gullibility, immaturity and manipulative personality …

Page 9: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

anal (and organs of elimination)

1 – 3 years

anal retentive: obsession with organization or excessive neatness …

Page 10: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

anal

anal expulsive: reckless, careless, defiant, disorganized, coprophiliac …

Page 11: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

‘phallic’

3 – 6 years

centred on genitals as erogenous zone …

oedipus complex (in boys)electra complex (in girls) …

Page 12: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

parents as complex ‘objects’ of gratification … 

competition for the ‘love’ of one parent with the other …  threat … unresolved libidinal 

tensions … fear of ‘castration’ …

‘Oedipal’ issues ...

Page 13: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

latent

from around 6 to puberty, children display little by way of ‘sexual’ activity …

Page 14: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

genital

at puberty, but often with unresolved patterns of 

‘cathexis’ due to disturbances at stages of psycho­sexual development … including oedipal/ electra 

complications …

Page 15: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

‘Motivation’ & personality

Page 16: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

Thinkers such as Karen Horney, Henry Murray, 

David Mclelland, Albert Bandura posited relations 

between needs, motivation, & 

personality …

Page 17: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

Karen Horney

Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female 

psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ 

& ‘masochism’ (father seduction) … 

In ‘Feminine Psychology’ (1922), she developed an influential theory of 

neurosis …

Page 18: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

Karen Horney

If the environment in which a child is brought up induces 

anxiety in the child, through not fulfilling basic needs, neuroses arise as the child (later, adult) attempts to defend themselves against 

anxiety through ‘compensatory’ strategies …

Page 19: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

Karen Horney

both ‘internal’ and ‘external’ strategies may be used to offset underlying 

anxieties … the main strategies are … 

‘compliance’, ‘aggression’, ‘withdrawal’ …

Page 20: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

Karen Horney

‘compliance’ … 

trying to ‘please’ others, or ‘over dependence’ …

Page 21: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

Karen Horney

‘aggression’ …

seeking power over others, exploiting others, 

‘status’ seeking, seeking ‘admiration’, over 

achieving …

Page 22: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

Karen Horney

‘withdrawal’, ‘detachment’ …

‘self­sufficiency’, ‘perfectionism’, ‘self 

restriction’ …

Page 23: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

in a balanced individual these would be needs for 

sociability, achievement & recognition, and autonomy 

… 

Page 24: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

Henry Murray, developed an extensive list of motivating needs …

See HANDOUT ‘Motivation & Personality’ …

Page 25: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

Kelly’s ‘Personal Construct’ 

theory

Page 26: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

George Kelly developed ‘Personal Construct 

Psychology’ (1955; 1963), based on a constructivist, 

cognitive approach …

Page 27: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

he proposed that the anticipation of events 

(expectations) plays a key role in the development of 

one’s world­view

Page 28: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

his proposal that a small set of binary concepts 

such as

good\bad, clever\not­clever, 

rich\poor, beautiful\ugly, 

secure\insecure …

Page 29: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

are used, in diverse combinations, by people to 

order their worldsincluding themselves within those worlds …

Page 30: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

“Man looks at his world through transparent 

templets which he creates and then attempts to fit over the realities of which the world is composed.” (pp.8­9) 

Page 31: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

“Constructs are used for predictions of things to come, and the world keeps 

on rolling on and revealing these 

predictions to be either correct or misleading. 

Page 32: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

“This fact provides the basis for the revision of 

constructs and, eventually, of whole 

construct systems.” (p.14) George Kelly, ‘The Psychology of Personal Constructs’ 

(1955)

Page 33: PERSONALITY THEORIES · 2014-07-01 · Karen Horney Horney disagreed with Freud’s account of female psychological development that emphasised ‘penis envy’ & ‘masochism’

The upshot here is that personalities are 

cognitive constructs, ‘who we are’ depending on who 

is constructing us and how (by what means) they are 

constructing us …