persuasive communication
DESCRIPTION
This is a 20 minute presentation devised by myself and one other, which argues that can all Public Relations be seen as Propaganda as well as how can you tell if persuasion is ethical or not. We received 75% for this presentationTRANSCRIPT
Persuasive Communication Ethics
Sam Brandon & Elliot Chang
Ethics•“The science of conduct. It considers the
actions of human beings with reference to their rightness or wrongness.”
Mackenzie (2008)
•“Ethics, as a branch of philosophy, is not just about what is right and wrong, its about what is good and what is bad. Ethics is about being good and that the practitioner’s task is to determine what a good action is.”
◦ McElreath (1997)
Is all PR propaganda?
How can you tell if persuasion is ethical
or not?
Weaver et al (2006)
•“The real value of Propaganda lies not in the dissemination and promotion of ideas but in its ability to orchestrate public opinion and social action that
supported the ruling elite”
• 1920 - Edward Bernays showed American corporations that he could make people want things they didn’t need by linking mass produced goods to their unconscious desires – Out of this came the political idea of how to control the masses. – American Tobacco Company.
Public Relations & Propaganda
• “Public Relations is the planned and persuasion to change adverse public opinion or reinforce public opinion and the evaluation of results for future use”
◦ Grunig & Hunt (1984)
•“Propaganda is the deliberate and systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions and direct behaviour to achieve a response that further the desired intent of the propagandist”
◦ Jowett & O’Donnell (1992)
propaganda
Public Relations
Grunig and Hunt 1984: Press Agent Model: propaganda used as promotion: a wrong use
propaganda PR
Propaganda tries to establish an ideology without any room for disagreement
propaganda Public
Relations
Oeckl et al. after the Second World War, when they wished to distinguish between the good public relations and the bad propaganda
Propaganda = PR
Bernays (USA) 1928 “The new propagandists are PR consultants”
Propaganda is basically a type of message aimed at influencing the behaviour, opinions and decisions of people.Public relations can be termed as a type of propaganda because it exaggerates the truth behind products and individuals.
Steve Jobs Hitler
Truth• The boundary between PR & Propaganda is
vague
• PR & Propaganda’s tactics, aims & resources can be the same
• If what you're "spinning" has a solid basis in fact, you're doing PR. If not, it's propaganda. Plain and simple.
• TARES
PR or Propaganda• James Grunig argued that when practiced ethically and responsibly,
public relations provide a vital communication activity for the world, not only for organizations and nations.
• He went further and said that public relations could help to develop
an understanding among groups “and eventually reduce conflict.”
• Jacquie L’Etang in her insights into propaganda said that revealing and communicating underpinning values explicitly together with agendas “might therefore be an important part of distinguishing public relations and propaganda”.
• On the other hand, some scholars (e.g. Moloney, Fawkes) have explored notions of public relations as ‘soft propaganda’ and of the ‘ethics of propaganda’; some suggest public relations damages democracy by promoting the values of interest groups over those of society
CIPR Code of Conduct
Members agree to:
• Have honest and proper regard for the public interest
• Maintain the highest standards of professional endeavour, integrity, confidentiality, financial propriety and personal conduct
• Deal honestly and fairly in business
• Check the reliability and accuracy of information before dissemination
• Never knowingly mislead others
• Work within the legal and regulatory frameworks affecting the practice of public relations
• Support the CIPR Principles by bringing to the attention of the CIPR examples of malpractice and unprofessional conduct
Case Study
Maloney
•“All Public Relations is
Soft Propaganda”
Is all PR Propaganda?
Summary• PR concerned with the truth
• PR programmes influence consciously for the sake of interests and benefits
• Propaganda is caused by powerful bedfollowers
• It serves as a function that tells people what to think & how to behave where as PR is less intrusive
• CHANGE• CRYSTALLIZE• CONSERVE (Bernays, 1923)
• PR is persuasive communication but not necessarily manipulation
• PR is persuasive communication but not necessarily manipulation
• We should not fear propaganda – Free society
How can we tell if Persuasion is Ethical?
•Truthfulness
•Authenticity
•Respect
•Equity
•Social responsibility
Josephson’s 10 principles that form the basis of ethical life (1993)
•Honesty
• Integrity
•Promise Keeping
•Fidelity
•Fairness
•Caring for others
•Respect for others
•Responsible citizenship
•Pursuit of excellence
•Accountability
Parsons five Pillars (2004)• These carry the weight of ethical decision making
in PR
• Veracity• Always tell the truth
• Non-Malfeasance• Do no harm
• Beneficence • Do good
• Confidentiality • Respect Privacy
• Fairness• To be fair & socially responsible
Persuasion
•“Because both the persuader & persuadee stand to have their needs fulfilled, persuasion is regarded more mutually satisfying than propaganda”
◦ Jowett & O’Donnell 1992
•“A successful intentional effort at influencing another’s mental state through communication in a circumstance in which the persuadee has some measure of freedom”
◦ O’Keefe 2002
Cognitivism & Non-Cognitivism
•Cognitivism
•Moral truths
• Good/Bad
•Right/wrong
• Non Cognitivism
• Right/Wrong
• Subjective
• Takes into account cultural contexts
• (Tench & Yeomans 2009)
Two types of Ethical theories:Consequentialist vs. Deontological Ethics
Consequentialisme.g. Utilitarianism• an ethic of welfare• emphasis on the outcome
of an action: benefit or harm?
• good or bad outcomes determine right or wrong
• the action is ‘good’ if the outcome is beneficial
• Utilitarianism ‘greatest happiness’ principle
Non-Consequentialism
e.g. Kantianism• an ethic of duty• an action is right if
performed for reasons of duty or principle
• universality - “what if everyone behaved like that?”
• respect of persons
•You need to know
Aristotle – Rhetoric in the Ethics of Persuasion
• “We believe good men more fully and more readily than others……His character may almost be called the most effective means of persuasion he possesses” (Aristotle Cited in Perloff, 1993)
• Ethos – The character of the speaker – Gordon Brown – Trust me• Pagos – The attitude of the audience – Cannot be demanded by the
speaker• Logos – The nature of the message
• Perfloff (1993) – 4 points by whichThe audience evaluate the speaker• Expertise• Trustworthiness • Physical attractiveness• Similarity
Who makes Ethical decisions?
• War
• Government
• Parents
• Religion
• Peers
• ‘Is the public getting the information it wants and needs or are they getting more of what the institutions believe the public should have?’ (Dillard & Pfau, 2002)
Trust & Credibility
Do the rhetoricians appear to you always to speak with a view to what is best, aiming at this, that the citizens may be made as good as possible by their discourses? Or do they, too, endeavour to gratify the citizens, and neglecting the public interest for the sake of their own private advantage?
(Cary, 1854)
Advertising
•Authenticity - Bias
• Manipulation
•Burst/Drip Advertising
•Money that people don’t have
How can we tell if Persuasion is Ethical?
Summary•Ethics in PR & Persuasion is important -
TARES
•Professionalism – Trust, Honesty & Integrity
•People with integrity are the most highly regarded
•Reputation
•The industry will improve
References
• Bernays, E (1932) Crystallizing public relations. Kessinger Publishing• Cary, H. (1854) Plato: Works of Plato (Vol.1) London. H.G. Bohn• Dillard, J & Pfau, M (2002) The persuasion handbook: Development in theory
and practice. Thousand oaks, California. Sage Publications.• Grunig, J & Hunt, T (1984) Managing Public Relations. Thomson Learning• Josephson, M (1993) Teaching ethical decision making & principled
reasoning. Business ethics. Annual edition 1993-94. Guilford. Danskin Publishing Group
• Jowett,G & O’Donnell, V (1992) Propaganda & Persuasion. California. Sage Publications
• Mackenzie, J (2008) A manual of Ethics. London, Read Books• McElreath , M(1997) Managing systematic & Ethical Public Relation
Campaigns. Madison, WN: Brown & Benchmark• O’keefe, D. (2002) Persuasion: theory & research. Thousand Oaks, California.
Sage publications• Parsons, P (2004) Ethics in public relations. London Kogan Page• Tench, R & Yeomans, L (2009) Exploring Public Relations. Pearson Education
Limited• Weaver, C. Motion, J & Reaper, J (2006) From Propaganda to Discourse: Truth,
Power, the public interest & public relations. Public relations, critical debates and contemporary practice. Mahwah. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates