perú land area: 1,285,215 km² regions peru – one of the countries most affected by climate...
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Perú
land area: 1,285,215 km²
Regions
Peru – one of the countries most affected by climate change
• Adaptation made difficult because of many variables (topography, climate, biodiversity, ecosystems).
• Peru’s economy is hyper-susceptible to its use of natural resources.
• It is further aggravated because Peru is a developing country
• Most of the population live on the coast – arid.
97.7% of Peru’s water derives from the Amazon basin, where 30% of the population live
1.8% is located on the Pacific coast, where 65% of the population live
0.5% is located around Lake Titicaca where 5% of the population live
Strategic choice of priority sectors - adaptation & mitigation
•Review national information •Characterize subsectors•Define criteria• Prioritizing
IN PROGRESS
Step 1:Organisation
Directive Committee(parallel process)
NCCC – Technical Group of Science & Technology and other experts - national and sub-national level
Team TNA Perú
Consultancy
•Coast•Andes Mountains •Amazon Basin
Technical & Administrative
AssistanceCONCYTEC
General coordination
Sub-national Level
Step 2: National Priorities • Millennium Development Goals 1 y 7- 2001• UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol - 1997• National strategy of CC (D.S. Nº 086-2003-PCM)• First TNA Peru (2003) –Mitigation• National System Law of Environmental Management(Law Nº 28245) - 2004• General law of Environment (Law Nº 28611) - 2005• Social, economic and environmental development plan (2011-2021)-CEPLAN • National environmental policy (D.S Nº012-2009-MINAM) – 2005• Ministry of the Environment- 2008• Action plan of adaptation and mitigation against CC (RM N° 238-2010-MINAM)• National action plan of environment – PLANAA (R.M Nº244-2010-MINAM) • National water resources policy on climate change• Agenda of Investigation into climate change - 2009• National strategy on Desertification (under review) -2011• National strategy on climate change 2011-2021 (under review) -2011
Step 3: Global Scheme
USCUSF- Forests
Energy - transport
Agriculture – enteric fermentation & agricultural land
Waste – solid waste
Water
Agriculture
Biodiversity
Fisheries
Etc.
Subsector 1
Subsector 3
Subsector 1
Subsector 2
Subsector 4
Technologies
2 technologies
Multi-criteria analysis
ADAP
TATI
ON
ADAP
TATI
ON Technologies
6 technologies
Multi-criteria analysis
MIT
IGAT
ION
MIT
IGAT
ION
Subsector 2
Selected Sectors: Why?Mitigation - GHG Adaptation - Vulnerability
Forest - Conservation Hydrological resourcesThe highest in GHG emissions (2000) 110 368 Gg CO2 eq
52.3% territory is primary forest
Prevents the loss of biodiversity, controls soil erosion and regulates the water cycle
Forest conservation reduces vulnerability to climate change
Alterations to the hydrological balance - increase or decrease of precipitation
Very sensitive to change in climate.
Used by both the general population and production sectors.
High pressure by agriculture (80%), domestic, industrial (18%) and mining (2%).
High demand for hydrological resources is greatest in areas where supply is low.
“International Conference on Traditional Knowledge and Living Heritage”11-12 July 2009, Florence
Hydrological resources: general considerations
Major emphasis in technology needs for adaptation
Traditional knowledge
Focus on river systems
Hydrological resources: Sub-sectors
• Supply of hydrological resources Quantity (glaciers) Quality
• Uses -demand Agriculture and animal husbandry Energy production Domestic use
• Hydro-meteorological extremes General measures Early warning systems Reinforcement of river banks Flood prevention
The analysis is carried out taking into account supply and demand as a factor of climate change.
Possible consequences include:-Droughts-Flooding-Decrease in water reserves -Decrease in soil fertility
Hydrological resources: Sub-sectorsSupply Quality (1) Construct reservoirs and channels
Protect and restore wetlands Effluent reduction Promote ‘green’ fertilizers
Quantity (2) Receding glaciers Increase in reservoir capacity Water treatment Channelling from one river system to another. Channelling of glacial water Efficient use of water Better use of grey water. Collect rain and glacial water Replenishment of aquifers (water table) Improve soil conservation (flooding) Flood control Better use of flood waters i.e. Irrigation and human
consumption Use melt water
Hydrological resources: Sub-sectors Demand - uses
Domestic and urban (3)
Reduce wastage Sanitation not based on water Implementation of strict water standards
Hydro-energy (4) Increase turbine efficiencyAgriculture (5) Use of grey water
Use drought-resistant crops Improvement in drainage systems –stops soil erosion Maintain mountain wetlands -”bofedales “ Change cultivation practices Increase efficiency of irrigation Increase the price for irrigation water
Hydro-meteorological extremes (6)
Risk associated to water
Early warning systems Optimize readiness in case of extreme events Reinforcement of river banks Flood prevention
Forest: Sub-sectorsForest Enhancing conservation
and management of carbon stocks
Afforestation -projects Silviculture improvement
Reducing pressure Agro-forestry management Improvement of productivity of some crops (cacao,
coffee, etc.) and seed management Improvement of efficiency in agricultural
productivity and animal husbandry Improvement of efficiency in the forestry industry.
Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) for REDD+
Threats to natural forest Geographic Information Systems -GIS Methodologies for quantifying carbon stocks Deforestation -monitoring changes in land use
Criteria for prioritization of adaptation sub-sectors
Environmental Economic Socio-culturalCriteria Score Weight Criteria Score Weight Criteria Score Weight
Contribution to sector vulnerability
9 20% Contribution to GDP 10 20% Major contribution to social equity
9 30%
Level of conflict generated by the use of water
6 20% Growth potential & future market perspectives
6 20% Contribution to food safety & hygiene
6 25%
Adaptation capacity level regarding climate change
7 40% Contribution to growth level in relation to reduction in poverty (capacity to generate employment)
7 35% Major contribution to local, regional & national identity
7 25%
Level of problems shared with climate change repercussions relating to water resources, energy, infrastructure & health
8 20% General reduction in level due to major economic vulnerability
8 25% Major sensitivity & work organised in adaptation to climate change
8 20%
Environmental Criteria Score
7.4 60% Economic Criteria Score
7.65 20% Socio-Cultural Criteria Score
7.55 20%
4.44 1.53 1.51
FINAL SCORE 7.48
Criteria for prioritization of mitigation sub-sectors
Environmental Economic Socio-culturalCriteria Score Weight Criteria Score Weight Criteria Score Weight
Contribution to GHG emissions
9 20% Contribution to fossil energy replacement
10 20% Major contribution to social equity
9 25%
Contribution to reduce GHG emissions
6 20% Growth potential & future market perspectives
6 30% Contribution to food safety & hygiene
6 25%
Contribution to soil degradation
7 40% Contribution to growth level in relation to reduction in poverty (capacity to generate employment)
7 25% Major contribution to local, regional & national identity
7 30%
Indirect contribution to reduce GHG emissions
8 20% Collateral positive impacts on the economy
8 25% Major sensitivity & work organised in adaptation to climate change
8 20%
Environmental Criteria Score
7.4 60% Economic Criteria Score
7.55 20% Socio-Cultural Criteria Score
7.45 20%
4.44 1.51 1.49
FINAL SCORE 7.44
LESSONS LEARNED AND GOOD PRACTICES
HUMAN RESOURCES AND CAPACITIES
1. Multi-disciplinary Team– Specialists in environment, economics, technology, sociology,
politics – participated in the process of NCCC, social, economic and environmental development project, investigation, etc.
– Experienced in field work on a national basis
2. Identify and cover the minimum-required capacities for project coordination
3. Efficient project coordination – Permanent support– Strengthen capacities
LESSONS LEARNED AND GOOD PRACTICES
INPUT, MATERIAL AND TOOLS
1. Insufficient data– Invest in gathering “up to date” information.– Get sufficient personnel/staff, infrastructure, methods. And
systematise it for ease of use.
2. Maximise support resources– Assessment of UNEP Regional Centre– Learn from other countries’ experiences or projects in ejecution
3. Tools– Mitigation & adaptation initiatives, CNCC2, UNEP CONCYTEC Database
and other information (policies, laws, etc.)
LESSONS LEARNED AND GOOD PRACTICES
PROCESSES1. Workplan
– Detailed tasks and responsibilities (organisation); identify actors and roles; focus on method (level-participation)
2. Establish a communication procedure (MINAM, CONCYTEC, Consultants, UNEP and participant actors). ‘Be in touch’
3. Follow-up to the consultants’ activities– Concise instructions must be given– Avoid single-mindedness (focus on strategic priorities-NCCC2, ODM, Inv Agenda, etc.)– Review the results
4. Define the aims and terms of the project and communicate them to all actors – Define the meaning “sector” within the project context.5. “Construct” over pre existing experience and data, and local interest. 6. Consider the complexity of a biodiversity country in selecting a number of sectors
