pervious concrete in rigid pavement · pervious concrete in rigid pavement koudagani venkatesh, dr...

PERVIOUS CONCRETE IN RIGIDPAVEMENT

Koudagani Venkatesh, Dr Umank Mishra,1Research Scholar, 2Associate Professor

1School of Engineering,Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Sri Satya Sai University of Technology& Medical Sciences,

Sehore, Bhopal,Madhya Pradesh, India

2Dept. of Civil Engineering,Vaageswari College of Engineering,

Karimnagar, Telangana [email protected],

[email protected] ,

May 28, 2018

Abstract

Pervious concrete is a special type of concrete, whichconsists of cement, coarse aggregates, water and if required,admixtures and other cementitious materials. As there areno fine aggregates used in the concrete matrix, the voidcontent is more which allows the water to flow through itsbody. So the pervious concrete is also called as Permeableconcrete and Porous concrete. There is lot of research workis going in the field of pervious concrete. The compressivestrength of pervious concrete is less when compared to theconventional concrete due to its porosity and voids. Hence,the usage of pervious concrete is limited even though it has

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International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 118 No. 24 2018ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

lot of advantages. If the compressive strength and flexuralstrength of pervious concrete is increased, then it can beused for more number of applications. For now, the usageof pervious concrete is mostly limited to light traffic roadsonly. If the properties are improved, then it can also be usedfor medium and heavy traffic rigid pavements also. Alongwith that, the pervious concrete eliminates surface runoffof storm water, facilitates the ground water recharge andmakes the effective usage of available land. The main aimof our project is to improve the strength characteristics ofpervious concrete. But it can be noted that with increasein strength, the permeability of pervious concrete will bereduced. Hence, the improvement of strength should notaffect the permeability property because it is the propertywhich serves its purpose.

1 Introduction

In reviewing technology advances through the centuries it is evidentthat material development plays a key role. Considerable effortsare still being made in every part of the world to develop the newconstruction materials.

Pervious concrete is an innovative material which is a mixtureof coarse aggregate, cement, water and little to no sand along withchemical admixtures, containing a network of holes or voids, to al-low air or water to move through the concrete. This allows waterto drain naturally through it and allow replenishment of ground-water when conventional concrete does not. This innovative mate-rial sometimes called as No Fines Concrete also. Absence of sandor fine aggregate permit the properly placed pervious concrete tohave about 15 to 30% of void space, the pores can range from 0.08to 0.32 inches (2 to 8mm), which permit water to pass throughwithout causing any damage to the matrix of the porous concrete.

In the recent past due to climatic imbalance land is drying upcausing a serious problem. Not only we are experiencing climatechange but now 35% to 70% of our construction sites are beingcovered by paved surfaces and roofs as urban sprawl continues todominate the landscape. The impervious surfaces block naturalwater infiltration into the soil, but few of us are ready to give up

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

our paved roads, driveways and parking lots. Rather than buildingthem with conventional concrete or asphalt, more and more com-munities, municipalities, and businesses are switching to perviousconcrete or porous pavement, a material that offers the inherentdurability and low life-cycle costs of a typical concrete pavementwhile retaining storm water runoff and replenishing local water-shed systems. Pervious concrete is one such solution for all theseproblems.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Jing et al. (2002) [9] used smaller sized aggregate, silica fume(SF) and super plasticizer (SP) in the previous concrete can en-hance the strength of pervious concrete greatly. Using selectedaggregates, fine mineral admixtures and organic intensifiers and byadjusting the concrete mix proportion, strength and abrasion re-sistance can improve the pervious concrete greatly. The perviouspavement materials are composed of a surface layer and a base layer.The compressive strength of the composite can reach 50 MPa andthe flexural strength 6MPa. The water penetration, abrasion resis-tance and freezing and thawing durability of the materials are alsovery good. It can be applied to both the footpath and the vehicleroad. It is an environment-friendly pavement material.

Suleiman et al. (2011) [14] constructed a parking lot us-ing both traditional concrete and pervious concrete systems. Thetraditional concrete layer was placed on natural sub grade. The per-vious concrete portion was divided into two sections with two per-vious concrete mixtures and aggregate base thicknesses of 300 mmand 450 mm. Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) tests were per-formed on the three pavement systems to compare their structuralbehaviour as well as to document the uniformity of the pavementsystem and support (i.e., traditional concrete or pervious concretelayer). ANN (Artificial Neural Network) back calculation modelswere used to better understand the response of the three pave-ment systems. The pervious concrete section with 450 mm thickaggregate base shows the smallest measured deflections under theFWD plate load. The magnitudes of measured deflections for thetraditional concrete sections were between the two pervious pave-

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ment systems. The relationship between normalized deflections andload amplitudes is quasi-linear for all three pavement systems. Theslopes of these relationships are slightly different for the three pave-ment systems. The back calculated pervious concrete elastic mod-ulus and modulus of sub grade reaction for both PC-12 and PC-18pavement systems are smaller than that of traditional concrete.

Baoshan Huang et al. (2009) [2] evaluated the effects oflatex, natural sand and fiber on the pervious concrete. Laboratorytest such as air void test, permeability test, compressive strengthtest, split tensile strength test were conducted. The basic mix pro-portion for the control mix is cement: coarse aggregate: water =1:4.5:0.35 by weight. When latex and/or fine aggregate were in-cluded in the mixture, the solid portion of latex was used to re-place 10% cement and natural sand to replace 7% coarse aggregateby weight. The performance and properties of PMPC were com-pared to those of the conventional pervious concrete. Based on thisstudy, it was found that the use of the combination of latex, natu-ral sand and fiber could produce acceptable pervious concrete withboth enough drainage and strength properties. Latex and sandcould both decrease the porosity and permeability of pervious con-crete and increase the compressive strength of pervious concrete.However, only the addition of latex could increase the split tensilestrength of pervious concrete. Fiber did not have a significant effecton the strength properties of pervious concrete in this study. Thiswas due to the fact that fiber was not fully dispersed and evenlydistributed in the pervious concrete mixture. Special methods arerecommended for good separation and dispersion of fibers in themixtures.

Hao Wu et al. (2011) [6] evaluated the performance of latex-modified pervious concrete with a particular focus on abrasion re-sistance, Air voids permeability, compressive and splitting tensilestrength, and two abrasion resistance tests (Cantabro and APAabrasion tests) were performed for the investigation and evalua-tion. The following conclusions are PCPC mixtures made withsmaller grain-size aggregates had stronger mechanical propertiesand higher abrasion resistance than those made with larger size ag-gregates. Latex could efficiently improve the strength and abrasionresistance but slightly decreased the air voids and permeability ofPCPC. Fiber showed little or no effect in improving the mechani-

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cal properties or abrasion resistance of PCPC. The Cantabro andAPA abrasion tests were both effective in evaluating the abrasionresistance of pervious concrete. The two parameters, weight lossand wear depth, could both be used as an indicator of abrasionresistance in the APA abrasion test. Based on the test results fromthis study, the potentially optimum properties of the PCPC mix-tures are as follows: effective air voids of 15 to 20%, permeabilityof 1:02:0 mm/s and compressive strength of 2025 MPa.

3 GENERAL ENGINEERING PROP-

ERTIES OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE

The physical properties of the individual components and the per-vious concrete as a whole are extremely important. The rheology ofthe concrete and the individual materials determine properties likethe strength, void ratio, durability and the chemical properties. Allthese properties need to be known and assessed to make the mostappropriate choice for a particular application.

The strength and permeability of the pervious concrete are theimportant properties that will be shown in later chapters. How-ever, the following properties are critical to the performance of thepervious concrete. By ensuring the desirable properties of perviousconcrete components a stronger material with good permeabilityand improved durability will be achieved.

StructureThe structure of pervious concrete varies significantly from con-

ventional concrete in the sense that a small fillet of cement pasteholds the materials together. The aggregate is covered with a thinlayer of cement paste. When the compaction is undertaken it forcesthe aggregate particles together until they are in contact with eachother. This squashes the cement paste out from the point of contactcausing a fillet of cement paste to appear and bond the particles.The pervious concrete has an open structure with a high void ra-tio that relies on the bonding of the aggregate for strength. Thestructure is most easily explained as rice bubbles bonded togetherto produce a porous material.

ShapeThe ideal shape of the aggregate particles to be used in pervi-

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ous concrete is spherical. This shape allows the greatest number ofbonding points and will produce concrete with the most strength.Flaky or elongated particles should be avoided for use in pervi-ous concrete as local crushing can occur more readily with theseparticles.

Mix ProportionsThe mix proportions for pervious concrete depend predomi-

nantly on the final application. In building applications, the aggregate-cement ratio used is leaner, usually ranging from 6:1 to 10:1. Thisleaner mix ensures that the void ratio is high and prevents capillarytransport of water. However, in pavement applications the concretestrength is more critical and aggregate-cement mixes as low as 4:1is used. This lower ratio ensures an adequate amount of bondingbetween the aggregate and cement to with stand the higher loads.

Water ContentThe water content is imperative for the bonding to occur be-

tween the aggregate. A water-cement ratio higher than the opti-mum will not create an adequate bond between the cement pasteand aggregate causing the cement paste to run off the aggregateparticles. If the water-cement is lower than the optimum, the ce-ment paste will not be sufficiently adhesive to bond the aggregate.The general range for water-cement ratio is between 0.37 and 0.52(Neville 1997). The absorption rate of the aggregate will also affectthe water content and this should be taken into account for designmixes.

Aggregate GradingThe aggregate generally used in pervious concrete applications

usually ranges from 10 mm to 20 mm. Five percent oversized andten percent undersized materials are acceptable for use but thereshould be no particles smaller than 5mm (Neville 1997). If thereare too many small particles it will tend to fill the voids, affectingthe porosity of the concrete and the associated properties.

DensityThe density of pervious concrete is dependent upon the void

content in the concrete. Due to the high air content it is a lightweightconcrete with a density of about two thirds of conventional con-crete. The density of pervious concrete normally ranges between1600 and 1900 kg/m3. This is dependent upon the shape, size anddensity of the aggregate, the aggregate-cement-water ratio and the

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compaction exerted on the concrete.Air-Void ContentThe cement paste is only a thin layer and does not contain

air bubbles, so the voids are obtained mostly through the inter-connected spaces of the aggregate particles. The air content is bydefinition the sum of the available voids between the aggregate par-ticles and any entrained or entrapped air within the cement paste.The void content is dependent upon the aggregate-cement ratio andthus varies greatly. The air content of no-fines concrete ranges from13 to 28 percent for aggregate-cement ratios between 4:1 and 6:1.

ShrinkageDrying shrinkage in pervious concrete is relatively small but

does vary depending on the aggregate-cement ratio. The differ-ence in the amount of shrinkage can be attributed to the followingfactors. A reduction in the aggregate-cement ratio means there ismore cement paste available to undergo volumetric contraction andshrinkage. At the same time, the decrease in aggregate-cement ra-tio causes the aggregate particles to induce a restraint on the dryingshrinkage since they are in contact.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHThe following testing procedure was undertaken during the cube

compression testing:The measuring and testing of test specimens was undertaken as

soon as possible after being removed from curing.All specimens were tested in a wet condition and excess water

removed from the surface.The dimensions of the test specimens were measured and recorded.The platens were cleaned when necessary to ensure no obstruc-

tion from small particles or grit.Any loose particles were removed from the uncapped bearing

surfaces of the specimens.It was ensured there was no trace of lubricant on the bearing

surfaces.The specimens were centered on the bottom platen of the testing

machine.The upper platen was lowered until uniform pressure was pro-

vided on the specimen.A force was applied at the required rate shown by the rotating

disc on the testing machine.

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The maximum force applied to the cylinder was recorded andthe compressive strength calculated:

Pressure =Force/Area

Fig. 4.1 Compression Test on Pervious Concrete Cubes

PERMEABILITY TESTFor finding out the rate of flow of water through the pervious

concrete, with the available literature falling head permeability testwas chosen. For this the apparatus required are 1000ml measuringjar, PVC pipe section whose size is such that 100x200mm cylindricalmould fits into that, impermeable glue/sealing, funnel, knob, andcollecting jar. The above apparatus are adjusted as shown in thefig. 4.7.

Fig. 4.7 Permeability Test Arrangement

The top and bottom edges of the specimen are made imperme-able using impermeable glue such that there should be no leakage.A knob is fixed to the bottom flow pipe which is connected to thecollecting jar.

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The water is poured into the measuring jar, while the knobshould be kept open so as to expel the air out. Hence creating aconstant head.

Then the knob is closed and the water is poured in the jar to1000ml, now having kept the stop watch ready, the knob is openedand1000ml of water is allowed to flow and time required for thewater to percolate through the sample is noted down.

Coefficient of permeability: The rate of flow under laminar flowconditions through a unit cross sectional area of porous mediumunder unit hydraulic gradient is defined as coefficient of permeabil-ity.

k = 2.303(a ∗ l)

(A ∗ T )∗ logh 1

h 2(4.6)

where,k=coefficient of permeability (cm/sec)a= area of graduated cylinder (cm2)l=length of the specimen (cm)h1=length between bent portion of the collector pipe and the

1000ml mark on the measuring jar (cm)h2=length between bent portion to the top of the specimen (cm)CASTING PROCEDURE

Fig. 4.10 Pervious Concrete Cubes

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Fig. 4.11 Normal concrete Cubes

CURING

Fig. 4.16 Curing of Cubes

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table4.1: properties of cement tested at Concrete technologylaboratory

Table4.2: properties of coarse aggregates tested at Concretetechnology laboratory

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Table 4.3: Properties of fine aggregates tested at Concretetechnology laboratory

Table4.5: compressive strength and unit weight of standardpervious concrete (0%fines)

4.2(b) Compressive strength comparison between Normal concreteand Pervious concrete:

Table4.6: Comparison of strength between normal concrete andpervious concreter

Figure 4.1: Graph of showing relation between compressivestrength of normal and pervious concrete

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Table 4.16: unit weight and coefficient of permeability of standardpervious concrete with 0% fines

5 Conclusion

The size of coarse aggregates, water to cement ratio and aggregateto cement ratio plays a crucial role in strength of pervious concrete.The void ratio and unit weight are two important parameters ofpervious concrete in the context of mix design.

SCOPE OF FUTURE STUDYThis is a preliminary laboratory study on the properties of per-

vious concrete with the emphasis on the permeability and strengthproperties. Further the research work can be carried out to improvethe properties of pervious concrete by using different aggregatesgrading and characteristics with different mineral admixtures.

References

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pervious concrete in rigid pavement · pervious concrete in rigid pavement koudagani venkatesh, dr...

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