AS Revision

Each day different questions…..Click on the photo and name them to see

the answers!!!

Advent Calendar2nd

May3rd

May4th

May5th

May6th

May7th

May

8th

May9th

May10th

May11th

May12th

May13th

May

14th

May15th

May16th

May17th

May18th

May19th May

2nd MayAchievement seems to be connected with action. Successful men and women keep moving. They make mistakes, but they

don't quit. Conrad Hilton

Anatomy

• Skill

• Socio Cultural

Describe the mechanisms of venous return that ensure enough blood is returned to the heart during the training run 4 MARKS

The long term memory is almost limitless in its capacity and information can be retained in there for many years. Describe four strategies that could help a performer retain information in the long term memory. 4 MARKS

How can both funding and the media help to develop sporting excellence in the UK? 6 MARKS

3rd May“The winners in life think constantly in terms of I can, I will,

and I am”Waitely. D

• Anatomy

• Skill

• Socio Cultural

Identify two ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood during aerobic performance Marks 2

Identify and explain three factors that can influence a performer's reaction timeMarks 3

What are the characteristics of physical recreationMarks 3

4th MayThe difference between the impossible and the

possible lies in a person’s determination” Lasorda, T• Anatomy

• Skill

• Socio Cultural

During sub maximal exercise (aerobic) the predominant muscle fibre type would be slow oxidative (type I). Give one structural and one functional characteristic of this fibre type Marks 2

Explain why selective attention is important to the short term memory Marks 2

Name each stage of the performance pyramidMarks 4

5th MayFor every finish-line tape a runner there are the hours of hard

and often lonely work that rarely gets talked about. Grete Waitz

Anatomy

• Skill

• Socio Cultural

How will a cool down aid the vascular system Marks 2

Give three characteristics of the short term memoryMarks 3

What are the positive effects of fair play on sport or a sporting situationMarks 4

6th MayMy main focus is on my game.

Woods. T• Anatomy

• Skill

• Socio Cultural

A cool down has a number of effects on the vascular system which aid the performer. One effect is the prevention of blood pooling. Identify two other effects. Marks 2

Why is variability of practice important to schema theory?

Marks 1

What is meant by the terms physical prowess and physical endeavour Marks 2

7th MayMost of us who aspire to be tops in our fields don't really

consider the amount of work required to stay tops.Althea Gibson

Anatomy

• Skill

• Socio Cultural

Identify the name and blood pressure value for an adult at rest in both phases of the cardiac cycle.Marks 4

Identify the three different types of reinforcement used in acquiring movement skills.Marks 3

Describe the nature of sport in the USA.Marks 5

8th MayFor every pass I caught in a game, I caught a thousand

in practice. Don Hutson

Anatomy

• Skill

• Socio Cultural

Why do the changes in pressure at altitude reduce performance Marks 4

Drive reduction is one method that can be used to motivate a performer in Physical Education and Sport. Use a practical example to explain Drive Reduction Theory. Marks 4

How do National Governing Bodies support performers at the top of the performance pyramid?Marks 5

9th May"Think little goals and expect little achievements. Think big

goals and win big success." David Joseph Schwartz

Socio Cultural

Identify 4 roles of a National Governing BodyMarks 4

Anatomy

Explain how oxygen is transported in the blood to the working muscle tissuesMarks 2Skill

Use the example of a gymnast performing a handstand to explain closed loop control Marks 4

10th May"By working hard, you get to play hard guilt-free"

Rohn, J.

Socio CulturalExplain how education, physical recreation and sport can all exist within a school PE programme Marks 3

Anatomy

Explain the conduction system of the heart Marks 3

Skill

Use an example from Physical Education or sport to explain recall and recognition schema Marks 4

11th May“Hard work brings prosperity, playing around brings poverty”

The Bible

Socio CulturalWhat can young people gain as a result of a positive Outdoor Education experienceMarks 4

Anatomy

Identify two mechanisms that aid venous return during exercise Marks 2

Skill

Use a practical example to explain the stages of the psychological refractory period Marks 5

12th MayGuidanceYou need to be able to.........Describe the different types of guidanceEvaluate critically the types of guidance 4 types.......................Draw a picture to help remember V_________________ V_________________ M________________ M_________________ They are all best suited for the different phases of learning.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is the first phase. Performances are often _ _ _ _ _ and uncoordinated. They need to have _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ feedback as they are beginners. They rely heavily on _ _ _ _ _ _ guidance, for example a

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ which must be accurate so it can be copied. It also provides the learner with a _ _ _ _ _ _ image of the skill. This is often backed up and reinforced with _ _ _ _ _ _ guidance. This cannot be too much or it will

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the performer. VERBALJERKY OVERLOAD VISUAL COGNITIVECORRECT DEMONSTRATION

’pain is temporary. quitting lasts forever’’Lance Armstrong 

13th May“Follow your dreams and enjoy the ride!”

Father of Davis Love III

Socio CulturalDefine sports sponsorship and identify possible negative effects of sponsorship to sports performersMarks 4

Anatomy

Why would endurance performance decrease when performing at altitude Marks 2Skill

Explain the term motor programmeMarks 3

14th May“Defeat is not the worst of failures. Not to have tried is the true failure.”

George Edward Woodberry

Socio CulturalIdentify two roles of the mediaMarks 2

Anatomy

How would a warm up benefit the strength of muscle contractions when performing the strengthening exerciseMarks 3Skill

Explain proactive and retroactive transfer and give an example of eachMarks 4

15th MaySuccess is how high you bounce when you hit bottom.

George S. Patton

Socio CulturalDiscuss both the positive and negative effects of the media on sportMarks 4

Anatomy

Identify two ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood during aerobic performanceMarks 2SkillUse an example from Physical Education or sport to explain how a performer learns by operant conditioning Marks 4

16th May"I've never known anybody to achieve anything without

overcoming adversity." ---Lou Holtz

Socio CulturalDescribe public, private and voluntary funding of sportMarks 3

Anatomy

Identify 2 structures of the hip joint and describe their role during physical performanceMarks 4Skill

What strategies are used to ensure that information can be stored and easily retrieved from the long term memoryMarks 3

17th MaySuccess isn't something that just happens - success is learned, success is

practiced and then it is shared.-- Sparky Anderson

Socio CulturalWhat is meant by the term American Dream?Marks 1

Anatomy Describe how cardiac output is increased during endurance activitiesMarks 4

SkillUse a practical example to illustrate Thorndike's Laws of Learning and how each law can be applied to Physical Education or sport. 1) Law of Effect 2) Law of exercise 3) Law of readiness Marks 6

18th MayThe Six W's: Work will win when wishing won't.

-- Todd Blackledge

Socio CulturalWhy might negative transfer occurMarks 2

Anatomy

Explain how gas exchange is increased at the lungs to ensure that a greater amount of oxygen is diffused into the blood during exerciseMarks 4Skill

Negative transfer can adversely affect the learning of movement skills. Give three ways in which negative transfer a can be avoidedMarks 3

19th MayThe difference between failure and success is doing a thing nearly right and doing

it exactly right.-- Edward C. Simmons

Socio CulturalWhat are some of the possible causes of crowd violence at sporting eventsMarks 3

AnatomyDuring the training run blood needs to be diverted away from non-essential organs to the working muscles. Explain how the vasomotor centre controls this distribution.Marks 3Skill

Explain what is meant by an open skill and a closed skill Marks 4

2nd May – Amy Williams Anatomy1. Skeletal muscle pump - muscles contract to squeeze

blood back to the heart 2. Valves prevent backflow 3. Respiratory pump - changes in pressure around

abdominal cavity squeezes blood back to the heart 4. Blood above the heart will return due to gravity 5. Venoconstriction of veins returning blood back to the

heart

Skill1. Practice/Overlearning/Repetition 2. Link information to that alreadystored/relate to past experiences 3. Make information meaningful/relevant 4. Experience is enjoyable/novel/interesting 5. Use of visual imagery/mental rehearsal6. Reward and reinforce success 7. Chunk/group information together 8. Intensify the stimulus 9. Make information unique/unusual Socio Cultural

1. performers can: concentrate on sport / train full time / become professional 2. performers can compete more equally with those from better funded countries 3. provision of or money for high level or specialist facilities or equipment or clothing 4. provision of or money for high level training or coaching 5. fund: UK Sport / UKSI (EIS) / NGBs / H.C. councils / YST / Sports Colleges 6. 6. attracts or provides world class events or competitions 7. scholarships / World Class (Performance) Programme / TASS / gifted and talented 8. raises profile or awareness of sport/s / promotes sport/s 9. positive role models / raises profile or awareness of performers 10. sponsorship / money to sport/s or performer/s 11. influence on : rules or timings or seasons or format or structure of sport12. use of dvds or videos or websites 13. Increases participation / mass participation / build base of performance pyramid / shatter stereotypes / money / to clubs

3rd May – Steven RedgraveAnatomy1. Dissolves in the plasma 2. Combines with

haemoglobin 3. Forms

carbaminohaemoglobin4. Dissolves in water

Skill1. RT deteriorates with age 2. Males have faster RT then females 3. Experience of a skill speeds up RT 4. Anticipation of the stimulus, 5. Warning signals - information given prior to the

stimulus 6. The strength/clarity of the stimulus 7. Expecting a particular response to a stimulus 8. Expecting a stimulus to be presented, 9. PRP - presentation of a second stimulus before a first is

cleared 10. The colder the body the slower the reactions 11. Arms react quicker than legs - length of neural pathway12. Extroverts tend to react quicker than introverts 13. levels of motivation/alertness affect RT, 14. Drugs/Alcohol can affect RT 15. Number of choices affect RT - Hicks Law

Socio Cultural1. Limited skill/fitness2. Limited organisation/no officials3. Flexible rules4. Limited competition5. Enjoyable/Non serious 6. Basic equipment 7. Time decided by participants8. Amateur/Hobby/Choice 9. Space decided by participants

4th May Answers - AP McCoy

Anatomy• Structural - 1. Size - Small• 2. Colour - Red • 3. Capillaries - Many• Function 4. Slow to fatigue• 5. Slow contractile speed• 7. Low force output • 8. High aerobic capacity

Skill• 1. Limited capacity/5-9 items/Up to 30

seconds• 2. Only allows relevant information

through/filters irrelevant information • 3. Brain operates as a single channel

organ/bottleneck occurs when more than one item tries to pass through

• 4. STM initiates movement therefore the quicker the relevant detail enters the STM the quicker the response

Socio Cultural•1. Excellence/elite•2. Performance •3. Participation•4. Foundation

5th May – Mo Farraw1. Flushes out lactic acid/waste products

2. Keeps capillaries dilated/maintains blood flow to muscles

3. Maintains skeletal pump/muscular pump

4. Prevents blood pooling

5. Maintains venous return

6. Maintains stroke volume/cardiac output

7. Maintains blood pressure

8. Gradually decreases heart rate

1. Limited capacity/5-9 items, 2. Up to 30 seconds

3. Initiates movement/working memory/two way process between STSS/STM/LTM

4. Chunking information can extend capacity, 5. Information is encoded/passed onto LTM

1. helps officials2. helps the flow of the game/improves spirit of the game

3. increases enjoyment/goodwill amongst players

4. increases enjoyment amongst crowd/prevents hooliganism

5. raises status of the sport/positive image

6. produces positive role models/reinforces positive behaviour

6th May – Ronnie O SullivanAnatomy1. Maintain stroke volume/cardiac output 2. Gradual decrease in temperature 3. Maintain blood pressure 4. Removal of waste products/carbon

dioxide/lactic acid 5. Keeps capillaries dilated/maintains blood

flow/oxygen to muscles/reduces oxygen debt

6. Maintains skeletal pump/respiratory pump 7. Maintains venous return

SkillDifferent experiences in practice situations will build up/extend the schema/schema will be able to be used in many situations/greater transfer of skillsSocio Cultural

Physical Prowess - Physical skill/expertise/proficiency/fitness

Physical Endeavour - Effort/commitment/determination

7th May – Andy MurrayAnatomy

• Contraction Phase • 1. Systolic 100-130 mmHg

• Relaxation Phase • 2. Diastolic 70 – 90 mmHg

Skill1. Positive (reinforcement) 2. Negative (reinforcement) 3. Punishment.

Socio Cultural1. (American Dream)Sport a vehicle for achieving the American Dream or going from rags to riches or achieving upward social mobility 2. (win ethic) (Driven by) ‘win ethic’ or Lombardian ethic / win at all costs / very competitive / no draws 3. (commercialism) Commercialism / sport is (big) business / sport or performers make money / used to promote or advertise products / performers or sports or teams heavily sponsored or endorsed / performer as commodity or billboards4. Media media (& advertising) fund pro. sport or influence it e.g. influence rules or timings or dictate commercial breaks 5. (golden triangle) Golden triangle / relationship between sport, sponsorship and media / sport linked with sponsorship6. (entertainment) Sport is entertainment or part of entertainment industry / e.g. marching band or ‘pom pom’ girls or cheerleading squads or other suitable example 7. (capitalist) Reflects capitalism or free enterprise or private enterprise 8. (dominates) ‘Big 4’ or professional sport dominates / little mass participation / limited or no system of local sports clubs 9. (school / uni sport) High status of high school or uni sport / high school players local stars / scholarships to universities / university sport feeds professional sport /large crowds at high school or uni ‘games’ 10. (draft) (Importance of the) draft system / (top) college athletes drafted into professional sport.

11. (hero worship) Sport stars as heroes

8th May – Toby FloodAnatomy1. Less oxygen available,2. Partial pressure of oxygen is reduced3. Increased rate of

breathing/hyperventilation, 4. A reduction in the diffusion gradient occurs5. Haemoglobin saturation depends on the

partial pressure of oxygen6. Haemoglobin is not fully saturated,7. Less oxygen is carried in the blood8. Less oxygen available for the muscles,9. Fatigue sets in quicker

Skill1. Drive to learn a new task 2. Action is taken to satisfy the drive/skill is

practiced 3. Skill is successful/skill is learned/S-R bond

is strengthened 4. Drive is reduced 5. Too much practice/Overlearning leads to

inhibition (lack of drive) 6. New tasks/goals need to be set to re-

motivated Socio Cultural1. select or manage national team / talent ID / select for World Class Programme2. provide funding3. provide sports science information4. high level coaching or training / performance directors / national coach / train high performance coaches or officials / academies5. seek sponsorship or develop commercial links / obtain media coverage / negotiate with media6. give access to high level facilities or equipment.7. Work with UK SPORT or UKSI or HCSCs eg Sp England or sports colleges or high level clubs8. organise or provide or inform about competitions9. provide anti-doping education 10. encourage or support academic education / provide lifestyle or career advice

9th Answers – Jessica Ennis

Anatomy• 1. attached to

haemoglobin• 2. forms

oxyhaemoglobin • 3. dissolved in plasma

Skill• 1. Kinaesthetic/Proprioceptive/Internal

feedback informs performer about position of the body

• 2. Information goes to central control mechanism

• 3. Comparison is made between actual movement and memory trace

• 4. Changes that may be required are initiated by effector mechanism

• 5. Muscular system adjusts the body• 6. Kinaesthetic/Proprioceptive/Internal

feedback occurs again • 7. Level 2 involves sub-conscious control• 8. Level 3 involves conscious control

Socio Cultural1. Encourage participation/develop grassroots, 2. Select national team, 3. Talent identification/select performers for world class programme4. Trains coaches/officials, 5. Controls the finance of their sport/seeks sponsorship, 6. Maintains rules/oversees rule changes 7. Deal with discipline issues, 8. work with other organisations, 9. Organises leagues/cups/competitions10. Obtains media coverage, 11. Gives information/supports clubs, 12. Improves facilities for participation

10th Answers – Andrew Flintoff

Anatomy• 1. attached to

haemoglobin• 2. forms

oxyhaemoglobin • 3. dissolved in plasma

Skill• 1. Information about the

environment - eg, stance needed when serving in tennis

• 2. How hard the pass needs to be - what direction

• 3. Sensory information during or after the movement - eg, overbalancing during a headstand

• 4. Knowledge of results - eg ball landed on the green in golf

Socio Cultural1. Education - theory/things learnt/exams/NC2. Physical recreation - PE run clubs for all/school trips/free time in lessons 3. Sport - inter school fixtures/competitive part of PE

11th Answers – Paul Gascoigne

Anatomy• 1. Valves• 2. Respiratory Pump • 3. Skeletal Muscle Pump• 4. Gravity forces blood

from above the heart

Skill• 1. S1 - First stimulus is identified/detected

(GK sees free kick struck)• 2. R1 - response to first stimulus is initiated

(Keeper moves to his left) • 3. S2 - second stimulus received (Ball

strikes the wall and is deflected)• 4. R2 - Second response is initiated (Keeper

tries to move back right towards the ball)• 5. X - Delay is second response caused by

the bottleneck in the brain/First response is not cleared before second stimulus is receivedSocio Cultural

1. Health/Fitness, 2. Outdoor Education specific skills, 3. Leadership4. Personal well being/increased self esteem/confidence, 5. Decision making/problem solving 6. Team work/co-operation/communication, 7. Preparation for active leisure/career in outdoor education8. Appreciation of the natural environment

12th – Lance Armstrong4 types.......................Draw a picture to help remember V__ISUAL V__ERBAL M_ANUAL M_ECHANICAL They are all best suited for the different phases of learning.

COGNITIVE is the first phase. Performances are often JERKY and uncoordinated. They need to have EXTRINSIC feedback as they are beginners. They rely heavily on VISUAL guidance, for example a DEMONSTRATION which must be accurate so it can be copied. It also provides the learner with a CORRECT image of the skill. This is often backed up and reinforced with VERBAL guidance. This cannot be too much or it will OVERLOAD the performer. VERBAL JERKY OVERLOADVISUAL COGNITIVECORRECT DEMONSTRATION

13th Answers – Lewis Hamilton

Anatomy• 1. The partial pressure of oxygen is reduced• 2. Less oxygen available at high altitude• 3. Hyperventilation/ performer breathes faster• 4. A reduction in the diffusion gradient occurs• 5. Haemoglobin saturation depends on the partial

pressure of oxygen• 6. Haemoglobin is not fully saturated• 7. Less oxygen is carried in the blood• 8. Less oxygen is available for muscles/aerobic

respiration• 9. Fatigue sets in quicker

Skill• 1. Generalised series of movmements/Plan of a skill• 2. Stored in LTM• 3. Made up of sub routines• 4. Hierachy of importance• 5. Initaited by one decision• 6. Programme created through practice• 7. Put into action by effector mechanism• 8. Operate under open/closed loop control• 9. Modified after each attempt

Socio CulturalDescription - The money/other support to individuals/teams/events to gain publicityNegative affects, 1. Money can be withdrawn/limited time, 2. Some sponsorship can give poor image (alcohol, tobacco)3. Sponsors can control/manipulate performer, 4. Performers may be/feel exploited5. Not always available/not available to all, 6. Performers may become reliant on a particular sponsor, 7. Pressure to win/cheating

14th Answers – Shane WarneAnatomy• 1. Increase in muscle temperature• 2. Allows greater stretch/elasticity• 3. Decreases risk of injury/increase in blood

flow/oxygen• 4. Nerve impulse conduction is quicker• 5. Improves co-ordination/increases strength of

contraction• 6. Less resistance within muscle• 7. Increased enzyme activity• 8. More energy available for muscles

Skill• 1. Proactive - a skill

currently being learnt has an effect on a skill in the future

• 2. Retroactive - a skill currently being learned has an effect on a skill already learned

Socio Cultural1. Inform2. Educate3. Advertise/promote/publicise4. Entertain

15th Answers – Tom Daley Anatomy• 1. Dissolves in the plasma• 2. Combines with

haemoglobin• 3. Forms

carbaminohaemoglobin• 4. Dissolves in water

Skill• 1. Trial and error• 2. Behaviour is modified/environment

manipulated• 3. Reinforcement/Praise helps learning• 4. Behaviour is shaped• 5. Responses not reinforced will

disappear• 6. Partial reinforcement given

occasionally ensures learning more thorough but takes longer

• 7. Complete reinforcement after every attempt increases speed of learning

Socio CulturalPositive1. Role modes produced, 2. Stereotypes can be shattered3. Can increase participation, 4. Can highlight minority sports/groups5. Sport is now part of the entertainment industry, 6. Money to the sport/money to the clubs7. Rule changes which have been positive for the sportNegative8. Focus on negative behaviour/poor role models, 9. Stereotypes can be reinforced10. Reduces participation, 11. Usually focuses on few sports (football)/unequal coverage12. Financial rewards for only those at the very top

16th Answers – Tanni Grey Thompson

Anatomy• Shape of bone/socket - wide range of movement

allowed• Ligaments - hold bone in place/stability/join bone

to bone• Cartilage - Prevents wear and tear/friction/absorb

compression• Tendon - provides strength/support• Synovial Fluid - lubricates joint• Pads of fat - absorbs shock/protect from wear and

tear• Synovial Membrane - secretes Synovial fluid

Skill• 1. Practice/Overlearning/Repetition• 2. Link information to that already

stored/relate to past experiences• 3. Make information meaningful/relevant• 4. Experience is

enjoyable/novel/interesting• 5. Use of visual imagery/mental rehearsal• 6. Reward and reinforce success• 7. Chunk/group information together• 8. Intensify the stimulus

Socio Cultural1. Public - money from government or local authority2. Private - Money from sponsorship/businesses3. Voluntary - Money or donations from individuals and charities/fundraising

17th Answers – Graeme McDowell

Anatomy• 1. Increase Heart Rate, 2. Increase in stroke

volume, 3. Adrenaline is released• 4. Increase in venous return, 5. Stretches wall of

right atrium which increases firing of SA node• 6. Starlings Law, 7. Information sent by

proprioceptors/baroreceptors/chemoreceptors to Cardiac Control Centre

• 8. Increase in sympathetic control, 9. Increase in temperature which speeds up nerve impulses

Skill• Effect• 1. If response is followed by a satisfier then the

S-R bond is strengthened• 2. eg - A rugby player is pleased to see a

successful conversion• 3. If the response is followed by an annoyer the

S-R bond will be weakened• 4. eg - The rugby conversion is not a success• Exercise• 5. The S-R bond will be strengthened by practice• 6. eg - A badminton player practices serving• Readiness• 7. The performer must be physically/mentally

capable of attempting the skill• 8. eg - A young footballer must be able top grasp

the principles of offside before he is taught it/the high jump bar must be low enough for the athlete to be able to clear it

Socio Cultural1. Anyone can achieve success/wealth/status2. Rags to Riches3. Everyone has an equal chance of success, 4. happiness is achieved through wealth5. Hard work will be rewarded6. Land of opportunity

18th Answers – Graham Swann

Anatomy• 1. There is high partial pressure of oxygen in the

lungs/alveoli• 2. There is a low partial pressure oxygen in the

blood• 3. During exercise there is a greater diffusion

gradient• 4. Faster diffusion will occur• 5. Increased blood supply/temperature• 6. Increased surface area of lungs/respiration rate• 7. Reduced resistance to diffusion

Skill• 1. Ensure performer understands the

task requirements• 2. Performers attention drawn to

aspects that may cause negative transfer• 3. Ensure practice to match/skill to skill

as similar as possible• 4. First skill thoroughly learned before

introducing a second skill• 5. Focus on similar aspects• 6. Avoid teaching conflicting skills close

to each otherSocio Cultural1. builds muscles/lose or gain weight/increase energy2. Reduce pain/recover from injury3. steady nerves/increase aggression or motivation4. pressure to win5. to look good/aesthetic6. rewards/money/win at all costs ethic7. lack of education/unaware of dangers8. Belief that everyone else is doing it/level playing field9. Belief that they will get away with it

19th Answers – Strictly come dancing!

Anatomy• 1. Vasodilation of arteries supplying the

working muscles/Vascular shunt• 2. Opening/Vasodilation of the precapillary

sphincters supplying the working muscles• 3. Vasoconstriction of arteries supplying

non-essential organs• 4. Closing/Vasoconstriction of precapillary

sphincters supplying non-essential organs• 5. Sympathetic stimulation/reduction

Skill• Open skill• 1. The environment is constantly

changing/affected by the environment• 2. The performer needs to adapt the changing

conditions/performer is reactive• 3. The skill is externally paced• 4. The skill is mainly perceptual• Closed Skill• 5. The skill is self paced/internally paced• 6. The environment does not affect the

skill/environment unchanged• 7. The skill is habitual• 8. Movements follow a set pattern/pre-planned

Socio Cultural1. Alcohol/Drugs2. Frustration at the score or officials3. Rivalry/local derbies/religion4. Verbal abuse/provocation/racism5. Pre-match hype/over excitement/importance of game6. Large number of fans/poor policing or stewarding7. Hooliganism at football8. Mass culture/Tribal nature of event/peer group pressure9. Violence or poor behaviour on the pitch copied by crowd10. Lack of suitable punishment or deterrent.