pest management practices - cornell university · 4/4/2000 · targeted during the survey such as...

United StatesDepartment ofAgriculture

NationalAgriculturalStatisticsService

Sp Cr 1 (00)

Pest Mana gementPractices1999 Summar y

April 2000

Pest Management Practices 1999 Summary Agricultural Statistics BoardApril 2000 1 NASS, USDA

1999 Pest Management Practices

Overview : The pest management practices in this report are based on data compiled from a survey conducted in the Fall of1999. All results refer to responses from sampled producersconcerning specific practices. The producers were asked how manyacres of a specific commodity they had and what pesticidemanagement practices they used. The producers were asked a seriesof questions to which they responded yes or no. Pests weredefined as weeds, insects, and diseases. If the respondent used aspecific practice on a crop, it was assumed that the practice wasused on all of the acres of that crop. For example, if a producerhad 500 acres of wheat, and used field mapping of previous weedproblems to assist in making weed management decisions, it wasassumed that all 500 acres were mapped.

For this report, each question has been categorized into one offour pest management categories: prevention, avoidance,monitoring, and suppression. However, not all possible questionsregarding specific management practices in each category wereasked. A copy of the actual questions used to collect these datais shown on pages 34-35.

The data are published in two tables for each crop: percent ofacres receiving the specific pest management practice and percentof farms using the specific pest management practice. Thesepercentages are published at the U.S. and regional level. Forbarley, corn, soybeans, wheat, fruits and nuts, vegetables, andall other crops and cropland pasture, the percentages refer onlyto farms and planted acres. For alfalfa hay and other hay, thepercentages refer only to farms and harvested acres. A singleasterisk in the table means there were too few reports to publishthe percentage while a double asterisk means the percentage isless than one percent. A blank indicates there were no reports ofthe practice being used. An NA, not applicable, indicates noquestions were asked for that particular practice that year.

Prevention is the practice of keeping a pest population frominfesting a crop or field. It includes such tactics as usingpest-free seeds and transplants, preventing weeds fromreproducing, choosing cultivars with genetic resistance to insectsor disease, irrigation scheduling to avoid situations conducive todisease development, cleaning tillage and harvesting equipmentbetween fields or operations, using field sanitation procedures,and eliminating alternate hosts or sites for insect pests anddisease organisms.


The following questions were categorized as prevention practices: Did you clean tillage or harvesting implements after completing fieldwork for the purpose of reducing the spread of weeds, diseases or other pests? Did you remove or plow down crop residues to control pests?

Did you use practices such as tilling, mowing, burning, or chopping of field edges, lanes, ditches, roadways or fence lines to manage pests?

Did you use water management practices, such as controlled drainage or irrigation scheduling, excluding chemigation, to control pests?

Avoidance may be practiced when pest populations exist in a fieldor site but the impact of the pest on the crop can be avoidedthrough some cultural practice. Examples of avoidance tacticsinclude crop rotation such that the crop of choice is not a hostfor the pest, choosing cultivars with genetic resistance to pests,using trap crops, choosing cultivars with maturity dates that mayallow harvest before pest populations develop, fertilizationprograms to promote rapid crop development, and simply notplanting certain areas of fields where pest populations are likelyto cause crop failure. Some tactics for prevention and avoidancestrategies may overlap.

The following questions were categorized as avoidance practices:

Did you use any crop varieties that were genetically modified to be resistant to insects (Bt, etc.)?

Did you adjust planting or harvesting dates to control pests?

Did you rotate crops for the purpose of controlling pests?

Did you use any crop varieties that were genetically modified to be resistant to plant pathogens or nematodes causing plant diseases?

Did you choose planting locations to avoid cross infestation of insects or disease?

Did you grow a trap crop to help control insects?

Monitoring includes proper identification of pests through surveysor scouting programs, including trapping, weather monitoring, andsoil testing where appropriate.


The following questions were categorized as monitoring practices:

Was this crop scouted for pests (weeds, insects or disease) using a systematic method?

Were electronic or written records kept to track the activity or numbers of different pests? Did you use field mapping of previous weed problems to assist you in making weed management decisions?

Did you use soil analysis to detect the presence of soilborne pests or pathogens?

Did you use pheromones to monitor the presence of pests by trapping? Did you use weather monitoring to predict the need for pesticide applications?

Suppression tactics include cultural practices such as narrow rowspacings or optimized in-row plant populations, alternativetillage approaches such as no-till or strip-till systems, covercrops or mulches, or using crops with allelopathic potential inthe rotation. Physical suppression tactics may includecultivation or mowing for weed control, baited or pheromone trapsfor certain insects, and temperature management or exclusiondevices for insect and disease management. Biological controls,including mating disruption for insects, could be considered asalternatives to conventional pesticides, especially where long-term control of an especially troublesome pest species can beobtained. Chemical pesticides are important and some use willremain necessary. However, pesticides should be applied as a lastresort in suppression systems.

The following questions were categorized as suppression practices:

Did you use any crop varieties that were genetically modified to be resistant to specific herbicides (Roundup Ready, Liberty Link, Poast-Protected corn, STS soybean, IT corn)?

Did you use scouting data and compare it to university or extension guidelines for infestation thresholds to determine when to take measures to control pests?

Did you use beneficial organisms (insects, nematodes or fungi) to control pests?

Did you use topically applied biological pesticides such as Bt (Bacillus Thuringiensis), insect growth regulators, neem or other natural products to control pests?


Did you maintain ground covers, mulches or physical barriers to reduce pest problems?

Did you adjust row spacing, plant density or row direction to control pests?

Did you alternate pesticides to keep pests from becoming resistant to pesticides (use pesticides with different mechanisms of action)?

Did you use pheromones to control pests by disrupting mating?

Questions asked during the 1999 survey but not asked during the1998 survey were:

Did you choose planting locations to avoid cross infestation of insects or disease?

Did you grow a trap crop to help control pests?


Regions:

Northeast CT, DE, ME, MD, MA, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VT

North Central IL, IN, IA, KS, MI, MN, MO, NE, ND, OH, SD, WI

South AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA, WV

West AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NV, NM, OR, UT, WA, WY

Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the survey.


Highlights

Barley: The leading pest management practice for barley was rotating crops to control pests. Fifty-nine percent of the farms usedthis practice on 67 percent of the acres across the United States. Pestmanagement practices used on over 40 percent of the barley acres includetillage practices to manage pests, cleaning implements after fieldwork,rotating crops to control pests, scouting for pests to make decisions,and using alternate pesticides.

Corn: Rotating crops to control pests was used on 77 percent of the corn acres and was the leading pest management practice forcorn. It was also the most widely used practice in terms of number offarms, at 67 percent. Scouting for pests was reported on 55 percent ofthe corn acres. Use of alternate pesticides and using tillage practicesto manage pests were also common, each being reported on nearly half ofthe corn acres.

Cotton: Scouting for pests was used by 71 percent of the cotton farms on 78 percent of the cotton acres. Prevention practices, suchas using tillage practices to manage pests, removing or plowing downcrop residue, and cleaning implements after fieldwork were used on morethan half of the cotton farms and acres. Other practices used on 50percent or more of the acres include using records to keep track ofpests and using pheromones to monitor pests.

Soybeans: The most common pest management practice was rotating crops to control soybean pests, which was done on 76 percent ofthe soybean acres and on 73 percent of the soybean farms. Otherpractices used on 40 percent or more of the acres included tillage tomanage pests, clean implements after fieldwork, scouting for pests, andusing crop varieties genetically modified to be herbicide resistant.

All Wheat: The leading pest management practice used on wheat was rotating crops to control pests, which was used by 48percent of the wheat farms on 56 percent of the wheat acres. Cleaningimplements after fieldwork was the second most widely used practice,with 49 percent of the acres and 33 percent of the farms. Using tillageto manage pests and scouting for pests were each reported on 40 percentor more of the acres.

Alfalfa Hay: Scouting for pests was the most widely used pest management practice on alfalfa acreage at 29 percent. Rotating crops to control pests was used on 28 percent of the alfalfaacreage and 27 percent of the farms while tillage was used to controlpests on 22 percent of the acres.

Other Hay: Thirteen percent of the hay acres, other than alfalfa, used tillage practices to manage pests. Cleaningimplements after fieldwork was used on 7 percent of the farms andscouting for pests was used on 6 percent of the farms.


Fruits and Nuts: Scouting for pests in fruits and nuts, the most widely used pest management practice, was usedby 72 percent of the fruit and nut farms on 92 percent of theacres. Tillage methods to manage pests and use of alternatepesticides were each used on 73 percent of the fruit and nutacres. More than 35 percent of the farms cleaned implements afterfield work, kept records to track pests, and monitored the weatheras pest management practices.

Vegetables: Eighty-one percent of vegetable acres were scouted for pests, making it the most common pest managementpractice for vegetable crops. Rotating crops was reported on 77percent of the acres, while using tillage to manage pests and useof alternate pesticides were used on more than 60 percent of theacres.

All other Crops and Cropland Pasture: This group includes crops that were not specificallytargeted during the survey such as sorghum, oats, rice, peanuts,etc. The most widely used pest management practice was rotatingcrops to control pests on 48 percent of the acres. Using tillageto manage pests, cleaning implements after fieldwork, and scoutingfor pests, were each used on more than 40 percent of the acres.


Planted and Harvested Acres for Selected Crops,by State and Region, 1999 Crop Year

Stateand

Region

Area Planted Area Harvested

Barley 1 Corn Cotton Soybeans All Wheat 1 AlfalfaHay

OtherHay

1,000 Acres 1,000 Acres 1,000 Acres 1,000 Acres 1,000 Acres 1,000 Acres 1,000 Acres

CT DE ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA RI VT

Northeast

IL IN IA KS MI MN MO NE ND OH SD WI

North Central

30

55

6

75

166

1623

200

51,350

8080

1,754

3816933

4702615

1101,1501,500

3106

3,620

10,8005,800

12,1003,1502,2007,1002,6508,600

8203,4503,6003,600

63,870

33

380

413

205

490

105130370

1,300

10,6005,600

10,8002,8501,9507,0005,4004,3001,3504,6004,1001,350

59,900

75

215

42130195

657

1,05055040

10,000610

2,045980

2,0009,4101,0503,105

133

30,973

117

1260177

30550700

145

1,440

500400

1,300850950

1,600450

1,4001,450

6002,4002,100

13,000

508

1501509055

100950

1,2007

200

2,960

350300400

1,850350850

3,2001,8001,450

7001,600

500

13,350See footnotes at end of table. --continued


Planted and Harvested Acres for Selected Crops,by State and Region, 1999 Crop Year (continued)

Stateand

Region

Area Planted Area Harvested

Barley 1 Corn Cotton Soybeans All Wheat 1 AlfalfaHay

OtherHay

1,000 Acres 1,000 Acres 1,000 Acres 1,000 Acres 1,000 Acres 1,000 Acres 1,000 Acres

AL 2

AR FL 2

GA 2

KY LA 2

MS 2

NC OK SC 2

TN TX VA WV

South

AZ CA CO ID MT NV NM OR UT WA WY

West

US 3

9

2443

1580

135

6317095

7101,300

5

14590

50090

3,168

5,223

22010590

3501,320

340340750430300630

1,95050060

7,385

50550

1,23016565

1504561

15585

2,556

77,431

565970107

1,470

6151,200

880240330570

6,183110

12,240

275850

77

1,202

14,855

2403,450

20220

1,2001,0201,9501,400

480480

1,250400470

12,580

73,780

14097016

300650110180650

6,400225500

6,20028011

16,632

86590

2,6531,4205,560

17445870176

2,525210

14,552

62,814

20

250

20360

3013012050

980

2001,030

9001,1501,650

255290420540470660

7,565

23,985

8001,220

260600

2,150380850690

2,200300

1,8505,4001,150

530

18,380

4054062028095022590

680160270630

4,485

39,175

1 Includes area planted in preceding fall.2 Alfalfa and alfalfa mixtures are included in all other hay.3 Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the survey.


Number of Farms and Land in Farmsby State and Region, 1999 Crop Year

Stateand

Region

Numberof

Farms

Landin

Farms1,000 Acres

CT DE ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA RI VT

Northeast

IL IN IA KS MI MN MO NE ND OH SD WI

North Central

4,0002,6006,900

12,4006,1003,1009,600

39,00059,000

7006,700

150,100

79,00065,00096,00065,00053,00081,000

110,00055,00030,50080,00032,50078,000

825,000

370580

1,2702,100

570420830

7,8007,700

601,340

23,040

27,70015,50033,00047,50010,40028,80030,10046,40039,40014,90044,00016,300

354,000--continued


Number of Farms and Land in Farms,by State and Region, 1999 Crop Year (continued)

Stateand

Region

Numberof

Farms

Landin

Farms1,000 Acres

AL AR FL GA KY LA MS NC OK SC TN TX VA WV

South

AZ CA AZ ID MT NV NM OR UT WA WY

West

US 1

48,00048,50045,00050,00091,00030,00043,00058,00084,00025,00091,000

227,00050,00020,500

911,000

7,70089,00029,00024,50028,0003,000

15,50040,50015,50040,0009,200

301,900

2,188,000

9,20014,65010,40011,20013,6008,150

11,4009,300

34,0004,850

11,900130,500

8,6003,600

281,350

27,50027,80031,80011,90057,0006,800

44,70017,20011,60015,70034,600

286,600

944,9901 Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the survey.


Pest Management Practices,Percent of Acres Receiving Practice,

Barley, 1999

PracticeRegion United States

North-east

NorthCentral

South West 1998 1999

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Prevention Practices:

Tillage/etc. to manage pests Remove or plow down crop residue Clean implements after fieldwork Water management practices

Avoidance Practices:

Crop varieties genetically modified to resist insects Adjust planting/harvesting dates Rotate crops to control pests Crop varieties genetically modified to be pathogen/nematode resistant Alternate planting locations Grow trap crop to control insects

Monitoring Practices:

Scouted for pests Records kept to track pests Field mapping of weed problems Soil analysis to detect pests Pheromones to monitor pests Weather monitoring

Suppression Practices:

Crop varieties genetically modified to be herbicide resistant Scouting used to make decisions Biological pesticides Beneficial organisms Physical barriers Adjust planting methods Alternate pesticides Pheromones to disrupt mating

654918 *

*5

54

*

35396

17

15

*10 ** * * *15

402745 **

1375

41

532024 *

21

17 ** *18 *45

121112

*21

** *

7 * * * *4

** *

** *8 *10

46345711

**3268

**16 **

7128259

**20

**18 ** **116

49 **

43324914

*2271

**NANA

4718219 *16

**9

**1

171144

4331497

**2367

**24 **

6025226

**19

**16 **

1136

44 **

* Insufficient reports to publish data.** Less than 1 percentNA Not applicable, question not asked that year.


Pest Management Practices,Percent of Farms Utilizing Practice,

Barley, 1999


North-east

NorthCentral


Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms









372427 *

**3

78

**

331597

8

*9 *

** *

**11

271929 **

1067

16

361116 **

11

8 ** **

9 *26

242414

*32

* *

19 * * * *16

* * * *12 *19

45314313

*2353

**12 **

5314156

**13

**11 **

1145

38**

34253912

*1363

**NANA

329

125 *9

**7

** **106

30

3525326

*1459

*12 **

4012144

**12

**822

114

28**

* Insufficient reports to publish data.** Less than 1 percentNA Not applicable, question not asked that year.



Corn, 1999


North-east

NorthCentral


Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres









3936418

111067

**15 **

52201612 **24

3175 *165

46 **

4417349

199

80

**133

572318152

15

61851

138

44 **

53455011

82160

**20 **

441911191

17

192033

121333

50343429

71361

113 **

623920253

31

82372

269

50 *

48253713

138

77

**NANA

522316141

10

7194

**148

49 **

45223610

171177

**143

552317162

16

81952

138

44 **

* Insufficient reports to publish data.** Less than 1 percent.NA Not applicable, question not asked that year.



Corn, 1999


North-east

NorthCentral


Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms









4428414

217

59

**9

**

361096

**16

973

**124

34 **

3716276

306

73

**92

4513108

**9

12103

**95

34 **

3937388

51244

**10 **

27748

**9

1971196

17

50232718

79

56

29

**

48221114 **17

16133

**134

36 **

3722289

206

67

**NANA

371198

**7

1192

**106

36 **

3820296

257

67

**92

4212108

**10

13103

**95

32 **




Cotton, 1999


North-east

NorthCentral


Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres









* * * *

*

* * *

*

*

857044

**42

*

44 * * *18 *

11 *

**

*

* **

67536115

262038

1126

775814186522

334816598

4217

81796040

262774

19 *

1008350203738

1771 * * *1879 *

61575919

172548

3NANA

725312255315

2441145

14125714

69556116

262140

1126

785917186322

324815599

4416




Cotton, 1999


North-east

NorthCentral


Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms









* * * *

*

* * *

*

*

895654

*51

*

28 *

** *8 *

29 ** **

*

* **

61525511

321744

1146

714411176223

443713597

3917

65686136

163333

13 *

937211151817

4041 * * *1344 *

56585314

222152

3NANA

65468

245414

3436104

12115220

62535513

301844

1136

714511165822

443713697

3916




Soybeans, 1999


North-east

NorthCentral


Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres









4318405

**7

70

218

49181521 **22

5327 *3

179

53 **

4616377

**8

82

213 **

56181718 **14

4914 **

1131641 **

58405211

31354

214 **

39121111 **18

4521 **

29

1629

* * * *

*

* *

**

* *

*

*

48233911

17

78

3NANA

501814151

10

341611

131546 **

4820408

**9

76

214 **

53171617 **15

4816 **

1121639 **




Soybeans, 1999


North-east

NorthCentral


Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms









4615393

**5

62

59

42141111 **12

6114 *3

128

47 **

4014306

**5

76

29

**

48121111 **

9

619

** **101234 **

4934478

61050

310 **

33777

**13

5610 **

27

1123

* * * *

*

* * *

* *

*

*

4220318

*5

76

3NANA

42121010 **

8

48111

**111238 **

4116336

16

73

29

**

46121010 **

9

6110 ** **

91233 **




All Wheat, 1999


North-east

NorthCentral


Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres









443444 *

**1777

19

52291617

21

*24 * *135

49

4427495

**2469

**22 **

4917145

**16

**151

**177

34

4032406

**1030

**8

**

21736

**8

19

** **

54

15 **

4432609

13460

**17 **

66242312 **21

**18 **

2191141 **

43304910

**2358

**NANA

4115127

**11

112 **

1149

33 *

4330496

**2356

**17 **

4616137

**15

**141

**147

31 **




All Wheat, 1999


North-east

NorthCentral


Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms









523047 *

**7

66

10

3316109

12

*8

** *72

33

4020344

**2467

**12 **

401174

**10

**10 ** **115

23

2824293

**6

22

**7

**

13323

**5

74

** **

427

**

4228448

**2051

112 **

55171610 **16

*15 ** **176

35 **

3525338

**1853

**NANA

29965

**6

17

** **105

22 *

3623334

**1648

**10 **

31964

**9

38

** **

94

18 **




Alfalfa Hay, 1999


North-east

NorthCentral


Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres









308

334

**7

48

**3

341154

**9

**10 * *4

**19

165

103

**7

30

**3

**

24964

**8

**10 ** **

318

2011223

677

*9

308

**1

**5

*4

** ** ** **11

33102415

**1219

**4

**

37138729

**92372

19 **

238

178

18

33

1NANA

2695515

**91262

13 *

227

166

**8

28

**4

**

291075

**8

**101142

12 **




Alfalfa Hay, 1999


North-east

NorthCentral


Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms









377

343

**5

47

**5

26842

**8

**7 *

**4

**16

18492

**5

28

**2

**

23532

**5

**5

** **

315

188

174

366

*5

183

**2

**3

*2

** ** ** **

5

317

2111

**9

16

12

**

26754

**6

**5223

**11 **

216

135

16

30

1NANA

20443

**3

**611418 *

225

144

**5

27

**3

**

23643

**5

**5

** **

317

*** Insufficient reports to publish data.** Less than 1 percent.NA Not applicable, question not asked that year.



Other Hay, 1999


North-east

NorthCentral


Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres









123

11 **

210

** **

4112

**1

** **

2 **

1

10 **

5 **

**6

** **

71

** ** ** **

** ** ** **

1 **

1

13392

** **

2

** **

81

**1

**1

** ** ** **

1 **

2

276

117

35

** **

18642

**5

**3

**53

**10 **

13371

**16

*NANA

6111 *1

**1

** **

311

13282

**14

** ** **

82

**1

**1

** ** ** **

1 **

2 **




Other Hay, 1999


North-east

NorthCentral


Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms









144

111

311

**2

5222

**2

** **

2 **

2

1115

**

17

** **

8 ** ** ** ** **

** ** ** **

1 **

1

9281

** **

1

** **

3 ** ** ** ** **

** ** ** **

1 ** **

205

103

34

** **

19332

**3

*4

**11

**7

**

12362

**16

*NANA

6111 *1

**1

** **

311

11271

** **

4

** ** **

6 ** ** ** ** **

** ** ** **

1 **

2 **




Fruits and Nuts, 1999


North-east

NorthCentral


Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres









9013463

** *6

*24 *

901913163

66

233

2041 **76 *

68 *26 *

* *

*

9967 *374956

61 * *80 *9641

68245234

**1

23 *

83552351 *44

39 *2321 *61 *

74364055

**93

**58

967523434756

**533019406

7816

79393439

243

4NANA

826215412740

14217143911727

73304444

**64

**126

926522433453

**472121368

7315




Fruits and Nuts, 1999


North-east

NorthCentral


Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms









8312512

* *8

*15 *

81199

104

59

173

1134 *65 *

80 *24 *

* *

*

9244 *102141

29 * *41 *6810

509

3011

*2

3 **

4716 **16 **14

9 **

28 *34 **

68314230

**53

**42

845114253047

**361618423

6210

69352519

145

4NANA

68354

161622

122108

265

494

64203720

**43

152

72369

191736

**248

11294

536




Vegetables, 1999


North-east

NorthCentral


Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres









79625147

**3586

33 **

915825441051

*651914441076 *

31273824

*1984

31 *

776023171929

338

**151851 *

57445334

**1362

**274

733010343

32

331814191656 *

70725147

*3779

1034 *

856833408

41

**371115131660 *

74574847

32378

5NANA

805424381634

237199

3426722

61564940

42877

5322

815625359

38

**4013121916602




Vegetables, 1999


North-east

NorthCentral


Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms









49433113

**2867

21 *

4721492

31

*25121

271940 **

1822156

*6

83

39 *

58174447

1732 *173

22 **

37313516

**1240

*123

3676

142

18

115388

32 *

71493732

**3757

136 *

71399

291116

*128

18271129 *

54483022

31564

5NANA

522313124

14

217114

3317412

39342815

101862

**275

52196

134

16

215165

189

302




All Other Crops and Cropland Pasture, 1999


North-east

NorthCentral


Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres

Percent ofAcres









33233312

**3

40

11

382199 *20

**1910 *258

25

3923427

**1567

24 **

5121128

**17

22141

181237 **

46384420

**1240

211 **

38158

131

17

**201286

25 **

40243314

**1142

**131

472617182

19

**1846

117

38 **

45314115

11251

1NANA

431710122

14

11922

129

34 **

43314215

**1248

**15 **

431811121

18

12022

128

30 **




All Other Crops and Cropland Pasture, 1999


North-east

NorthCentral


Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms

Percent ofFarms









31133214

*1

27

3

30712

**10

*8

13 *244

23

2612208

**8

39

10 **

30943

**7

17

** **106

16 **

3633357

**8

25

39

**

24536

**8

462196

15 **

33142110

28

26

191

34159

103

12

383585

212

3321239

16

36

1NANA

2674616

1721

108

18 **

3324308

27

29

29

**

27745

**8

3622

106

16 **



Survey Procedures: The estimates in this report are based on the Fall Agricultural Survey conducted in December1999. This probability survey used an area frame design with asample of 6,930 segments or parcels of land. Each segmentaverages approximately one square mile in size. Enumeratorsconducting the area survey contact all farmers having operationswithin the sampled segments and collect a variety of information,including pest management practices for their entire operation. Estimates are then calculated, using the selection probability ofeach segment.

Estimation Procedures: For each crop/pest management practice combination, two ratios are calculated:percent of farms and percent of acres covered by that practice. If a farm operator used a given practice on a specific crop, allacres planted to that crop were considered to have been “treated”with the given pest management practice.

These data will not be revised even if there are subsequentrevisions to acreage for a given crop.

Reliability : The probability nature of the survey provides estimates that are statistically representative ofpest management practices on the targeted crops. Reliability ofsurvey results is affected by sampling variability and non-sampling errors. The sampling variability, expressed as apercentage of the estimate, is referred to as the coefficient ofvariation (cv).

Sampling variability of the estimates differs considerably bycrop/pest management practice combination. Some practices areseldom used on certain crops. In general, the more common the pestmanagement practice, the smaller the sampling variability. Forcommonly used pest management practices, cv’s will range from 1-15percent at the U.S. level and 5-40 percent at the Regional level.

Non-sampling errors occur during a survey process, and unlikesampling variability, are difficult to measure. They may becaused by interviewers failing to follow instructions, poorlyworded questions, non-response, problematic survey procedures, ordata handling mistakes between collection and publication. Inthis survey, all survey procedures and analyses were carried outin a consistent and orderly manner to minimize the occurrence ofthese types of errors.


Terms and Definitions

Agricultural chemicals : Active ingredients in fertilizers and pesticides.

Allelopathic: The release of chemical compounds from a plant that will inhibit the growth of another plant, such as weeds.

Beneficial Insects: Insects collected and introduced into locations because of their value in biologic control as preyon harmful insects and parasites.

Chemigation: Application of an agricultural chemical by injecting it into irrigation water.

Crop year: The period immediately following harvest for the previous crop through harvest of the current crop.

Cultivars: A horticulturally or agriculturally derived variety of a plant, as distinguished from a natural variety.

Farm: Any establishment from which $1,000 or more of agricultural products were sold or would normally be sold during the year. Government payments are included in sales. Places with all acreageenrolled in set aside or other government programs are consideredoperating.

Fungi: A lower form of parasitic plant life which often reduces crop production and/or lowers the grade quality of its host.

Land in Farms: All land operated as part of a farming operation during the year. It includes crop and livestock acreage,wasteland, woodland, pasture, land in summer fallow, idle cropland, andland enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program and other set aside orcommodity acreage programs. It excludes public, industrial, and grazingassociation land and nonagricultural land. It excludes all landoperated by establishments not qualifying as farms.

Nematodes: Microscopic, worm-shaped parasitic animals. Damage to many crops can be severe.

Pesticides: As defined by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), includes any substance or mixtureof substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or miti-gating any pest, and any substance or mixture of substances intended foruse as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant.

Pheromone: A chemical substance produced by an insect which serves as a stimulus to other individuals of the same species for oneor more behavioral responses.


SECTION K - PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

1. [ ENUMERATOR ACTION. ]

[ Were any crops planted or harvested, hay cut, or cropland pasture reported on total acres operated? ]

YES - [Continue.] NO - [Enter 3 in Code Box 463, and go to Section L.]

000Completion Code for

Section K Only1- Incomplete 4633- Valid Zero

COLUMNSIN TABLE

440

CROP CODES FOR ITEM 3

191 - Corn 26 - Soybeans 8 - Cotton 34 - Wheat

190 - Barley 1 - Alfalfa Hay 11 - Other Hay225 - Wild Hay

142 - All Vegetables312 - All Fruits & Nuts401 - All Other crops & Cropland Pasture

2. [List all crops grownduring the 1999 cropyear.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

COLUMN NUMBER

401 402 403 404 405

Crop

3. [Enter crop code for each crop.]Crop

Code441 441 441 441 441

Now I have some questions about pest management practices you may have used on this operation for any crops grownduring 1999. By pests, we mean weeds, insects and diseases. Were any of the following practices used on youroperation by you or anyone else?

4. Did you use any crop varieties that were genetically modified to be resistant to:

4a. specific herbicides (Roundup-Ready,Liberty-Link, Poast-Protected corn, STS soybean, IT-corn)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

If YES, how many acres:443 443 443 443 443

• • • • •

4b. insects (Bt., etc.)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

444 444 444 444 444

• • • • •

4c. plant pathogens or nematodes causingplant diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

445 445 445 445 445

• • • • •

5. Was this crop scouted for pests(weeds, insects or disease) using asystematic method? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

If YES, enter Code=1 for each crop446 446 446 446 446

6. Were electronic or written records keptto track the activity or numbers ofdifferent pests?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

447 447 447 447 447

7. Did you use scouting data and compare

it to university or extension guidelines

for infestation thresholds to determinewhen to take measures to control pests?

448 448 448 448 448

8. Did you use field mapping of previousweed problems to assist you in makingweed management decisions?. . . . . . . .

449 449 449 449 449

9. Did you use soil analysis to detect thepresence of soilborne pests orpathogens? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

450 450 450 450 450

10. Did you use beneficial organisms(insects, nematodes or fungi) tocontrol pests?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

453 453 453 453 453


SECTION K - PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (continued)COLUMN NUMBER

401 402 403 404 405

Crop

11. Did you use pheromones to monitorpests by trapping?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

If YES, enter Code=1 for each crop481 481 481 481 481

12. Did you use pheromones to controlpests by disrupting mating?. . . . . . . . .

482 482 482 482 482

13. Did you use topically applied biologicalpesticides such as Bt (BacillusThuringienses), insect growthregulators, neem or other naturalproducts to control pests?. . . . . . . . . . .

452 452 452 452 452

14. Did you use water management practices, such as controlled drainageor irrigation scheduling, excludingchemigation, to control pests?. . . . . . . .

458 458 458 458 458

15. Did you remove or plow down cropresidues to control pests?. . . . . . . . . . .

456 456 456 456 456

16. Did you use practices such as tilling,mowing, burning, or chopping of fieldedges, lanes, ditches, roadways orfence lines to manage pests?. . . . . . . . .

455 455 455 455 455

17. Did you clean tillage or harvestingimplements after completing field work for the purpose of reducing thespread of weeds, diseases or otherpests? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

457 457 457 457 457

18. Did you adjust planting or harvestingdates to control pests?. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

460 460 460 460 460

19. Did you choose planting locations toavoid cross infestation of insects ordisease? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

464 464 464 464 464

20. Did you rotate crops for the purpose ofcontrolling pests?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

462 462 462 462 462

21. Did you use weather monitoring topredict the need for pesticideapplication? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

480 480 480 480 480

22. Did you alternate pesticides to keeppests from becoming resistant topesticides (use pesticides withdifferent mechanisms of action)?. . . . .

461 461 461 461 461

23. Did you adjust row spacing, plantdensity or row direction to controlpests? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

459 459 459 459 459

24. Did you maintain ground covers,mulches or physical barriers to reducepest problems? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

454 454 454 454 454

25. Did you grow a trap crop to helpcontrol insects? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

463 463 463 463 463

26. [Column completioncode]

1- Incomplete3- Valid Zero

401 402 403 404 405

442 442 442 442 442


Index

Page

Estimation Procedure s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Number of Farms and Land in Farms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Pest Management Practices Barley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Soybeans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 All Whea t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Alfalfa Ha y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Other Ha y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Fruits and Nut s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 All Other Crops and Cropland Pasture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Planted and Harvested Acres for Selected Crops . . . . . . . . . . 8

Reliabilit y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Report Feature s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Survey Instrumen t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Survey Procedure s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Terms and Definition s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33


Released April 4, 2000, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural StatisticsBoard, U.S. Department of Agriculture. For information on "Pest Management Practices 1999 Summary"call 202-690-1052, office hours 7:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. ET.

Report Features

Listed below are persons within the National Agricultural Statistics Service to contact for additionalinformation.

Ken A. Eriksen, Environmental Statistician (202) 690-1052

Norman W. Bennett, Head, Environmental and Demographics Section (202) 720-0684

Linda J. Hutton, Chief, Economic, Environmental and Demographics Branch (202) 720-5084

The next "Pest Management Practices Summary" report will be released April, 2001.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs on thebasis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, andmarital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities whorequire alternative means for communication of program information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.)should contact the USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, WhittenBuilding, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C., 20250-9410, or call 202-720-5964 (voiceor TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

ACCESS TO REPORTS!!

For your convenience, there are several ways to obtain NASS reports, data products, and services:

INTERNET ACCESS

All NASS reports are available free of charge on the worldwide Internet. For access, connect to the Internetand go to the NASS Home Page at: http://www.usda.gov/nass/. Select “Today’s Reports” or Publicationsand then Reports by Calendar or Publications and then Search, by Title or Subjetc.

E-MAIL SUBSCRIPTION

There are two options for subscribing via e-mail. All NASS reports are available by subscription free ofcharge direct to your e-mail address. 1) Starting with the NASS Home Page at http://www.usda.gov/nass/,click on Publications, then click on the Subscribe by E-mail button which takes you to the page describinge-mail delivery of reports. Finally, click on Go to the Subscription Page and follow the instructions. 2) Ifyou do NOT have Internet access, send an e-mail message to: [email protected]. In the body of the message type the word: list.

AUTOFAX ACCESS

NASSFax service is available for some reports from your fax machine. Please call 202-720-2000, using thehandset attached to your fax. Respond to the voice prompts. Document 0411 is a list of available reports.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - PRINTED REPORTS OR DATA PRODUCTS

CALL OUR TOLL-FREE ORDER DESK: 800-999-6779 (U.S. and Canada)Other areas, please call 703-834-0125 FAX: 703-834-0110

(Visa, MasterCard, check, or money order acceptable for payment.) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

ASSISTANCE

For assistance with general agricultural statistics or further information about NASS or its products orservices, contact the Agricultural Statistics Hotline at 800-727-9540, 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET, or e-mail:[email protected].

pest management practices - cornell university · 4/4/2000 · targeted during the survey such as...

Documents