pesticide formulations and adjuvants montana state university pesticide safety education program

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Pesticide Formulations Pesticide Formulations and Adjuvants and Adjuvants Montana State University Montana State University Pesticide Safety Education Program Pesticide Safety Education Program

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Pesticide Formulations and Pesticide Formulations and AdjuvantsAdjuvants

Montana State UniversityMontana State University

Pesticide Safety Education ProgramPesticide Safety Education Program

What is a formulation?What is a formulation?

How a pesticide is packaged.

Contains:– Active Ingredient– Inert Ingredient

Active IngredientsActive Ingredients

Has the pesticide effect

Its on the label

Properties of the a.i. influences the type of

formulation

Inert IngredientsInert Ingredients

“Inactive”

ingredients mixed with a.i. To make

formulation easier to handle or store.

Toxic or non-toxic

Types of FormulationsTypes of Formulations

Wet– More easily absorbed

Dry– More easily inhaled

Liquid Formulations (Wet)Liquid Formulations (Wet)

EC – emulsifiable concentrate

S – soluble

SolubleSoluble

Advantage:– ☺ Will not separate or settle out when

mixed with water.– ☺ Not as harmful to non-target plants

and animals

Disadvantage:– Not many disadvantages.– Readily absorbs into skin

Emulsified ConcentratesEmulsified Concentrates

ADVANTAGES– ☺ Little agitation required. Won’t settle out when equipment

is turned off.– ☺ Relatively non-abrasive.– ☺ Easy to handle, store and transport

DISADVANTAGES– Because of the solvents and emulsifiers, EC’s are a hazardto non-target plants and animals.– Easily absorbed through skin of plants and humans.– Solvents may cause rubber or plastic hoses & gaskets todeteriorate.

Dry FormulationsDry Formulations

WP – Wettable powder

F or DF – Dry Flowable

WDG – Water Dispersible Granule

D -Dust

P or G – Pellets or Granules

M or ME – Micro-Encapsulated

Wettable PowdersWettable Powders

ADVANTAGES– ☺ Easy to store & transport. Smaller packaging. Won’tfreeze.– ☺ Less inert ingredients in formulation.– ☺ Lower toxicity to plants than liquid formulations.– The inert ingredients, clay or talc, are generally harmless to

plantsDISADVANTAGES– Inhalation hazard when pouring and mixing. It’s dry!– Needs vigorous & constant agitation in the spray tank.– Abrasive to many pumps and nozzles.

FlowableFlowable

ADVANTAGES

☺ Easy to handle and apply

☺ Seldom clogs nozzles. Finer ground carrier.

DISADVANTAGES

May leave visible residue.

Requires agitation

Effects of Different FormulationsEffects of Different FormulationsFormulations Hazards Phytox Equipment Agitate Compactable

M or ME Dermal Safe ok Yes FairG or P Inhale Safe NA NA NAD Inhale Safe NA NA NAS Dermal Safe Non-abrasive No FairF or FL Dermal Maybe abrasive Yes FairEC Dermal Maybe Seals, gaskets No FairWP Inhale Safe abrasive Yes High

Interaction problems with Interaction problems with combining Formulationscombining Formulations

Additive effects

Synergistic responses

Antagonism

Enhancement

AdjuvantsAdjuvants

Additives that are added to a spray solution in order to enhance or modify the performance of the spray mixture. #1 - Surfactants/wetting agents#2 - Oils#3 - Fertilizers#4 – Utility

Anti-foaming agentsCompatibility agents Drift control agents Emulsification aidsSuspension aids

#1 – Surfactants / Oils#1 – Surfactants / Oils

A broad category of adjuvants that facilitate and enhance the absorbing, emulsifying, dispersing, spreading, sticking, wetting and penetrating properties of pesticides. Some pesticides like Roundup Pro already have surfactants added. (14.5 %)

Why SurfactantsWhy Surfactants

Because of the high surface tension of water, spray mixture droplets maintain their roundness and can sit on the leaf hairs or leaf surface without much of the mixture actually contacting the leaf.

Surfactants reduce angle and promote more absorption

Tips continuedTips continued

Costs– Generally, non-ionic surfactants and crop oil

concentrates are the least expensive– Nitrogen surfactants, esterified crop oils,

organosilicones (most expensive)

What conditions follow an application?– Max rainfastness: esterified seed oils, organo-

silicones, nitrogen surfactants– Not all surfactants have the same amount of

rainfastness

What formulation is this?What formulation is this?

FLOWABLEFLOWABLE

DERMAL ABSORPTIONDERMAL ABSORPTION

Examples:Bravo 720 F fungicideFuradan 4 F insecticide

Question #2Question #2What formulation is this?What formulation is this?

Powdered Hand SoapPowdered Hand Soap

Wettable PowderWettable Powder

Easily InhaledEasily Inhaled

Examples:Sevin 50 W insecticideKerb 50 W herbicideSniper 50 W insecticide

READ THE LABELREAD THE LABEL

This will give you an idea of what type of This will give you an idea of what type of adjuvant if any should be used.adjuvant if any should be used.

QuestionsQuestions

What is this?What is this?

Union Carbide Pesticide Manufacturing PlantUnion Carbide Pesticide Manufacturing PlantDecember 3December 3rdrd, 1984, 19848,000 initial dead8,000 initial dead15,000 more within 10 years15,000 more within 10 years500,000 suffer injuries500,000 suffer injurieswater wells near the site show overall chemical water wells near the site show overall chemical contamination to be 500 times higher than the contamination to be 500 times higher than the maximum limits recommended by the World maximum limits recommended by the World Health Organization. Health Organization. cancer, genetic defects (birth defects), and liver cancer, genetic defects (birth defects), and liver and kidney damage. and kidney damage.

Bhopal, India DisasterBhopal, India Disaster

Any Problems?Any Problems?

How does this relate to youHow does this relate to you

We drink well waterWe drink well water– 50% of Montana Citizens drink well water50% of Montana Citizens drink well water– 95% of those living in agricultural 95% of those living in agricultural

communitiescommunities

Restricted Use Applicators of Major Restricted Use Applicators of Major Concern in Montana Ag. AreasConcern in Montana Ag. Areas– You are the greatest risk factor for your own You are the greatest risk factor for your own

healthhealth

Spill – What do we do?Spill – What do we do?

Stepped ConcernsStepped Concerns– SafetySafety– ControlControl– ContainmentContainment– ReportingReporting– CleanupCleanup

Have On HandHave On Hand– AbsorbentAbsorbent– ShovelShovel– BagsBags– Emergency ContactsEmergency Contacts

How do we reduce risk?How do we reduce risk?

#1 – Mixing & Loading Locations#1 – Mixing & Loading Locations

#2 - Filling Tanks#2 - Filling Tanks

#3 – Read Label#3 – Read Label

Mixing/Loading SitesMixing/Loading Sites

Back SiphonageBack Siphonage

Read LabelRead Label

Proper Mixing and StorageProper Mixing and Storage

What factors are at play in What factors are at play in groundwater contamination?groundwater contamination?

#1 – Pesticide Factors#1 – Pesticide Factors-Persistence-Persistence-Mobility-Mobility-Rate-Rate

#2 – Soil Factors#2 – Soil Factors-Texture/OM/Cracked Soil-Texture/OM/Cracked Soil

#3 – Site Conditions#3 – Site Conditions-Weather-Weather-Shallow Groundwater-Shallow Groundwater

RATE and InfiltrationRATE and Infiltration

Infiltration and TextureInfiltration and Texture

Types of Soil Texture & Types of Soil Texture & PermeabilityPermeability

Texture PermeabilitySand, Loamy Sand Very Rapid and RapidSandy Loam Moderately RapidLoam, Silt Loam ModerateSandy Clay Loam Moderately SlowClay Loam, Silty Clay Loam Moderately SlowSandy Clay Moderately SlowSilty Clay, Clay Slow and Very Slow

Adsorption to Organic MatterAdsorption to Organic Matter

Leaching PotentialLeaching Potential

HerbicideSolubility

(ppm)Half-life(days)

Koc(ml/g)

LeachingPotential

2,4-D acid 890 10 80 medium

clopyralid 1,000 <30 6 high

dicamba 6,500 20 8 high

glyphosate 90,000 50 24,000 very low

metsulfuron* 6,000 30 40 low

picloram 430 30-200 16 high

Runoff RiskRunoff Risk

Herbicide LeachabilityRunoff

Potential2,4-D amine medium medium

clopyralid high low

dicamba high low

glyphosate very low high

metsulfuron low medium

picloram high low

Detected in Montana?Detected in Montana?

Herbicide LeachabilityRunoff

PotentialDetectedIn Water

2,4-D amine medium medium yes

clopyralid high low

dicamba high low yes

glyphosate very low high

metsulfuron low medium

picloram high low yes

PicloramPicloram

What are variables areWhat are variables are

Site Best Case Worst CaseType valley bottom road by streamRate (lbs/ac) 0.25 1.0Soil Texture loam sandy loamSand 33% 61%C Horizon 32-59 in. 8-20 inOrganic Matter 2-4% 0.8-2%Groundwater 30 ft. 3-9 ft.Surface Water 1/3 mile 3 to 110 ft.Slope <1% 4.5 - 15%

Check your ratesCheck your rates

Case Study – Tordon 1pt/ACase Study – Tordon 1pt/A

Case Study – Tordon 2qt/ACase Study – Tordon 2qt/A

Fish at risk as well!Fish at risk as well!

Some chemicals are labeled for Some chemicals are labeled for use on Riparian areasuse on Riparian areas

2.4-D Aquatic2.4-D Aquatic

RodeoRodeo

BanvelBanvel

Escort, TellarEscort, Tellar

KreniteKrenite

PlateauPlateau

RoundupRoundup

Don’t be complacentDon’t be complacent

Can happen to anyone in many situations

Bhopal RECAPBhopal RECAP

Groundwater contamination has many Groundwater contamination has many affects varying on contaminant involvedaffects varying on contaminant involved– Elderly, and children at most riskElderly, and children at most risk

Contact InformationContact Information

MSU Pesticide Safety Education ProgramMSU Pesticide Safety Education Program

www.pesticides.montana.edu