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Peter Ladefoged

Vowels and Consonants

1. Sounds and languages -The IPA chart sounds

2. Pitch and loudness

3. Vowel contrasts

4. The sounds of vowels

6. The sounds of consonants

7. Acoustic components of speech

8. Talking computers

11. Making English vowels

12. Actions of the larynx

13. Consonants around the world

14. Vowels around the world

15. Putting vowels and consonants together

The sounds of A Course in Phonetics

An introduction to the sounds of languages

http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/contents.html [23/11/2001 08:37:18]

http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter1/chapter1.html

return to Contents Page

Chapter 2

2.Tones.

2.1. The tones of Standard Chinese.

2.2. The tones of Cantonese.

2.2 English intonation. Clickon each sentence to hear it.

2.3. I'm going away said as a normal unemphaticstatement.

2.4. Where are you going? said as a normalunemphatic question.

2.5. Are you going home? again said as a regularquestion.

2.6. Where are you going? said with a risingpitch.

2.7. Are you going away? said with some alarm.

2.8. When danger threatens your children, call thepolice.

2.9. When danger threatens, your children call thepolice.

2.10. Jenny gave Peter instructions to follow.

2.11. Jenny gave Peter instructions to follow.

2.12. An utterance in which there are no words,

Chapter 2

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but in which the speaker sounds contented.

2.13 An utterance in which there are no words,but in which the speaker sounds upset or angry.

Video of the vocal folds

Photographsof the vocal folds producing a sound at three different pitches

Chapter 2


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return to ContentsPage

return to Chapter2 index

The tones of Standard Chinese

To hear the sounds pressPlay

http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/chapter2/chinese/recording2.1.html [23/11/2001 08:37:20]

http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/chapter2/chinese/recording2.1.aiff



The tones of Cantonese

To hear the sounds pressPlay

http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/Vow...dConsonants/vowels/chapter2/cantonese/recording2.2.html [23/11/2001 08:37:21]

http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/chapter2/cantonese/recording2.2.aiff



The vibrating vocal folds

(compare figure2.14 and 2.15)

Untitled Document

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Photographsof the vocal folds producing a sound at three different pitches

(compare figure2.16)

120 Hz 160 Hz 200Hz

Untitled Document

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Chapter 3

3.1-4 The vowels of Spanish,Hawaiian, Swahili and Japanese

3.5 The vowels of American English

3.6 The vowels of BBC English

chapter 4

http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/chapter3/chapter3.html [23/11/2001 08:37:34]


return to Chapter 3index

To hear the Spanish vowels click here

To hear the Hawaiian vowels click here

To hear the Swahili vowels click here

To hear the Japanese vowels click here

Untitled Document

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return to Chapter 3 index

Click to hear General American English vowels

Recording 4

http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/chapter3/amengvowels.html [23/11/2001 08:37:36]

http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/chapter3/american.aiff


return to Chapter3index

Click to hear BBC English Vowels

english vowels

http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/chapter3/bbcenglish.html [23/11/2001 08:37:37]

http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/chapter3/english.aiff


Chapter 4

The words heed, hid,head, had, hod, hawed whispered.

The words had, head,hid, heed spoken in a creaky voice.

Untitled Document


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Chapter 6Click on a column to hear thewords in that column

Untitled Document

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Chapter 7

The component sounds that buildup the phrase the "A bird in the hand is worthtwo in thebush".

Recording 7.1 is the phrase as a whole.

Click on each of the recordingsto hear the separate components.

7.1 A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

7.2 Frequency and amplitudeof first formant

7.3 Frequency and amplitudeof second formant

7.4 Frequency and amplitudeof third formant

7.5 Frequency and amplitudeof all three formants

7.6 Frequency and amplitudeof all three formants and addedresonances

7.7 Frequency and amplitudeof fricative and burst noises

7.8 Three formants, added resonances and fricative noises

7.9 Three formants, added resonances, fricative noises andpitch changes

a bird in the hand

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Chapter 8

The words leaf and feel,played forwards.

The same words played in reversebackwards.

Concatenativespeech synthesis.

There are three different examples of speech synthesisbelow.

Natural sounding synthesis of the first four sentences of thisbook by the Fonix Acuvoice system.

1 Once upon a time, the most important animalsounds were those made by predators andprey, or by sexual partners.

2 As mammals evolved and signaling systemsbecame more elaborate, new possibilitiesemerged.

3 Nowadays undoubtedly the most importantsounds for us are those of language.

4 Nobody knows how vocal cries aboutenemies, food and sex turned into language.

chapter 9


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The first five sentences of this book as readby the Lernoutand Hauspie Real Speak system. (This system isnotmentioned in the text of the book, as it was notavailablewhen the book went to press. It uses many moreexamples of eachstored diphone than the Fonix Acuvoicesystem.)

1 Once upon a time, the most important animalsounds were those made by predators andprey, or by sexual partners.

2 As mammals evolved and signaling systemsbecame more elaborate, new possibilitiesemerged.

3 Nowadays undoubtedly the most importantsounds for us are those of language.

4 Nobody knows how vocal cries aboutenemies, food and sex turned into language.

5

But we can say something about the way thesounds of languages evolved, and why somesounds occur more frequently than others inthe world's languages.

This passage was also synthesized by the SPRUCE('SpokenResponse from UnConstrained English') system byMarkTatham and Katherine Morton of the University of

chapter 9


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Essex and EricLewis of Bristol University. SPRUCE usesconcatenated syllableswhenever it can find them in its database, and pays special attentionto the rhythm and intonation.

play SPRUCE synthesis of the sentences

chapter 9


http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/chapter8/spruce.aiff


Chapter 11

Tongue video

Jaw video

Larynx video

chapter12




Tongue video

Click on the left sideof the slider bar below the picture to see movement

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Jaw video


Untitled Document

http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/chapter11/movie.html [23/11/2001 08:37:53]



Larynx video


Untitled Document

http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/chapter11/larynx.html [23/11/2001 08:37:54]


Chapter 12

Some voiced-voiceless pairs in Burmese

A comparison of English [b,p] and Spanish [b,p]

Thai stops

Hawaiian consonants

Breathy voice

Hindi stops

Breathy voiced vowels in Gujarati

Creaky voice

Jalapa Mazatec vowels

Voice qualities and tones in Mpi

Quechua stops

Sindhi stops

Owerri Igbo

chapter 13




Voiced and voiceless nasals in Burmese

burmese

http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/chapter12/burmese.html [23/11/2001 08:37:55]



A comparison of English and Spanish /b/ and /p/

Untitled Document

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Thai stops

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Click on 'Hawaiianconsonants' to hear the sounds

Untitled Document

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The vocal folds atone moment in the cycle when producingbreathy voice

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Hindi Stops

hindi

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Gujarati breathy sounds

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The vocal folds at one moment in the cycle when producingcreaky voice

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Voice qualities and tones in Mazatec

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Voice qualities and tones in Mpi

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Some contrasting stops in Quechua

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The stops of Sindhi

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Some contrasting stops in Owerri Igbo

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Chapter 13

Ewe fricatives

Nunngubuyu dental and alveolar stops

Hungarian palatals

Malayalam nasals

Aleut stops

Kele and Titan bilabial and alveolar trills

Southern Swedish uvular trills

Polish sibilants

Toda sibilants

Melpa laterals

Zulu laterals

Nama clicks

X-ray of a Click

Chapter 14



return to chapter13 index

Some contrasting fricatives in Ewe

Untitled Document

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Dental and alveolarstops in Nunggubuyu

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Palatals in Hungarian

Untitled Document

http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/chapter13/hungarian.html [23/11/2001 08:38:14]



Contrasting nasals in Malayalam

Untitled Document

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Dental, velar and uvular stops in Aleut

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Bilabial and alveolar trills in Kele and Titan.

kele

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Southern Swedish

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Polish sibilant fricatives

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Toda Sibilants

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Melpa laterals

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Zulu laterals

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Clicks in Nama

(All these words have a high tone)

Nama

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X-ray of a Click

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Chapter 14

French vowels

Swedish vowels

German vowels

Scottish Gaelic long vowels

French oral and nasal vowels

!X vowels

Video of nasalized vowels

Untitled Document




French oral vowels

French

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Swedish Vowels

swedish

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German vowels

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Scottish Gaelic Long Vowels

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French oral and nasal vowels

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!X vowels

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video of French nasalizedvowels

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Chapter 15

She sells seashells on the seashore and the seashells that shesells are seashells I'm sure.

Perception experiment 1



Oro Win

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Perception experiment1

Click on the sentence belowto hear it:

They thought it was Jane who could be brave and in theteam.

When you hear this sentenceagain there will be an "s" fromanother sentencesuperimposed on it. Your task is to say onwhich word or betweenwhich words this superimposedspeech sound occurs.

Click on the sentence belowto hear it with the superimposed"s".

Listen to this sentence onlyonce before saying where the "s"occurs.

They thought it was Jane who could be brave and in theteam.

Answer

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Perception experiment2

Click on each of the two sounds below to hear them.

Sound(1)

Sound(2)

Now listen to two complex sounds,each containing both ofthese sounds. Your task is to say whether Sound (1) comes atthe beginning or the end of Test 1 & Test2.You may listen to each Test twice.

Test 1

Test 2

In this part of the test you will hear pairs of sounds. Yourtask is to decide whether the members of the pair are thesame or different. If you don't know just guess. You may bedoing better than you expect.

Pair 1 Pair 2

Pair 3 Pair 4

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Pair 5

Answers

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In this experiment the pairs of sounds you heard in previousexperiment come in the middleof the sound of a telephone dialing.

Listen to these telephone noises by themselves.

In the five sets of soundsbelow these telephone noises are alwayspresent. You must disregard them, and consider only the sounds thatare the same as those you heard in the previous experiments.Superimposed on each setof telephone noises there is a pair of soundsof the type thatyou heard previously. Your task is to say whether themembersof the pairs are the same or different. If you don't knowwhether the members of the pair are the same or different, just guess.[Hint:Most people guess.]

Pair 1Remember. Just listen for the pairs of sounds that were in the previousexperiment

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Pair 2

Pair 3

Pair 4

Pair 5

Answers

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Click on 'Man' or 'Woman'to hear these speakers

Half speedrecording man

Half speedrecording woman

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ucla.eduContents2 Pitch and LoudnessStandard Chinese tonesCantonese tonesVibrating vocal foldsVocal folds at different pitches3 Vowel contrastsSpanish, Hawaiian, Swahili, Japanese vowelsAmerican English vowelsBBC english vowelsWhisper and creakEnglish consonantsa bird in the hand8 Talking computers11 Making English vowelsTongue videoJaw videoLarynx video12 Actions of the larynxburmese nasalsp vs. b in English and SpanishThai stopsHawaiian consonantsVocal folds in breathy voicehindi stopsGujarati breathy soundsVocal folds in creaky voiceMazatec voice qualityMpi voice quality and toneQuechua stopsSindhi stopsIgbo stops13 Consonants around the worldEwe labial fricativesNunggubuyu stopsHungarian palatalsMalayalam nasalsAleut stopskele trillsSwedish rPolish sibilantsToda sibilantsMelpa lateralsZulu lateralsNama clicksxray of a clickVowels around the worldFrench vowelsswedish vowelsGerman vowelsScottish Gaelic vowelsFrench oral and nasal vowels!Xoo voice qualityVideo of French nasal vowels15 Putting vowels and consonants togetherPerception exp. 1Perception exp. 2Perception exp. 3Oro Win

peter ladefoged vowels and consonants - lmu münchenhoole/kurse/artikul/sowl/vc_contents.… ·...

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