Peter Wilcock Geography and Environmental EngineeringNational Center for Earth-surface Dynamics

Johns Hopkins University

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN STREAM RESTORATION

19 September 2012

Sediment transport is complicated, predictions are highly uncertain.But with a few basic concepts, and some tools for incorporating uncertainty …

We will propose coherent strategies for incorporating sediment transport and its uncertainty in stream restoration

Classic concepts from fluvial geomorphology dominate steam channel designWe will evaluate these concepts and their utility and …suggest their appropriate role in stream design

Two broad channel types were defined by drainage engineers a century ago: threshold and alluvial channels. We will update these definitions and …add another!

Lane/Borland Balance (USBR 1955-1960)

Sediment Supply Transport Capacity

Sediment supply > Transport capacity Sediment supply < Transport capacity

Does the sediment balance matter in this stream?

It has super capacity with respect to supply, but it is also unable to entrain sediment from the bed.

• Flow competence Will a flow move the grains on the bed?

• Transport Capacity. At what rate can the flow transport sediment?

(hint: think of the sediment supplied, not what is in the bed!)

There are two basic transport problems

These are different problems!!!

Define Qc the water discharge at which grains on the bed begin to move

Q Qc does not mean that the sediment supplied can be transported!

Q < Qc does not mean there will be no transport!

Competence v. CapacityFlow Competence

Can a flow entrain the grains on the bed?

Applied to the channel bed

Leads to a threshold channel

Transport Capacity

At what rate can a flow transport sediment?

Compare to sediment supply

Leads to a mobile channel

Will a channel accumulate or evacuate sediment ?

How much sediment do we need to add to restore streams below dams?

Can we mine sediment from a stream w/o causing downstream problems?

How will a sediment slug move through a channel? How far downstream will changes occur? How long will it take?

Will channel bed and banks remain stable (static) at a design flow?

Will a channel will need ‘repair’ in the next 25 yrs?

What flow will mobilize the bed surface, in order to flush fines from subsurface?

Will the frequency of bed disturbance change with alterations to the flood regime? climate, land use, reservoir operation, fire)

2 / 3

5 / 3

15 / 3 1

*

15 / 3 1*

7 / 6

/

so

or

( 1) so

( 1)

b

b

b

c c

bc c

Q BhU

B aQ

h gS

SU h

n

SQ aQ

gS n

a SQ

n gS

s gD

aQ s D

nS

Transport model for a threshold channel is based on a definition of incipient sediment motion

Uncertainty Exercise

For a simple, wide, prismatic channel, find critical discharge Qc for incipient motion

*

Your transport model:

0.045( 1)

cc s gD

hydraulic geometry

momentum

Manning’s eqn.

continuity

04/18/23 8

What if you are not too sure about some of the values needed to determine Qc?

Like n, D, and *c –what do you do?

2 / 3

5 / 3

15 / 3 1

*

15 / 3 1*

7 / 6

/

so

or

( 1) so

( 1)

b

b

b

c c

bc c

Q BhU

B aQ

h gS

SU h

n

SQ aQ

gS n

a SQ

n gS

s gD

aQ s D

nS

04/18/23 9

Suppose your best estimate of Manning’s n is 0.035and that you are pretty sure that the real value falls between 0.03 and 0.04.

We could approximate your assessment of thevalue of n with a normal distribution with mean = 0.035 & standard deviation = 0.0025.

95% of this distribution falls between 0.03 and 0.04,as can be seen in the cumulative frequency plot, sowe are saying that the real value of n is 95% likely to fall between 0.03 and 0.04 and that it is more likely to be around the center of the distribution (0.035) than in the tails. We use this distribution to pick values of n in our Monte Carlo simulation.

How does that work? We use a random number generator to pick a number between 0 and 1 and then use this number to find a value of n for the cumulative frequency distribution. For example,for 0.88, n = 0.0379for 0.23, n = 0.0332

n n 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Fre

quency

Manning's n

2 n

0.035

0.0025n

n

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Cum

ula

tive F

requen

cy

2 n

Manning's n

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Cum

ula

tive F

requ

ency

Manning's n04/18/23 10

The Monte Carlo simulation

1. Pick values of n, , and D from specified frequency distributions.

2. Calculate critical discharge and transport rate.

3. Repeat 1000 times.

4. Distribution of calculated values givesestimate of the effect of input uncertaintyon calculated critical discharge and transport rate.

*c

2 / 3

5 / 3

15 / 3 1

*

15 / 3 1*

7 / 6

/

so

or

( 1) so

( 1)

b

b

b

c c

bc c

Q BhU

B aQ

h gS

SU h

n

SQ aQ

gS n

a SQ

n gS

s gD

aQ s D

nS

0

100

200

300

400

0.02

0

0.02

4

0.02

8

0.03

2

0.03

6

0.04

0

0.04

4

0.04

8

Manning's n(a)

0

50

100

150

200

0.03

0

0.03

4

0.03

8

0.04

2

0.04

6

0.05

0

0.05

4

0.05

8

*c(b)

0

50

100

150

200

250

14 20 26 32 38 44 50 56

Grain Size D(mm)(c)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21

Critical Discharge Qc (m 3̂/s)(d)

Manning's n

n

Manning's n

D

Manning's n

*c

1.

2.

4.

Monte Carlo04/18/23 11

3/23/51 0.73 *( 1)

( 1)

b

s o cnQ S

Q cB s gDa s D

1

5/3 1*7/6

( 1)b

c ca

Q s DnS

Threshold ChannelFind critical discharge Qc at which grain motion begins

Mobile ChannelFind transport capacity for different water discharge Q

Estimating uncertainty in sediment transportIt’s the input, not the formula !!!

These terms have lots of uncertainty !!

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0.026 0.028 0.030 0.032 0.034 0.036 0.038 0.040

Manning's n

(a)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0.023 0.027 0.031 0.035 0.039 0.043 0.047 0.051

*c

(b)

0

50

100

150

200

250

44 49 55 60 66 71 76 82

Grain Size D (mm)

(c)

0

50

100

150

200

250

13.0 17.0 21.0 25.0 29.0 33.0 37.0 41.0

Critical Discharge (m^3/s)

(d)

5.0

11.0

17.0

23.0

29.0

35.0

0 187 374 561 748 935 1122

Discharge (cms)

Time (hrs)

Dis

char

ge

(m

^3/s

)

(e)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Cumulative Transport (metric tons)

(f)

2x

2x – 10x

Now, what do we do

with this uncertainty?

http://stream.fs.fed.us

04/18/23 15

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

0.014

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

0 5 10 15 20 25

SlopeD

epth

(m)

Bottom Width (m)

Depth Slope

*

Given discharge , grain size , Limerinos roughness & trapezoidal channel shape,

find slope producing incipient motion.

Specify 12.5 m and 0.047,

solution is 0.0064 with depth 0.54 mc

Q D

S

B

S h

Sv

* 0.047c

6( 1)

1 10/77 *( 1)

bb

cc

aQS s D

n

04/18/23 16

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

0.014

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

0 5 10 15 20 25

SlopeD

epth

(m)

Bottom Width (m)

DepthD = 32 mm, t* = 0.03SlopeD = 32 mm, t* = 0.03

*

*

Other values of , , and could have been chosen

Changing 0.047 0.030 and 45 mm 32 mm

c

c

n D

D

6( 1)

1 10/77 *( 1)

bb

cc

aQS s D

n

Sv

Calculated slope 3x bigger! RISK

04/18/23 17

Strategy

What is probability of failure? What probability are you willing to accept?

( ) ( ) ( )

Choose width, slope, sediment combination to match acceptable risk.

For example, for a 25yr

D D c

D

P failure P Q P Q Q

Q

and a channel design with 10% failure probability,

( ) ( ) ( ) (0.04)(0.1) 0.004

giving a 0.4% chance of failure in any year.D D cP failure P Q P Q Q

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

6.0 10.0 14.0 18.0 22.0 26.0 30.0 34.0

Critical Discharge (m^3/s)

Fre

que

ncy

From Monte Carlo Uncertainty Analysis

QD

Failure in a threshold channel = grain entrainment

The core questions: What is the supply of water and sediment?

What do you want to do with it?

1. What is the water discharge Q(t) andsediment supply rate Qs(t) and grain size D(t)delivered to the upstream end of the design reach?

2. How will the available flow movethe supplied sediment through the design reach?

More precisely,

Sediment Transport in Channel Design

How do we incorporate transport in channel design? When do we need to?

04/18/23 19

The imaginary: What is the dominant discharge?Why only one flow?

The wishful: Qbf (field) Qbf (DA) Qeff ≈ Q1.5?Basis for connecting to core questions?

The core questions may be difficult to answerBut we cannot wish them away& ignoring them is the basis for project failure

The core questions are oftenreplaced by other questions

04/18/23 20

“Stream stability is morphologically defined as the ability of the stream to maintain, over time, its dimension, pattern, and profile in such a manner that it is neither aggrading or degrading and is able to effectively transport the flows and sediment delivered to it by its watershed.

Sediment Transport Capacity

Sediment Supply

Why do we hope for this convergence?

Why do we expect this similarity to produce a “stable” channel

Nicely stated, but why is it that one would think that a channel sized to the 1.5 yr flow, or some field indicator of such a flow, would neither aggrade or degrade and be able to transport the flows and sediment delivered to it by its watershed?

04/18/23 21

When does a disturbance here

show up here?

Is that before, during, or after the impact from a disturbance here?

Where is steady state found in a real watershed?

In many cases, there is no steady state, & there is no template04/18/23 22

Morphology: Choose bankfull geometry from a template: a reference reach, regional hydraulic geometry

Process: specify flood frequency AND sediment supply

resistance eqn. bankfull flowflood frequency curve flood frequency

incipient motion, transport criteria flow competence, capacity

flood frequency curve bankfull flow + hydraulic & transport relations channel slope & width +

channel shape relations bankfull geometry

Design channel from a template, then check for transport? ORuse drivers to develop the design?

In either case: is hard to get an accurate estimate of sediment supply.

Template vs. PredictionTemplate vs. Prediction

04/18/23 23

But there are more fundamental problems!At the core of the template approach is a correlation between

channel geometry, flow, and sediment supply

The correlation requires that the channels have adjusted to theirwater and sediment supply.

But what if channel is currently adjusting, or perpetually adjusting? How would you know?

A template approach provides no basis for linking cause and effect in a logically complete and testable framework.

I

IIIf a template-designed project “fails”, how is the method to be improved?

!

This correlation is remarkable:The flow that moves the most sediment, over time, tends to just fill the channel and occurs ever year or few.The width of channels increases very consistently with the square root of discharge. 1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000 10000

AlbertaBritain IIdahoColorado RBritain IIMarylandTuscany

Bankfull Discharge (cms)

Ba

nkf

ull

with

(m

)

04/18/23 24

Connecting sediment supply to the design problem1. Reconnaissance phase: What is the trajectory of the stream? How has it

responded to changes in water and sediment supply over the years? {Henderson relation mixed-size seds}

2. Develop flood series, specify flood frequency Qbf. {Select Qbf for flood frequency specified to maintain riparian ecosystem & prevent vegetation encroachment}

3. Estimate sediment supply

4. Planning phase: What slope S is needed to carry the sediment supply with the available flow? {How does S vary with Qs and width b?}

5. Develop flow duration curve

6. Design phase: Evaluate trial designs. Will the sediment supply be routed through the reach over the flow duration curve?{Build 1-d hydraulic model for trial design. Calculate cumulative transport over flow duration curve at each section; evaluate sediment continuity.}

04/18/23 25

Borland’s stable channel stability relationship illustrated by James Vitaliano, BOR, in 1960. From Pemberton, E.L. and R.I. Strand, 2005, “Whitney M. Borland and the Bureau of Reclamation, 1930–1972”, J. Hydraulic Engineering, May 2005, pp. 339-346.

The Lane/Borland Stable Channel BalanceReconnaissance

04/18/23 26

3

33/ 2

3/ 2

3 23

3/ 2

2 2

3/ 2

3/ 4

3/ 422 2 1

1 1 1 2

Einstein-Brown depth-slope continuity Chezy

* ( *)

( )

or

or for two cases

b

b

b

b

b

b

q RS q UR U RS

q q R SD

RS qq R

SD

q Sq

D

q DS

q

qS D q

S q D q

The Lane Balance, quantified 45 yrs agoby Henderson (1966, Open Channel Flow)

What if qb increases and D decreases?

Lane’s balance is indeterminate.

Reconnaissance

04/18/23 27

Steady state: sediment supply balanced by transport capacity. Slope is stable.

Increase sediment supplySediment supply > transport capacity

S2 > S1 sediment accumulates

3/ 422 2 1

1 1 1 2

b

b

qS D q

S q D q

Increase water supplySediment supply < transport capacity

S2 < S1 sediment evacuates

Interpretation, for evaluating stream historyReconnaissance

We will add a version for mixed-size sediment

shortly

04/18/23 28

Given Water discharge and

sediment supply

Find channel

slope, depth & width(& velocity & shear)

We have enough general relations to solve for all but one of these unknown variables

If we specify channel width, we can solve for the rest of the variables

What slope is needed to transport the supplied sediment with the available water?

How big the channel?How big the channel?

Planning

04/18/23 29

Hydraulic Design of Stream Restoration Projects September 2001 RR Copeland, DN McComas, CR Thorne, PJ Soar, MM Jonas, JB Fripp

For a specified supply of water and sediment, what slope is needed to transport the supplied sediment with the available flow?

We find the Slope varies little with

sediment supply except at larger

rates of supply

Mobile channel design = match transport capacity to sediment supply

1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000 10000

AlbertaBritain IIdahoColorado RBritain IIMarylandTuscany

Bankfull Discharge (cms)

Ban

kfu

ll w

ith (

m)

Sometimes, yesDoes sediment supply matter?

Sometimes, no

04/18/23 31

So, there must be a boundary between cases where sediment supply matters or not

Threshold Alluvial

Bed & banks immobile Active transport

Easier to model & design

Bed & banks must only be strong enough

Harder to design

Requires a balance between transport capacity

& sediment supply

Extend Threshold definition to include small sediment supply rates requiring a

slope negligibly larger than the zero supply case

Focus on cases in which slope is sensitive to supply

Nothing new under the sun … see SCS in the ’30s04/18/23 32

Why we can ‘neglect’ small sediment supply rates

1. Small sediment supply rates many storms (and many decades) req’d to produce significant aggradation and degradation.

2. Small sediment supply rates channel morphology and slope required to transport the supplied sediment can be negligibly larger than that of a threshold channel.

04/18/23 33

Stress (Pa)

Tran

spor

t Rat

e (k

g/hr

)

0.00001

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

0.1 1 10 100

Sediment Supply (kg/hr)Sl

ope

0.001

0.0001

0.01

0.1

So, what is a SMALL sediment supply rate?That sounds dangerously like a real question, so first, lets deal with real sediments, which contain a mixture of sizes

But for mixed-size sediment, there are complications … • Grain size of bed grain size of transport • Bed is sorted spatially and vertically• Transport is a function of the changing population of grains on

the bed surface

04/18/23 34

0.00001

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

0.1 1 10 100

*iW

ri /

0.1

1

10

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

J 06

J 14

J 21

J 27

BOMC

A 'hiding' function

ri

rsm

D i Dsm

48 flume runs w/ 5 sediments

Incorporates sand

And effect of sand on transport of

other sizes

Tested against field data

Transport Function

Hiding Function

Sand Interaction Function

04/18/23 35

Surface-based transport model can be used in both forward & inverse forms

• Forward: predict transport rate & grain sizeas function of and bed surface grain size

• Inverse: predict and bed surface grain sizeas function of transport rate & grain size

Don’t try this with a subsurface –based model!

We can use an inverse transport model to forecast, or design, a steady state channel that will transport a specified sediment supply rate and grain size with the available flow (!)

04/18/23 36

1. State Diagram I – transport v. discharge, lines of constant slope

2. State Diagram II – transport v. slope, lines of constant discharge

3. Channel Stability Diagram

Presenting ….

iSURF

• Inverse Model: predict and bed surface grain size as fn(transport rate & grain size)

• Specify discharge and basic channel geometry and solve for slope (& depth)

04/18/23 37

hz

1

b

iSURF Channel Stability Diagramwhat slope is needed to transport a specified transport rate of specified size distribution with a specified discharge through channels of different widths?

Given ,( , ), , , ,

Find ,( , ), , , ,

Using transport, continuity,

momentum, resistance,

& Strickler

s i i s

b i i D

Q p D Q n z b

F D n U h S

D (mm)Case 1 Transport Grain Size

(% Finer)Case 2 Transport Grain Size (%

Finer)128.00 100.00 100.0090.00 99.70 99.5064.00 98.50 98.0745.30 93.71 91.92

32.00 83.21 78.42

22.40 71.32 63.14

16.00 61.45 50.46

11.20 50.11 35.88

8.00 39.91 22.77

5.60 30.07 10.13

4.00 22.19 0.002.80 15.062.00 9.871.40 6.041.00 3.410.70 1.560.50 0.00

Parameter Value Description Units

Q 1 17 Case 1 water discharge m3/s

Q T1 0.0001 Case 1 sediment supply rate m3/s

Q 2 17 Case 2 water discharge m3/s

Q T2 0.00001 Case 2 sediment supply rate m3/s

b min 4.00 Minimum bottom width m

b max 24.00 Maximum bottom width m

0

20

40

60

80

100

0.1 1 10 100Grain Size (mm)

% F

ine

r

Planning

04/18/23 38

Channel Stability Diagram

As a bonus, you find out how armored the bed becomes !

0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

5 10 15 20 25

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Slope Case 1 Slope Case 2Depth Case 1 Depth Case 2

Channel Width (m)

Slo

pe D

ep

th (m

)

Discharge 1 = 17.0

Discharge 2 = 17.0

Sed Supply 1 = 954 kg/hr

Sed Supply 2 = 95 kg/hr

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

Case 1

Case 2

Your sediment supply

Sediment Supply Rate (kg/hr)

Slo

pe

Discharge 1 = 17.0 cms

Discharge 2 = 17.0 cms

b = 14.0 m

0

20

40

60

80

100

0.1 1 10 100 1000Grain Size (mm)

Case 1 Transport

Case 2 Transport

Case 1 Bed Surface

Case 2 Bed Surface

% F

ine

r

b = 14.0 m

Planning

And get a measure of where you are relative to the threshold/alluvial channel boundary !

04/18/23 39

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

0.014

1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

Slope

Your sediment supply

Sediment Supply Rate (kg/hr)

Slo

pe

Discharge = 25.0 cms

b = 11.0 m

If your sediment supply is safely below the boundary between “low” slope and “high” slope, channel slope is relatively insensitive to sediment supply – you are less likely to accumulate sediment given an error in estimating sediment supply

threshold

allu

vial

Is an accurate sediment supply estimate needed?

04/18/23 40

Strategy for a mobile channel(i)Determine if the sediment supply is a big number or a little number(a) if big, invest in more accurate estimate of sediment supply

be prepared for a dynamic channel reserve riparian corridor and let the stream go

or plan to trap and remove sediment(b) if little, design a threshold channel(ii)Estimate uncertainty and account for the consequencesesp. potential for aggradation, degradation

0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

Q = 70.8 cms

Your sediment supply

Sediment Supply Rate (kg/hr)

Slo

pe

b = 19.0 m

Little Number

Big

Num

ber

OR, Design a flumeMake your channel (i) steep enough: transport capacity exceeds supply and (ii) strong enough: bed material immobile

… a washload threshold channel

Design Basis: Flow Competence

Competence & Capacity

Transport Capacity

Channel Type Threshold Channel

Threshold Channel w/ washload

Alluvial Channel

Topography & Bed Material

Static Static Dynamic

Flumes: an increasingly common & safe design option,may provide acceptable aesthetics.

Note: does not provide anything like natural structure & function

“small” “large”

Threshold channel design

Use risk assessment and P(failure) to

guide design

Alluvial channel design

Allow for dynamic stream

Invest in improved sediment estimate

Build a flume

Is the sediment supply small or large?

1. Reconnaissance phase: What is the trajectory of the stream? How has it responded to changes in water and sediment supply over the years?

2. Develop flood series, specify flood frequency Design Q. {Select Qbf for flood frequency specified to maintain riparian ecosystem & prevent vegetation encroachment}

3. Estimate sediment supply

4. Planning phase: What slope S will transportthe sediment supply with the available Qbf? Calculate (b, S) combination {S and valley slope determine sinuosity}

Check if alluvial v. threshold channel

5. Develop flow duration curve

6. Design phase: Evaluate trial designs. Will the sediment supply be routed through the reach over the flow duration curve?{Build 1-d hydraulic model for trial design. Calculate cumulative transport over flow duration curve at each section; evaluate sediment continuity.}

7. Bottlenecks or blowouts? Adjust for sediment continuity

3/ 422 2 1

1 1 1 2

b

b

qS D q

S q D q

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

0 5 10 15 20

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Slope Case 1 Slope Case 2Depth Case 1 Depth Case 2

Channel Width (m)

Slo

pe D

ep

th (m

)

Discharge 1 = 15.0

Discharge 2 = 25.0

Sed Supply 1 = 954 kg/hr

Sed Supply 2 = 2862 kg/hr

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

Case 1

Case 2

Your sediment supply

Sediment Supply Rate (kg/hr)

Slo

pe

Discharge 1 = 15.0 cms

Discharge 2 = 25.0 cms

b = 11.0 m

Design steps incorporating sediment supply

iSURF State Diagrams

04/18/23 44

Objectivesediment & nutrients

property & infrastructurebiological recovery

aestheticpenance

Whatneeds

fixing?

Stormwater control

Nothing

Channel change

Introduced speciesDisturbance Internal orexternal?

InternalExternal

Fence out the cows!Remove the concrete!

Template approachcan work

SmallChannel Design

Sediment supply large

or small?Large

Estimate flood frequency

Design threshold channel

Estimate sediment supply & flow

durationDesign mobile

channel Mobile or Threshold Channel?

…

Sediment Transport in Stream Restoration E

nvi

ron

men

tal

Dri

vers

You don’t always have to consider sediment transport in stream restoratione.g. if the problem does not involve channel change

There are two types of transport problem – competence and capacity (threshold and mobile bed) (and flume)

Most error in transport calculations is in the input, not the formula.If you need an accurate of sediment transport, you must make field observations. They need not be fancy, but it takes careOften, you can avoid this effort …

Uncertainty can be estimated AND you can incorporate that uncertainty into your design strategy

If the sediment supply is not “large”, you can go to the simpler threshold design problemIf the sediment supply is “large”, you can

let the channel godesign a flume channel

(if you have enough slope)do the work to properly design

a mobile-bed channel

(1) Chapters 1 and 2 in Wilcock, Peter; Pitlick, John; Cui, Yantao. 2006. Sediment Transport Primer: Estimating Bed-Material Transport in Gravel-bed Rivers, Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxx. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.

(2) Chapters 2, 7, 8, 9 in NRCS, 2007. Stream Restoration Design Handbook (NEH 654), USDA. You can either download individual chapters of NEH 654 or request a free cd.  There are no paper copies. (I) Download the book chapter by chapter from  http://policy.nrcs.usda.gov/index.aspx    navigate to Handbooks, Title 210 - Engineering, National Engineering Handbook, Part 654 - Stream Restoration Design  (II) To request a CD, go to http://landcare.nrcs.usda.gov/ and search for NEH-654. The CD version is free and includes navigation bookmarks, is fully searchable with keywords, and has high quality files for selective printing.   The CD also contains a copy of Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group (FISRWG). 1998. Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes and Practices

Readings

(3) RiverRat www.restorationreview.comSkidmore, P. B., C. R. Thorne, B. Cluer, G. R. Pess, J. Castro, T. J. Beechie, and C.C. Shea. In review 2009. Science base and tools for evaluating stream engineering, management, and restoration proposals. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC.04/18/23 47

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Stream Restoration Projects. U.S. Army Engineer Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, HL TR-01-28.Doyle, M.W. and F.D. Shields Jr., 2000. Incorporation of bed texture into a channel evolution model,

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