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Petroleum and Basin Evolution

Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Budapest Hong Kong London Milan Paris Santa Clara Singapore Tokyo

D.H. Welte B. Horsfield D.R. Baker (Eds.)

Petroleum and Basin Evolution Insights from Petroleum Geochemistry, Geology and Basin Modeling

With 214 Figures and 38 Tables

i Springer

Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Dietrich H. Welte Institut fur Erdol und Organische Geochemie (ICG-4) Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH 52425 Jiilich Germany

Dr. Brian Horsfield Institut fU r ErdOl und Organische Geochemie (ICG-4) Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH 52425 Jiilich Germany

Prof. Donald R. Baker Department of Geology and Geophysics The Wiess School of Natural Sciences Rice University Houston. TX 77251 USA

ISBN-13: 978-3-642-64400-9 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York-

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Petroleum and basin evolution/D.H. Welte, B. Horsfield, O.R. Baker, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indn. [SBN. [3: 978-3-642-64400-9

DO[: 10.1007/978-3-642-60423-2

I . Petroleum-Geology.

e-ISBN_I3: 97S_3-642-60423_2

2. Sedimentary basins-Mathematical models. 3. Geochemistry. I. Welte, D.H. (Dietrich H.), 1935- .11. Horsfield, B. (Brian), 1951· .111. Baker. Donald R., 1927- . TNS70.S.P4747 19"97 S53.2'S-daO 97.23073

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<0 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997

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Preface

This book has been prepared by the collaborative effort of two somewhat separate technical groups: the researchers at the Institute for Petroleum and Organic Geochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jiilich (KFA), and the technical staff of Integrated Exploration Systems (IES). One of us, Donald R. Baker, from Rice University, Houston, has spent so much time at KFA as a guest scientist and researcher that it is most appropriate for him to contribute to the book. During its more than 20-year history the KFA group has made numerous and significant contributions to the understanding of petroleum evolution. The KFA researchers have emphasized both the field and laboratory approaches to such important problems as source rock recognition and evaluation, oil and gas generation, maturation of organic matter, expulsion and migration of hydrocarbons, and crude oil composition and alteration. IES Jiilich has been a leader in the development and application of numerical simulation (basin modeling) procedures. The cooperation between the two groups has resulted in a very fruitful synergy effect both in the development of modeling software and in its application.

The purpose of the present volume developed out of the 1994 publication by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists of a collection of individually authored papers entitled The Petroleum System - From Source to Trap, edited by L.B. Magoon and W.G. Dow. The idea was to describe the "petroleum systems approach" and thereby to "provide a mechanism for evaluating migration from active source rock to the trap". In 1984 when my colleague and friend Bernard Tissot and I published the second edition of our book Petroleum Formation and Occurrence (Springer-Verlag), we wrote in the preface that in the geosciences "computer modeling is here to stay." As an intellectual result we expected a "better chance for a much-needed synthesis of the principal fields in geosciences such as geology, geophysics, and geochemistry." Both of these volumes aspired to serve the same purpose: to understand interrelated processes of petroleum generation, migration, and accumulation and to put these in the perspective of the geological framework of basin evolution.

VI Preface

Although substantial progress has been made along these lines, there is still room for further advances and for more synergy. The present volume strives to generate more synergy among the various fields of the geosciences and to improve the methodology for a holistic approach in petroleum exploration and production. It is clear that this book cannot be the "last word" about what is a very complex subject. Instead we treat only a few of the major topics and questions in detail. The book is thus considered as a mosaic of important building blocks bringing together the evolution of petroleum and the geological framework of the dynamics of sedimentary basins. Basin modeling occupies an important place in this context.

We foresee that earth scientists in general will be attracted by the philosophy and approach presented in this book. It paves the way for combining the insight and views into the subsurface provided by modern seismic, advanced interpretation and visualization, with the understanding and results from an online interactive basin modeling capability. This combination certainly helps to unravel complex geological processes during basin evolution and permits a more rigorous and quantified assessment of a basin as a whole. For the same reasons we also expect petroleum explorationists to benefit substantially from the book.

In addition, we hope that organic geochemists will gain considerable new insight from our treatment of the current set of geochemical data coupled to the dynamic aspects of basin history. Geochemical data and interpretation results, such as those on source rock maturity and petroleum generation and expulsion, can now be extended in their application from single boreholes to entire regions by means of basin modeling. The direct coupling of basin models with seismic data bases will bring a new and exciting dimension to geochemistry in the not-too-distant future.

The authors want to take this opportunity to express their grateful thanks to the managerial, technical and secretarial staffs of the Institute for Petroleum and Organic Geochemistry at KF A and IES for their assistance and support throughout the research programs described here and in the preparation of the book. The book is a testimony to their professionalism and technical excellence. Finally, I wish to extend my personal thanks to Mr. Klaus Hebben (Monaco) for his long-term support and encouragement.

Jiilich, Germany August 1996

D.H. Welte

Contents

Introduction .................................. 1

1 Basin Simulation and the Design of the Conceptual Basin Model H.S. Poelchau, D.R. Baker, Th. Hantschel, B. Horsfield, and B. Wygrala ..................... 3

1.1 Introduction: Integrated Basin Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 5 l.2 The Conceptual Basin Model .................. 8 1.3 Definition and Classification of Basins

and Their Thermal Regimes .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3.1 Temperature and Heat Flow History . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.4 The Filling of the Sedimentary Basin:

Stratigraphy and Lithofacies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.4.1 Chronostratigraphy: Definition of Events . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.4.2 Physical Stratigraphy: Definition of Layers ........ 18 1.4.3 Accumulation Rates and Subsidence:

The Burial History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.4.4 Paleogeography and Paleotemperature ........... 24 1.5 Postdepositional Processes .................... 28 1.5.1 Compaction and the Evolution

of Rock Physical Properties ................... 28 1.5.2 Erosion of Overburden and the Estimation

of Maximum Burial ......................... 41 1.5.3 Methods of Predicting Diagenesis ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 1.5.4 Structural Deformation History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 1.5.5 Petroleum Generation and Estimation

of Petroleum Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 1.6 Optimization and Calibration: Testing

and Evaluation of the Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 1.6.1 Temperature Calibration ..................... 55 1.6.2 Vitrinite Reflectance Kinetics

and Other Organic Calibration Parameters ........ 56 1.6.3 Clay Kinetics as Temperature History Indicator. . . . . 57 1.6.4 Compaction or Porosity Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

VIII Contents

1.6.5 Sensitivity Analysis ......................... 58 1.6.6 The End Result ............................ 59 1.7 Conclusion: A Note of Caution and Outlook ..... . . 60

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

2 Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins M.N. Yalpn, R. Littke, and R.F. Sachsenhofer

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3

2.4.4

2.5

2.5.1

2.5.2 2.5.3 2.6

2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.6.4 2.6.5 2.6.6 2.7

Introduction ............................. . Fundamental Concepts of Heat Transfer ......... . Heat Transfer Equation ..................... . Heat Transfer in Sedimentary Basins ........... . Heat Transfer in Sedimentary Basins by Conduction Heat Transfer in Sedimentary Basins by Convection . Boundary Conditions of Heat Transfer in Sedimentary Basins ...................... . Other Factors Affecting Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins ...................... . Reconstruction of Thermal History in Sedimentary Basins ...................... . Reconstruction of Thermal History by Computer-Aided Basin Modeling ............ . Controls of Thermal History .................. . Calibration of Thermal History ................ . Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins: Case Histories ............................ . Cambay Basin, India ....................... . San Joaquin Basin, California, USA ............. . Adana Basin, Turkey ....................... . Styrian Basin, Austria ...................... . Zonguldak Basin, Turkey .................... . Northwest German Basin .................... . Concluding Remarks ....................... . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Maturation and Petroleum Generation M. Radke, B. Horsfield, R. Littke,

71

73 75 76 78 78 82

83

90

93

94 96

ll5

131 131 136 142 145 151 154 161 161

and J. Rullkotter .............................. 169

3.1 Introduction 171 3.2 Maturation: Definition and Driving Force ......... 172 3.3 The Phenomenon of Petroleum Generation . . . . . . . . 173 3.4 Kerogen Maturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Contents

3.4.1

3.4.2

3.4.3

3.4.4

3.4.5 3.5 3.5.1

3.5.2

3.5.3

3.5.4

3.5.5

Petrography: Vitrinite, Other Macerals, and Microscopic Approaches ................. . Maturity-Related Changes of Optical Properties of Macerals .............................. . Model for Kerogen Maturation: Evolution of Physical Structure ....................... . Changes in Chemical and Carbon Isotope Composition .............. . Pyrolysis Characterization ................... . Bitumen and Petroleum: Geochemical Maturation .. . Maturation Changes in Bulk Properties and Gross Composition ..................... . Maturation Changes in Molecular Distributions of Hydrocarbons .......................... . Maturation Changes in Molecular Distributions of Heterocompounds ....................... . Maturation Changes in Carbon Isotope Composition ............... . Thermochemistry, Kinetics, and Mechanisms of Molecular Transformations ................. .

IX

175

176

181

181 183 188

188

189

203

206

207 3.5.6 Relationships Among Various Maturity Indicators. .. 210

References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 214

4 Kinetics of Petroleum Formation and Cracking H.J. Schenk, B. Horsfield, B. Krooss, R.G. Schaefer, and K. Schwochau . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 231

4.1 Introduction.............................. 233 4.2 Concepts of Chemical Kinetics ................. 234 4.2.1 Rate Laws and Order of Reactions .............. 235 4.2.2 Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rates ....... 236 4.2.3 Fundamentals of Non-isothermal Kinetics . . . . . . . .. 238 4.3 Bulk Petroleum Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 240 4.3.1 Kinetic Models ............................ 240 4.3.2 Model Calibration Against Programmed-

Temperature Open-System Pyrolysis. . . . . . . . . . . .. 241 4.3.3 Closed Versus Open-System Configurations . . . . . . .. 250 4.4 Generation of Methane and Molecular Nitrogen

from Coals ............................... 253 4.5 The Problems of Predicting Petroleum Generation

Rates and Compositions in Nature .............. 256 4.6 The Conversion of Oil to Gas

in Petroleum Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 259 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 264

x Contents

5 Deposition of Petroleum Source Rocks R. Littke, D.R. Baker, and J. Rullk6tter . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 271

5.1 Introduction.............................. 273 5.2 Production and Preservation of Organic Matter . . . . . 275 5.2.1 The Debate ............................... 275 5.2.2 Some Observations ......................... 278 5.3 Transport of Organic Particles ................. 284 5.4 Deep Marine Silled Basins .................... 288 5.5 Progradational Submarine Fans ................ 292 5.6 Upwelling Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 5.7 Anoxic Continental Shelves ................... 298 5.8 Evaporitic Environments ..................... 306 5.9 Lakes ................................... 310 5.10 Fluviodeltaic Coal-Bearing Sequences ............ 313 5.11 Source Rocks and Tectonics of Petroleum Basins ... 318 5.12 Conclusions............................... 321

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

6 The Bulk Composition of First-Formed Petroleum in Source Rocks B. Horsfield ................................. 335

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.3.1 6.3.2

6.4 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.5 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 6.5.4 6.5.5 6.6 6.6.1 6.6.2 6.7

Introduction ............................. . The Direct Analysis of First-Formed Petroleum .... . Kerogen Composition ...................... . The Typing of Kerogens by Elemental Composition .. Kerogen Composition and Structure -A Brief Overview .......................... . Choice of Pyrolysis ........................ . The Concept of Structural Moieties ............. . Simulating Catagenesis ...................... . Pyrolysates and Petroleum ................... . Aliphatic Hydrocarbons ..................... . Aromatic Compounds ...................... . Sulphur-Containing Compounds ............... . "Unresolved" Compounds ................... . Model of Kerogen Decomposition .............. . Predicting Petroleum Compositions ............ . Qualitative Versus Quantitative Predictions ....... . Organofacies Based on Petroleum Composition .... . Concluding Remarks ....................... . References ............................... .

337 342 347 347

349 352 354 357 358 359 364 368 370 371 375 375 378 390 391

Contents XI

7 Petroleum Migration: Mechanisms, Pathways, Efficiencies, and Numerical Simulations U. Mann, T. Hantschel, R.G. Schaefer, B. Krooss, D. Leythaeuser, R. Littke, and R.F. Sachsenhofer . . . . . . . 403

7.1 Introduction.............................. 405 7.2 Migration Mechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 406 7.2.1 Primary Migration Mechanisms ................ 406 7.2.2 Secondary Migration Mechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 7.3 Migration Pathways ......................... 411 7.3.1 Potential Migration Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 411 7.3.2 Evidence for Migration Pathways ............... 422 7.3.3 Case Studies on Primary Migration. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 436 704 Migration Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 451 704.1 Relative and Absolute Source Rock

Expulsion Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 451 704.2 Efficiency of Secondary Migration. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 461 7.5 Simulation of Migration Processes:

The Geological Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 468 7.5.1 Prerequisite: Extension of the Conceptual Model

for Migration Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 468 7.5.2 Conceptual Model: Migration System and Pathways.. 470 7.5.3 General Numerical Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 7.504 Specific Items of the Numerical Model ........... 476 7.5.5 Case Histories ............................. 490

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 509

Outlook .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521

Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 525

List of Contributors

Prof. D.R. Baker, Department of Geology and Geophysics, The Wiess School of Natural Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA

Dr. T. Hantschel, IES Gesellschaft fur Integrierte Explorationssysteme mbH, Bastionstr. 11-19, 52428 Jiilich, Germany

Dr. B. Horsfield, Institut fiir Erd61 und Organische Geochemie (ICG-4), Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH, 52425 Jiilich, Germany

Dr. B. Krooss, Institut fiir Erd61 und Organische Geochemie (ICG-4), Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH, 52425 Jillich, Germany

Prof. Dr. D. Leythaeuser, Geologisches Institut, Universitat zu K61n, Ziilpicher Str. 49a, 50674 K61n, Germany

Priv.-Doz. Dr. R. Littke, Institut fur Erd61 und Organische Geochemie (ICG-4), Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH, 52425 Jiilich, Germany

Dr. U. Mann, Institut fur Erd61 und Organische Geochemie (ICG-4), Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, 52425 Jiilich, Germany

Dr. H.S. Poelchau, Institut fur Erd61 und Organische Geochemie (ICG-4), Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH, 52425 Jillich, Germany

Dr. M. Radke, Institut fur Erd61 und Organische Geochemie (ICG-4), Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH, 52425 Jiilich, Germany

Prof. Dr. J. Rullk6tter, Institut fiir Chemie und Biologie des Meeres (ICBM), Universitat Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany

XIV List of Contributors

Univ.-Doz. Dr. R.F. Sachsenhofer, Institut fur Geowissenschaften, Montan-Universitiit Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria

Dr. R.G. Schaefer, Institut fUr Erdol und Organische Geochemie (ICG-4), Forschungszentrum Jillich GmbH, 52425 Jillich, Germany

Dr. H.J. Schenk, Institut fur Erdol und Organische Geochemie (ICG-4), Forschungszentrum Jillich GmbH, 52425 Jillich, Germany

Prof. Dr. K. Schwochau, Institut fur Erdol und Organische Geochemie (ICG-4), Forschungszentrum Jillich GmbH, 52425 Jillich, Germany

Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. D.H. Welte, Institut fur Erdol und Organische Geochemie (ICG-4), Forschungszentrum Jillich GmbH, 52425 Jillich, Germany

Dr. B. Wygrala, IES Gesellschaft fur Integrierte Explorationssysteme mbH, Bastionstr. 11-19,52428 Julich, Germany

Prof. Dr. M.N. Yalpn, Department of Earth Sciences, TUBITAK, Marmara Research Centre, P.O. Box 2l, 41470 Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey

Personal Profiles of the Contributors and Editors

XVI Personal Profiles of the Contributors and Editors

Donald R. Baker

• BS in Geology, 1950, California Institute of Technology

• PhD Geology, 1955, Princeton University, USA

Present Affiliation and Position Professor Emeritus, Department of Geology and Geophysics, The Wiess School of Natural Sciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA.

Scientific Interests Petroleum geology and geochemistry, organic geochemistry and sedimentologic controls on the nature and accumulation of organic matter in sediments.

Thomas Hantschel

• Diplom (equivalent of a master's degree) in Physics, 1985, University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany

• Dr. rer. nat. (in physics), 1987, University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany

Present Affiliation and Position Senior physicist at Integrated Exploration Systems (IES) GmbH, Jiilich, Germany.

Scientific Interests Theoretical physics, numerical analysis of basin evolution and petroleum systems.


Brian Horsfield

• BSc (Hons) in Geology, 1973, University of Durham, England

• PhD (in organic geochemistry), 1978, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, England

Present Affiliation and Position Research group leader of the Institute for Petroleum and Organic Geochemistry,

XVII

Department for Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere, at the Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH (KFA) in Jiilich, Germany.

Scientific Interests Origin and behaviour of petroleum and its precursors in geological systems.

Bernhard M. Krooss

• Diplom (equivalent of a master's degree) in Chemistry, 1979, at the Technical University (RWTH) of Aachen, Germany

• Dr. rer. nat. (in physical chemistry), 1985, Technical University (RWTH) of Aachen

Present Affiliation and Position Member of the basin modeling group of the Institute for Petroleum and Organic Geochemistry, Department for Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere, at the Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH (KFA) in Jiilich, Germany.

Scientific Interests Transport processes in sedimentary rocks, natural gas generation, dynamics of geologic systems.

XVIII Personal Profiles of the Contributors and Editors

Detlev Leythaeuser

• Diplom (equivalent of a master's degree) in Geology, 1965, University of Wiirzburg, Germany

• Dr. rer. nat. (in geology and chemistry), 1968, University of Wiirzburg, Germany

• External professor (professorship 11), University of Oslo, 1984-1993

Present Affiliation and Position Professor of Geology (Lehrstuhl fiir Allgemeine Geologie), Geologisches Institut, UniversWit zu Kaln, Germany.

Scientific Interests Petroleum geology and geochemistry, organic geochemistry.

Ralf Littke

• Diplom (equivalent of a master's degree) in Geology, 1981, University of Bochum, Germany

• Dr. rer. nat., 1985, University of Bochum, Germany

• Dr. rer. nat. habil., 1993, University of Bochum, Germany

Present Affiliation and Position Vice director and leader of the "basin modeling" group at the Institute for Petroleum and Organic Geochemistry, Department for Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere, at the Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH (KFA) in Jiilich, Germany. and Professor of Organic Sedimentology and Organic Geochemistry at the Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Germany.

Scientific Interests Petroleum geology and geochemistry, organic matter sedimentation processes, basin modeling and the origin of organic and inorganic gases in sedimentary basins.


Ulrich Mann

• Diplom (equivalent of a master's degree) in Mineralogy, 1977, University of Heidelberg, Germany

• Dr. rer. nat. (in mineralogy and geology), 1980, University of Heidelberg, Germany

Present Affiliation and Position Research scientist and co-ordinator of

XIX

Petroleum Geochemistry - Analytical Services at the Institute of Petroleum and Organic Geochemistry, Department for Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere at the Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH (KFA) in Jiilich, Germany. and Lecturer in Petroleum Geology, Petroleum Geochemistry and Basin Modeling at the Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Niirnberg, Germany.

Scientific Interests Interdisciplinary approach to petroleum migration pathways based on sedimentology, petrophysics, organic geochemistry and numerical simulation.

Harald S. Poelchau

• MS Geology, 1963, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA

• PhD Earth Sciences, 1974, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, USA

Present Affiliation and Position Project geologist in the basin modeling group of the Institute for Petroleum and Organic Geochemistry, Department for Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere, at the Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH (KFA) in Jiilich, Germany.

Scientific Interests Quantitative geology and computer application, sedimentology, geothermics, reservoir geology, and silicoflagellates.

xx Personal Profiles of the Contributors and Editors

Matthias Radke

• First academic degree in Chemistry (Dipl.-Chem.), 1969, University of Hamburg, Germany

• Dr. rer. nat. (dissertation in chemistry under the guidance of Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Wolfgang Walter), 1972, University of Hamburg, Germany

Present Affiliation and Position Research associate at the Institute for Petroleum and Organic Geochemistry, Department for Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere, at the Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH (KFA) in Jiilich, Germany.

Scientific Interests Organic geochemistry, analytical chemistry, petroleum geology and geochemistry.

Jiirgen Rullkotter

• Diplom (equivalent of a master's degree) in Chemistry, 1971, Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany

• Dr. rer. nat. (in chemistry), 1974, University of Cologne, Germany

Present Affiliation and Position Professor of Organic Geochemistry at the Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Germany; Head of Organic Geochemistry Group at the Institute of Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM).

Scientific Interests Structural and isotopic composition of molecular sedimentary organic constituents; application to ecology and climate developments in coastal areas and the deep sea; global organic carbon cycle.


Reinhard F. Sachsenhofer

• Diplom (equivalent of a master's degree) in Economic Geology, 1985, University of Leoben, Austria

• Dr. mont., 1987, University of Leoben, Austria

• Habilitation (postdoctoral degree), 1994, University of Leoben, Austria

Present Affiliation and Position

XXI

Associate professor at the Department of Geosciences, University of Leoben, Austria.

Scientific Interests Basin analysis including basin modeling, petroleum and coal geology, organic petrology and geochemistry.

Rainer G. Schaefer

• First academic degree in Chemistry (Dipl.-Chem.), 1967, University of Berlin (FU), Germany

• Dr. rer. nat. (dissertation in chemistry under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Gunther Wilke), 1970, Max-PlanckInstitut fUr Kohlenforschung, Miilheim/Ruhr, University of Bochum, Germany

Present Affiliation and Position Research associate at the Institute for Petroleum and Organic Geochemistry, Department for Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere, at the Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH (KFA) in Julich, Germany.

Scientific Interests Organic geochemistry, petroleum geochemistry, low-molecularweight hydrocarbons, reaction kinetics, gas chromatography and related analytical methods.

XXII Personal Profiles of the Contributors and Editors

Hans J. Schenk

• Diplom (equivalent of a master's degree) in Chemistry, 1968, University of Frankfurt, Germany

• Dr. rer. nat. (in theoretical chemistry), 1971, University of Bonn, Germany

Present Affiliation and Position Research scientist at the Institute for Petroleum and Organic Geochemistry, Department for Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere, at the Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH (KFA) in Jiilich, Germany.

Scientific Interests Organic geochemistry, spectroscopy, kinetics and quantification of organic geochemical processes.

Klaus Schwochau

• Diplom (equivalent of a master's degree) in Chemistry, 1959, University of Mainz, Germany

• Dr. rer. nat. (in chemistry), 1961, University of Cologne, Germany

Present Affiliation and Position Guest scientist at the Institute for Petroleum and Organic Geochemistry, Department for Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere, at the Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH (KFA) in Jiilich, Germany, and Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the Rheinisch-W estfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH-Aachen), Germany.

Scientific Interests Inorganic chemistry, chemistry of radioactive elements, coordination chemistry of technetium, kinetics of petroleum formation.


Dietrich H. Welte

• Diplom (equivalent of a master's degree) in Geology, 1957, University of Wiirzburg, Germany

• Dr. rer. nat. (in geology and chemistry), 1959, University of Wiirzburg, Germany

• Dr. rer. nat. h.c., 1995, University of Bochum, Germany

Present Affiliation and Position

XXIII

Managing director of the Department for Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere, at the Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH (KFA) in Jiilich, Germany, and Professor of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal Deposits at the Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH-Aachen), Germany.

Scientific Interests Organic geochemistry, petroleum geology and geochemistry, basin modeling and quantification of geological processes.

Bjorn P. Wygrala

• Diplom (equivalent of a master's degree) in Geology, 1979, University of Cologne, Germany

• Dr. rer. nat. (in geology), 1989, University of Cologne, Germany

Present Affiliation and Position Senior geologist at Integrated Exploration Systems (IES) GmbH, Jiilich, Germany.

Scientific Interests Applied basin modeling, quantification and sensitivity analysis of geologic parameters and processes in petroleum exploration.

XXIV Personal Profiles of the Contributors and Editors

M. NamIk Yalpn

• Diplom (equivalent of a master's degree) in Geology, 1972, University of Istanbul, Turkey

• Dr. rer. nat. (in geology and petroleum geology), 1977, University of Istanbul, Turkey

Present Affiliation and Position Professor of Petroleum Geology and Geochemistry at the University of Istanbul, Turkey, and Head of the Department of Earth Sciences at the Marmara Research Centre of Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBIT AK) in Gebze, Turkey.

Scientific Interests Geology and organic geochemistry of fossil fuels, quantitative basin analysis and basin modeling.

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