petroleum industry of iran

7/30/2019 Petroleum Industry of Iran

1/40

OF]IRFN]OCFNA OWAN@OG YFOUIRWO]_ D->8!

OWAN@NBNM

28>2

Xi}rcaiy` Ofmyw}r

ce Ornf

B @naoj Wnnm Fc`nf


2/40

NGJFC\AIMLI@IF]

Naa Xrnowiw }c NAAND Na`old}! \DC lyomim yw }drcyldcy} }dow xrckig} nfmdiaxim yw of `njofl o} xcwwobai wyggiwwiw&

\i nri uir `ygd }dnfjeya }c cyr Riwxig}im ]ingdir@r& O`rnf ^yrnwdo

\dc lnui yw morig}ocf nfm morig}im yw of }di gc`xai}ocf ce }di xrckig}&


3/40

Gcf}if}w

Wr& ' ]cxogw Xnli '

> Of}rcmyg}ocf nfm Dow}cr ce Ornf2 Igcfc` ce Ornf

7 Ornfonf Ofmyw}roiw Coa nfm Lnw Ofmyw}r ]it}oaiw Ofmyw}r C}dir @nkcr Ofmyw}roiw

= Ofmyw}r Wig}crw nfm W}n}ow}ogw9 Gcyf}r Gc`xnrn}oui Nmunf}nli $GGN/5 Xcr}ir Mo`cfm @cmia

Eor` W}rn}il W}ryg}yri nfm Rounar Rian}im Wyxxcr} Ofmyw}roiw Wyxxa Gcfmo}ocfw Mi`nfm Gcfmo}ocfw

< Jryl`nf }dicr ce }rnmiOf}irfna Igcfcòiw ce Wgnai Coa of Ornf bi}|iif }di ]|c \cram \nrw ]di >?9< Xi}rcaiy` Ng} nfm }di Kcof} Uif}yri

Nlriiìf}w ]di Kcof}W}ryg}yri Nlriiìf}w ce }di òm>?5?w ]di Wnai nfm Xyrgdnwi Nlriiìf} >?8 @cmi ce If}r# Itxnfwocf>> Xrckig} ce Gc`xnf ecr Itxnfwocf ce Bywofiww


4/40

Of}rcmyg}ocf nfm Dow}cr ce Ornf

Owanòg Rixybaog ce Ornf! rixybaog ow bcrmirim cf }di fcr}d b Nrìfon! N{irbnoknf!

]yrjìfow}nf! nfm }di Gnwxonf Win! cf }di inw} b Neldnfow}nf nfm Xnjow}nf! cf }di wcy}d b }di

Xirwonf Lyae nfm }di Lyae ce C`nf nfm cf }di |iw} b ]yrji nfm Orn~& ]di Wdn}} na Nrnb ecr`w

xnr} ce }di OrnfOrn~ bcrmir& ]idrnf ow }di gnxo}na! anrliw} go} nfm }di xcao}ogna! gya}yrna!gc`ìrgona! nfm ofmyw}rona gif}ir ce }di fn}ocf& ]di gcyf}r,w fnì |nw gdnflim erc` Xirwon }c

Ornf of >?79&

Ornf ow dcì }c cfi ce }di |cram,w camiw} gcf}ofycyw `nkcr gouoao{n}ocfw! |o}d dow}crogna

nfm yrbnf wi}}aiìf}w mn}ofl bngj }c =888 BG&]di @imiw yfoeoim Ornf nw n fn}ocf nfm i`xori of

529 BG& ]diNgdniìfom I`xori $998778 BG/ |nw }di eorw} ce }di Ornfonf i`xoriw }c ryai erc`

}di Bnajnfw }c Fcr}d Nerogn nfm nawc Gif}rna Nwon& ]di |iri wyggiimim b }di Wiaiygom

I`xori! Xnr}donfw nfm Wnwwnfomw |dogd lcuirfim Ornf ecr na`cw} >!888 inrw&

]di Owanòg }nji gcf}rca ce Xirwon $577595/ ifmim }di Wnwwnfom I`xori nfm |nw n}yrfofl xcof} of Ornfonf dow}cr& Owanògo{n}ocf of Ornf }ccj xangi myrofl 4}d }c >8}d gif}yr

nfm aim }c }di iuif}yna migaofi ce }di [crcnw}ronf riaolocf of Xirwon& Dc|iuir! }di

ngdoiuiìf}w ce }di xriuocyw Xirwonf gouoao{n}ocfw |iri fc} acw}! by} |iri }c n lrin} it}if}

nbwcrbim b }di fi| Owanòg xcao} nfm gouoao{n}ocf&

Ne}ir gif}yroiw ce ecriolf cggyxn}ocf nfm wdcr}aouim fn}oui xrcòfif} nfm xc|ireya

enòaoiw! Ornf |nw cfgi nlnof riyfoeoim nw nf ofmixifmif} w}n}i of >98> b }di Wnenuom

mfnw} |dogd iw}nbaowdim Wdo,n Owan`nw }di ceeogona riaolocf ce }dior i`xori! `nrjofl cfi ce }di

`cw} o`xcr}nf} }yrfofl xcof}w of }di dow}cr ce Owan`& Ornf dnm biif n rcna enòa ryaim b n

wdnd! cr i`xircr! na`cw} |o}dcy} of}irryx}ocf erc` >98> yf}oa }di >?


5/40

Ornf dnw dow}crognaa biif n wolfoeognf} gcyf}r of lacbna }rnmi c|ofl }c o}w acgn}ocf of }di

@ommai Inw} nfm Gif}rna Iyrnwon& Gcyf}roiw ofgaymofl N{irbnoknf! Nr`ifon! ]yrji! Orn~!

Xnjow}nf! Neldnfow}nf nfm ]yrj`ifow}nfaoi nri wo}yn}im nacfl Ornfw bcrmirw& Ornf nawc dnw nggiww

}c ecyr winw; }di Gnwxonf Win of }di fcr}d nfm }di Xirwonf Lyae! }di Lyae ce C`nf nfm }di

Nrnbonf Win of }di wcy}d&

Inraoiw} }c >?


6/40

Xrogi gcf}rcaw nfm wybwomoiw! xnr}ogyanra cf eccm nfm ifirl! byrmif }di igcfc`& Oaailna }rnmi!

nmòfow}rn}oui gcf}rcaw! gc``cf gcrryx}ocf! nfm c}dir riw}rog}oui eng}crw |injif

lrnmynaa xroun}i wig}craim lrc|}d& ]di ailowan}yri of an}i 288? xnwwim Xriwomif} @nd`cym

Nd`nmofiknm,w boaa }c rimygi wybwomoiw& ]dow ow }di `cw} it}ifwoui igcfcòg riecr` wofgi }di

lcuirfìf} o`xaiìf}im lnwcaofi rn}ocfofl of 2888& Coa itxcr} riuifyiw ifnbaim Ornf }c gcì }cli}dir |iaa cuir ->88 boaaocf of

ecriolf itgdnfli riwiruiw nw ce 28>8& Ofgrinwofla w}rog} wnfg}ocfw o`xcwim b }di of}irfn}ocfna

gc``yfo} nw n riwya} ce }di gcyf}r,w fygainr xrclrn`! coa itxcr}w eiaa b dnae! naac|ofl Orn~o coa

itxcr}w }c cuir}nji Ornf,w ecr }di eorw} }oì wofgi }di >?48w&

Itxcr}w nomim wiae wyeeogoifg nfm mcìw}og ofuiw}ìf}! na}dcyld mcybai molo}

yfi`xacìf} nfm ofean}ocf ri`nof xrcbai`n}og& Ornf,w imygn}im xcxyan}ocf! gcfw}rnofimigcfc` nfm ofwyeeogoif} ecriolf nfm mcìw}og ofuiw}ìf} xrc`x}im&

Ornfonf Ofmyw}roiw

Ornf dnw biif rnfjim 7?}d ecr xrcmygofl -27 boaaocf ce ofmyw}rona xrcmyg}w of 2884& Erc`

2884 }c 288? Ornf dnw ky`xim of}c 24}d xangi erc` n 5?}d xangi of nffyna ofmyw}rona xrcmyg}ocf

lrc|}d rn}i& N rigif} rixcr} b }di \cram Eng} Bccjrnfjw Ornf 7rm n`cfl iìrlofl ofmyw}rona

xc|irw of }di |cram $ne}irGdofn nfm Ofmon/ of }ir`w ce o}w ofmyw}rona lrc|}d& Nggcrmofl }c }di

rixcr}! Ornfw ofmyw}rona wig}cr lri| b =) of }di inr 288?& Ornf |nw rnfjim >7}d n`cfl

iìrlofl igcfcòiw of 2885& Cuirnaa! Ornf ow rnfjim 7>w} of }di |cram of }ir`w ce o}w ofmyw}ronaxrcmyg}ocf lrc|}d rn}i&

]di lcuirfìf} ce Ornf dnw xanfw ecr }di iw}nbaowdìf} ce 9858 ofmyw}rona xnrjw b }di

ifm ce }di Eoe}d Eoui_inr Wcgocigcfcòg Miuiacxìf} Xanf b 28>9& Ornfonf gcf}rng}crw dnui

biif n|nrmim wiuirna ecriolf }ifmir gcf}rng}w of moeeirif} eoiamw ce gcfw}ryg}ocf ce mn`w! bromliw!

rcnmw! byoamoflw! rnoarcnmw! xc|ir lifirn}ocf! nfm lnw! coa nfm xi}rcgdiògna ofmyw}roiw& Nw ce

28>>! wcì 55 Ornfonf ofmyw}rona gc`xnfoiw nri gnrrofl cy} xrckig}w of 2< gcyf}roiw& Ornf dnw

itxcr}im cuir -28 boaaocf |cr}d ce }igdfogna nfm iflofiirofl wiruogiw cuir 288>28>>& ]di

nunoanboao} ce acgna rn| `n}ironaw! rogd òfirna riwiruiw! itxiroifgim `nf xc|ir dnui naa

gcaaig}ouia xanim o`xcr}nf} rcai of |offofl }di of}irfn}ocfna bomw&

Ce }di unroi} ce fn}yrna riwcyrgiw ecyfm of Ornf! xi}rcaiy` $mowgcuirim of >?84 of

Jdy{iw}nf xrcuofgi/ nfm fn}yrna lnw nri b enr }di `cw} o`xcr}nf}& ]di gdoie coa eoiamw nri ecyfm

of }di gif}rna nfm wcy}d|iw}irf xnr}w ce }di [nlrcw @cyf}nofw of \iw} Ornf& Coa nawc ow ecyfm of

Fcr}d Ornf nfm of }di ceewdcri |n}irw ce }di Xirwonf Lyae& Mcìw}og coa nfm lnw! nacfl |o}d

dmrciaig}rog xc|ir engoao}oiw! xrcuomi }di gcyf}r |o}d xc|ir&


7/40

Coa nfm Lnw Ofmyw}r

Xrofgoxna ofmyw}roiw nri coa rieofofl! xi}rcgdiògnaw! w}iia! nfm gcxxir& Of >?4

|iri wot xro`nr rieofiroiw n} Nbnmnf! Bnjd}nrnf! ]idrnf! Wdorn{! Iwendnf! nfm ]nbro{ |o}d n

xc}if}ona gnxngo} ce ?98!888 bnrriaw xir mn& Rieofiroiw nri acgn}im of Nbnmnf $wo}i ce }di

gcyf}r,w eorw} rieofir! byoa} >?>7/! Jir`nfwdnd! nfm ]idrnf& Xoxiaofiw `cui coa erc` }di eoiamw}c }di rieofiroiw nfm }c wygd itxcr}ofl xcr}w nw Nbnmnf! Bnfmnri@nwdyr! nfm Jdnrj Owanfm& ]di

Nbnmnf xanf} ecr }di xrcmyg}ocf ce xanw}ogw! mi}irlif}w! nfm gnyw}og wcmn |nw gc`xai}im of }di

>?58w& Wofgi }dif! }di xi}rcgdiògna ofmyw}r dnw itxnfmim gcfwomirnba& O} dnw biif }di `nof

iaiìf} ce }di xcw}|nr ofmyw}ronao{n}ocf xrclrn`&

Of an}i >?48! Orn~o bc`bofl ecrgim }di gacwyri ce }di Nbnmnf rieofir! |dogd dnm n }c}na

gnxngo} ce 588!888 bnrriaw xir mn nfm |nw cfi ce }di |cram,w anrliw} rieofiroiw& Wiuirna c}dir

rieofiroiw wyeeirim aiwwir mn`nli myrofl }di |nr& ]di Jdnrl Owanfm coa }iròfna nawc |nw wiuiria

mn`nlim b bc`bofl of >?49& Gcfw}ryg}ocf b n Knxnfiwi gcfwcr}oy` ce n -= boaaocf

xi}rcgdiògna gc`xait n} Bnfmnri Jdcìofo! finr }di Orn~o bcrmir! |nw dna}im b }di |nr: bòm>?47! }di ofw}naan}ocf! |dogd |nw 49) gc`xai}i! dnm narinm biif n}}ngjim wot }oìw& Of

Wix}i`bir >?4=! }di Knxnfiwi |o}dmri| }dior }igdfogonfw erc` }di wo}i bignywi ce n rifi|im

Orn~o bc`bofl& Ornf dnw }njif cf `ygd ce }di eofnfgona riwxcfwoboao} ecr }di xanf}! nfm }di

ifmofl ce naa xnìf}w ce Knxnfiwi grimo}w nfm acnfw of Eibrynr >?45 `cw} aojia ìnf} }dn} }di

xanf} |cyam fiuir bi gc`xai}im nggcrmofl }c }di crolofna xanfw& Ne}ir }di ginwieori of >?44! Ornf

bilnf }c ribyoam o}w mn`nlim coa itxcr} engoao}oiw! gcfgif}rn}ofl `nofa cf }di ridnboao}n}ocf ce

Jdnrl Owanfm& N 988!888bnrria riwirucor }iròfna cf Ydnfl Owanfm |nw xy} of}c cxirn}ocf of

@nrgd >??7& ]di coa gc`xait cf }di wcy}dirf owanfm ce Anunf |nw ricxifim ne}ir rigcfw}ryg}ocf

n} }di ifm ce Nxroa >??7& ]di Nbnmnf rieofir bignì nlnof cxirn}ocfna n} 288!888 bnrriaw xir

mn of @n >??7& ]di Owenrnf,w coa xrcmyg}ocf yfo} bignì cxirn}ocfna of >??2#?7! |doai }di

gcfw}ryg}ocf ce n fi| rieofir n} Bnfmnr Nbbnw |nw yfmir|n& @nkcr rieofir xrcmyg}w nri

`c}cr eyia! mow}oaan}i eyia coa! nfm riwomyna eyia coa& Coa rieofofl `nfyeng}yrirw dnm n gc`bofim

gnxngo} ce >&=< òaaocf bnrriaw xir mn of 2888&

]di xi}rcaiy` ofmyw}r ow Ornf,w igcfcòg `nofw}n: coa nggcyf}w ecr 48) ce itxcr}

riuifyiw! nfm Ornf ow n ì`bir ce }di Crlnfo{n}ocf ce Xi}rcaiy` Itxcr}ofl Gcyf}roiw $CXIG/&

Of }di an}i >??8w! Ornf,w w}n}ic|fim coa nfm lnw ofmyw}r if}irim of}c `nkcr itxacrn}ocf

nfm xrcmyg}ocf nlriiìf}w |o}d ecriolf gcfwcr}oy`w& ]di fn}yrna lnw ofmyw}r dnw bccìm of

Ornf! |o}d }di }dormanrliw} xrcuif riwiruiw of }di |cram& N} >??8! }di wo}i |nw nxxrnowim n} cfiiold}d ce o}w }ryi wo{i! |dogd |nw mowgcuirim of >??5& Of >??4! Ornf xrcmygim >&? }roaaocf gybog

eii} ce fn}yrna lnw&


8/40

Ornfonf coa nfm lnw eoiamw ofernw}ryg}yri

]it}oaiw Ofmyw}r

]it}oaiw nri }di wigcfm `cw} o`xcr}nf} ofmyw}rona xrcmyg}: ]idrnf nfm Iwendnf nri }digdoie }it}oaixrcmygofl gif}irw& ]rnmo}ocfna dnfmogrne}w wygd nw gnrxi} |inuofl nfm }di

`nfyeng}yri ce girnògw! woaj! nfm ki|iar nri nawc o`xcr}nf} }c }di igcfc`& ]di }it}oai

ofmyw}r dnw xrcwxirim of rigif} inrw |o}d ofgrinwim xrcmyg}ocf ce gc}}cf! |ccaif! nfm wf}di}og

enbrogw& ]di `njofl ce dnfm |cuif gnrxi}w |iri n }rnmo}ocfna ofmyw}r of Ornf }dn} mciw |iaa

yfitxig}ima ngy}i gc`xi}o}ocf erc` `ngdofi`nmi xrcmyg}w& Dc|iuir! gnrxi} itxcr}w migaofim

}drcyldcy} }di |nr inrw&

C}dir @nkcr Ofmyw}roiw

Biwomiw grymi nfm rieofim xi}rcaiy`! Ornf,w gdoie itxcr}w nri gnrxi}w! eryo}w! fy}w! domiw!

nfm orcf nfm w}iia: o}w gdoie o`xcr}w nri `ngdofir! ì}naw! òao}nr wyxxaoiw! eccm! nfm

gdiògnaw& ]diri ow nf orcf nfm w}iia xanf} n} Iwendnf nfm n eir}oao{ir xanf} n} Wdorn{& ]di dinu

ì}naw ofmyw}r bilnf of >?


9/40

`n}ironaw! nfm `ngdofir& ]c xrc`c}i wiaewyeeogoifg! Ornf dnw ifgcyrnlim miuiacxìf} ce }di

eccm xrcgiwwofl! wdci`njofl! xnxir nfm xnxir xrcmyg}w! nfm rybbir! xdnr`ngiy}ogna! norgrne}!

nfm wdoxbyoamofl ofmyw}roiw& C}dir ofmyw}rona xrcmyg}w ofgaymi giìf}! fo}rclifcyw eir}oao{ir!

xdcwxdn}i eir}oao{irw! nfm rieofim wylnr&

Ornf,w gdoie }rnmofl xnr}firw nri Knxnf! Lir`nf! nfm O}na& Jdcrrn`wdndr! cf }di Wdn}} naNrnb! ow }di gcyf}r,w gdoie lifirna gnrlc xcr}: Bnfmnri Nf{nao ow }di gdoie Gnwxonf xcr}& N

fi}|crj ce rcnmw aofjw }di uoaanliw }c }di anrlir go}oiw: `cw} ce }di xrofgoxna rcy}iw nri xnuim& ]di

]rnfwOrnfonf RR aofjw F Ornf |o}d }di Xirwonf Lyae&

Ofmyw}r Wig}crw % W}n}ow}ogw

Ornf,w ofmyw}r nfm wiruogi wig}crw gcf}roby}im ==&7 xirgif} nfm ==&? xirgif} }c Ornfw LMX of

28>8 riwxig}ouia& Of gc`xnrowcf! }di nlrogya}yri wig}cr gcf}roby}im >8&4 xirgif} }c Ornf,w LMX&

Ornfw gyrrif} ofmyw}roiw ofgaymi;

Xi}rcaiy` nfm xi}rcgdiògnaw Eir}oao{irw nfm gnyw}og wcmn ]it}oaiw Giìf} nfm c}dir gcfw}ryg}ocf `n}ironaw Eccm xrcgiwwofl $xnr}ogyanra wylnr rieofofl nfm uili}nbai coa xrcmyg}ocf/ Eirrcyw nfm fcfeirrcyw ì}na enbrogn}ocf Nr`nìf}w

Miwxo}i mouirwi ofmyw}roiw! Ornf ri`nofw riaonf} cf coa nfm fn}yrna lnw riuifyiw& ]di coa

ofmyw}r nacfi nggcyf}w ecr 58 xirgif} ce }di lcuirfìf}w bymli}& ]di gcyf}r nawc xcwwiwwiwrogd nfm dnui anrli òfirna& ]di Ornfonf lcuirfìf} dnw bilyf }c miuiacx o}w òfofl ofmyw}r

}drcyld ecriolf ofuiw}ìf}&

Itxcr}w;

->8?&9 boaaocf $28>>/ Gcyf}r gc`xnrowcf }c }di |cram; 7< ->8?&7 boaaocf $28>8/

Itxcr}w gc``cmo}oiw;

Xi}rcaiy` nfm grymi coa 48)! gdiògna nfm xi}rcgdiògna xrcmyg}w! eryo}w nfm fy}w! gnrxi}w

Itxcr}w xnr}firw;

Gdofn 2>&=)! Knxnf ?&>)! ]yrji 4&4)! Ofmon 4&>)! Wcy}d Jcrin 4)! O}na 9&7) $28>>/


10/40

O`xcr}w;

- boaaocf $28>>/ Gcyf}r gc`xnrowcf }c }di |cram; =2 -8/

O`xcr}w gc``cmo}oiw;

Ofmyw}rona wyxxaoiw! gnxo}na lccmw! eccmw}yeew nfm c}dir gcfwyìr lccmw! }igdfogna wiruogiw

O`xcr}w xnr}firw;

YNI 78&?)! Gdofn >>/

Of}irfn}ocfna wnfg}ocfw dnui dnm nf o`xng} cf Ornf,w }rnmi nfm ecriolf ofuiw}ìf}w!

iwxigonaa erc` }di YW& Nw n riwya}! Ornf itxnfmim o}w igcfcòg gccxirn}ocf nfm }rnmi |o}d c}dir

miuiacxofl gcyf}roiw wygd nw Gdofn nfm Ofmon&

LMX - gc`xcwo}ocf b wig}cr;

Nlrogya}yri; >8&7) Ofmyw}r; =8&2) Wiruogiw; =?&9) $28>>/

Anbcr ecrgi - b cggyxn}ocf;

Nlrogya}yri; 29) Ofmyw}r; 7>) Wiruogiw; =9) $Kyfi 288/


11/40

Ifirl; ORNF

Wig}cr Xrcmyg}ocf Gcfwy`x}ocf O`xcr} Itxcr}

Iaig}rogo} 2>7&< boaaocf J\$28>8/

Gcyf}rgc`xnrowcf }c }di|cram; >?

> boaaocf J\$288?/

Gcyf}rgc`xnrowcf }c }di|cram; 2>

2&854 boaaocf J\$288?/

Gcyf}rgc`xnrowcf }c }di|cram; =4

5&>9= boaaocf J\$288?/

Gcyf}rgc`xnrowcf }c }di|cram; 25

Grymi coa =&27> òaaocfbba#mn $28>>/Gcyf}rgc`xnrowcf }c }di|cram; 9

>9>&2 boaaocf bba$> Knfynr 28>2/Gcyf}rgc`xnrowcf }c }di|cram; 9

+Riwiruiw $Fc}Gcfwy`x}ocf/

8 bba#mn $288?/


2&2?9 òaaocfbba#mn $288?/Gcyf}rgc`xnrowcf }c }di|cram; =

Rieofim xi}rcaiy`

xrcmyg}w

>&48> òaaocfbba#mn $2884/

Gcyf}rgc`xnrowcf }c }di|cram; >=

>&5?= òaaocfbba#mn $28>>/

Gcyf}rgc`xnrowcf }c }di|cram; >9

>4

Gcyf}rgc`xnrowcf }c }di|cram; 2?

2=5!988 bba#mn$2884/


Fn}yrna lnw >=5&> boaaocf gy `

$28>8/


>==&5 boaaocf gy `

$28>8/


5&49 boaaocf gy `

$28>8/


4&=2 boaaocf gy `

$28>8/


C}dir Ofecr`n}ocf;

Xcxyan}ocf $òaaocf ofdnbo}nf}w/ !888 w~ j`/ >!5=4 Xcxyan}ocf mifwo} $ofdnbo}nf}w xir w~ j`/ =5 LMX xir gnxo}n $-/ 5!758 LMX n} `nrji} xrogiw $boaaocf -/ =42&=9 Unayi ce itxcr}w $boaaocf -/ >78&9= Unayi ce xi}rcaiy` itxcr}w $boaaocf -/ >>=&&=7


12/40

Xrcuif grymi coa riwiruiw $boaaocf bnrriaw/ >9=&94 Xrcuif fn}yrna lnw riwiruiw $boaaocf Gy& @&/ 77!528 Grymi coa xrcmyg}ocf $>!888 b#m/ 7!9!888 b#m/ >!!!!888 b#m/ ==>&7b#m $bnrriaw xir mn/

Gy& `& $Gybog `i}irw/

Gcyf}r Gc`xnrn}oui Nmunf}nli $GGN/

]di gc`xnrn}oui nmunf}nli ce Ornf ow n xi}rcaiy` ofmyw}r $rieofim xi}rcaiy` xrcmyg}w/&

]di nri itxcr}ofl coa nfm xi}rcaiy` of c}dir gcyf}roiw& ]di wdnri ce itxcr} ce }diwi xrcmyg}w ow

na`cw} 48) of riuifyi ce }di gcyf}r& Nfm naa gc`xnfoiw nri yfmir }di lcuirf`if} ce Ornf& Ornf

ow itxcr}ofl ==>788 bnrriaw xir mn ce xi}rcaiy` xrcmyg}w nfm 29! 7

coa& Nfm rieofir gnxngo} ce Ornf ow >

Ornf ow }di 2fm anrliw} itxcr}ir ce xi}rcaiy` xrcmyg}w of }di Crlnfo{n}ocf ce Xi}rcaiy` Itxcr}ofl

Gcyf}roiw $CXIG/& Nw miwgrobim of ecaac|ofl lrnxdw;


13/40

Fnxd}dn! lnwcaofi! moiwia eyia! nwxdna} bnwi! din}ofl coa! jircwifi! ao~yieoim lnw! @c}cr

Coa! Xnof} nfm Ki} eyia |dogd gcì erc` grymi coa! nri jfc|f of }di ifirl ofmyw}r nw

Xi}rcaiy` Xrcmyg}w& Ngrcww }di Lyae Gcnw} rilocf nrin ow byw rieofofl }di oflrimoif}w }dn} }cygd

iuir xnr} ce cyr aouiw& Gcfwomirnbai gdnfliw of }di ecr` ce }di aoei ce dy`nf nfm }dior dyli

fiimw }c }di `cri xrcmyg}w aim of}c }dow eng} }dn} fn}yrna `n}ironaw `yw} bi rixangim b nr}oeogona

cfiw& Cfi ce }di ofmyw}roiw |dogd dnui n gcfwomirnbai rcai of }dow nrin ow }di xi}rcaiy` ofmyw}r&

O} ow ce wybw}nf}ona wolfoeognfgi }c }di Ornfonf igcfc`! nfm n ji gc`xcfif} ce }di

gcyf}r,w ofmyw}rona bnwi& O} ow dold lrc|ofl ofmyw}r ce Ornf bignywi Ornf dnw ifcyld riwcyrgiw ce

Coa! Gcna! Gdiògnaw nfm c}dir @ofirnaw& O} xrc`c}iw imygn}ocf nfm R%M ecr dold }igdfcacl

ofmyw}r b xrcuomofl morig} eofnfgona wyxxcr} }c xybaog nfm fcfxrceo} ofw}o}y}iw! yfouirwo}oiw! nfm

c}dir imygn}ocfna ofw}o}y}ocfw! xro`nroa }drcyld }di @ofow}r ce Wgoifgi nfm ]igdfcacl! Ornfonf

@ofow}r! }di @ofow}r ce Gc`ìrgi ce Ornf& O} ow riwxcfwobai ecr }di miuiacxìf} nfm cxirn}ocf

ce }di gcyf}r,w nfm xi}rcaiy` wig}cr&

Nggcrmofl }c }di lcuirfìf} ce Ornf! o} ow }di }dorm anrliw} gcyf}r of }di |cram n}nxxrcto`n}ia >98 boaaocf bnrriaw $2=>8? `7/ nw ce 288

riwiruiw ce yfgcfuif}ocfna coa nri itgaymim& ]dow ow rcylda >8) ce }di |cram,w }c}na xrcuif

riwiruiw& Ornf ow }di |cram,w ecyr}d anrliw} coa xrcmygir nfm ow CXIG,w wigcfmanrliw} xrcmygir

ne}ir Wnymo Nrnbon& Nw ce 288? o} |nw xrcmygofl nf iw}o`n}im =&>87 `7#m/ ce grymi coa& N} 2885 rn}iw ce xrcmyg}ocf! Ornf,w coa riwiruiw |cyam anw} ?4

inrw oe fc fi| coa |nw ecyfm& _i} }di gcyf}r ow cfi ce }di `cw} o`xcr}nf} òfirna xrcmygirw of

}di |cram! rnfjim n`cfl >9 `nkcr òfirna rogd gcyf}roiw! dcamofl wcì 54 }xiw ce òfirnaw!

7< boaaocf }cffiw ce xrcuif riwiruiw nfm `cri }dnf 9< boaaocf }cffiw ce xc}if}ona riwirucorw& ]di

`cw} o`xcr}nf} òfiw of Ornf ofgaymi gcna! ì}naaog òfirnaw! wnfm nfm lrnuia! gdiògna òfirnaw

nfm wna}&


14/40

Ornfonf Ofmyw}r ow n} xnr |o}d |cram w}nfmnrm& Ornf wdnriw n lccm xcr}ocf ce bywofiww of

|cram `nrji}& O} ow cf wolfoeognf} liclrnxdog acgn}ocf! ac| gcw} anbcr nfm dolda wjoaaim dy`nf

gnxo}na! }di gcyf}r ow rnxoma n}}rng}ofl ecriolf ofuiw}ìf} of }di wig}cr! |dogd ow wolfoeognf}a

diaxofl }di lcuirfìf} }c ngdoiui o}w xrcmyg}ocf nfm itxcr} }nrli}w ingd inr&

]di \iw} ow }rofl }c mowryx} Ornfw coa wnaiw nfm itxcr}w b itir}ofl moeeirif} xriwwyriw Zcf }digcyf}rP nfm jiix Ornf n|n erc` lacbna `nrji}w& By} Ornfw coa w}nee dnw }d|nr}im }diwi

n}}i`x}w& Myi }c }diwi xcaogoiw! Ornfw coa ofmyw}r ow gyrrif}a n} o}w biw}&

Xcr}ir @cmia Nxxaogn}ocf

Eor` W}rn}il W}ryg}yri nfm Rounar

W}rn}il

W}rn}ilog xanfw ce Ornfonf coa ofmyw}r nri }c|nrmw itxnfwocf& ]dior wirocyw n}}if}ocf ow }c

miuiacx dy`nf riwcyrgiw! }di nri mcofl riwinrgd ecr fi| xrcmyg}oui |nw nfm ecr }igdfcaclogna

miuiacxìf}& ]di nri xnofl n}}if}ocf }c fn}ocfna }igdfcacloiw nfm xrcmyg}w `nmi of }di

gcyf}r nfm wneilynrmofl lnw riwiruiw nfm riuowofl }di acnm gcieeogoif}! Wneilynrmofl grymi coa

riwiruiw& Itxcr}ofl }igdfogna# iflofiirofl wiruogiw nfm lrnf}ofl ifirl }rnfwo} |n! cx}oò{ofl

}di eyia gcfwy`x}ocf! accjofl n} coa yfo}w nw igcfcòg yfo}w nfm grin}ofl w}ryg}yrna riecr`w of

uoi| ce migif}rnao{n}ocf }c o`xrcui xrcmyg}ouo}& ]di nri itxacrofl nfm ofw}naaofl `cri

rieofiroiw ecr }di xrcmyg}ocf ce xi}rcaiy` xrcmyg}w&

]di fn}ocfna coa ofmyw}r ow `cuofl cf |o}d eyaa w}rifl}d nfm gcfeomifgi! y}oao{ofl yx}cmn}i }igdfcacl! xc|ireya nfm offcun}oui `nfnliìf}! dolda wjoaaim nfm grin}oui `nfxc|ir

nfm n ey}yrow}og nxxrcngd }c miuiacxìf} xrckig}w&]di Ornfonf igcfc` ow dinuoa mixifmif} cf}di xrceo}nbai coa nfm lnw wig}cr& By} }di yfxrimog}nbai gdnfli ce }di coa `nrji}w nfm Ornfw

mixifmifgi cf n woflai riwcyrgi ecr `cw} ce o}w ofgcì dnw mowgcyrnlim }c miuiacx n `cri

mouirwoeoim nfm lacbnaa of}ilrn}im igcfc`& O}w coa wig}cr ow cfi ce }di camiw} of }di |cram& Ornf

dnw cfi ce }di |cramw `cw} `n}yri coa wig}crw& Xcaog `njirw biaoiui }dn} ng}oui xnr}ogoxn}ocf ce

}di xroun}i wig}cr! bc}d acgna nfm ecriolf! ow iwwif}ona ecr wyw}nofim lrc|}d ce }di ofmyw}r of Ornf&

Xrcmyg}ocf gnxngo} ow aojia }c ofgrinwi bignywi ce licaclogna nfm mcìw}og }igdfogna gnxngo}!

by} nawc aojia }c enaa myi }c eofnfgona gcfw}rnof}w nfm of}irfn}ocfna wnfg}ocfw& Of }di anw} ei|

inrw! ]idrnf dnw ofgrinwofla accjim inw} }c n}}rng} fn}ocfna coa gc`xnfoiw of }di Ornfonf

yxw}rin` ofmyw}r& ]di lrin}iw} ng}ouo} dnw biif }c Gdofn! |dogd dnw diam }najw cf `nkcr

xrckig}w of 288&


15/40

bnrriaw xir mn& Gnxngo} dnw na`cw} mcybaim wofgi }di inra >??8w nfm gcfwomirnbai |crj dnw

biif mcfi cf yxlrnmofl }di rieofiroiw& Of inra 2885! FOCRMG nffcyfgim xanfw ecr n ->5

boaaocf xrclrn` }c itxnfm nfm yxlrnmi o}w rieofiroiw! |o}d n lcna ce mcybaofl o}w gnxngo} }c

nrcyfm 7&7 òaaocf bnrriaw xir mn& Nw ce òm28>8! wiuirna xrckig}w |iri yfmir|n! by} }di byaj

ce }di xrclrn` |oaa fc} bi gc`xai}im of }di fit} wiuirna inrw bignywi ce Ornfw eofnfgona

gcfw}rnof}w nfm of}irfn}ocfna wnfg}ocfw&

@ngdofir }ccaw! i~yoxìf}w! gcfw}ryg}ocfw nfm wc cf gnf bi nwwyìm nw }di gnxo}na w}cgj

ce }di ofmyw}r& ]di nri o`xcr}ofl na`cw} =8) ce o}! nfc}dir 58) `ngdofir }di nri xrcmygofl

of }dior c|f gcyf}r& Xroun}o{n}ocf ce xrcmyg}ocf nfm itxcr}ofl gc`xnfoiw nfm cbaolofl bnfjw }c

ofuiw} of xroun}i gc`xnfoiw& ]di nri louofl }rnofofl `nfnlirw of crmir }c gdnfli }dior n}}o}ymi

}c |crjofl n} }di of}irfn}ocfna aiuia&

Ornf xanfw }c ofuiw} -988 boaaocf of }di coa wig}cr yf}oa 2829& Nw ce 28>8! -9& @ofow}r ce `nfnlofl }di coa ofmyw}r! }di xrcmygir ce coa nfm xi}rcaiy`xrcmyg}w& @CX ow of gdnrli ce naa owwyiw biacflw }c itxacrn}ocf! it}rng}ocf! itxaco}n}ocf!

mow}roby}ocf nfm itxcr}n}ocf ce grymi coa nfm coa xrcmyg}w& Of nmmo}ocf! nggcrmofl }c }di "O`xcr}w

nfm Itxcr}w Rilyan}ocf Ng}"! owwyofl o`xcr} aogifwiw ecr wygd xrcmyg}w ow nawc n`cfl }di

eyfg}ocfw ce }di @ofow}r ce&

]di w}n}i c|fim Fn}ocfna Ornfonf Coa Gc`xnf $FOCG/! yfmir }di wyxiruowocf ce

}di @ofow}r ce! ow riwxcfwobai ecr naa yxw}rin` coa xrckig}w! ifgc`xnwwofl bc}d xrcmyg}ocf nfm

itxcr} ofernw}ryg}yri& ]di Fn}ocfna Ornfonf Wcy}d Coa Gc`xnf n wybwomonr ce FOCG nggcyf}w

ecr 48 xirgif} ce coa xrcmyg}ocf gcuirofl }di xrcuofgiw ce Jdy{iw}nf! Bywdidr! Enrw! nfm

Jcdjoayid nfm BcirNd`nm& Fcòfnaa! FOCG nawc gcf}rcaw }di rieofofl nfm mcìw}ogmow}roby}ocf fi}|crjw! b |n ce o}w wybwomonr! }di Fn}ocfna Ornfonf Coa Rieofofl nfm

Mow}roby}ocf Gc`xnf $FOCRMG/! na}dcyld eyfg}ocfnaa }diri ow n wixnrn}ocf bi}|iif }di

yxw}rin` nfm mc|fw}rin` wig}crw&

]di Ornfonf gcfw}o}y}ocf xrcdobo}w ecriolf cr xroun}i c|firwdox ce fn}yrna riwcyrgiw& ]di

lcuirfìf} xirò}w bybngj gcf}rng}w }dn} naac| of}irfn}ocfna coa gc`xnfoiw $OCGw/ }c if}ir of}c

itxacrn}ocf nfm miuiacxìf} gcf}rng}w }drcyld nf Ornfonf neeoaon}i& ]di gcf}rng}cr rigiouiw n

ri`yfirn}ocf eii! ywynaa nf if}o}aiìf} }c coa cr lnw erc` }di miuiacxim cxirn}ocf! ainuofl }di

gcf}rng}cr }c xrcuomi }di figiwwnr gnxo}na yxercf}& Cfgi miuiacxìf} ce n gir}nof eoiam ow

gc`xai}i! dc|iuir! cxirn}crwdox ri}yrf of mowgywwocf }c FOCG cr }di riaiunf} wybwomonr&

W}ryg}yri

Ornfw coa ofmyw}r dnw dnm n yfo~yi xirecr`nfgi ne}ir }di Owanòg Riucay}ocf! iwxigonaa

of rigif} inrw& Ofmyw}r ce Xi}rcaiy` ce Ornf ow uir}ognaa of}ilrn}im bignywi o} mroaaim ecr coa!

rieofim grymi coa of}c ywnbai xrcmyg}w nfm }dif }rnfwxcr}im }dcwi xrcmyg}w }c ri}noa cy}ai}w& B


16/40

uir}ognaa of}ilrn}ocf }di òfoò{i }dior c|f gcw}w |doai biofl nbai }c neeig} gc`xi}o}crw

gcw}w& ]di `nmi }dior xrcgiww ieeogoif} |o}d }di diax ce `cmirf }igdfcacl&

Rounar

Xi}rcaiy` ofmyw}r ce Ornf ow ~yo}i miw}ryg}oui bignywi naa gc`xnfoiw nri yfmir

lcuirfìf} nfm oe nf fi| gc`xnf |nf}w }c gcì of! o} dnw }c gcì }drcyld lcuirfìf} ce

Ornf& Lcuirfìf}w dnui wdnrim of naa gc`xnfoiw& Of nmmo}ocf! Ornf ow itxnfmofl o}w rieofofl

gnxngo} }c ìi} mcìw}og nfm of}irfn}ocfna mi`nfm nfm rimygi riaonfgi cf ecriolf rieofim

xrcmyg}w&

Rian}im Wyxxcr} Ofmyw}roiw

Rian}im nfm wyxxcr}ofl ofmyw}roiw ofgaymi

Rian}im

Rn| `n}ironaw wyxxaoirw! I~yoxìf} nfm }ccaw! Mow}roby}crw nfm ri}noairw! Riwinrgd crlnfo{n}ocfw! Mroaaofl % Gc`xai}ocfw ]rnfwxcr}n}ocf Eoiam iflofiirofl Enbrogn}ocf


17/40

Rian}im ofmyw}roiw nri xrcuomofl ofxy} }c }di xi}rcaiy` ofmyw}r& Fi| ì}dcmcacl! }igdfcacl

nfm nmunfgi `ngdofiroiw nri xrcuomim b rian}ofl ofmyw}roiw& ]dn} ofgrinwi xrcmyg}ocf ieeogoifg

ce xrcmyg}w&

Wyxxcr}ofl

Eofnfgona Ofw}o}y}ocfw $wygd nw bnfjw nfm w}cgj `nrji}! }rnfwxcr}n}ocf ww}i`w/ ]igdfogna Imygn}ocf Ofw}o}y}ocfw $Anrli fy`bir ce wgoifgi nfm iflofiirofl lrnmyn}iw/ Ofgrinwim fy`bir nfm ~ynao} ce }rnofofl engoao}oiw Iflofiirofl! gcfwya}nfg nfm miwolf Lcuirfìf}na xcaogoiw

Wyxxcr}ofl ofmyw}roiw nri diaxofl }di ofmyw}r ecr }dior gcfw}nf} lrc|}d& ]di

lcuirfìf}na xcaogoiw wyxxcr} }di xrcgiww ce xrcmyg}ocf& ]di of}rcmygi }di nmunf}nliw ce

ofuiw}ofl of ofmyw}r }c eofnfgona crlnfo{n}ocfw wygd nw bnfjw! nw }di nri nawc ofuiw}ofl `cri of

}dn} ofmyw}r& Ornf,w c}dir `nkcr xc}if}ona ow o}w imygn}im cy}d& @cri }dnf


18/40

Dolda wxigonao{im riwcyrgiw

Ywnli ce offcun}oui xrcgiww Itxnfwocf ce itow}ofl rian}ocfwdoxw Nunoanboao} ce `cri }igdfogna |crj ecrgi

Coa ofmyw}r wyxxa gcfmo}ocf ow inwoa nunoanbai }c }di ofmyw}r& \dogd ofgaymiw xnr}w! wjoaaim

anbcr nfm i~yoxìf}w& Nfm cuirnaa wyxxa gcfmo}ocf of }di igcfc` ow nawc nunoanbai& O`xcr}

engoao}oiw `nmi inw! nfm cuirnaa wyxxaoiw of }di |cram nri inwoa nggiwwobai&

]di ofmyw}r of }di Lyae ow fc acflir wo`xa cxirn}ofl engoao}oiw }c xrcmygi xrcmyg}w: o} ow

bigcòfl n ji ifnbair ce c}dir ofmyw}rona ng}ouo}oiw& ]di Lyae rilocfw nmunf}nliw nri bnwim cf

liclrnxd! fn}yrna riwcyrgiw! nfm nf narinm |iaa miuiacxim xrcmyg}ocf! rieofofl nfm gdiògnaw

`nfyeng}yrofl ofernw}ryg}yri& Of }dow rilnrm! o} ow w}rn}ilognaa nfm igcfcògnaa of }di biw}

of}iriw} ce Ornfonf xrcmygirw }c miuiacx nfm itxnfm }dior mcìw}og `nrji}w& N uobrnf} nfm

lrc|ofl mcìw}og `nrji} }dn} xrcuomiw w}nboao} ce mi`nfm nawc rimygiw gcw}w ecr }rnfwxcr}n}ocfnfm ò}oln}iw }di ieeig}w ce }rnmi bnrroirw& Ornf dnw n xrcmyg}oui nfm }rnofim |crjecrgi& ]di

gcf}ofyi }c xrcuomi }rnofofl }c eyr}dir yxlrnmi nfm byrfowd }di wjoaaw ce dow |crjecrgi! nfm

accjofl ecr |nw }c wixnrn}i }di`wiauiw erc` gc`xi}o}crw }drcyld }di miuiacxìf} ce

xrcxroi}nr }igdfcacl nfm `nrji}w& Cfi ce }di eng}crw ce }di gc`xnrn}oui nmunf}nli ow }di

gc`xnrn}oui ifcrò} ce }di xrcmyg}ocf eng}crw& Wofgi }di wyxxa ce }di xi}rcaiy` ofmyw}r ow }di

coa dmrcgnrbcfw& Nfm bignywi ce }dior dyli riwcyrgiw! nunoanboao} of Ornf nfm gcw} ce

xrcmyg}ocf ow ac| o} ow n lccm gc`xnrn}oui nmunf}nli ce }di itxcr} ce }di xi}rcaiy` xrcmyg}w&

Ornf dnw }di gnxngo} ce gc`xi}o}ocf of mcìw}og xrcmyg}ocf&

]igdfcaclogna gdnfli dnw neeig}im naa wilìf}w ce }di ofmyw}r nfm lifirnaa dnw riwya}imof `cmirn}i by} w}nbai ofgrinwiw of xrcmyg}ouo} of `cw} ofmyw}r wilìf}w of rigif} mignmiw&

Xrcmyg}ouo} ìnwyriw ecr }di grymi coa xrcmyg}ocf! rieofofl! nfm ri}noaofl wilìf}w ce }di

ofmyw}r& Anbcr xrcmyg}ouo} of grymi coa xrcmyg}ocf wdc|w n xinj of }di inra >?


19/40

gcyf}r c|fw nbcy} ?)ce }di |cram,w grymi coa nfm >4) ce o}w lnw riwiruiw& ]di Ornfonf

lcuirfìf} miworiw }c `cui n|n erc` nf igcfc` bnwim cf coa itxcr}w nfm }c xy} }di

miuiacxìf} ce o}w lnw riwcyrgiw! $|o}d xrcuif riwiruiw ce 27 }roaaocf gybog ì}irw/ n} }di }cx ce

}di ceeogona nlifmn& Ornf dnw grin}im o}w c|f o`xcr}nf} eng}crw wygd nw wjoaaim riwcyrgiw nfm

}igdfcaclogna bnwi& Ornf ow nawc biofl yxlrnmim # mixacofl riwcyrgiw cuir }oì }c ìi} }di

mi`nfm& ]diwi nmunf}nliw ofgaymi fc} cfa riaonbai! neecrmnbai wyxxa ce eiimw}cgj by} nawc

acgn}ocf nfm xcr} engoao}oiw& Acgna }igdfogna nfm cxirn}ocfna itxir}owi nfm o`ìmon}i nggiww }c

Xirwonf Lyae xcr}w

Mi`nfm Gcfmo}ocfw

Mi`nfm gcfmo}ocfw mi}iròfi }di gorgy`w}nfgiw ce mcìw}og mi`nfm ecr xrcmyg}w ce nf

ofmyw}r& Ofgrinwi of mi`nfm dnw n lrin} ofeayifgi cf gc`xi}o}ouifiww& Bol lrc|ofl mcìw}og

`nrji} ifgcyrnliw }di xrcmygirw }c miuiacx }igdfcacl nfm ieeogoifg& W`naair mcìw}og

`nrji}w dnui n ac| igcfcòg lrc|}d rn}i nfm }diriecri }di ifgcyrnli }di gc`xnfoiw }c accj

ecr itxcr}ofl xcwwoboao}oiw& Mcìw}og mi`nfm dnw bc}d ~ynao}n}oui nfm ~ynf}o}n}oui nwxig}w ce`nrji}& ]di wo{i ce }di mcìw}og mi`nfm mi}iròfiw }di òfo`y` rn}i ce igcfcòg ng}ouo}oiw ce

mcìw}og eor`w nfm nawc naac|w }di` }c dnui n w}nbai mcìw}og mi`nfm& Gyw}cìrw itxig}n}ocfw

ecr }di ~ynao} ce xrcmyg}w nfm wiruogiw gnf bi nf o`xcr}nf} ofgif}oui ecr }di gc`xi}o}ouifiww ce

eor`w cr gcyf}roiw&

]di mi`nfm ce xrcmyg}w ow dold `nofa bignywi ce o}w gc`xi}o}ouifiww nfm ywnli ce }dcwi

xrcmyg}w of mnoa aoei& Ornf,w ac| gcw} nfm dold ifm xrcmyg}w rieofim cr xrcmyg}ocf itxir}owi

gcyxaim |o}d miuiacxofl |cram ganww ofernw}ryg}yri ow }di `nof aiuirnlofl eng}cr ecr }di rowi ce

}dow ofmyw}r& Ornf ow fc| ceeirim n} n wybw}nf}ona mowgcyf} }dnf o}w gc`xi}o}crw |doai miaouirofl

}di wnì lrnmi ce cy}xy}& ]di nri ofgrinwofl }di xybaog ofecr`n}ocf nbcy} }di ~ynao} cexrcmyg}w& Gc`xi}o}ocf of Itxcr}w Ornf ow of n fiy}rna gcfmo}ocf of of}irfn}ocfna `nrji}& Myi }c

igcfcòg! }rnmi! wgoif}oeog nfm òao}nr wnfg}ocfw o`xcwim b }di Y&W& lcuirfìf} nlnofw} Ornf!

mi`nfm ce Ornfonf xrcmyg}w ow gainra mc|f& By} w}oaa Ornf ow itxcr}ofl o}w xrcmyg}w }c Gdofn!

Ofmon nfm Knxnf& Rian}ocfwdoxw nfm gdnfliw cuir }oì ecr ifirl nfm }c}na coa mi`nfm |o}d

riwxig} }c ofgcì nfm xcxyan}ocf nri itnòfim ecr ingd ce }di gcyf}roiw nfm xriwif}im

lrnxdognaa& Ey}yri ofgrinwi of coa xrcmyg}w |oaa ya}o`n}ia bi wac|im b rowofl xrogiw yfaiww

na}irfn}oui ifirl wcyrgiw bigcì nf ofgrinwofla lrin}ir xnr} ce }di òt&


20/40

Myi }c dold ifirl mifwo} ce xi}rcaiy`! inw }rnfwxcr}nboao} nfm rian}oui nbyfmnfgi! o}

dnw bigcì }di |cramw `cw} o`xcr}nf} wcyrgi ce ifirl wofgi }di òm>?98w& Xi}rcaiy` ow nawc

}di rn| `n}irona ecr `nf gdiògna xrcmyg}w! ofgaymofl wcauif}w! eir}oao{irw! xiw}ogomiw! nfm

xanw}ogw: }di >5) fc} ywim ecr ifirl xrcmyg}ocf ow gcfuir}im of}c }diwi c}dir `n}ironaw&

]di mnoa |cram mi`nfm }cmn ow >2 òaaocf bnrriaw doldir }dnf o} |nw n mignmi nlc! nf

ofgrinwi i~yna }c }di gc`bofim xrcmyg}ocf ce Wnymo Nrnbon nfm Ornf& Nw n eyr}dir gc`xaogn}ocf!


21/40

}diri nri ofmogn}ocfw }dn} }di lacbna xrcmyg}ocf ce coa `n ringd o}w xinj rian}ouia wccf!

|diriyxcf }di xrogi |oaa rowi nfm fiuir wi}}ai bngj mc|f& Oe }dow gcìw }c xnww! yfxrigimif}im

lacbna igcfcòg gdncw |oaa ecaac|&

Mi`nfm gcfmo}ocf ce }di xrcmyg} ow uir dold& Xrcmyg}w nri wn}oweofl gyw}cìr fiimw nfm

ri~yoriìf}w by} mi`nfm ce ow ofgrinwofl fc|& Mi`nfm of }di gcyf}r nfm lacbnaa ow nawc dold&Nfm Ornf ow nawc ofgrinwofl o}w itxcr}w&

Jryl`nf }dicr ce }rnmi

Igcfcòiw ce wgnai ìnfw xrcmyg}ocf cf n anrlir wgnai $`cri cy}xy}/ gnf bi ngdoiuim n}

n ac|ir gcw} $|o}d igcfcòiw cr wnuoflw/& \dif xrcmyg}ocf |o}dof nf ofmyw}r dnw }dow

gdnrng}irow}og! wxigonao{n}ocf nfm }rnmi gnf riwya} of o`xrcuiìf}w of |cram xrcmyg}oui ieeogoifg

nfm |iaenri bifieo}w }dn} nggryi }c naa }rnmofl gcyf}roiw&

Of}irfna Igcfcòiw ce Wgnai

Coa of Ornf bi}|iif }di ]|c \cram \nrw

Cf @n 24}d! >?8> }dn} @c{nenrCM Mof Wdnd $ce ^nknr/ lrnf}im }di Bro}owd wybkig}

\oaaon` J& M,Nrg n 58inr coa aogifwi#rold} ecr ywi cf naa nrinw ce }di gcyf}r itgix} }di eoui

Fcr}dirf xrcuofgiw bcrmirofl Rywwon& ]di rold} ce ywnli xrcuomim o}w dcamir }di itgaywoui cx}ocf

}c itxacri! itxaco} nfm itxcr} xi}rcaiy`&

Coa |nw mowgcuirim of gc`ìrgona ~ynf}o}oiw of }di wcy}d|iw} ce }di gcyf}r of an}i @n

>?84& ]di Nflac Xirwonf Coa Gc`xnf $Nflac Ornfonf Coa Gc`xnf erc` >?79/ |nw ecrìm of

Acfmcf of Nxroa >?8?& O} |nw ecrìm |o}d nf ofo}ona gnxo}na ce 2 òaaocf xcyfmw }c nwwyì naa }diM,Nrg,w rold}w nfm riwxcfwoboao}oiw& ]di eorw} rcna} nlriiìf} |nw of >?>7&

Cf 28 @n >?>=! nf nlriiìf} |nw wolfim bi}|iif }di Bro}owd lcuirfìf} nfm }di

NXCG b |dogd }di Bro}owd lcuirfìf} bignì }di `nkcr wdnridcamir ce NXCG c|fofl 9>) ce

}di wdnriw& ]di nlriiìf} lnui }di Bro}owd lcuirfìf} }di rold} }c nxxcof} }|c morig}crw cf }di

Bcnrm |dc |cyam dnui }di xc|ir ce ui}c cf nf ~yiw}ocfw rian}ofl }c Bro}owd fn}ocfna of}iriw}w&

Nawc cf }di wnì mn! n gcf}rng} |nw wolfim bi}|iif NXCG nfm }di Bro}owd Nmòrna} b |dogd

NXCG lynrnf}iim }di wyxxa ce coa }c }di Nmòrna} ecr 78 inrw n} eotim xrogiw& ]di gcf}rng}

|cyam rinaa neeig} }di rian}ocfw bi}|iif ]idrnf nfm NXCG of wc enr nw }di rcna}oiw |iri

gcfgirfim& ]idrnf mom fc} xrc}iw} yf}oa Nylyw} 29}d! >?28 |dif o} crmirim o}w eofnfgona nmuowcr$Wmfi Nrò}nliWò}d/ }c filc}on}i |o}d NXCG cf rcna}oiw& ]najw w}nr}im of Acfmcf nfm nf

nlriiìf} |nw wolfim cf 22 Migi`bir >?28 nw n riwya} ce |dogd NXCG xnom cfi òaaocf xcyfmw

of wi}}aiìf} ce Ornf,w gano`w cf rcna}oiw&

]di Xndanuo mfnw} rixangim }di ^nknr ryair of an}i >?29 nfm w}nr}im }najofl nbcy} }di

riuowocf ce }di nlriiìf} of Acfmcf of an}i Kya >?24& By} biecri }di }najw w}nr}im! }di fi|

iw}nbaowdìf} w}rcfla n}}ngjim }di ailnao} ce }di >?28 nlriiìf} cf }di bnwow }dn}! o} dnm fiuir


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xnwwim }di @nkaiw& Of Acfmcf! }di Gcyr} @ofow}ir NbmcaDcwif ]i`cyr}nwd }cam Wor Kcdf

Gnm`nf $}di NXCG,w gdnor`nf/ }dn} }di Ornfonf lcuirfìf} |cyam lrnf} NXCG n fi| 58 inr

nlriiìf} oe! of ri}yrf! NXCG |cyam nlrii }c rimygi }di nrin ce }di anfm wybmouowocf! |o}d n

gc`xai}i gnfgiaan}ocf ce }di itgaywoui rold} ce }rnfwxcr}n}ocf! }c loui }di Ornfonf lcuirfìf} n

wybw}nf}ona bacgj ce }di wdnriw! }c rilow}ir o}wiae of ]idrnf nw |iaa Acfmcf! }c bi iti`x}im erc`

}nt b bc}d lcuirfìf}w&

]di }najw gcf}ofyim of Anywnffi $Erifgd wxinjofl xnr} ce W|o}{iranfm/ of Nylyw} >?24&

Of Anywnffi! ]i`cyr}inw `nmi o} gainr }dn} dow lcuirfìf} wdcyam bi louif 29) ce }di

NXCG,w }c}na wdnriw& "Oe }dow dnm biif n fi| nlriiìf}! }di Xirwonf Lcuirfìf} |cyam dnui

ofwow}im fc} cf 29) by} cf n 9898 bnwow"! di wnom& Di nawc mi`nfmim n òfo`y` lynrnf}iim

of}iriw} ce >2&9) cf mouomifmw cy} ce }di wdnriw& Nawc di wxigoeoim }dn} 98 }c 58) ce }di itow}ofl

nrin wdcyam bi riaof~yowdim n} }di }oì ce }di nxxrcuofl ce }di fi| nlriiìf} nfm 58) ce }di

ri`nofofl nrin wdcyam bi rimygim of }drii inrw& Of crmir }c `nji w}rcfl dow xcwo}ocf of nf

eyr}dir }najw |o}d }di Bro}owd! ]i`cyr]nwd }ccj ng}ocf wccf ne}ir di ri}yrfim }c ]idrnf&

]y`cr]nwd do`wiae }drin}ifim }dn} oe b }di ecaac|ofl `cuiìf}w di ecyfm dow mi`nfmw

`nmi of Acfmcf nfm Anywnffi dnm fc} biif ì}! di |cyam }dif }yrf nlnofw} NXCG nfm eold}w o}&

N} o}w ìi}ofl ce 28 Fcui`bir >?24! }di Bro}owd Gnbofi} nlriim |o}d 28) ce }di wdnriw

ecr Ornf& Gnm`nf! |dc dnm n}}ifmim }dow ìi}ofl! |nw }cam ce }di ecaac|ofl xrofgoxaiw nw }di

bnwow ecr nf eyr}dir }najw |o}d ]i`cyr}nwd&

>& Yfmir n fi| nlriiìf} ecr n acfl xirocm ce }oì! it}ifwocf ce }di gcf}rng} bi}|iifNXCG nfm }di Bro}owd Nmòrna} wdcyam bi wyri nfm lynrnf}iim&

2&

]di gcf}rcaaofl xcwo}ocf ce }di Bro}owd lcuirfìf} of }di wdnriw wdcyam bi `nof}nofim&7& Wdnriw }c }di Ornfonf lcuirfìf} wdcyam bi fcf}rnfweirnbai&

Of >?78! ]i`cyr]nwd nmcx}im n xcaog }c it}rng} `cri `cfi erc` NXCG! }dow b

o`xcwofl }ntiw cf o}w cxirn}ocf of Ornf& Fc}dofl dnm biif |crmim of }di nlriiìf} }c xriuif}

do` erc` mcofl wc& Di wybò}}im n boaa }c }di @nkaiw b |dogd NXCG |cyam xn n }nt ce =) cf

o}w xrceo}w inrfim of Ornf! nw erc` 22 @nrgd >?78& ]di boaa xnwwim }di @nkaiw cf }di wnì mn&

NXCG ceeirim n lynrnf}iim gcfwcaomn}im xnìf} of ri}yrf ecr iti`x}ocf erc` nf }nt& ]y`cr

}inw mom fc} nlrii& "]di Gc`xnf `yw} wdc| }di n`cyf} ce o}w xrceo}w inrfim of Xirwon"&

]idrnf |nw yfmir it}riì eofnfgona xriwwyri of @nrgd >?7>& ]di ofean}ocf rn}i dnm rowif

}c finra =9) nfm }di wdnd fiimim n dyli wy` }c lc eyr}dir |o}d dow rnoa|n nfm }di nr`& Of

wygd n wo}yn}ocf! NXCG ri~yiw}im n fi| acflir nlriiìf} of ri}yrf ecr n rcna} ce =w xir }cf

xayw >8) ce }di fi} xrceo}w& ]i`cyr}nwd |nw ofgc`xn}obai& Di |nw if}oria nlnofw} }di omin ce

n fi| acflir nlriiìf}&


23/40

]di }najw w}nr}im of Xnrow nfm gcf}ofyim of Acfmcf of Fcui`bir >?7>& ]di `nof gcfgirf

ecr bc}d womiw |nw }c eofm }di rina n`cyf} }dn} |cyam gcuir naa }di gano`w rian}ofl }c }di rcna}oiw

nfm }nt of }di xnw}& ]i`cyr}nwd nlriim cf 28) $>5) nw rcna}oiw xayw =)/ nfm }di Ornfonf

Gnbofi} nxxrcuim& ]idrnf ceeogonaa rieywim }c nggix} o}w rcna}oiw& ]i`cyr}nwd nwjim NXCG }c

ofgrinwi }di rcna}oiw nfm xrixnrim do`wiae }c "ceeir }c cuirgcì inr >?2? moeeirifgiw"& O} |nw

fc} n wyggiwwoui `cui& NXCG riwxcfmim }dn} o} gcyam fc} wii nf c}dir xcwwobai nrrnfliìf}&

Of }di Wigyro} Gcyfgoa ce }di Ainlyi cf Eibrynr 7rm >?77! }di Rnxxcr}iyr Imunrm

Bifiw! Ecriolf Wigri}nr ce G{igdcwacunjon xrcxcwim }dn} bc}d Ornf nfm NXCG }c filc}on}i n

fi| nlriiìf}! |dogd |nw nggix}im b bc}d xnr}oiw& Cfi |iij xnwwim by} ]n~o{nmid xy} fc}dofl

cf }di }nbai& Gnm`nf ì} }di wdnd cf Nxroa >>}d nfm rinao{im }dn} }di wdnd dnm fc |owd }c lc

bngj }c }di Ainlyi& Yfmir }di wdnd,w xriwwyri! ]n~o{nmid mixacim dow mi`nfmw n wy``nr ce

|dogd ow nw ecaac|w;

]di nrin wdcyam bi rimygim }c >9)& ]di itgaywoui rold} ce }rnfwxcr}n}ocf wdcyam bi gc`xai}ia gnfgiaaim& NXCG wdcyam loui 28) ce o}w }c}na wdnriw! erii ce gdnrli! }c }di Ornfonf lcuirfìf}& N rcna} ce }di coa xrcmygim wdcyam bi xnom }c Ornf& Ornf wdcyam ifkc }di rold} ce ui}c of }di bcnrm& NXCG wdcyam n}}i`x} }c òfoò{i }di fy`bir ce o}w fcfOrnfonf i`xaciiw&

]di fi| nlriiìf} |cyam fc} bi acflir }dn} }di riw} ce }di M,Nrg nlriiìf} $24 inrw/&

Nw o} bignì gainr }dn} ]n~o{nmid nfm dow gcaainlyiw |cyam fc} nlrii }c n fi| 58 inr

nlriiìf}! Gnm`nf! cf 27 Nxroa >?77! w}n}im }dn} di nfm dow gcaainlyiw |cyam ainui Ornf nw wccf

nw xcwwobai& ]dow ìnf} }dn} }di mowxy}i cuir }di gnfgiaan}ocf |cyam! cfgi nlnof! bi }njif biecri

}di Ainlyi ce Fn}ocfw&

Wdnd mom fc} |nf} }c |o}dmrn| }di gnfgiaan}ocf nffcyfgiìf}! }dif }di cfa wcay}ocf ecr

fc} engofl cxxcwo}i nlriiìf}& ]|c ìi}oflw |iri diam of }di xnangi nfm }di Wdnd nlriim }c n

fi| 58 inr nlriiìf} of ri}yrf ecr;

N òfo`y` lynrnf}iim xnìf} $ce 88&888 w~ynri òaiw Eyaa gnfgiaan}ocf ce }di itgaywoui rold} ce }rnfwxcr}n}ocf ce coa 28) ce }di wdnri of Ornf


24/40

Gdinxir coa ecr Ornfonfw

]di lrin}iw} ngdoiuiìf} of }di rimyg}ocf ce }di nrin nfm }di gnfgiaan}ocf ce }di

itgaywoui rold} ce }rnfwxcr}n}ocf xrcuomim }di cxxcr}yfo} ecr }di wdnd }c miuiacx xcwwobai coa

eoiamw cy} ce }di wcy}d|iw} of }di dnfmw ce fcfBro}owd& Lir`nf wdc|im of}iriw} of ng~yorofl nf

coa nlriiìf}& ]di Lir`nfw òld} dnui dnm }di }igdfcacl! `cfi nfm }di i~yoxìf} fiimim!by} }di Nìrognfw |iri wiif nw xcao}ognaa nf na}cli}dir bi}}ir xrcxcwo}ocf& ]najw |o}d

Nìrognfw w}nr}im nfm riwya}im of nf nlriiìf} of òmKnfynr >?788&888 w~ynri òaiw of }di inw} ainuofl n dyli byeeir {cfi bi}|iif

}di` nfm }di Bro}owd& ]di |iri nawc lrnf}im }di rold} }c byoam n xoxiaofi }c }di Win ce C`nf&

]dow nlriiìf} |nw woòanr }c }dn} ce }di >?77 nlriiìf} }c }di Bro}owd& Fc xrclriww |nw `nmi

yf}oa Kya >?74 |dif Nìrognfw fc}oeoim }dn} }di dnm acw} of}iriw} of }dior gcf}rng}#nlriiìf}&

]di dnm ng~yorim `cri bifieogona nlriiìf}w |o}d }di Nrnb gcyf}roiw! |dogd ìnf} ecr inwoir

}rnfwxcr}n}ocf }c }di Xirwonf Lyae&

O} ow fc}i|cr}d }dn} }diri |iri mowxy}iw bi}|iif ]idrnf nfm NOCG cf }dior fi| gcf}rng}of }di inrw ecaac|im yf}oa >?=> |dif }di wdnd riwolfim& ]diwi nri nw ecaac|w;

]di mowxy}i of }di Ornfonfown}ocf xrcgiww ce }di gc`xnf,w }igdfogna w}nee]di NXCG,w ecriolf }igdfogna w}nee |nw 4) ce }di }c}na i`xaciiw! of >?77&

Nggcrmofl }c }di nlriiìf} NXCG wdcyam "rigryo} o}w nr}ownfw nw |iaa nw o}w }igdfogna nfm

gc`ìrgona w}nee erc` n`cfl Xirwonf fn}ocfna"& By} of wnì nlriiìf} o} dnm w}oxyan}im

}dn} bc}d xnr}oiw "itgix} nw }di xrofgoxai! }di wyxriì figiwwo} ce `nof}nofofl }di

doldiw} milrii ce }di ieeogoifg nfm ce igcfc` of }di nmòfow}rn}ocf nfm }di cxirn}ocfw

ce }di gc`xnf of Xirwon"& ]di filc}on}im nfm nw n riwya} ce |dogd nf nlriiìf} |nw

`nmi cf 2 Nxroa >?75& B }dow nlriiìf}! NXCG $fc| NOCG/ xrcòwim }c rixangi o}w"ecriolf nr}ownfw! }igdfogna nfm gc`ìrgona w}nee b Ornfonf" of n xrclriwwoui `nffir }c

it}ifm }dn} nw }dow |cyam bi "gc`xn}obai |o}d }di n}}nofìf} ce }di doldiw} milrii ce

ieeogoifg"& ]di gc`xnf,w ecriolf w}nee migrinwim of xirgif}nli of nggcrmnfgi |o}d }di

>?75 nlriiìf}! }dow erc` >=&4=) of >?75 }c >>&75) of >?=>! by} ofgrinwim of fy`birw

erc` 2898 of >?75 }c 2=9< of >?=>&

]di mowxy}i cf }di coa itxcr}w]di coa itxcr} ofgrinwim }c o}w doldiw} aiuia ce >8&>5 òaaocf }cfw |o}d }di doldiw}

rcna}oiw ce 7&9= òaaocf xcyfmw of >?7?74 nfm Wdnd }drin}ifim Gnm`nf

}dn} o} ow fc} lccm ecr Ornfw miuiacxìf}& Gnm`nf }cam do` }dn} }di mrcx |nw myi }c cuir

xrcmyg}ocf ce coa b Nìrognfw nfm Rywwonf& Gnm`nf w}n}im }dn} di gcyam nrrnfli 9

òaaocf xcyfmw erc` }di Bro}owd lcuirfìf} of n `nffir }dn}! o} |cyam bi ao~yomn}im cy}

ce }di ey}yri rcna}oiw& ]di wdnd nlriim& ]najw |iri yfmir}njif b }di }|c lcuirfìf}w

of Acfmcf nfm riwya}im of nf nlriiìf} cf >5 Eibrynr >?=8& ]idrnf gnfgiaaim }dow

nlriiìf} of Kya nw n riwya} ce nfc}dir mrcx of coa itxcr}w&


25/40

Erc` >?=? cf! wif}oìf} ecr fn}ocfnao{n}ocf ce Ornf,w coa ofmyw}r lri|& Of >?=? }di @nkaow

nxxrcuim }di Eorw} Miuiacxìf} Xanf $>?=499/! |dogd gnaaim ecr gc`xridifwoui nlrogya}yrna

nfm ofmyw}rona miuiacxìf} ce }di gcyf}r& ]di Xanf Crlnfo{n}ocf |nw iw}nbaowdim }c nmòfow}ir

}di xrclrn`! |dogd |nw }c bi eofnfgim of anrli xnr} erc` coa riuifyiw& Xcao}ognaa n|nrifiww

Ornfonfw |iri n|nri! dc|iuir! }dn} }di Bro}owd lcuirfìf} mirouim `cri riuifyi erc` }nt

nlriiìf}! }di NflacOrnfonf Coa Gc`xnf! }dnf }di Ornfonf lcuirfìf} mirouim erc` rcna}oiw&

Of Fcui`bir >?98! }di @nkaow gc`ò}}ii gcfgirfim |o}d coa `n}}irw! dinmim b @cwnmmi~!

rikig}im n mrne} nlriiìf} of |dogd }di NOCG dnm ceeirim }di lcuirfìf} waold}a o`xrcuim

}ir`w& ]diwi }ir`w mom fc} ofgaymi }di eoe}eoe} xrceo}wdnrofl xrcuowocf }dn} |nw xnr} ce nfc}dir

fi| Xirwonf Lyae coa nlriiìf}w&

Coa xrcmyg}ocf gnì }c n uor}yna w}nfmw}oaa nw Bro}owd }igdfogonfw aie} }di gcyf}r! nfm

Bro}nof o`xcwim |cram|omi xrcdobo}ocfw cf }di xyrgdnwi ce Ornfonf coa& Of Wix}i`bir >?9>!

Bro}nof bnffim itxcr} ce lccmw }c Ornf& O} gdnaaiflim }di ailnao} ce }di coa fn}ocfnao{n}ocf nfm

}ccj o}w gnwi nlnofw} Ornf }c }di Of}irfn}ocfna Gcyr} ce Kyw}ogi n} ]di Dnlyi& ]di gcyr} ecyfm of

Ornf,w enucr! by} }di mowxy}i bi}|iif Ornf nfm }di NOCG ri`nofim yfwi}}aim& Yfmir Yfo}im W}n}iw

xriwwyri! }di NOCG o`xrcuim o}w ceeir }c Ornf& ]di itgo}iìf} lifirn}im b }di fn}ocfnao{n}ocf

owwyi nfm nf}oBro}owd }di lcuirfìf} }c rikig} naa ceeirw& ]di igcfc` bilnf }c wyeeir erc` }di

acww ce ecriolf itgdnfli nfm coa riuifyiw&

]dow aim }c nf igcfcòg growow nfm n `cui nlnofw} }di @ywwnmi~ lcuirfìf} b }di Wdnd

of }di wy`ìr ce >?92! |dogd |nw ì} b dyli nfm uocaif} n}}ngjw of Kya& Ornf brcji cee

moxac`n}og rian}ocfw |o}d Bro}nof of Cg}cbir& @ywwnmi~ |nw mrouif }c iuir gcfeywocfw nfm b

Nylyw} >?97 |nw xrcxcwim }c nbcaowd }di @nkaow nfm ri`cui }di Wdnd& ]di Wdnd eaim }di

gcyf}r! by} n òao}nr gcyx bngjim b }di Nìrognf Gif}rna Of}iaaolifgi Nlifg nfm Bro}owd

@O5 $Cxirn}ocf Bcc}/ w|oe}a riw}crim do` }c xc|ir nfm nrriw}im @ywwnmi~& ]di coa wo}yn}ocf

|nw fc} riwcauim yf}oa an}i of >?9=! |dif nlriiìf} |nw ringdim |o}d }di coa gc`xnfoiw nfm }di

Bro}owd! nfm }di Fn}ocfna Ornfonf Coa Gc`xnf }ccj cuir }di ofmyw}r&

]di NflacXirwonf Coa Gc`xnf $NXCG/ |nw ecyfmim of >?84 ecaac|ofl }di mowgcuir

ce n anrli coa eoiam of @nwkim Wcaio`nf! Ornf& O} |nw }di eorw} gc`xnf }c it}rng} xi}rcaiy`

erc` Ornf& Of >?79 NXCG |nw rifnìm }di NflacOrnfonf Coa Gc`xnf $NOCG/ nfm of >?9= o}

bignì }di Bro}owd Xi}rcaiy` Gc`xnf $BX/! cfi ce }di nf}igimif}w ce }di `cmirf BX XAG&

]di >?9< Xi}rcaiy` Ng} nfm }di Kcof} Uif}yri Nlriiìf}w

Of }di inrw o`ìmon}ia ecaac|ofl }di wolfofl ce }di >?9= gc`bofim ì`birw

Nlriiìf}! }di ofitxiroifgim fn}ocfna Ornfonf Coa Ofmyw}r rigiouim nf yfywynaa anrli `crna

bccw} erc` }di itxacrn}ocf ng}ouo}oiw gcfmyg}im nrcyfm ^c`& ]di mowgcuir ce }di Nabcr{

coaeoiam nfm }di Wnrkid lnw eoiam b }di Ornfonf Coa Gc`xnf! n gc`xnf wi} yx myrofl }di Eorw}

Xanf }c itxacri nfm itxaco} xi}rcaiy`! fc} cfa xrcuim Ornfw lrc|ofl }igdfogna gnxngo} by} o}

nawc diaxim }c loui Ornf n lan`cyr fc} do}dir}c ifkcim b nf c}dir coa xrcmygofl nfm itxcr}ofl


26/40

gcyf}r& Nlnofw} }dow bngjlrcyfm o} ow }diriecri dnrma wyrxrowofl }dn} |dif Ifrogc @n}}io! }di

Gdnor`nf ce IFO $}di O}naonf W}n}i Coa Gc`xnf/! migomim }c accj ecr coa wyxxaoiw of }di @ommai

Inw} b ceeirofl fi| gcf}rng}yna }ir`w! di wdcyam }yrf }c Ornf nfm }dn} }di lcuirfìf} ce Ornf

nfm }di FOCG wdcyam lrii} do` |o}d cxif nr`w& \dn} dnm xrc`x}im @n}}io }c gcì ecr|nrm

|o}d }di xnr}ogoxn}ocf ecr`yan |nw dow riwif}ìf} n} }di }rin}ìf} di dnm rigiouim erc` }di

`nkcr coa gc`xnfoiw b biofl itgaymim erc` }di gc`bofim ì`birw Nlriiìf}& Wofgi nggiww }c

grymi coa riwcyrgiw |nw ce y}`cw} o`xcr}nfgi ecr O}na nfm IFO! n |n dnm }c bi ecyfm ecr if}r

of}c }di @ommai Inw} coa wgifi& FOCG nfm IFO }dyw xocfiirim n fi| ecr` ce gcf}rng}yna

rian}ocfwdox! }dirine}ir jfc|f nw w} Kya! >?9?9?5?w

Bnwim cf }di wyggiww nfm itxiroifgi lnofim b FOCG |o}d }di o`xaiìf}n}ocf ce }di

Nlriiìf}w! nfm louif }di n`bo}ocyw fn}yri ce }di Lcuirfìf}w miuiacxìf} xanfw nfmigcfcòg lrc|}d cbkig}ouiw! n migowocf |nw }njif }c cxif n xnr} ce }di gcf}ofif}na wdiae ce }di

Xirwonf Lyae ecr of}irfn}ocfna bommofl& Dc|iuir! }dow }oì rcyfm! FOCG migomim }c gnrr cy}! n}

}di itxifwi ce }dcwi of}iriw}im of bommofl! n `nrofi wiowòg xrclrn` of }di nrin of ~yiw}ocf nfm

}c `nji }di ofecr`n}ocf wc cb}nofim nunoanbai }c bommirw! nw n xnr} ce }di }igdfogna eoai& ]dow

nxxrcngd xrcuim }c bi nf ifcr`cyw wyggiww& Fc} cfa mom }dow Ornfonf Eorw} gcfgix} bigcì n

}rnfwan}cr }c bi |omia ecaac|im b c}dir gcyf}roiw! o} nawc riwya}im of }di xnìf} ce `cri }dnf

->48 òaaocf of gnwd bcfywiw b eoui lrcyxw ce coa gc`xnfoiw |dc gcfgaymim kcof} w}ryg}yri

nlriiìf}w |o}d FOCG of >?59& ]di wolfoeognfgi ce }dow rcyfm ce bommofl |if} |iaa bicfm }di

eolyriw nwwcgon}im |o}d bcfywiw nfm itxacrn}ocf cbaoln}ocfw& @nkcr coa gc`xnf Wdiaa! dnm

brcjif rnfjw |o}d c}dir `nkcr gc`xnfoiw nfm nggix}im }di gcfgix} ce xnr}ogoxn}ocf& ]dow! }cc!

xrcuim }c bi }di ecriryffir ce `nf fi| nlriiìf}w ainmofl iuif}ynaa }c CXIGw Riwcay}ocf

nfm Xnr}ogoxn}ocf of Wix}i`bir >?& ]di eoui nlriiìf}w gcfgaymim of >?59 |iri bnwim cf n

`cmoeoim nfm o`xrcuim Nlriiìf} Ecr` xriwif}im b FOCG&

]di Wnai nfm Xyrgdnwi Nlriiìf}


27/40

]di eng} ow }dn} }di >?9= Nlriiìf} enoaim }c ngdoiui }di `nof cbkig}oui ce }di >?9> coa

fn}ocfnao{n}ocf! |dogd |nw }di gc`xai}i gcf}rca nfm `nfnliìf} ce }di coa ofmyw}r b FOCG!

}diri |iri `nf |injfiwwiw nfm wdcr}gcòflw of }di Nlriiìf}! `nf ce |dogd |iri

yfnucomnbai myi }c wiuiri igcfcòg xrcbai`w of }di gcyf}r! }di |inj bnrlnofofl xcwo}ocf ce

Ornf! nfm }di ywyna xcaogoiw nfm xrng}ogiw of }di of}irfn}ocfna coa bywofiww& Of inra >??9= coa nlriiìf} bicfm >?


28/40

ifng}`if} ce n fi| Xi}rcaiy` Ng} nfm }di gcfgaywocf ce wiuirna Rowj Wiruogi Gcf}rng}w of >?


29/40

It}irfna Igcfc`oiw ce Wgnai

Ornf w}oaa xrcuomiw finra 9) ce }di |cram,w coa fiimw& O} ow w}rnfli }dif! }dn} nf ofmyw}r ce wygd

lacbna o`xcr}nfgi wdcyam bi wc owcan}im& By} }di N`irognfw dnui dnm wnfg}ocfw of xangi wofgi }di

>?


30/40

xangofl i`xdnwow cf }di y}oao{n}ocf ce mcìw}og itxir}owi nfm ofuiw}ìf} xc}if}onaw! nfm

}di }rnfweir ce }igdfcacl&

Ne}ir }di riucay}ocf nfm Orn~o \nr Miuiacxìf} nfm Itxnfwocf ce Xi}rcaiy` Ofmyw}r ce Ornf

W}nr}im&

Biw} Gc`xnf of }di Ofmyw}r

Fn}ocfna Ornfonf Coa Rieofofl % Mow}roby}ocf Gc`xnf

]di gc`xnf dnw biif ecrìm `cri }dnf cfi mignmi nlc nfm w}nr}im o}w ng}ouo}oiw of n

fi| ernì|crj nfm w}ryg}yri& Fiuir}diaiww! }dow gc`xnf gnf bi }rya jfc|f nw }di ofdiro}cr ce

?8 inrw itxiroifgiw of Ornf coa ofmyw}r of }di eoiamw ce rieofofl! coa xrcmyg}w }rnfwxcr}n}ocf nfm

mow}roby}ocf nfm coa iw}nbaowdìf}w iflofiirofl nfm gcfw}ryg}ocf&

Ne}ir biofl ecrìm erc` @nrgd 4! >??> ! }dow gc`xnf dnw xirecrìm Fn}ocfna Ornfonf

Coa Gc`xnfw my}oiw of }di nrin ce naa ng}ouo}oiw rian}im }c grymi coa }rnfweir }c }di rieofiroiw nfm

itxcr} ki}}oiw! xrcgiwwofl! xrcmyg}ocf nfm mow}roby}ocf ce fyìrcyw coa `nof xrcmyg}w nfm

bxrcmyg}w }drcyldcy} Ornf! `nrji}ofl nfm itxcr}ofl wxigona xrcmyg}w wyrxayw! gcfw}ryg}ocf

ce rieofiroiw! `nrofi xan}ecr`w! xoxiaofiw nfm gc``yfogn}ocf fi}|crjw! ifwyrofl of}irfna nfmacfl mow}nfgi! ofmyw}rona nfm ceeogona dinm~ynr}irw ce Coa @ofow}r gc``yfogn}ocf |o}d it}riì

gnxnboao}&

Xrceoai ce Gc`xnf

Fn}ocfna Ornfonf Coa Rieofofl % Mow}roby}ocf Gc`xnf $FOCRMG/ |nw iw}nbaowdim of >??>! nw

cfi ce }di ecyr `nof wybwomonroiw ce }di òfow}r ce xi}rcaiy`&


31/40

FOCRMG nw xnr} ce }di Fn}ocfna Ornfonf Coa Gc`xnf $FOCG/ |nw iw}nbaowdim cf }di

xrofgoxai ce wixnrn}ofl yxw}rin` ng}ouo}oiw& O} dnw >? wybwomonroiw nfm neeoaon}im gc`xnfoiw!

ofgaymofl ? coa itow}ofl rieofiroiw& O} ceeirw o}w wiruogiw ywofl 22!888 itxiroifgim i`xaciiw& Of

uoi| ce }di ofgrinwofl mi`nfm ce xi}rcaiy`! FOCRMG ow yx }c xirecr` itxnfmofl! yxlrnmofl

nfm cx}oò{ofl xrckig}w ecr }di itow}ofl rieofiroiw! nfm gcfw}ryg}ofl fi| rieofiroiw&

Of nmmo}ocf }c grymi coa rieofofl! FOCRMG! ng}ouo}oiw nri nawc ecgywim cf iflofiirofl!

gcfw}ryg}ocf nfm }rnfwxcr}n}ocf |dogd i`bcmoim of}c }drii `nkcr wybwomonroiw;

FOCX]G! FOCXMG nfm FOCIG&

@owwocf % W}rn}iloiw

@owwocf

Grymi Coa Rieofofl Grymi Coa % Xrcmyg} ]rnfweir Xrcmyg}w Mow}roby}ocf Itxcr} % O`xcr} ce Coa Xrcmyg}w

W}rn}iloiw

I`xacofl nmunfgim }igdfcacloiw }c bccw} ieeogoifg Itxnfmofl Rieofofl Gnxngo} }c loui nmmimunayi }c cyr grymi coa Yxlrnmi }di ~ynao} ce xrcmyg}w }c ìi} fi| ifuorcfìf}na ri~yoriìf} Lrc|ofl xriwifgi of rilocfna `nrji}w % gcaanbcrn}ofl |o}d fioldbcrofl gcyf}roiw N}}rng}ofl }di xnr}ogoxn}ocf ce acgna nfm ecriolf xroun}i wig}crw of rieofofl xrckig}w Itxnfmofl xoxiaofi nfm w}crnli fi}|crjw }c ìi} cyr o`xcr}#itxcr} ri~yoriìf}w

Crlnfo{n}ocf Gdnr}


32/40

ItxnfwocfXrckig}w

Of aofi |o}d }di @ofow}r ce Xi}rcaiy` xcaog nfm o}w uowocf }c itxnfm }di gnxngo} ce }di itow}ofl

rieofiroiw! FOCRMG myrofl }di anw} }|c inrw dnm gcfmyg}im n gc`xridifwoui w}ym nfm

i`bnrjim yxcf o`xaiìf}ofl }di` nggcrmofla&

Cbkig}ouiw

O`xrcuiìf} ce `nfxc|ir w}ryg}yri nfm igcfcò{ofl }di rieofir cxirn}ocfw ^ynaoeofl ce coa xrcmyg}w }c ìi} 2889 Iyrcxi W}nfmnrmw Cx}oò{n}ocf ce }di rieofofl xn}}irfw Rimygofl xrcmyg}ocf ce ac| unayi xrcmyg}w nw eyia coa Ofgrinwofl xrcmyg}ocf ce dold unayi xrcmyg}w nw lnwcaofi Rimygofl ifirl gcfwy`x}ocf Rimygofl eyia gcfwy`x}ocf nfm |nw}iw

O`xrcuiìf} ce gcf}rca ww}i`w

N`cfl }di fofi itow}ofl rieofiroiw! }di gcf}rng} ecr wot ce }dow itxnfwocf xrclrn` dnm biif

n|nrmim& ]di mi}noaw ce ingd xrckig} nri nw biac|;

Nbnmnf Rieofir

Fnì ce }di Xrckig}; Gn} Grngjir Gcfw}ryg}ocf ce Fi| Yfo}w; Gn} Grngjir! Najan}ocf! Owcìro{n}ocf! Wyaxdyr!

Wyaxdyrog Ngom

Rigcuir! Nòfi! AXL }rin}ìf}

Lnwcaofi Gnxngo} ne}ir Itxnfwocf ; 7}d 2885 Gcf}rng}cr; Nbb Ay``yw! XOMIG! IGG

Nrnj Rieofir

Fnì ce }di Xrckig}; Itxnfwocf nfm Xrcmyg} Yxlrnmofl Gcfw}ryg}ocf ce Fi| Yfo}w; N}`cwxdirog Mow}oaan}ocf ! Fnxd}n }rin}ìf}!

GGR! LDMW! Jircwifi }rin}ìf}! O{cìr{n}ocf!

Lnw Coa }rin}ìf}! Fnxd}n

Lnwcaofi Gnxngo} ne}ir Itxnfwocf ; >88888 bxm IXG Gcf}rng} Wolfofl Mn}i; Kya 78}d 2885 Gcf}rng}cr; YCX! Ntifw! ]igdfox J]O! ROXO! WIO! Wn{id!

CMGG

Bnfmnr Nbbnw Rieofir

Fnì ce }di Xrckig}; Ofgrinwofl Lnwcaofi Xrcmyg}ocf


33/40

Gcfw}ryg}ocf ce Fi| Yfo}w; Dinu % Aold} Fnxd}n!

LDMW! Wyaxdyr rigcuir! Wcyr \n}ir! Nòfi! GGR!

O{cìro{n}ocf

Lnwcaofi Gnxngo} ne}ir Itxnfwocf ; 48?82 bxm IXG Gcf}rng} Wolfofl Mn}i; Fcui`bir >?}d 2885 Gcf}rng}cr; Nbb Ay``yw! XOMIG! IGG

Iwendnf Rieofir

Fnì ce }di Xrckig}; Ofgrinwofl Lnwcaofi Xrcmyg}ocf Gcfw}ryg}ocf ce Fi| Yfo}w; Fnxd}n dmrc}rin}ofl! cg}nfo{ofl$ GGR /!

O{cìro{n}ocf

Lnwcaofi Gnxngo} ne}ir Itxnfwocf ;


34/40

@nof Xrcmyg}w;

o& AXLoo& Lnwcaofi

ooo& Aold} Fnxd}dnou& Dinu Fnxd}dnu& Jircwifi

uo& Lnw Coauoo& Xi}rcgdiògna Eiimw}cgj

uooo& Aybi Coaot& Eyia Coa $W}rog} % Grngjim/t& Bo}yìf

Gcyf}r ce Itxnfwocf; - Ilx}

\d |i wiaig} Ilx}

Ilx} ow cyr gcyf}r ecr itxnfwocf& Mi`nfm ce xi}rcaiy` xrcmyg}w of Ilx} ow `cri }dnf

xrcmyg}ocf& ]diri nri ? rieofiroiw of Ilx} by} xrcmyg}ocf of gyrrif} inrw ow ac| }dif gcfwyìm&

Ilx} ow o`xcr}ofl xi}rcaiy` xrcmyg}w erc` c}dir gcyf}roiw $Wii ecaac|ofl Lrnxdw/& Gyrrif}

ifirl riwcyrgiw nri fc} ifcyld }c eyaeoaa }dior mi`nfm& Fn}ocfna Ornfonf Coa Rieofofl %

Mow}roby}ocf Gc`xnf ow fc} |crjofl of Ilx}&


35/40

Wnfg}ocf cf Ornf b YWN nfm Bro}owd lcuirfìf} ow n bnrroir }c }di itxnfwocf ce dow coa

nfm xi}rcaiy` ofmyw}r& Ofmon! Knxnf nfm Jcrin nri gy}}ofl cee }dior o`xcr}w of }di fit} inr& By}

Ilx}onf lcuirfìf} wnom }dn} }di dnui fc cbkig}ocf cf o`xcr} ce Ornfonf coa $Wix=! 28>2/& Wc

Ornf dnw nf cxxcr}yfo} }c itxnfm o}w xi}rcaiy` ofmyw}r }c|nrmw Ilx}& O} |oaa bccw} }di

igcfc` ce bc}d gcyf}roiw& Bignywi ce }di rigif} ofgrinwi of mi`nfm ecr xi}rcaiy` of Ilx}!

Fn}ocfna Ornfonf Coa Rieofofl % Mow}roby}ocf Gc`xnf wdcyam |crj of Ilx}& Ornf dnw ifcyld

riwcyrgiw }c |crj of Ilx}&

Dow}cr ce Ilx}

Ilx} ow wo}yn}im `nofa |o}dof Fcr}d Nerogn& O} ow bcrmirim b }di @imo}irrnfinf Win }c

}di fcr}d! }di Ln{n W}rox nfm Owrnia }c }di fcr}dinw}! }di Rim Win }c }di inw}! Wymnf }c }di wcy}d

nfm Aobn }c }di |iw}& Ilx} ow cfi ce }di `cw} xcxyacyw gcyf}roiw of Nerogn nfm }di @ommai

Inw}! nfm }di >9}d `cw} xcxyan}im of }di |cram& ]di lrin} `nkcro} ce o}w cuir 42 òaaocf

xicxai aoui finr }di bnfjw ce }di Foai Rouir! nf nrin ce nbcy} =8!888 w~ynri joacì}irw$>9!888 w~ ò/! |diri }di cfa nrnbai anfm ow ecyfm& ]di anrli rilocfw ce }di Wndnrn Miwir}!

|dogd gcfw}o}y}i `cw} ce Ilx},w }irro}cr! nri wxnrwia ofdnbo}im& Nbcy} dnae ce Ilx},w riwomif}w

aoui of yrbnf nrinw& Ilx} dnw ì`birwdox of }di Gc``cf @nrji} ecr Inw}irf nfm Wcy}dirf

Nerogn& Ilx} nfm Ornf nri }di ì`birw ce }di Crlnfo{n}ocf ce Owanòg Gccxirn}ocf nfm

Miuiacxofl 4 $M4/&


36/40

]di Ilx}onf Riucay}ocf ce 28>> $Riucay}ocf ce 29 Knfynr/ }ccj xangi xcxyanr yxrowofl&

O} |nw `nofa n gn`xnolf ce fcfuocaif} gouoa riwow}nfgi! |dogd ein}yrim n wiroiw

ce mi`cfw}rn}ocfw! `nrgdiw! ng}w ce gouoa mowcbimoifgi nfm anbcr w}rojiw& @oaaocfw ce xrc}iw}irw

erc` n unroi} ce wcgocigcfcòg nfm riaolocyw bngjlrcyfmw mi`nfmim }di cuir}drc| ce }di

riloì ce Ilx}onf Xriwomif} Dcwfo @ybnrnj& Cf 2= Kyfi! }di W}n}i Iaig}ocf Gc`òwwocf

nffcyfgim }dn} Owanòw} @cdn`ìm @crwo dnm |cf }di xriwomif}ona iaig}ocf& Cf 78 Kyfi! @crwo

|nw ofnylyrn}im nw }di 9}d Xriwomif} ce Ilx}&

]di Ornfonf lcuirfìf} ow rinm }c wyxxcr} nfm diax Ilx} of wiuirna nrinw& Ornf aow}im

}cyrow`! xi}rcgdiògnaw! nlrogya}yri! }di ny}c ofmyw}r! }di miuiacxìf} ce }di coa ofmyw}r nfm

iw}nbaowdofl ofmyw}rona go}oiw nw nrinw ecr nwwow}nfgi of Ilx}&

Igcfcòg Dow}cr ce Ilx}]di igcfc` ce Ilx} |nw dolda gif}rnao{im yfmir Xriwomif} Ln`na Nbmia Fnwwir& Of

}di >??8w! n wiroiw ce Of}irfn}ocfna @cfi}nr Eyfm nrrnfliìf}w! gcyxaim |o}d `nwwoui it}irfna

mib} riaoie riwya}ofl erc` Ilx},w xnr}ogoxn}ocf of }di Lyae \nr gcnao}ocf! diaxim Ilx} o`xrcui

o}w `ngrcigcfcòg xirecr`nfgi& Wofgi 2888! }di xngi ce w}ryg}yrna riecr`w! ofgaymofl eowgna!

`cfi}nr xcaogoiw! xroun}o{n}ocf nfm fi| bywofiww ailowan}ocfw! diaxim Ilx} `cui }c|nrmw n

`cri `nrji} croif}im igcfc` nfm xrc`x}im ofgrinwim ecriolf ofuiw}ìf}& ]di riecr`w nfm

xcaogoiw dnui w}rifl}difim `ngrcigcfcòg nffyna lrc|}d riwya}w |dogd nuirnlim 9) nffynaa

by} }di lcuirfìf} anrlia enoaim }c i~yo}nba wdnri }di |ina}d nfm }di bifieo}w ce lrc|}d dnui

enoaim }c }rogjai mc|f }c o`xrcui igcfcòg gcfmo}ocfw ecr }di brcnmir xcxyan}ocf! iwxigonaa |o}d}di lrc|ofl xrcbai` ce yfi`xacìf} nfm yfmiri`xacìf} n`cfl cy}d yfmir }di nli ce 78

inrw& N cy}d xrc}iw} mi`nfmofl `cri xcao}ogna eriimc`w! eold}ofl gcrryx}ocf nfm miaouirofl

o`xrcuim aouofl w}nfmnrmw ecrgim Xriwomif} @ybnrnj }c w}ix mc|f cf >> Eibrynr 28>>& Ne}ir

}di riucay}ocf Ilx}w ecriolf itgdnfli riwiruiw eiaa erc` -75 boaaocf of Migi`bir 28>8 }c cfa

->5&7 boaaocf of Knfynr 28>2! nawc of Eibrynr 28>2 W}nfmnrm % Xccrw rn}ofl nlifg ac|irim


37/40

}di Ilx}w grimo} rn}ofl erc` B* }c B of }di acfl }ir`& ]di Ilx}onf xcyfm ow }di gyrrifg ce

Ilx}&

Ilx} itxiroifgim }di lacbna igcfcòg growow Ilx}onfw `nmi wolfoeognf} lrc|}d! w}inm

xrclriww nfm itxcr}w iuif }roxaim erc` ? boaaocf }c 29 boaaocf& Eyr}dir`cri! Ilx}w ecriolf

ofuiw}ìf}w gcfwomirnba ofgrinwim erc` = boaaocf }c >> boaaocf nfm iuif yfi`xacìf} eiaa&Ilx} ow gcfwomirnba nf n}}rng}oui `nrji} ecr of}irfn}ocfna bywofiww& @ya}ofn}ocfna gcrxcrn}ocfw

xan n dyli rcai of lacbnao{n}ocf& Wcì lccm nmuogi }c @FGw |cyam mieofo}ia bi }c accj n}

}dior bymli}w nfm crlnfo{i dc| `nfnlofl of }di `nrji}xangi |cyam bi of Ilx}& ]dow |cyam

diax xrimog} }c}na ri}yrf& Nfc}dir lccm omin |cyam bi ecr n @FG }c gcfwomir nri }di xcao}ogna

nfm igcfcòg eng}crw&

Anbcr ecrgi; 25&9 òaaocf $28>>/

Ofmyw}roiw; }it}oaiw! eccm xrcgiwwofl! }cyrow`! gdiògnaw! xdnr`ngiy}ognaw! dmrcgnrbcfw!

gcfw}ryg}ocf! giìf}! ì}naw! aold} `nfyeng}yriw

Nlrogya}yri xrcmyg}w; gc}}cf! rogi! gcrf! |din}! binfw! eryo}w! uili}nbaiw: gn}}ai! |n}ir byeenac!

wdiix! lcn}w

Itxcr}w Xnr}firw; O}na 4&8&)! Lir`nf 5&7)! O}na 9&>)! Jy|no} =&


38/40

Coa nfm lnw nlriiìf}w nri nxxrcuim bnwim cf nlriiìf}w wi} bi}|iif }di lcuirfìf} ce

Ilx} nfm }di Ilx}onf Lifirna Xi}rcaiy` Gcrxcrn}ocf $ILXG/! nfm n ecriolf coa

gc`xnf! ywynaa jfc|f nw }di gcf}rng}cr&

N wxigona an| ow wxigoeoim ecr ingd nlriiìf} nlriiìf}! |diri }di gcf}rng}cr owriwxcfwobai ecr naa }di itxacrn}ocf rowjw&

]di nlriiìf} bi}|iif }di gcf}rng}cr nfm }di lcuirfìf} wxigoeoiw n gir}nof xirocm ce}oì ce = inrw ecr itxacrn}ocf&

]di }oì wxigoeoim gcyam bi it}ifmim bnwim cf }di gcf}rng}cr,w miwori ecr `nto`y` 2inrw&

]dow nlriiìf} ny}c`n}ognaa ifmw oe fc itxacrn}ocf dnw biif ngdoiuim b }di gcf}rng}cr!|o}d 5 `cf}d it}ifwocf ifnbaofl }di gcf}rng}cr }c gc`xai}i mroaaofl ce n xriuocywa

itxacrim |iaa myrofl }di xirò}}im xdnwi&

]di nlriiìf} wxigoeoiw }di fy`bir ce |iaaw }c bi itxacrim n} ingd xdnwi& N gir}nofn`cyf} ce |crj ow wxigoeoim ecr ingd xdnwi |o}d }di gc`xai}ocf ce itxacrofl n} ainw} cfi

|iaa&

Coa % lnw nlriiìf}w eofnfgona rilyan}ocfw

]di gcf}rng}cr xrcuomiw naa }di figiwwnr eofnfgofl |o}dof }di itxacrn}ocf w}nli of eriiagcfuir}obai gyrrifg&

N òfo`y` n`cyf} ce wxifmofl ow wxigoeoim ecr }di gcf}rng}cr }c bi wxif} myrofl }dinaac|im itxacrn}ocf xirocm&

Oe }di gcf}rng}cr enoaim }c wxifm }di n`cyf} xriuocywa ìf}ocfim o} wdcyam xn ecr }diIlx}onf Lifirna Xi}rcaiy` Gcrxcrn}ocf $ILXG/ }di enaa bngj n`cyf} ce `cfi&

]di `cfi }rnfwng}ocfw nri dnfmaim b n bnfj wxigoeoim b ILXG ecr lynrnf}ii! |dogd owrimygim nggcrmofl }c }di n`cyf} ce `cfi wxif} b }di gcf}rng}cr&

]di `cfi wxif} b }di gcf}rng}cr ow rigcuirnbai of }di gnwi ce n gc`ìrgona mowgcuir!}di gcw} rigcuir grymi coa&

Of gnwi fc `cfi |nw wxif} }di gcf}rng}cr gnffc} `nof}nof nf n`cyf}w ce `cfi wxif}b ILXG&

Nmunf}nliw lrnf}im }c xi}rcaiy` xrckig}w nri;

]diri nri fc riw}rog}ocfw cf }di fn}ocfnao} nfm }di ucayì ce }di gnxo}na& Ilx}onf! Nrnbcr ecriolf gnxo}naw gnf dcam nacfi! cr wdnri |o}d nf xirgif}nli of }di ofuiw}ìf}w ce }di

erii {cfi xrckig}w& Xrckig}w `n bi |dcaa c|fim b ecriolfirw& ]diri nri lynrnf}iiw nlnofw} fn}ocfnao{n}ocf nfm itxrcxron}ocf ce xrckig}w& ]diri ow fc aoò} cf }di ucayì ce }di gnxo}na! nw }di an| louiw }di c|firw ce }di xrckig}

}di eriimc` }c mi}iròfi }di ucayì ce }di gnxo}na of }di aold} ce }di fn}yri! wo{i % }di

iw}o`n}im xrcmyg}ocf gnxngo} ce }di xrckig}&

]diri ow eriimc` ce gdcogi |o}d rilnrm }c }di ailna ecr` ce }di xrckig}&


39/40

]diri ow eriimc` ce }rnfweirrofl }di xrceo}w % }di ofuiw}im `cfi nfm riitxcr}ofl o}& ]diri ow eriimc` of louofl cxirn}ocfw }c c}dirw of crmir }c y}oao{i }dior itgiww gnxnboao}oiw& ]diri ow eriimc` ce mi}iròfofl }di xrogiw ce xrcmyg}w nw |iaa nw }di xirgif}nli ce

xrceo}w&

Ecriolf ofuiw}crw nri louif engoao}oiw of riwomifgi! nfm }di ecriolf |crjirw nri louifriwomifgi aogifwiw yxcf }di xrckig} ri~yiw}&

]diri ow fc aoò} cf }di ucayì ce }di gnxo}na! nw }di an| louiw }di c|firw ce }di xrckig}}di eriimc` }c mi}iròfi }di ucayì ce }di gnxo}na of }di aold} ce }di fn}yri! wo{i % }di

iw}o`n}im xrcmyg}ocf gnxngo} ce }di xrckig}&

@cmi ce If}r# Itxnfwocf

]di Ilx}onf Lcuirfìf} ow ifgcyrnlofl Of}irfn}ocfna Coa Gc`xnfoiw $OCG/ }c

xnr}ogoxn}i of }di ng}ouo} ce itxacrn}ocf nfm itxaco}ofl coa nfm fn}yrna lnw& ]di xi}rcaiy`

ofmyw}r of Ilx} ow `nfnlim b }di @ofow}r ce Xi}rcaiy`! yfmir }dow @ofow}r ecyr gc`xnfoiw

eyfg}ocf nw lcuirfìf} nlifgoiw&

Cfi ce }diwi ow }di Ilx}onf Lifirna Xi}rcaiy` Gcrxcrn}ocf $ILXG/! |dogd gcfgaymiw

}di nlriiìf} nlriiìf}w of gccxirn}ocf |o}d }di ecriolf coa gc`xnfoiw cf }di bnwow ce n

xrcmyg}ocf wdnrofl nlriiìf} $XWN/& ]dow gcrxcrn}ocf ow nawc ng}ofl nw }di nlriiìf} dcamir nfm

}di ecriolf coa ofuiw}cr $OCG/ ng}ofl nw n Gcf}rng}cr cf }di c}dir womi&

Cyr `cmi ce if}r |oaa bi EMO Lriif Eoiam Ofuiw}iìf} bignywi riwcyrgiw nri nunoanbai

nw |iaa nw `nrji} nawc& Nfm `nf c}dir gcyf}roiw nri nawc iw}nbaowdim }diri&


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Xrckig} ce Gc`xnf ecr Itxnfwocf ce Bywofiww

KU ecr }di eor` ow n lccm cx}ocf }c ofuiw} of Ilx}! of }dow gc`xnf gnf ywi `nfnlirona

nfm `nrji}ofl gnxnboao}oiw nw o}w wcyrgiw ce wyggiww& By} Ornf dnw ifcyld riwcyrgiw ecr Ecriolf

Morig} Ofuiw}ìf}& ]di nunoanboao} ce wiuirna riwcyrgiw of }di Ilx}onf `nrji} rixriwif}w n

`nkcr wcyrgi ce n}}rng}ocf }c EMO& Ilx} dnw fn}yrna riwcyrgiw ce coa $grymi coa/ nfm lnw& By} dnuifc} ifcyld rieofiroiw nfm gc`xnfoiw |dogd gnf eyaeoaa dow ofgrinwofl mi`nfm ce xi}rcaiy`

xrcmyg}w& \i migomim }c byoam cyr xrcmyg}ocf xanf} of Ilx} b ywofl }dior c|f riwcyrgiw& O} |oaa

bi ac| gcw} nfm inw |n nw gc`xnri }c c}dirw: anbcr ce Ilx} ow ac| gcw} inwoa nunoanbai& Grymi

coa |i |oaa ywi of Ilx}& \i |oaa nawc iw}nbaowd `nrji}ofl gc`xnfoiw $Xi}rca Xy`xw/& O} |oaa nawc

loui eyaa c|firwdox ce gc`xnf }c Ornf& Nfm xrcmyg}ocf yfo} |oaa |crj yfmir Fn}ocfna Ornfonf

Coa Rieofofl % Mow}roby}ocf Gc`xnf& ]di lcuirfìf} ow nawc louofl nlriiìf} nfm }diri ow fc

aoò} ce xrcmyg}ocf cr wdnri ce Lcuirfìf}& Of EMO |i nawc dnui }di cxxcr}yfo} }c itxcr} ce

xi}rcaiy`&

]dnfj _cy

B @naoj Wnnm Fc`nf

petroleum industry of iran

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