petroleum principles

8/13/2019 Petroleum Principles

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Tarek Al Saati, J.R. Eng.


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Introduction to Petroleum

Definitions

Chemistry

History

Formation

Accumulation

Traps

Conventional and Non-Conventional oil reservoirs

Petroleum Industry

Petroleum Engineering Reservoir Engineering

Total E&P in two words


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Ahydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirelyof hydrogen and carbon and other bonded compounds.

Petroleum is a mix of naturally occurring, flammable liquid

found in rock formations in the Earth consisting of acomplex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecularweights, plus other organic compounds.

When petroleum comes straight out of the ground as aliquid it is called crude oilif dark and viscous, andcondensateif clear and volatile.


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The alkanes, also known asparaffins, are saturated hydrocarbonswith straight or branched chains which contain only carbon andhydrogen and have the general formula CnH2n+2.

The cycloalkanes, also known as naphthenes, are saturatedhydrocarbons which have one or more carbon rings to whichhydrogen atoms are attached according to the formula CnH2n.

The aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated hydrocarbons whichhave one or more planar six-carbon rings called benzene rings, to

which hydrogen atoms are attached with the formula CnHn. Asphaltenes consist primarily of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen,

and sulfur, as well as trace amounts of vanadium and nickel. The C:Hratio is approximately 1:1.2, depending on the asphalting source.

Four different types of hydrocarbon molecules appear in crude oil:


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The story of oil and natural gas begins far back in time as long as 500million years ago. Over the 4.5 billion years of it's lifetime the earthhas been in an extremely slow but constant process of change.


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Biological origin of petroleum from organically rich source rocks

Migration of oil and gas from source to trap

Reservoir rocks that hold the gas or oil

Traps and seals that allow accumulation and concentration.

The Petroleum Systems approach has four elements:


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Formation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon pyrolysis, in a varietyof mostly endothermic reactions at high temperature and/or pressure.


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In ancient seas, plants, animals and microorganisms abounded.

When they died they sank to the bottom of the sea where theyusually became a source of food for scavengers and decomposers.

In certain circumstances, such as highly acidic conditions or lack ofoxygen, the remains of the dead organisms did not fully decay andthe accumulated material became mixed with silt and clay, to form asedimentary deposit.

Today's oil formed from the preserved remains of prehistoric

zooplankton and algae, which had settled to a sea or lake bottom inlarge quantities under anoxic conditions (the remains of prehistoricterrestrial plants, on the other hand, tended to form coal).


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Over geological time the organic mattermixed with mud, and was buried underheavy layers of sediment resulting inhigh levels of heat and pressure (knownas diagenesis).

This caused the organic matter to chemicallychange, first into a waxy material, known askerogen, which is found in various oil shales

around the world, and then with more heatinto liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons in aprocess known as catagenesis.


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FORMINGHYDROCARBONS

Burying andstructuring

Sedimentarydeposit and filling

Marine orlacustrine

environment:organic matter


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Hydrocarbons tend to migrate upwards through the rockunless prevented by an impermeable layer of rock (caprock).

As rock layers are often not uniformly horizontal, thismigration of fluids is to the highest contained part of ageological structure, known as a trap.

The rock in which the oil or gas lies is called the reservoir,while the rock in which it originated is called the sourcerock.


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There are two types of traps - Structuraland Stratigraphic

Structural Traps Formed by a deformation in the rock layer that contains the

hydrocarbons.

Main Types: Domes, anticlines, and fault traps. Tectonic forces created these structures after sedimentation and

lithification.

Stratigraphic Traps Formed when other beds seal a reservoir bed or when the permeability

changes (facies change) within the reservoir bed itself. A stratigraphic trap accumulates oil due to changes of rock character

rather than faulting or folding of the rock. The term "stratigraphy" basically means "the study of the rocks and

their variations".


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Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form:

A source rock rich in hydrocarbon material buried

deep enough for subterranean heat to cook it into oil.

A porous and permeable reservoir rock for it to

accumulate in.

A cap rock (seal) or other mechanism that prevents itfrom escaping to the surface.


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Oil sands are reservoirs of partially biodegraded oil still in theprocess of escaping and being biodegraded, but they contain

so much migrating oil that, although most of it has escaped,

vast amounts are still present.

Oil shales are source rocks that have not been exposed toheat or pressure long enough to convert their trapped

hydrocarbons into crude oil.

Technically speaking, oil shales are not really shales and donot really contain oil, but are usually relatively hard rocks

called marls containing a waxy substance called kerogen.


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The petroleum industry is involved in the global processes ofexploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often with oil tankersand pipelines), and marketing petroleum products.

The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline

(petrol). Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemicalproducts, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides,and plastics.

The industry is usually divided into three major components:upstream, midstream and downstream. Midstream operations are

usually included in the downstream category.

Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is of importance to themaintenance of industrialized civilization itself, and thus is criticalconcern to many nations.


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Petroleum engineering is an engineering disciplineconcerned with the subsurface activities related to theproduction of hydrocarbons, which can be either crudeoil or natural gas.

Petroleum engineering has become a technicalprofession that involves extracting oil in increasinglydifficult situations as the "low hanging fruit" of the

world's oil fields are found and depleted.


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Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of manyother related disciplines, such as:

Petroleum engineering focuses on estimation of therecoverable volume of hydrocarbon resource using a detailedunderstanding of the physical behavior of oil, water and gaswithin porous rock at very high pressure.

Reservoir simulation Well engineering Artificial lift systems Oil & gas facilities engineering

Geophysics Petroleum geology Drilling Formation evaluation Economics


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Petroleum engineersdivide themselves into three types:

Reservoir engineers work to optimize production of oil andgas via proper well placement, production levels, and enhancedoil recovery techniques.

Drilling engineers manage the technical aspects of drillingexploratory, production and injection wells.

Production engineers manage the interface between the

reservoir and the well, including perforations, sand control,downhole flow control, and downhole monitoring equipment;evaluate artificial lift methods; and also select surface equipmentthat separates the produced fluids (oil, natural gas, and water).


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Reservoir engineering is a branch of petroleumengineering, that applies scientific principles to thedrainage problems arising during the development andproduction of oil and gas reservoirs so as to obtain a

high economic recovery.

The working tools of the reservoir engineer are: Subsurface geology

Applied mathematics

The basic laws of physics and chemistry governing thebehavior of liquid and vapor phases of crude oil, naturalgas, and water in reservoir rock.


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Evaluate available well & reservoir data.

Make the best predictions possible to helpdetermine the recovery potential andcommerciality of a field.

Can become involved during theexploration phase or after the field hasbeen discovered and delineated todetermine the reserves and plandevelopment.

Analyze cash flow projections - based onhydrocarbon recovery estimations for thefield over time, price hydrocarbon will sellfor & upfront field developmentinvestment.


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Other job responsibilities include:Numerical reservoir modeling

Production forecasting

Well testing

Well drilling and workover planningEconomic modeling

PVT analysis of reservoir fluids

Reservoir engineers play a central role in field developmentplanning, recommending appropriate and cost effectivereservoir depletion schemes to maximize hydrocarbon recovery.


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Reservoir engineers often specialize in two areas:

Surveillance (or production) engineering:- Monitoring of existing fields and optimization of production

and injection rates.- Using analytical and empirical techniques to perform their

work, including decline curve analysis, material balancemodeling, and inflow/outflow analysis.

Simulation modeling:- Conducting reservoir simulation studies to determine optimal

development plans for oil and gas reservoirs.


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Administration andCost Control

Information SystemsAssistance

.

Geoscience

Technologies

TG

New Business

PN

Field ReservesDevelopment

VDG

ExplorationCoordination

CAE

TrainingTechnical Image

Geosciences


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Reserve growth

Production growth

Technical costs decrease

Technical excellency

The Geoscience Technology Division TG contributesto E&P s targets worldwide:

GSR / TG - Technologies to the service of E&P


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Present in more than 100 countries


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Exploration &Production

Chemicals

Refining &Distribution

Gas and Power

Multi-Branch Player


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Oil

Renewable Energy

Electricity

Gas, but also Coal

Multi-Energy Player


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TRANSVERSAL : our capacity to work together upstream,downstream and chemicals and using our different specialities

LISTENING : empathy, attention to others, understanding thelogic of others, respecting others, understanding the needs of ourinterlocutors, the countries in which we work, finding solutions thatsatisfy their needs

BOLDNESS : controlled risk taking, innovation in R&D, inrelationship with contractors and investors. Courage is daring topropose, to imagine, to invent, to arbitrate and to ACT.

SOLIDARITY : our jobs are difficult, exposed, often unjustlycriticized. We must have a team spirit. Solidarity means sharingthis project and its values.

This TOTAL behaviour will differentiate us from our competitorsand allow our successful growth in a new environment


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