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Introduction to Computers

and IT

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Overview

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Basic ComputerSystem

Overview

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OverviewComputer (Def.): It is an electronic device that processes data and

converts it into useful information.

Computer Categorization for Individual User1. Desktops – For general everyday use2. Workstations – For those seeking high-performance systems3. Laptops (or Notebooks) – For mobile individuals4.  Tablets – For mobile individuals who prefer a stylus5. Handhelds (or PDAs) – For mobile individuals who seek a device small

enough to fit in your hand6. Smart Phones – For those who want their cell phones to do a PC’s job

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OverviewComputers for Organizations

 These are popularly known as servers. They may be one of the belowtypes: -Network Servers:

- This is a centralized computer to which other computers on anetwork are connected to for various reasons such as login

authentication, processing, server applications, etc…- When servers are set up in groups they are called clusters or 

server farms

- Mainframe Computers:- This is a large, powerful system that can handle the processing

needs of thousands of users at a time- Users access mainframes through one of 2 types of terminals

§ Dumb Terminals– These are incapable of processing orstoring data

§ Intelligent Terminals – These are capable of someprocessing only

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Hardware & Software

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Hardware & SoftwareHardware: Refers to the physical components of a computer system.

Software: Refers to the set of instructions that makes the computerperform tasks.

Information Processing Flow

Input Process Output Storage

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Hardware & Software –Hardware Components

1. Motherboard• Main circuit board• All internal components are attached or connected in some way to

it• Holds the processor, bus, memory sockets, expansion slots, and

more•

Acts as a conduit for power, and makes sure components cancommunicate• Example - Intel® Desktop Board DQ57TML2. Processor• Computer's brain that controls each program's functionality and

speed• Processor speed is directly related to PC's overall performance• Faster processors enhance user's ability to run creative,

entertainment, communication and productivity applications• Example - Intel® Core™ i7 Processor

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Hardware & Software –Hardware Components

3. Memory• Random Access Memory (RAM)

o Stores data temporarilyo Example - Dell™ 1 GB Memory Module

• ROM (Read Only Memory or firmware)o Stores data permanentlyo

Is an integrated circuit programmed with specific data when itis manufacturedo Example - Microchip™ EEPROM Memory

4. Input Devices• Are devices that accept data and instructions from user / another

system• Examples:-

o Logitech® diNovo Edge™ Keyboardo Logitech® Wireless Mouse M305o Canon® CanoScan LiDE100 Scanner

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Hardware & Software –Hardware Components

5. Output Devices• Are devices that present processed data to the user• Examples:-

o ViewSonic® VX2268wm LCD Monitoro HP® PSC 500 All-in-One Printer

6. Storage Devices• Are devices that store data permanently even after the computer

is switched off • Have high capacity• Can be classified as

o Magnetic Storage – on magnetic diskso Examples:-

o Seagate® Barracuda® XT 2TB Desktop Hard Driveo Iomega® 250MB Zip Drive

ORo Optical Storage – on optical discso Examples – Imation Blu-ray 25GB BD-R Disc

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Hardware & Software –Software

 Types of Software:• Operating Systems• Application Software• Programming Software

1. Operating Systems•.

Is a set of programs that regulate the wayso Application software uses computerhardware

o Users control the computer•. Examples:-

o Microsoft ®Windowso Macintosh® OSo Unixo Linux The

link 

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Hardware & Software –Software

2. Application Software• Are programs that tell the computer how to perform specific tasks• Examples:-

o MS Office Package containing software like§ Word Processor – MS Word§ Spreadsheet – MS Excel§

Database – MS Access§ Presentation – MS PowerPointo Image Editing – Adobe Photoshopo Games – MS Age of Empireso And many more software in various fields like educational,

military, medical, simulation, business, etc…

d & S f

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Hardware & Software –Software

3. Programming Software• Are tools that assist a programmer in writing computer programs• Examples:-

o MS Visual Studioo Sun Java

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Networking

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NetworkingNetwork: Refers to a set of technologies - including hardware, software

and media – that can be used to connect computers together, enablingthem to communicate, exchange information and share resources in real-time.

Basic Network 

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NetworkingNetworks are needed for:

• Storing data centrally• Example – Centralized Report Repository

• Enabling access by multiple users• Facilitate running of critical programs for continuous access

Network Server:• Is a central computer• Has large storage device• Contains shareable resources for users•  Types:-

• File Server - Stores data files• Application Server - Stores application programs and handles

processing

Shared Peripheral Devices: Sometimes organizations share peripheraldevices (like a laser printer) on a network to minimize cost and increasedevice utilization.Example: Cisco-Linksys WPS11 Wireless-B Print Server

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Networking

Multi-network Setup

N t ki T f

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Networking – Types of networks

Given below are the various types of networks:• Local Area Networks (LANs)• Wide Area Networks (WANs)• Hybrid Networks

o Campus Area Networks (CANs)o Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)o Home Area Networks (HANs)

LAN

HAN

CAN

MA N

WA N

Data Transfer Rate

Covera

geArea

N t ki T f

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Networking – Types of networks

Note:• LAN consists of atleast 2 PCs and can exist in a small space

• HAN and CAN are variants or hybrids of LANo HAN connects devices in a homeo CAN connects offices and organizations

•

MAN connects multiple corporate LANs together

• WAN o Consists of 2 or more LANs connected together across a wide

geographical areao Is the largest form of network in the hierarchy

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Networking – IntranetIntranet:

• Refers to a company’s internal version of the internet• Uses web server software like the internet• Limits access to employees and select company-related personnel

Few Benefits:• Real-time collaboration between departments and individuals• Effective Knowledge Management through participation and

tracking• Distribution of company briefings for informational purposes• On-demand generation of various reports• Updating and publishing of corporate handbooks and policies with

limited distributive effort• Linkage of press releases for real-time feedback• Publishing of necessary contact information for immediate access

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Networking – ExtranetExtranet:

• Refers to a partially accessible company’s website for authorizedusers physically located outside the organization

• Is accessible via logging in with a valid username and password• Provides various levels of accessibility to outsiders

Benefits:• Contains the benefits of an intranet – but within a larger scope

N t ki N t k

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Networking – NetworkStructures

Server-based Network:• Consists of nodes (PCs or any other networked device) linked to a

server• Users need to log onto the network• Each user has specific rights/permissions

Client-Server Network:• Is a common type of server-based network•

Contains individual PCs that share processing and storageworkload with a central server

• Example:• Database located on central server• Server application program on server PC• Client application programs on client PCs

Peer-to-Peer Network:• All nodes have access to resources of other nodes to an extent• Group of nodes is called a workgroup

N t ki N t k

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Networking – Network Topology

 Topology: It is the logical layout of cables and devices that connect nodes

on a network

 Types of Topologies

• Bus

•

Star

• Ring

• Mesh

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Networking – HardwareNetwork Media:

• Wiredo  Twisted Pair Cableo Coaxial Cableo Fiber-optic Cable

• Wireless• Use radio or infrared signals for data transmission

Network Interface Cards (NICs):• Also known as network adapter card or network card• Controls flow of data between the network and the PC•

Is a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) that fits into an expansion slot• Provides port for network cable• View Image

Net orking Linking

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Networking – LinkingDevices

Hub:• Connects PCs on a LAN• Broadcasts data to all other ports resulting in higher broadcast

traffic

Bridge:• Connects LANs• Directs data by following an older method of data re-direction

Switch:• Connects PCs on a LAN• Does not broadcast data to all other ports resulting in decreased

broadcast traffic• Is more popular than Hub

Router:• Stores routing information for networks so that data can be

directed to the correct node

Classroom Exercise (5-7 mins):Find a model of a switch on the Amazon website and note down:

- Manufacturer, Model, # of ports on the whiteboard

Networking Technologies &

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Networking – Technologies &Protocols

Protocols: Describe standards for data exchange over a network•  TCP/IP - Stands for

o  Transmission Control Protocolo

Internet Protocol• IPX/SPX - Stands for

o Internetwork Packet Exchangeo Sequenced Packet Exchange

• NetBIOS/NetBEUI - Stands foro Network Basic Input / Output Systemo

NetBIOS Extended User Interface

 Technology Also known as Supports speedsupto

Ethernet 10Base-T 10Mbps

Fast Ethernet 100Base-T 100Mbps

Gigabit Ethernet 1000Base-T 1000Mbps or 1 Gbps

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Backup

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Wide Area Network

Back

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Network Interface Card

Back