Phantom Simulation of Liver Phantom Simulation of Liver Motion During BreathingMotion During Breathing

Group Members:Group Members:Ian DallmeyerIan DallmeyerTuta GuerraTuta Guerra

Ian HenderlongIan Henderlong

Advisor:Advisor:Dr. Bob GallowayDr. Bob Galloway

BackgroundBackground

Over 17,550 people in the U.S. diagnosed Over 17,550 people in the U.S. diagnosed with primary liver cancer in 2005. 15,420 with primary liver cancer in 2005. 15,420 will die of liver cancer in 2005.will die of liver cancer in 2005.

Cancers often spread throughout the liver.Cancers often spread throughout the liver.– Traditional surgery difficult/not possible.Traditional surgery difficult/not possible.

Image Guided Liver SurgeryImage Guided Liver Surgery

Imaging Techniques Imaging Techniques – CT, MRI, Ultrasound, X-ray angiographyCT, MRI, Ultrasound, X-ray angiography– Use data to create 3-D registration of liverUse data to create 3-D registration of liver

Surgical TherapySurgical Therapy– Radio Frequency Ablation (RFA)Radio Frequency Ablation (RFA)– ChemoembolizationChemoembolization

ChemotherapyChemotherapy EmbolizationEmbolization

Success Rates of IGLSSuccess Rates of IGLS

ProblemProblem

Need an anatomically correct model which Need an anatomically correct model which accurately simulates liver motion due to accurately simulates liver motion due to breathing to test IGLS techniques.breathing to test IGLS techniques.

Advantages of Phantom ModelAdvantages of Phantom Model

Porcine LiverPorcine Liver Approx. $1,000 – $2,000 per Approx. $1,000 – $2,000 per

liverliver Not anatomically correctNot anatomically correct Not reusable Not reusable

Phantom modelPhantom model Anatomically correctAnatomically correct Reusable Reusable Time and space-savingTime and space-saving SiliconSilicon Art DepartmentArt Department

Market PotentialMarket Potential Current methods too invasiveCurrent methods too invasive

– Low survival rateLow survival rate– Long recovery periodsLong recovery periods

Estimated market for IGLS Estimated market for IGLS 10x current IGNS market 10x current IGNS market ($3.0-$7.5 billion)($3.0-$7.5 billion)

Global MarketGlobal Market– Liver Cancer is 10X more Liver Cancer is 10X more

common in developing common in developing countriescountries

Disadvantages with Disadvantages with Competing Technologies – Competing Technologies – HFJVHFJV

Duration of 45 min.Duration of 45 min. Cardiovascular Cardiovascular

ComplicationsComplications Patient ResponsePatient Response ExpensiveExpensive

Phantom Liver System DesignPhantom Liver System Design

(All encased in PVC housing)

Muscle Wire

2N2222 NPN Transistorpower source w/ switch

Ground

Shape Memory AlloyShape Memory Alloy

Shape memory alloys Shape memory alloys deform upon heatingdeform upon heating– Martensite – low T, Martensite – low T,

soft, deformablesoft, deformable– Austenite – higher T, Austenite – higher T,

hard, non-deformablehard, non-deformable

Other SMA’s - Other SMA’s - CuZnAl, and CuAlNi CuZnAl, and CuAlNi

Muscle Wire SpecsMuscle Wire Specs

Alloy: nitinolAlloy: nitinol R 50 R 50 /m/m Activation T 70Activation T 70ooCC Diameter = 150mmDiameter = 150mm Act. Current = 400 mAAct. Current = 400 mA VVact act =~ 10V=~ 10V

Cooling time = 2 sCooling time = 2 s

Design SpecsDesign Specs

1-D Linear motion 1-D Linear motion (cranial- caudal) (cranial- caudal)

10.8 10.8 ++ 2.5 mm (ATLM) 2.5 mm (ATLM) Breath Frequency Breath Frequency

~= .11 Hz. (1 breath/9 ~= .11 Hz. (1 breath/9 sec)sec)

Active optical position Active optical position sensor (Optotrak 3020)sensor (Optotrak 3020)

Current WorkCurrent Work

Circuit DesignCircuit Design

Power Source ConstructionPower Source Construction

Rebuild Base and Track Rebuild Base and Track SystemSystem

Future WorkFuture Work

Construction of PVC housingConstruction of PVC housing

Research for final paper/posterResearch for final paper/poster

Total model assemblyTotal model assembly

ReferencesReferences

Herline AJ, Stefansic JD, Debelak JP, Hartmann SL, Wright Pinson C, Herline AJ, Stefansic JD, Debelak JP, Hartmann SL, Wright Pinson C, Galloway RL, Chapman WC. Image Guided Surgery: Preliminary; Feasibility Galloway RL, Chapman WC. Image Guided Surgery: Preliminary; Feasibility Studies of Frameless Stereotactic Liver Surgery. June 1999 Studies of Frameless Stereotactic Liver Surgery. June 1999 Archives of Archives of SurgerySurgery 134:644-650 134:644-650

Tarczy-Hornoch P, Jones D, Zerom B, Woodrum D, and Berk R. Mechanical Tarczy-Hornoch P, Jones D, Zerom B, Woodrum D, and Berk R. Mechanical Ventilators. [Online] Available Ventilators. [Online] Available http://http://weber.u.washington.eduweber.u.washington.edu/~neonatal/NICU/~neonatal/NICU--WEB/vents.html, 1998. WEB/vents.html, 1998.