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PHARMACEUTICAL STANDARDIZATION OF GANDHAKAAJEERNABADDHO RASA

Kumar Saikrishna1 Sridurga2

1PG Scholar, 2Guide, CH –Associate Professor,Department of PG studies in Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, S.V.Ayurveda College, T.T.D,

Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India

INTRODUCTIONRasa Shastra deals with medicinal as-

pects of metals, minerals, precious stones andpoisonous plant drugs. It has been servinghumanity from centuries with its unique metal-lic and herbo-mineral formulations. Rudra(Lord Shiva) was considered as the first physi-cian, from whom the branch of Rasa Shastrahas evolved. The Rasaushadhies have widerange of therapeutic efficacy and innate quali-ties like quick action, less dose, palatability,ability to cure incurable diseases and knownfor their prolonged shelf life. Shodhita Parada(Purified Mercury) is equal to Ambrosia (nec-tor)1. It cures the diseases when subjected toMurchana, bestows Mukti – liberation whensubjected to Bandhana, and gives immortalitywhen it was subjected to Marana- Incinra-tion2. Parada doesn’t attain disease curing

property until subjected to Jarana with Gand-haka3. GABR is a unique formulation in whichParada was subjected to all most all the aboveprocedures like Shodhana, Jarana, Murchana& Bandhana.

AIM & OBJECTIVES:Compilation of various references pertain-ing to Gandhakaajeerna baddho rasa.Pharmaceutical study of Gandhakaajeernabaddho rasa

DRUG REVIEW:Gandhakaajeerna baddho rasa (GABR) wasidentified in ‘‘Rasayogasagara”4. The authorHariprapanna Sharma compiled this formula-tion from Rasa granthas such as Rasaratna-kara5, Rasa Raja Shiromani, and Yoga Mahar-

Review Article International Ayurvedic Medical Journal ISSN:2320 5091

ABSTRACTGandhakaajeerna baddho rasa (GABR) is a unique preparation mentioned in Rasayogasa-

gara which has therapeutic ability to cure all diseases when given with suitable Anupana (vehicle).The main ingredients are Shuddha Parada, Shuddha Gandhaka, Kakamachi, Tambula, Dathura andMeghanada. The pharmaceutical procedures involved are Shodhana, Jarana, Murchana & Band-hana. Parada & Gandhaka were taken in 1:2 ratio in a specially designed yantra which was kept inValuka bhanda (sand apparatus) & heated on Mandagni till cessation of Sulphur fumes. Later pakawas continued on Mandagni by adding Swarasas of Kakamachi(Solanum nigrum), Naga-valli/Tambula(Pipper betel), Dhatura(Datura metel) & Meghanada(Amaranthus spinosum). Till dateno research work was done in any institute relating to present formulation or adopting this technique.Hence an effort was made to standardize the method of preparation of GABR.

Keywords: Gandhakaajeerna baddho rasa, Jarana, Murchana & Bandhana

How to cite this URL: Kumar Saikrishna & Sridurga : Pharmaceutical Standardization Of Gandhakaajeerna Baddho Rasa.International Ayurvedic medical Journal {online} 2016 {cited 2016 July} Available from:http://www.iamj.in/posts/images/upload/3342_3353.pdf





























Kumar Saikrishna & Sridurga : Pharmaceutical Standardization Of Gandhakaajeerna Baddho Rasa

3343 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 4; Issue 11; November- 2016

nava. Reference of this drug was also traced inManthanabhairava’s ‘‘Anandakanda’’6,‘‘Vastu Swachandamrutam”7 a Unani bookwritten by Tuniraja in 1891.

‘‘Gandha baddha” is it’s another namementioned in Rasayogasagara4, Ananda-kanda5. In Rasaratnakara, Anandakanda andVastu Swachandamrutam, Swarasas of onlythree herbal drugs were mentioned- namelyKakamachi, Nagavalli and Dhatura. In Rasa-yogasagara, Meghanada was mentioned inaddition to the above three drugs. In the pre-sent study Pharmaceutical process was donetaking Rasayogasagara sloka as the chief ref-erence.

GABR PREPARATIONCHIEF REFERENCE: Rasayogasagara 1ST

Vol-1, क रसाः,yoga no-444

Materials: Shodhita Parada, Shodhita Gand-haka, Kakamachi swarasa, Naga-valli/Tambula swarasa, Dhatura swarasa,Meganadha/Tanduliyaka swarasaMethod/ Principle: Shodhana of Parada,Gandhaka, Swarasa nirmana, Jarana, Mur-chana, BandhanaApparatus: Khalwa yantra, Muslin cloth,Darvi, stainless steel vessels (for Shodhana),Specially prepared GABR nirmana yantra (forJarana), funnel, pipette (for pouring Parada,Gandhaka), Mixer (for Swarasa preparation),vessels, Shalaka.Procedure: Total Pharmaceutical procedurewas carried out in five stagesStage I - YANTRA NIRMANA-Preparation ofYantra (apparatus) and LidIn cheif Reference the preperation was said tobe conducted in a Yantra made up of mud witha lenght of 16 angulas, diameter of 2angulasclosed at one end & opened on other side. Thasame was made1angula = 3/4 inch i.e 1.9cms16 angulas = 16x3/4=12 inches 30cms

2 angulas = 2x3/4 = 1.5 inches 3.75-3.8cmsWhen no specifications are mentionedregarding the ingredients to be used formaking Yantras or Musha (vessels) then as ageneral rule materials advised for SamanyaMusha should be taken. Samanya mushadravyas include burnt husk,coal powder, horsedung and wool. But after making trials on this,it was understood that now-a-days it ispractically not possible for the potters to makethem. So normal potter’s preparative methodwas adopted. Initially Red soil devoid ofstones and sand was taken. It was made intopaste form by adding adequate quantity ofwater. Generally to prepare mud vessels,potter’s mix sand to this mud in 1:3 ratio .This gives strength,stability to the mud & itcan be moulded into desired shape.Preparation of ‘Yantra’ with mud:

When the prepared mud was placedon spinning wheel & tried to mould intodesired shape with hands, it was found verydifficult to mould the mud into a 12 inch longtube as the mud started to bend and crack withincrease of length. So the technique wasmodified.

A wide platform of mud was madewith uniform thickness. A Plastic pipe withdimensions as advised for Yantra was taken.The pipe was coated with oil on it’s outersurface. This Pipe was placed on the mudplatform & the mud was wrapped around itcarefully. One end of the tube was closed withequisized coin shaped mud. All the conjoiningspaces were properly sealed. Now by twistingand pulling the pipe was removed out slowly& carefully. The oil applied over the pipehelped here for easy removal of pipe from themud. After removal of the pipe, obtained mudshape was allowed for drying under shade.After five days of complete drying, it wasbaked on fire & collected after self cooling.The Yantra was named as Gandhakaajeerna



badho rasa Nirmana Yantra,in short form asGABRN Yantra.By following the above technique total fourGABRN Yantras were preparedPreparation of the Lid:In the reference sloka it was said to keep themouth of the Yantra closed during the Paka.So a lid that completely closes the Yantra’smouth was preared. A brick piece was takenand it was carved into a lid by rubbing itagainst rough surface. Care was taken toobtain uniformity in shape

Eveness on all sides Whether the Lid Fixes into the mouth of

the Yantra properly (by checking it fromtime to time whether it closes the mouthon all sides).

This GABR Yantra was kept amidst Valukapuritha bhanda upto 12 angulas (23cms) i.etwo thirds of its length (figno-1). The wholesetup was kept on stove and heated on Man-dagni till it becomes warm (figno-2).Stage II -Shodhana of Parada8, Shodhana ofGandhaka9

Shodhana of Parada was carried outby doing Mardana with equal quantity of Sud-hachurna for three days. After Mardana it wasfiltered through double layered cloth. Lasunakalka was added in equal quantity and Saind-hava lavana was added in half the quantity ofParada. After completion of mardana wash-ing of contents was done with hot water to ob-tain Shuddha Parada(figno-3). Shodhana ofGandhaka was carried out by placing it in aniron ladle along with sufficient quantity ofghrita. It was heated up to melting and pouredin a vessel of milk. The mouth of vessel wastied with cloth which was smeared withghrita. Then it was washed with hot water andpowdered. This procedure was repeated for sixmore times to obtain Shuddha Gand-haka(figno-4).

Stage III -Placing Parada, Gandhaka intoYantra & heating upto Gandhakanird-hoomavasta

50g Shuddha Gandhaka was poured in toYantra using funnel(figno-5), 50g ShuddhaParada was placed over this carefully with apipette(figno-6) and over this another 50g ofShuddha Gandhaka was poured(figno-7). TheYantra mouth was closed with the lid & heatedon Mandagni till Gandhakanirdhoomavastha,i.e complete cessation of Sulphur fumes.Time to time the lid was opened to observe thechanges. Slowly Parada, Gandhaka started tomelt emitting thin yellow sulphur fumes whichgot intensified with time & were subsidedcompletely after period of ten hours(figno-8,9,10)).Stage IV – Swarasa nirmana10 & Paka withSwarasas

Swarasa of Kakamachi (figno-14), Naga-valli (figno-16), Dhatura (figno-18) andMeghanada (figno-20) were prepared as perthe requirement. The homogenous mixture thatwas formed after Gandhakanirdhoomavasthastage was continued to boil on mandagni byadding the luke warm made Swarasa ofKakamachi (figno-21) & heated till it evapo-rates completely (figno-23). Later Swarasa ofNagavalli, Dhatura and Meghanada wereadded one after the other in the same manner& and this cycle of Swarasas was continuedtill the completion of Gandhaka jarana.Stage V - Breaking & collection of endproduct

Heating was continued till the com-plete evaporation of the swarasa & was left forself cooling- Swanga sheetam. The Yantra wasbroken and the final product was collected. Itwas grinded well into a homogenous mix-ture(figno-25,26).

OBSERVATIONS: After Shodhana, brightness of the Parada

was increased.



After Shodhana, Gandhaka color waschanged from dull yellow to thick, brightyellow color with increased luster.

It took around ten hours for attainingGandhaka nirdhoomavastha- stopping ofyellow Sulphur fumes totally. At this pointthe added Parada and Gandhaka wereturned into thick, viscous, dense, black tarlike liquid.

When the Swarasa was made lukewarm itscolor changed from thick green to brow-nish green and consistency changed fromdense to opaque.

Adding little bit Swarasa it immediatelycame up to top with effervescence andsound. After adding further liquid the ef-fervescence and sound were decreased.Within five minutes the semisolid homo-genous mixture obtained was converted in-to granule form on adding the Swarasa. Bystirring it continuously, it was again con-verted into liquid within fifteen minutes.

This observation was same with each Swa-rasa. By the end of evaporation of liquid,semisolid matter was observed.

It took around seven hours for the com-plete evaporation of the Kakamachi, tenhours each for Nagavalli, Dhatura andMeghanada Swarasas respectively.

The Signs of Completion of Jarana wereobserved when Kakamachi Swarasa wasadded again and Paka was done till thecomplete evaporation of the Swarasa. Theheating was stopped and was left for selfcooling.

The end product was adhered at the bottomand also over walls of the Yantra.

The sediment at the bottom was hard stonylike, light in weight and dark black in col-or.

The sediment over the walls of Yantra wasin dull and greenish black in color.

The obtained end product was brownishblack in color.

Results: Weight of the Yantra -950g, Fluid Capacity of the Yantra -300ml.

Table No. 1 : Showing Result of Shodhana

Table No.2: Showing result of Swarasas preparation for all the drugsS.no Drug Weight of drug taken Volume of Extracted Swarasa

1 Kakamachi 700gms 300ml

2 Nagavalli/ Tambula 700g 320ml

3 Dhatura 550g 300ml

4 Meghanada 800g 310ml

NOTE: The above pharmaceutical procedure was carried out for four times to standardize the timetaken, yield.

S.no Material taken forShodhana

Initial Weight Final Weight Loss in Weight Loss%

1 Parada 300g 290 gm 10 gm 3.33%

2 Gandhaka 500g 495g 5g 1%



Table No.3: Showing the weight of the final product in each practical

Maximum temperature recorded inside theyantra at time of Gandhakanirdhoomavas-

ta was 139c on average.

The average time taken is 47.5 hours &Average yield of GABR was 140gms.

STEP WISE PREPARATION OF GANDHAKAAJEERNA BADDHO RASA

A) (Fig no-1)Yantra Preparation (Fig no-2)Yantra kept on heating apparatus

B) (Fig no-3)Shuddha Parada (Fig no-4)Shuddha Gandhaka

C) Placing of Ingredients into Yantra & Subjecting to Mandagni Paka tillGandhakanirdhoomavasta

(Fig no-5)Adding Shuddha Gandhaka (Fig no-6) Adding Shuddha Parada

S.no Weight of the ingredients Practical no Time taken final product (GABR)

1.Parada – 50gGandhaka - 100g

I 47hours 141g

2. II 49hours 138g

3. III 46hours 139g

4. IV 47hours 142g



(Fig no-7)Adding Shuddha Gandhaka (Fig no-8) Observing the depth

(Fig no-9) Initial stage of Mandagni paka (Fig no-10) Initial thin fumes

(Fig no-11)Thick fumes of Gandhaka (Fig no-12) Gandhakanirdhoomavasta

D) Swarasa Preperation



(Fig -13) kakamachi fresh drug (Figno-14) kakamachi Swarasa

(Fig no-15) Nagavalli fresh drug (Fig no-16) Nagavalli Swarasa

(Fig no-17) Dhatura fresh drug (Fig no-18)Dhatura Swarasa



(Fig no-19)Meghanada fresh drug (Fig no-20)Meghanada Swarasa

E) Paka with Swarasa till completion of Jarana

(Fig no-21)Adding of Swarasa (Fig no-22)Paka with Swarasa

(Fig no-23) At the end of Paka

F) Collection of GABR

(Fig no-24)After completion of Jarana (Fig no-25)Breaking



(Fig no-26)GABRDISCUSSIONThe name Gandhakaajeerna baddho rasa wasformed by three words such as- Gandhaka +aajeerna + baddha rasa. The word aajeernagives two meanings1) AJEERNA- that Parada which is solidi-

fied out of undigested/semi digested Gand-haka.

2) AAJEERNA- that Parada which is solidi-fied after complete digestion of Gandhaka.

If we take the first meaning as suchthen it will be contrary to the important guideline given at the end of the practical whichstates to continue the paka with Swarasas till

the completion of Gandhaka Jarana. Thereforereading the formulation name as AAJEERNABADDHORASA will convey the Pharmaceu-tical process more clearly than the earlier.. Murchchana involved in this formulation

is Sagandha and Saagni Murchchana.

Jarana- Jarana involved is DvigunaGandhaka Jarana.

In Rasa granthas- Rasarnava10, Rasaprka-shasudhakara11, Rasendrachudamani12,Rasendrasarasangrah13, the effect of theherbal drugs –Kakamachi, Nagavalli,Dhatura and Meghanada on Parada weredescribed as below.

Table No.4: Showing the effect of ingredients on Parada from various textsS.NO NAME OF THE DRUG EFFECT ON PARADA

1. Kakamachi Niyamana12,13, Bandhana10,11,12, Marana11,12, Murchana13,Dravana10,12, Nirjivana10

2. Nagavalli Bandhana11, Jarana10, Nirjivana10, Marana12

3. Dhatura Marana10,12, Bandhana12

4. Meghanada Jarana, Marana, Niyamana11

Shodhana is done for Parada and Gandha-ka. It is done to remove visible and invisi-ble impurities, to reduce the toxicity and toenhance the therapeutic property.

Parada shodhana: Substances having Ushna, Teekshna,

Kshara, Amla and Lavana property areconsidered as purifiers (Sarva malaharahKshara)14. Lime is an alkaline substance;

it may be helpful in removing external andinternal impurities of Mercury.

Lasuna and Saindhava lavana have alsoUshna, Teekshna and Vishada propertywhich might be helpful in minimizing thetoxic qualities of Mercury15. Hence, thesemight have been suggested for Shodhana.

Garlic has been proved as a best antidotefor heavy metal poisoning. Hence,



processed Parada is augmented with anti-dote itself. Hence, one-step ahead in safe-ty Lasuna was selected as a drug forShodhana of Parada. Mercury purifiedwith garlic can be used in formulatingsuch drugs, which can be indicated essen-tially in Coronary Artery Disease (CADs),Cardio Vascular Disorders (CVDs), hyper-lipidemia, tumours, hormonal disorders,atherosclerosis, and obesity16.

Gandhaka Shodhana: Sulphur turns into liquid at 115.21°C.

However, at that temperature, arsenic sul-phides (Orpiment M.P17 310°C, RealgarM.P18 360°C) which are one of the chiefimpurities of sulphur stay in ghee as finesmall solid particles. These crystals stayback in cloth and liquid sulphur flowsfreely through fine pores. Repetition ofthis procedure for seven times removesany traces of arsenics.

‘Ghee – Milk procedure’ can effectivelyseparate sulphur granules from externalimpurities. Pure sulphur is neither lipid norwater-soluble, therefore, both water and li-pid soluble impurities can be separatedfrom sulphur, as sulphur has to passthrough both media.

Ghee serves as base for uniform spreadingof temperature. It layers fine powder crys-tals of sulphur and prevents them to get incontact with external oxygen, which oth-erwise cause oxidation and considerableweight loss.

Gandhaka is highly Pitta vardhaka19. Bothghee and milk are Vata Pitta shamaka dra-vyas20 and among them ghee is the drug ofchoice among fats in reducing Pitta. There-fore, these can reduce ‘teevra pitta vrudd-hikara’ effect of Gandhaka.

Milk and Ghee are Vishahara and Rasaya-na. These can remove Visha doshas ofGandhaka and impregnate Rasayana prop-erty to Gandhaka.

Final cleaning with hot water removesgreasy remnants of milk and ghee.

YANTRA NIRMANA: Usage of Kachakupi for Jarana can be

seen from 10 th century A.D. Nithyanath jithe author of Rasaratnakara belongs to 12th

century A.D. This indicates that the authorwas aware of the usage of kachakupi, butspecifically indicated a yantra made out ofmud for Jarana in the present formulation.Therefore, in the present study in spite ofavailability of advanced equipments likeclay-graphite crucibles, silica crucibles,clay crucibles, digestion tubes, the pharma-ceutical procedure was carried out as perthe chief reference using a Yantra preparedwith mud.

MANDAGNI PAKA- Unlike in classical Gandhaka Jarana that

is done in Kachakupi (Kramagni) by sub-jecting to Mridu, Madhyama and Teevragnistages- here Jarana is advised to be per-formed on Mridu or Mandagni agni stagealone.

GANDHAKA NIRDHOOMAVASTHA It was confirmed by copper foil test. Fumes

were exposed to a copper foil. Yellow sul-phur fumes left black discoloration on cop-per foils. On further heating shiny whitefumes started coming out & they left sil-very discoloration on copper foil. It’sknown that Mercury vapour reacts withmetals & gives silvery discoloration. Thisconfirming the burning of extra sulphurfrom the mixture.

ADDING OF SWARASAS: After the adding & completion of Paka

with Kakamachi swarasa, blackish semi-solid matter that was found at the bottomwhich indicates the formation of com-pound as a part of the processing.

Same observations were noticed by Pakawith Nagavalli, Dhatura and Meghanadaswarasa also.



After the completion of one sequence ofPaka with four drugs again Paka withfresh Kakamachi swarasa was started.

SIDDHA LAKSHANAS- Rasavada experts were consulted to con-

firm the siddha lakshanas of Jarana inparticular to this pharmaceutical proce-dure. Vaidya Lolla Ramchandra Rao, apopular Rasavaidya of Andhra Pradesh,who edited the Telugu version of Rasarat-nakara, explained two points to confirmthe completion of Gandhaka Jarana in thisparticular processing.

As per his practical observation, in thecontext of this formulation GandhakaJarana is said to be completed based onthese following points:

1) The semisolid matter that was convertedinto granule form on adding Swarasashould remain as such even after the com-plete evaporation of the Swarasa.

2) When the Shalaka was introduced up tobottom of Yantra it should be felt as if itwas kept in sandy gravel and when takenout no matter should adhere to it.

While processing with Kakamachi swarasa forsecond time these signs were observed. Thenthe heating was stopped and left for self cool-ing.

CONCLUSIONThe Chief reference of the present study istaken from Rasayogasagara. Shodhanma,Jarana, Bandhana and Murchchana are theprinciple procedures involved in the prepara-tion of Gandhakaajeerna baddho Rasa.ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I acknowledge my Guide Dr. Ch. SriDurga, S.V.Ayurveda college, T.T.D, Tirupatiand also Rasavadi, Vaidya Lolla RamchandarRao, for providing me proper guid-ance,direction and suggestions in performingthis study.

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1. Acharya Sri Madhava, Ayurveda Prakasha,1/22 sloka Sanskrit commentary by, editedwith the Arthavidyotani and Arthaprakasi-ni commentory by Shri Gulraj Sharma Mi-shra, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Va-ranasi 1994.

2. Acharya Sri Madhava, Ayurveda Prakasha,1/11-12 slokas Sanskrit commentary by,edited with the Arthavidyotani and Artha-prakasini commentory by Shri GulrajSharma Mishra, Chaukhambha BharatiAcademy, Varanasi 1994.

3. Dr. C.B. Jha, Ayurvediya Rasa shastra,Jarana context, Chaukhamba Orientalia,Varanasi 1998, pageno-147, 148.

4. Vd. Pandit Hariprapanpaji, Rasayogasaga-ra, vol-I, with Samskrit and English intro-duction, Krishnadas academy, Varanasi.Reprint 2004, Pageno-368.

5. lolla Ramchandra Rao, Rasaratnakara-4/39, Ramji tehnologies, Kakinada, page-no-64,65.

6. Siddhinandana Mishra, BhairavandasAnandakanda 23/175-180, siddhipradahindi commentary, Chaukhambha Orienta-lia, Varanasi, 20007, Pageno-487.

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8. Sadanand Sharma, Rasa Tarangini, 5/27-29, with Sanskrit commentary Prasadini byShri. Haridatta Shastri and Hundi Rasa Vi-gyan Commentary by Pt. DharmanandShastri edited by Pt. Kashinath Shastri,Edi. 11th, Pub Motilal Banarsidas, Delhi.1979.

9. Vagbhata, Rasaratna sammuchaya, 3/20-22, Vidyotini Hindi comm. by D.A. Kul-karni, pub. Meharcand, New Delhi, 1998.

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11. Rasarnava 5/3-7,12,13,18,20-25,27,28,Pageno-55-60, edited with Rasacandrika,Hindi vyakhya, Bhagirathi Tippani, edited



by Dr. Shri Krishna Dixit, ChaukhambhaSanskrit series office, Varanasi,1995.

12. Rasaprkashasudhakara 9/3,14,27,29, bySiddhiprada, Hindi comm. By Dr. Siddhi-nandana Mishra, Chaukhambha Orientalia,Varanasi, 1998.

13. Rasendrachudamani 7/, 8/, Pageno-117,118,121-127, by Somdev Hindicomm. By Dr. Siddhinandan Mishra,Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 1984.

14. Rasendrasarasangraha 1/93-105, Pageno-26,27, by Sri gopala Krishna bhatta, Hindicommentary- Rasvidyotini by Dr. IndradevTripati, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varana-si,2014 reprint.

15. Rasarnava 5/43, edited with Rasacandrika,Hindi vyakhya, Bhagirathi Tippani, editedby Dr. Shri Krishna Dixit, ChaukhambhaSanskrit series office, Varanasi,1995.

16. Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana 1/88,89, Vi-dyotini Hindi comm. by Pandit KasinathaSastri and Dr.Gorakha Natha Chaturvedi,Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varana-si,1995.

17. http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/garlic-000245.htm

18. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_trisulfide

19. http://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB4367754.htm

20. Ayurveda Prakasha 2/116.21. Kaideva Nighantu Dugdhavarga 3/120.

CORRESPONDING AUTHORKumar SaikrishnaPG Scholar,Department of Rasa Shastra and BhaishajyaKalpana, S.V.Ayurveda College, T.T.D,Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaEmail: [email protected]

Source of Support: NilConflict of Interest: None Declared

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