pharmacognosy - jntua.ac.in · i –indole alkaloids examples: pvr no entry • p phyostigma • v...
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GPAT – 2021
Total Bits – 125
Total Marks – 500
Time – 3 hours
Negative Mark – 1 mark
PHARMACOGNOSY
~10-13 bits
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Introduction to Pharmacognosy
Presented By:
P.V.V. Siva Krishna
Research Associate,
Biophore India Pharmaceuticals,
Hyderabad.
Ph: 832864154
Email: [email protected]
Associated with RIPER GPAT cell
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INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOGNOSY
❖ Pharmakon “ A Drug” (Greek)
❖ gignosco “ knowledge” (Greek)
❖ or cognosco “ To know about” (Latin)
❖The term Pharmacognosy was first coined by “C.A. Seydler”
❖The term Modern Pharmacognosy was coined by “Alexander”
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SOURCES OF CRUDE DRUGS
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Plant Metabolites
Secondary Metabolites
Ex:- Glycosides, Alkaloids, Resins,
Tannins etc.
Ex:-Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins
etc
Primary Metabolites
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GLYCOSIDES
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GLYCOSIDES
• Glycosides are organic compounds obtained
from plant (or) animal origin which upon
Acid/Enzymatic hydrolysis gives one (or)
more sugar moieties along with a non-sugar
moiety.
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Glycosides
Acid/Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Sugar Glycone + Aglycone Non-sugar
Portion portion
Responsible for solubility Responsible for
And P/K parameters of pharmacological (or)
Aglycone Therpeutic activity in
body
• Glycones are water soluble , where as aglycones are soluble in organic solvents.
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CLASSIFICATION OF GLYCOSIDES :-
➢ Based on Aglycone
➢ Based on Glycone
➢ Based on Linkage between Glycone
and Aglycone
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I. Based on Aglycone
ACS FCS CBI AP
• ACS – Assistant Commissioner State,
• FCS – Forest Commissioner State,
• CBI – Central Bureau of Investigation,
• AP – Andhra Pradesh
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• A – Anthraquinone Glycosides
• C – Cardiac Glycosides
• S – Saponin Glycosides
• F – Flavanoidal Glycosides
• C – Coumarin Glycosides
• S – Steroidal Glycosides
• C – Cyanogenetic Glycosides
• B – Bitter Glycosides
• I – Iso thiocynate Glycosides
• A – Aldehyde Glycosides
• P – Phenol Glycosides
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➢ Anthraquinone Glycosides examples: CARS
• C – Cascara
• A – Aloe
• R – Rhubarb
• S – Senna
• Colchineal and Hypericum also examples for Anthraquinone Glycosides.
➢ Cardiac Glycosides examples STD S
• S – Strophanthus
• T – Thevetia
• D – Digitalis
• S – Squill and Ouabain.
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➢ Saponin Glycosides examples DGPS
• D – Dioscorea
• G – Glycyrhiza (Liquorice)
• P –Panax (Ginseng)
• S – Senega
➢ Flavonidal Glycosides examples
• Kaempferin, Quercetin
➢ Coumarin Glycosides examples PVA
• P – Psoralea
• V – Visnaga
• A – Ammi
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➢ Cyanogenetic Glycosides examples• Bitter almond (Amygdala), wild cherry bark➢ Bitter Glycosides examples HQGC • H – Henna• Q – Quassia• G – Gentian• C - Chirata➢ Iso thiocynate Glycosides examples• Black mustard➢ Aldehyde Glycosides examples• Vanilla, Anantmul➢ Phenol Glycosides examples• Uva ursi (Bearberry)
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II. Based on Glycone
Glycosides
Acid/Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Aglycone + Glycone
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Alkaloids
Basic organic compounds containing one/more heterocyclic nitrogen and are biosynthesized from amino acids and elicit pharmacological activity and low doses and are toxic at high doses.
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➢ Chemical Classification of Alkaloids: IIIT DSP QQP AP
• I – Indole Alkaloids
• I – Imidazole Alkaloids
• I – Isoquinoline Alkaloids
• T– Tropane Alkaloids
• D -Diterpene Alkaloids
• S - Steroidal Alkaloids
• P - Purine Alkaloids
• Q – Quinoline Alkaloids
• Q – Quinazoline Alkaloids
• P – Pyridine & Piperidine Alkaloids
• A – Amino Alkaloids
• P – Pyrrole & Pyrrolidine Alkaloids
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Examples➢ I – Indole Alkaloids examples: PVR No Entry• P Phyostigma• V Vinca• R Rauwolfia (Sarpagandha)• No Nux Vomica• Entry Ergot
➢ I – Imidazole Alkaloids example:• Piolocarpus
➢ I – Isoquinoline Alkaloids examples: BIOCHemistry• B Beberris• I Ipecac• O Opium• C Curare• H Hydrastis
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➢ T – Tropane Alkaloids examples: SBH DD C• (State Bank of Hyderabad Demand Draft Cheque)• S Stramonium• B Belladona• H Hyoscyamus• D Datura• D Duboisia• C Coca
➢ D – Diterpene Alkaloids example: • A Aconite
➢ S - Steroidal Alkaloids examples: K V A (K. Viswanathan Anand)• K Kurchi• V Veratrum• A Ashwagandha
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➢ P - Purine Alkaloids examples: C T • C Coffee• T Tea
➢ Q – Quinoline Alkaloids examples: C C • C Cinchona• C Camphotheca
➢ Q – QuinaZoline Alkaloids example:Vasaka
➢ P – Pyridine & Piperidine Alkaloids examples: ALT• A Areca• L Lobelia• T Trigonelline
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➢ A – Amino Alkaloids examples: ECG
• E – Ephedra
• C – Colchicum
• G – Gloriosa
➢ P – Pyrrole & Pyrrolidine Alkaloids example:
Tobacco